U.S. History Unit 6 The Post Civil War Years. SSUSH11: Describe the growth of big business and...

U.S. HistoryU.S. History

Unit 6Unit 6

The Post Civil War YearsThe Post Civil War Years

The Post Civil War YearsThe Post Civil War Years

SSUSH11SSUSH11: Describe the growth of : Describe the growth of big business and technological big business and technological innovations after Reconstruction.innovations after Reconstruction.

Industrial GrowthIndustrial Growth

Railroads and the WestRailroads and the West• Played a major role in this industrial growth Played a major role in this industrial growth

and expansion westand expansion west• Farmers, ranchers had easier access to eastern Farmers, ranchers had easier access to eastern

marketsmarkets• Union Pacific (eastern company) and Central Union Pacific (eastern company) and Central

Pacific (Sacramento, CA company) built the Pacific (Sacramento, CA company) built the transcontinental railroadtranscontinental railroad

The two companies joined their tracks at Promontory, The two companies joined their tracks at Promontory, Utah in 1869Utah in 1869

Large numbers of Large numbers of Irish and Chinese immigrantsIrish and Chinese immigrants helped build the railroad – very dangerous, many helped build the railroad – very dangerous, many died or were injureddied or were injured


Railroads and Big BusinessRailroads and Big Business• Railroads contributed to rise of the steel Railroads contributed to rise of the steel

industry and big businessindustry and big business• Henry Bessemer developed a method Henry Bessemer developed a method

for making steel known as the for making steel known as the Bessemer Bessemer processprocess

Steel could be made cheaper, became more Steel could be made cheaper, became more affordable – leading to faster expansion of affordable – leading to faster expansion of railroads and constructionsrailroads and constructions

Buildings became taller (skyscrapers)Buildings became taller (skyscrapers)


Giants of Big BusinessGiants of Big Business• A few men got rich developing the railroad A few men got rich developing the railroad

industry – known as “robber barons”industry – known as “robber barons” Crooked in their dealingsCrooked in their dealings

• Cornelius Vanderbilt: extended his New York Cornelius Vanderbilt: extended his New York Central railroad to reach Chicago in 1869Central railroad to reach Chicago in 1869

• Andrew Carnegie dominated the steel industryAndrew Carnegie dominated the steel industry Sold his business to J.P. Morgan for $500 million – Sold his business to J.P. Morgan for $500 million –

Carnegie became the richest man in the worldCarnegie became the richest man in the world


Giants of Big Business Continued…Giants of Big Business Continued…• John D. Rockefeller John D. Rockefeller established the nation’s established the nation’s

first trust, first trust, Standard Oil Standard Oil (a trust is a business (a trust is a business arrangement under which a number of arrangement under which a number of companies unite into one system)companies unite into one system)

Trusts destroy competition by creating Trusts destroy competition by creating monopoliesmonopolies (only one supplier of a product)(only one supplier of a product)

Used Used vertical integrationvertical integration – one corporation – one corporation

owns the company that produced the finished owns the company that produced the finished

product and that provides the necessary materialsproduct and that provides the necessary materials


Thomas EdisonThomas Edison• Most impactful inventorMost impactful inventor

Phonograph Phonograph recorded soundrecorded sound Motion picture camera Motion picture camera eventually made eventually made

movies possiblemovies possible most remembered for the most remembered for the Electric light Electric light

bulbbulb• Transformed people’s lives; could work at night in Transformed people’s lives; could work at night in

factories, homes, officesfactories, homes, offices Came up with the idea for central power Came up with the idea for central power

companiescompanies

ReviewReview 1. What role did railroads play in opening 1. What role did railroads play in opening

the West and contributing to the rise of big the West and contributing to the rise of big business?business?

2. Chinese and Irish immigrants are 2. Chinese and Irish immigrants are remembered forremembered for• A. their contributions to the steel industry.A. their contributions to the steel industry.• B. their contributions to building the nation’s B. their contributions to building the nation’s

railroads.railroads.• C. their refusal to work for giant’s of big C. their refusal to work for giant’s of big

business.business.• D. working together to found the nation’s first D. working together to found the nation’s first

trust.trust.

ReviewReview

3. John D. Rockefeller dominated the oil 3. John D. Rockefeller dominated the oil industry byindustry by• A. refusing to use railroads to ship his A. refusing to use railroads to ship his

products.products.• B. focusing only on oil production and allowing B. focusing only on oil production and allowing

other people’s companies to supply him with other people’s companies to supply him with the materials he needed for production.the materials he needed for production.

