US Involvement in WWIIUS Involvement in WWII

Chapter 20Chapter 20

Ch. 20.1Ch. 20.1

I. Converting the EconomyI. Converting the Economy

A. US produced 2x the amount of other A. US produced 2x the amount of other nation’s factories – important to victorynation’s factories – important to victory

B. Needed to rapidly mobilize (“get B. Needed to rapidly mobilize (“get ready”); US instituted Cost-Plus programready”); US instituted Cost-Plus program

C. Reconstruction Finance Corporation C. Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) made loans for mobilization(RFC) made loans for mobilization

II. American II. American IndustryIndustry

A. After Pearl Harbor, almost all A. After Pearl Harbor, almost all industries converted to war industries converted to war productionproduction

B. Auto factories turned to B. Auto factories turned to production of jeeps, trucks, rifles, production of jeeps, trucks, rifles, tanks, planes, supplies.tanks, planes, supplies.

C. Henry Kaiser’s Liberty ShipsC. Henry Kaiser’s Liberty Ships D. War Production Board (WPB) D. War Production Board (WPB)

set priorities and production set priorities and production goals. Office of War Mobilization goals. Office of War Mobilization (OWM) to settle arguments (OWM) to settle arguments between the different agencies.between the different agencies.

III. Building an ArmyIII. Building an Army

A. In order to win the A. In order to win the war, it was vital that the war, it was vital that the US built up its armed US built up its armed forces.forces.

B. Selective Service and B. Selective Service and Training Act – 1Training Act – 1stst peacetime draft in Am. peacetime draft in Am. History.History.

C. Overwhelming C. Overwhelming volunteers – short volunteers – short training, but camaraderie training, but camaraderie made an effective unit.made an effective unit.

D. US Army was segregated. D. US Army was segregated. Blacks were in their own military Blacks were in their own military units, with White officersunits, with White officers

E. “Double V Campaign”E. “Double V Campaign” F. 99F. 99thth Pursuit Squadron – Pursuit Squadron –

Tuskegee Airmen; Important Tuskegee Airmen; Important role in the battle of Anzio in role in the battle of Anzio in Italy.Italy.

G. In the army, Blacks also G. In the army, Blacks also performed well, receiving performed well, receiving various awards for distinguished various awards for distinguished service; Segregation ended in service; Segregation ended in 1948.1948.

Some of the Tuskegee AirmenSome of the Tuskegee Airmen

H. Congress established the Women’s H. Congress established the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) in May Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) in May 1942. First women in American military. 1942. First women in American military. By 1943 women became a part of regular By 1943 women became a part of regular war operations. Each branch had their war operations. Each branch had their organizations.organizations.

I. 1941 the American troops were I. 1941 the American troops were untrained and had little military untrained and had little military experience. Got the job done; fewest experience. Got the job done; fewest casualties in combat of all the major war casualties in combat of all the major war powers.powers.

WAACS and WAVESWAACS and WAVES

Ch. 20. 2Ch. 20. 2

I. Pacific FrontI. Pacific Front

A. After Pearl Harbor, A. After Pearl Harbor, American bases in American bases in Philippines attackedPhilippines attacked

B. Philippines; General B. Philippines; General MacArthur; Bataan Death MacArthur; Bataan Death MarchMarch

C. Doolittle RaidC. Doolittle Raid D. Turning Point in the D. Turning Point in the

Pacific: Battle of Midway – Pacific: Battle of Midway – destroyed Japanese carriersdestroyed Japanese carriers

II. Turning Back the GermansII. Turning Back the Germans A. Stalin urged US & UK to A. Stalin urged US & UK to

open a second front; open a second front; Churchill wanted to attack Churchill wanted to attack periphery (N. Africa) periphery (N. Africa)

B. Began under General B. Began under General Dwight Eisenhower, George Dwight Eisenhower, George Patton – Casablanca, Patton – Casablanca, Kasserine PassKasserine Pass

C. Convoy system to defeat C. Convoy system to defeat German submarine threat.German submarine threat.

D. Hitler wants to destroy D. Hitler wants to destroy USSR economy; Soviets USSR economy; Soviets hold out – Stalingrad was hold out – Stalingrad was turning point.turning point.

Some Links…Some Links…

http://historyanimated.com/Philippines.html

http://historyanimated.com/Midway.html

Ch. 20.3Ch. 20.3

I. Women and MinoritiesI. Women and Minorities

A. War had positive effect of US societyA. War had positive effect of US societyEnded DepressionEnded DepressionCreated 19 million new jobsCreated 19 million new jobsDoubled family incomesDoubled family incomes

B. Labor shortage forced employers to B. Labor shortage forced employers to hire more women for men’s jobs. 2.5 hire more women for men’s jobs. 2.5 million women entered manufacturing.million women entered manufacturing.

