Us hıstory.052212
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Transcript of Us hıstory.052212
US history survey
May 22, 2012final class
Reconstruction (continued)
announcements
• paper # 2 due today, Tuesday, May 22.
• late papers will be accepted until Tuesday, May 29, but points will be deducted. No emails!
• final exam: Tuesday, May 29, noon. Eat first, or bring a snack with you.
Ulysses S. Grant
• former Union general.• President 1869 – 1877.
enfranchisement – 15th Amendment
• women’s rights advocates, former abolitionists (both men and women), disagreed about who should be enfranchised.
• 14th Amendment introduced the word “male” into Constitution for 1st time.
• split between those favoring Black men’s vote first & those who wanted women’s suffrage at same time.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony opposed 15th Amendment w/o women’s suffrage. “Lower order of Chinese, Africans, Germans, & Irish” would make laws for women.
Frederick Douglass & Lucy Stone.
“This is the Negro’s hour.”
women’s rights advocates
• split into 2 organizations, both working for women’s suffrage.
• not reunited until 1890. • women’s suffrage as a constitutional amendment
didn’t happen until 1920 (19th Amendment). • women’s organizations also worked on marriage &
divorce laws, unequal pay, property rights. • defeat of radical reconstruction & expanded
citizenship meant there was little support for women’s suffrage.
freedom for former slaves
• ability to move. Some freedpeople moved into cities & to Black Belt, in search of community.
• family strengthened – searched for family members; made decisions about whether/ when women & children worked.
• churches & family – central institutions of Black communities.
• schools – thirst for education & knowledge.
Florida, 1870s or 1880s.
work
• white planters tried to retain African Americans as permanent agricultural workers.
• Black people resisted working in gangs.• desired to establish independent homesteads.• compromise: sharecropping. By 1880, ¾
Black southerners were sharecroppers.• white owners exploited system & illiteracy of
some Blacks to ensure indebtedness.
work in freedom
African American politics
• freedom celebrations, mass meetings, parades, petitions, conventions – dominated by previously free, preachers, artisans, veterans of Union Army.
• whites: “insolent,” “outrageous spectacles,” “putting on airs.”
• Union League – Republican organization.• Black majority existed only in South Carolina,
Mississippi, Louisiana – needed white Republican voters as well.
Carpetbaggers
• white Northerners, Union veterans, businessmen, teachers, Freedmen’s Bureau agents.
• won many Reconstruc. offices, especially in areas w/ large Black populations.
Scalawags
• white Southerners from up-country, non-slave areas. Loyalists in CW.
• wanted Republican Party to help settle old scores, get debt relief, & help with wartime devastation.
• mostly committed to whites remaining in power.
S desire for economic development
• “Yankees & Yankee notions are just what we want. We want their capital to build factories & workshops. We want their intelligence, their energy, and enterprise.” (Thomas Settle, North Carolina)
• Scalawag ideas.
what S states accomplished
• Republicans dominated 10 S constitutional conventions, 1867 – 1869.
• 258/1027 constitutional delegates were AfAm.• expanded democracy – improved situation of poor
whites as well as Blacks. – guaranteed political & civil rights for Blacks.– abolished property qualifcatns. for voting & juries. – abolished imprisonment for debt.
• created 1st state-funded systems of education. • more than 600 Black state legislators post-CW.
S white resistance
• KKK violence.• Colfax, Louisiana, 1873 – almost 100 Blacks
murdered.
Black members of Congress
• largest number in 1870s = 16. 2 senators.• declined to 0 in 1901.• all Republicans.
“redemption”
• S Democrats “redeemed” S states. • results: created obstacles to Black voting, put
more stringent controls on plantation labor, cut social services.
• Supreme Court decisions curtailed protection of Black civil rights.
• end of federal attempts to protect Black civil rights until mid-20th century.
Reconstruction results for South
• unable to attract much investment from N or Europe, so little industrialization.
• S declined into poorest agricultural region in country.
• increased cotton dependency – King Cotton.• changed from diversified local farming to
market-oriented production of cotton. • cotton prices declined – competition from Egypt
& India.
Reconstruction results for North
• industrial boom of war years continued.• 3 million immigrants, 1860 – 1880; all settled
in N & W.• railroads continued to expand to more than all
the rest of the world’s RRs combined. • RR companies were first big businesses. • Republican Party increasingly identified with
interests of business.
election of 1876
• Democrats expected to win presidency.• fraud, intimidation, disputed votes. • an electoral commission created to resolve it
voted strictly on party lines. • compromise: Rutherford Hayes (R) became
president.– more money for S internal improvements.– a Southerner in Hayes’ cabinet.– non-interference in South – “home rule.”
Rutherford B. HayesCompromise of 1877
• Hayes ordered removal of remaining federal troops.• Republicans abandoned freedpeople, carpetbaggers, scalawags, & Radicals.• “home rule” nullifed 14th & 15th Amendments &
Civil Rights Act of 1866. • compromise repudiated idea of federal
government protecting rights of all citizens.
and at the same time….
• mining & oil refining, as well as RR, become big businesses.
• Depression of 1873.• Great RR strike of 1877.• struggle between capital & labor replaced the
“southern question” as main political issue.
Great RR Strike of 1877
coming soon: workers vs. robber barons
aftermath of Civil War
• Is political freedom meaningful without economic freedom?– propertied independence.– self-ownership & right to compete in labor market.
• Reconstruction solidified separation of political & economic spheres.
• old idea of economy autonomy as essence of freedom became idea of radicals only.
announcements
• paper # 2 due today, Tuesday, May 22.
• late papers will be accepted until Tuesday, May 29, but points will be deducted. No emails!
• final exam: Tuesday, May 29, noon. Eat first, or bring a snack with you.
It’s been great! See you in the USA.