• C. establishing a trust.C. establishing a trust.• D. hiring large numbers of Chinese workers.D. hiring large numbers of Chinese workers.

4. Describe the impact of Thomas Edison’s 4. Describe the impact of Thomas Edison’s light bulb.light bulb.

Western GrowthWestern Growth

SSUSH12SSUSH12: Analyze important : Analyze important consequences of American industrial consequences of American industrial growth.growth.


Reasons for Moving WestReasons for Moving West• Religious faithReligious faith – Christian missionaries – Christian missionaries

attempted to spread their message to Native attempted to spread their message to Native AmericansAmericans

Mormons moved west to escape persecutionMormons moved west to escape persecution

• Gold Gold motivated others (California Gold Rush of motivated others (California Gold Rush of 1849)1849)

Became the leading reason for conflict between white Became the leading reason for conflict between white settlers and Native Americanssettlers and Native Americans

• Available Available landland also drew people west also drew people west

California Gold RushCalifornia Gold Rush


Farming, Ranching, and MiningFarming, Ranching, and Mining• Settlers had to live in sod housesSettlers had to live in sod houses• John Deere’s steel plow allowed farmers to John Deere’s steel plow allowed farmers to

plant crops in the Midwest and plains by plant crops in the Midwest and plains by enabling them to cut through the tough prairie enabling them to cut through the tough prairie sodsod

• Windmills allowed farmers to harness the Windmills allowed farmers to harness the wind’s power to pump water to the surfacewind’s power to pump water to the surface

• Railroads allowed farmers to import needed Railroads allowed farmers to import needed equipment from the East and shipping equipment from the East and shipping productsproducts

Western GrowthWestern Growth Farming, Ranching, and Mining Farming, Ranching, and Mining

Continued…Continued…• Cattle ranchingCattle ranching techniques were learned techniques were learned

from the Mexicans – also taught settlers how to from the Mexicans – also taught settlers how to herd, raise, and drive cattle to marketherd, raise, and drive cattle to market

Imitated Mexican dress (cowboy hats, chaps)Imitated Mexican dress (cowboy hats, chaps)• ““Cowtowns” popped up as settlements where Cowtowns” popped up as settlements where

ranchers could be herded onto trains and ranchers could be herded onto trains and shipped east to marketshipped east to market

• Mining industryMining industry became important because became important because of the discovery of goldof the discovery of gold

Mining camps/towns famous for gambling, Mining camps/towns famous for gambling, prostitution, drinkingprostitution, drinking

Corporations eventually dominated industryCorporations eventually dominated industry


Women, Immigrants, and African Women, Immigrants, and African Americans out WestAmericans out West• WomenWomen experienced greater freedom; experienced greater freedom;

took on nontraditional rolestook on nontraditional roles• Chinese and Irish immigrantsChinese and Irish immigrants came came

to work on the railroadto work on the railroad• African Americans African Americans moved west after moved west after

the Civil War (the Civil War (Black Exodus)Black Exodus) Served as cowhands and soldiers (Served as cowhands and soldiers (Buffalo Buffalo

Soldiers)Soldiers)

Buffalo SoldiersBuffalo Soldiers

Impact on Native AmericansImpact on Native Americans

Buffalo and ReservationsBuffalo and Reservations• Plains Indians depended on the buffalo for Plains Indians depended on the buffalo for

food, clothing, and shelterfood, clothing, and shelter• Settlers and fur trappers killed great numbers Settlers and fur trappers killed great numbers

of buffaloof buffalo By 1889, 1,000 buffalo were left on the continentBy 1889, 1,000 buffalo were left on the continent

• Native Americans were forced onto Native Americans were forced onto reservationsreservations (land set aside by the (land set aside by the government)government)

Constantly moved whenever gold was discoveredConstantly moved whenever gold was discovered


Violent ConfrontationsViolent Confrontations• Sometimes Native Americans resisted white Sometimes Native Americans resisted white

settlementsettlement• Cheyenne warriors launched several raids on Cheyenne warriors launched several raids on

mining camps in 1861mining camps in 1861 US forces killed 270 Native American women and US forces killed 270 Native American women and

childrenchildren Sioux Indians, under chiefs Red Cloud and Crazy Sioux Indians, under chiefs Red Cloud and Crazy