Rosie the RiveterRosie the Riveter

C. Discrimination against BlacksC. Discrimination against Blacks A. Philip Randolph (Brotherhood of Sleeping A. Philip Randolph (Brotherhood of Sleeping

Car Porters) organized a march to secure Car Porters) organized a march to secure jobs. jobs.

FDR responded with Executive Order 8802 – FDR responded with Executive Order 8802 – no discrimination in defense industries or no discrimination in defense industries or governmentgovernment

D. Bracero Program – Mexican nationals D. Bracero Program – Mexican nationals arranged to help on SW farms. 200,000 arranged to help on SW farms. 200,000 came to work farms and RRs.came to work farms and RRs.

II. Nation on the MoveII. Nation on the Move

A. 15 million moved to West and South for A. 15 million moved to West and South for jobs; New industrial region called Sunbeltjobs; New industrial region called Sunbelt

B. Fed. Gov’t issued $1.2 billion for B. Fed. Gov’t issued $1.2 billion for schools, housing, community centersschools, housing, community centers

C. Continuance of Great Migration (S to C. Continuance of Great Migration (S to N. Cities). Racism often worse in North N. Cities). Racism often worse in North than Souththan South

D. Zoot Suit Riots – popular among D. Zoot Suit Riots – popular among Mexican-Americans in California; Rumors Mexican-Americans in California; Rumors of attack on several sailors. Led to of attack on several sailors. Led to violence in LA.violence in LA.

E. Feb 19, 1942, FDR allowed the War E. Feb 19, 1942, FDR allowed the War Dept. to declare any part of the US a Dept. to declare any part of the US a military zone and remove anybody from military zone and remove anybody from that zone – led to internment of Japanese-that zone – led to internment of Japanese-Americans. Americans.

III. Daily LifeIII. Daily Life A. Office of Price A. Office of Price

Administration – Regulated Administration – Regulated farm wagesfarm wages

B. Office of Economic B. Office of Economic Administration – Regulated Administration – Regulated everything elseeverything else

C. Rationing – limiting the C. Rationing – limiting the availability of productsavailability of products

D. E bonds were used to D. E bonds were used to raise money for the warraise money for the war

E. Most were united in E. Most were united in support of war.support of war.

Ch. 20.4Ch. 20.4

I. Striking Back at the 3I. Striking Back at the 3rdrd Reich Reich

A. Casablanca A. Casablanca Conference – What to Conference – What to do now? do now? Increase bombing of Increase bombing of

GermanyGermany Destroy military, Destroy military,

industrial, and industrial, and economic systemeconomic system

Hurt German moraleHurt German morale Attack SicilyAttack Sicily

B. Did not destroy morale or economy. B. Did not destroy morale or economy. Destroyed irreplaceable resources and Destroyed irreplaceable resources and aircraft; Helped in D-Day invasionaircraft; Helped in D-Day invasion

C. Dwight D. Eisenhower – overall C. Dwight D. Eisenhower – overall commander of Sicily invasioncommander of Sicily invasionVictoriousVictoriousMussolini was arrested by ItaliansMussolini was arrested by ItaliansSeptember 1943 – surrender of ItalySeptember 1943 – surrender of ItalyHitler reoccupies Italy; puts Mussolini back Hitler reoccupies Italy; puts Mussolini back

into power.into power.Germans retreat in May 1944.Germans retreat in May 1944.

D. FDR, Stalin, Churchill meet in Tehran, D. FDR, Stalin, Churchill meet in Tehran, Iran, and discuss plans for the rest of the Iran, and discuss plans for the rest of the war.war.Renewed Soviet offensive against GermanyRenewed Soviet offensive against GermanyAllies would invade France (D-Day)Allies would invade France (D-Day)Germany would be broken up after the warGermany would be broken up after the warUSSR would help US defeat Japan 3 months USSR would help US defeat Japan 3 months

after surrender of Germanyafter surrender of GermanyFormation of a new United Nations.Formation of a new United Nations.

II. Landing in FranceII. Landing in France

A. Operation Overlord – Commanded by A. Operation Overlord – Commanded by Eisenhower; Invasion of France Eisenhower; Invasion of France (Normandy) – D-Day.(Normandy) – D-Day.Allied had advantage of surpriseAllied had advantage of surpriseGermany thought they’d strike Pas-de-CalaisGermany thought they’d strike Pas-de-CalaisConditions?Conditions?

B. Began shortly after midnight, June 6, B. Began shortly after midnight, June 6, 1944.1944.Attack slowed at Utah Beach; Immense Attack slowed at Utah Beach; Immense

casualties at Omaha Beachcasualties at Omaha BeachGen. Omar Bradley considered evacuation, Gen. Omar Bradley considered evacuation,

but the attack succeeded.but the attack succeeded.C. Allied forces now had a foot-hold in C. Allied forces now had a foot-hold in

France.France.

