U.S. Immigration Demographics and Immigrant Integration Audrey Singer The Brookings Institution National Convening on Immigrant Integration July 16, 2014

Source: Trends in International Migrant Stock: Migrants by Destination and Origin, United Nations, 2013 There are 232 million international migrants worldwide 3.2% of the world population The top ten receiving countries house over 51% of all migrants One-fifth of the worlds international migrants live in the United States United States, 19.8% Russia, 4.8% Germany, 4.3% Saudi Arabia, 3.9% United Arab Emirates, 3.4% UK, 3.4% France, 3.2% Canada, 3.1% Australia, 2.8%Spain, 2.8% All other countries, 48.6%

There were 10 million immigrants in the US in 1950 Source: Gibson and Jung 2006, 2010 ACS 1-year estimates.

By 1970, the number had decreased and the share of the US that was foreign-born was less than 5 percent Source: Gibson and Jung 2006, 2010 ACS 1-year estimates.

By 1980, the immigrant population started growing Source: Gibson and Jung 2006, 2010 ACS 1-year estimates.

In 1990 there were twice as many immigrants as in 1970 Source: Gibson and Jung 2006, 2010 ACS 1-year estimates.

The 1990s saw the largest increase on record, 11.3 million more immigrants Source: Gibson and Jung 2006, 2010 ACS 1-year estimates.

Between 1990 and 2010 the immigrant population had doubled again to over 40 million Source: Gibson and Jung 2006, 2010 ACS 1-year estimates.

Mexico 28% India 5% Philippines 5% China 4% El Salvador 3% Vietnam 3% Cuba 3% Korea 3% Dominican Republic 2% Guatemala 2% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2012 Number and Share of Immigrant Population for Top Ten Countries of Birth, 2012 Top origin countries for refugees: Iraq, Burma, Bhutan, Somalia, Cuba, Iran, Dem Rep Congo, Sudan 11,563,374 1,967,998 1,868,316 1,710,424 1,271,859 1,258,979 1,113,901 1,084,662 957,376 858,530 Immigrants from Mexico dominate the U.S. foreign- born population

The number of recent arrivals continues to increase while their share of all immigrants has declined Newly arriving immigrants as a share of all immigrants, 1990, 2000, and 2012 Note: 1990 new arrivals are 1981 to 1990, 2000 new arrivals are 1991 to 2000, 2012 new arrivals are 2001 to 2012. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 1990 and 2000 Decennial Censuses, American Community Survey 2012 1-year estimates microdata, accessed via IPUMS.org. - 5,000,000 10,000,000 15,000,000 20,000,000 25,000,000 30,000,000 35,000,000 40,000,000 45,000,000 1990 2000 2012 Established immigrants New arrivals 44% 33% 38%

Metros vary in the share of all immigrants who are new arrivals Note: Geographies standardized to 2010 MSA definitions. Source: 2000 Decennial Census, 2010 ACS 1-year estimates.

U.S. urban destinations of immigrants have shifted in the past century

With the exception of San Francisco, the 20 largest immigrant destinations in 1900 were in the Midwest or Northeast Note: Geographies standardized to 2010 MSA definitions. Source: 1900 Decennial Census accessed via NHGIS.org, 2006-2010 ACS 5-year estimates.

By 2010, the immigration map has been redrawn with metros in the South and West rising as major destinations Note: Geographies standardized to 2010 MSA definitions. Source: 1900 Decennial Census accessed via NHGIS.org, 2006-2010 ACS 5-year estimates. With the exception of San Francisco, the 20 largest immigrant destinations in 1900 were in the Midwest or Northeast

Nine metropolitan areas experienced a doubling of their foreign-born population in the last decade Source:ACS2010 Note: Geographies standardized to 2010 MSA definitions. Source: 2000 Decennial Census, 2010 ACS 1-year estimates.

21 metros gained over 100,000 immigrants in the last decade Note: Geographies standardized to 2010 MSA definitions. Source: 2000 Decennial Census, 2010 ACS 1-year estimates.

Source: Brookings analysis of 2010 ACS 1-year estimates; microdata, accessed via IPUMS.org The majority of immigrants are concentrated in the prime working ages

Source: Brookings analysis of 2010 ACS 1-year estimates; microdata, accessed via IPUMS.org While slightly more than half of the native-born population are 20-64,

Source: Brookings analysis of 2010 ACS 1-year estimates; microdata, accessed via IPUMS.org While slightly more than half of the native-born population are 20-64, 79 percent of the foreign-born are in that age group

Low-Skilled Mid-Skilled High-Skilled 20 25 30 35 40 45 PercentofworkingageimmigrantsThe share of working age immigrants with a bachelors degree exceeds the share without a high school diploma Note: Brookings analysis of weighted 1994-2010 Current Population Surveys

Low-Skilled Mid-Skilled High-Skilled 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 PercentofworkingagenativesSimilar shifts in skills are evident among the working age US-born, although those without a high school diploma is a much smaller share Note: Brookings analysis of weighted 1994-2010 Current Population Surveys

Skill ratio Immigrant Skill Ratio,100Largest MetropolitanAreas,2009 Source: Brookings Institution analysis of 2009 ACS data Education profiles of immigrants vary by metropolitan area due to historical settlement patterns and industry composition

Skill ratio Immigrant Skill Ratio,100Largest MetropolitanAreas,2009 Change in the LEP population, age 16-65, 89 metro areas, 2000-2012 Note: * indicates no change at the 90 percent confidence level Source: Brookings analysis of 2012 ACS 1-year estimates; microdata, accessed via IPUMS.org

Immigrants are a growing part of the labor force

37% of workers in these industries are foreign-born Immigrants are over-represented in certain industries

Immigrants are over-represented in fastest-growing occupations: construction and healthcare

Immigrants are over-represented in occupations projected to have the most new jobs