III. Driving the III. Driving the Japanese BackJapanese Back

A. Island Hopping – A. Island Hopping – Advance from island to Advance from island to island, capturing key island, capturing key locations to proceed locations to proceed toward Japantoward Japan Commanded by Adml. Commanded by Adml.

Chester NimitzChester Nimitz B. Gen. MacArthur would B. Gen. MacArthur would

advance through the advance through the Solomon Islands, capture Solomon Islands, capture N. coast of New Guinea, N. coast of New Guinea, and retake the Philippinesand retake the Philippines

C. Island hopping campaign would begin C. Island hopping campaign would begin in fall of 1943. in fall of 1943. 11stst action: Tarawa Atoll – amphibious assault action: Tarawa Atoll – amphibious assault

led to many dead marinesled to many dead marinesLed to use of LVT (Amphtrac)Led to use of LVT (Amphtrac)Kwajalein Atoll (Marshall Islands) went Kwajalein Atoll (Marshall Islands) went

smoothersmootherB-29 bombers were used to capture the B-29 bombers were used to capture the

Mariana Islands; Soon after were firebombing Mariana Islands; Soon after were firebombing JapanJapan

D. General MacArthur’s troops D. General MacArthur’s troops invaded Guadalcanal in August invaded Guadalcanal in August 1942; Battle lasted almost 2 1942; Battle lasted almost 2 years.years.

E. Pushed on to capture E. Pushed on to capture Hollandia in New Guinea – on to Hollandia in New Guinea – on to the Philippinesthe Philippines

F Leyte Gulf – American ships F Leyte Gulf – American ships ambushed; Kamikaze attacks ambushed; Kamikaze attacks first usedfirst used

Manila destroyed, 100,000 Manila destroyed, 100,000 Filipinos deadFilipinos dead

Ch 20.5Ch 20.5

I. Third Reich I. Third Reich CollapsesCollapses

A. FDR and Allies A. FDR and Allies promise to punish Nazis promise to punish Nazis after the war; end after the war; end concentration camps.concentration camps.

B. Battle of the B. Battle of the Hedgerows ended with Hedgerows ended with the allies blowing a hole in the allies blowing a hole in the Axis linesthe Axis lines

C. Paris liberated on C. Paris liberated on August 25. Three weeks August 25. Three weeks later, just 20 miles from later, just 20 miles from GermanyGermany

D. Hitler tried to cut American supply-lines D. Hitler tried to cut American supply-lines through Antwerp – Battle of the Bulgethrough Antwerp – Battle of the BulgeBegan Dec. 16, 1944Began Dec. 16, 1944Allied lines “bulged” but did not breakAllied lines “bulged” but did not breakWeakened Nazis could not renew attack, and Weakened Nazis could not renew attack, and

broke.broke.E. Failed to destroy the Ludendorf Bridge, E. Failed to destroy the Ludendorf Bridge,

and Allies entered Germanyand Allies entered GermanyF. Hitler killed himself; Germany F. Hitler killed himself; Germany

surrendered a week later. May 7, 1945 = surrendered a week later. May 7, 1945 = V-E (Victory in Europe) Day.V-E (Victory in Europe) Day.

II. Japan is II. Japan is DefeatedDefeated

A. In April, 1945, FDR A. In April, 1945, FDR dies. Harry S Truman dies. Harry S Truman becomes President.becomes President.

B. To better strike Japan, B. To better strike Japan, US must get closer. US must get closer. Battle of Iwo Jima. 6,800 Battle of Iwo Jima. 6,800 casualtiescasualties

http://www.snopes.com/military/sixboys.asp

C. Firebombing of JapanC. Firebombing of Japan D. Japan refused to D. Japan refused to

surrender – US invades surrender – US invades OkinawaOkinawa

E. Japan will not E. Japan will not surrender unconditionally. surrender unconditionally. Why? Why?

F. Manhattan ProjectF. Manhattan Project G. Truman’s threatG. Truman’s threat H. August 6 – Hiroshima; H. August 6 – Hiroshima;

August 9 – Nagasaki.August 9 – Nagasaki. I. Truman’s decision I. Truman’s decision

debateddebated J. V-J Day (Victory over J. V-J Day (Victory over

Japan)Japan)

III.III. Building a New WorldBuilding a New World

A. United NationsA. United NationsOrganizationOrganization

General AssemblyGeneral AssemblySecurity CouncilSecurity CouncilRole, membership, and Veto PowerRole, membership, and Veto Power

B. International Military TribunalB. International Military TribunalC. Nuremburg TrialsC. Nuremburg TrialsD. Reasons and exemptions.D. Reasons and exemptions.

Key People you need to know!Key People you need to know!