Horse, and US general George Custer engaged in the Horse, and US general George Custer engaged in the Battle of Little BighornBattle of Little Bighorn

• Sioux killed Custer and 200 of his men (“Custer’s last Sioux killed Custer and 200 of his men (“Custer’s last stand) – last great victory for Native Americansstand) – last great victory for Native Americans


Violent Confrontations Continued…Violent Confrontations Continued…• Nez Perce tribe killed several white settlers Nez Perce tribe killed several white settlers

when the US government attempted to remove when the US government attempted to remove them from the Oregon Territorythem from the Oregon Territory

• Chief Joseph attempted to escape with his tribe Chief Joseph attempted to escape with his tribe to Canada but was stopped 30 miles from the to Canada but was stopped 30 miles from the borderborder

Forced to settle on reservations in OklahomaForced to settle on reservations in Oklahoma Many died from sickness and malnutritionMany died from sickness and malnutrition


Wounded KneeWounded Knee• the last notable armed conflict between US the last notable armed conflict between US

troops and Native Americans occurred in 1890 troops and Native Americans occurred in 1890 at Wounded Kneeat Wounded Knee

Sioux believed the Ghost Dance would bring back the Sioux believed the Ghost Dance would bring back the buffalo, get back lost land, and banish the white man buffalo, get back lost land, and banish the white man from earthfrom earth

Sioux leader Sioux leader Sitting Bull Sitting Bull was accused of mounting was accused of mounting an uprisingan uprising

• Soldiers tried to arrest Sitting Bull and killed him in a Soldiers tried to arrest Sitting Bull and killed him in a gunfightgunfight

• During a pursuit of the Sioux to Wounded Knee Creek During a pursuit of the Sioux to Wounded Knee Creek 150 Native Americans were killed (most unarmed)150 Native Americans were killed (most unarmed)

ReviewReview 1. Which of the following would be the best way to describe 1. Which of the following would be the best way to describe

the US government’s approach to dealing with Native the US government’s approach to dealing with Native Americans on the frontier?Americans on the frontier?• A. Negotiations, in which the aim was to share land peacefully A. Negotiations, in which the aim was to share land peacefully

with the tribes that had lived there for generations.with the tribes that had lived there for generations.

• B. Compensation, in which the US government paid tribal B. Compensation, in which the US government paid tribal leaders whatever amount of money the two sides agreed the leaders whatever amount of money the two sides agreed the land was worth.land was worth.

• C. Barter, in which Native Americans surrendered land in C. Barter, in which Native Americans surrendered land in exchange for citizenship rights and the guarantee of being exchange for citizenship rights and the guarantee of being given land for families to own and farm.given land for families to own and farm.

• D. Conquest, in which the United States used its military to D. Conquest, in which the United States used its military to take Native American lands and relocate tribes to areas take Native American lands and relocate tribes to areas designated by the US government.designated by the US government.

ReviewReview

2. Describe what occurred at 2. Describe what occurred at Wounded Knee and tell why it is Wounded Knee and tell why it is significant.significant.

3. What role did African Americans 3. What role did African Americans and women play in western and women play in western expansion?expansion?

Urban Growth and ImmigrationUrban Growth and Immigration

Urban Growth (Growth of US Urban Growth (Growth of US Cities)Cities)• When cities increase in size it is called When cities increase in size it is called

urban growthurban growth• Out west, new towns grew out of Out west, new towns grew out of

nothing because of railroads and nothing because of railroads and western settlementswestern settlements

• In the East, population increased due to In the East, population increased due to industrialization and job opportunitiesindustrialization and job opportunities

New York City saw the biggest growthNew York City saw the biggest growth

Urban Growth and ImmigrationUrban Growth and Immigration

ImmigrationImmigration• Most immigrants in the East came from Most immigrants in the East came from

EuropeEurope• Immigrants on the West coast came Immigrants on the West coast came

ChinaChina• Some came seeking a better life, others Some came seeking a better life, others

to escape political persecutionsto escape political persecutions• By 1880, 80% of New Yorkers were By 1880, 80% of New Yorkers were

foreign bornforeign born

ImmigrationImmigration

Ellis IslandEllis Island• Opened in 1892 to handle large numbers of Opened in 1892 to handle large numbers of

immigrantsimmigrants• Located on a tiny island near the Statue of Located on a tiny island near the Statue of

LibertyLiberty• Cultural pluralismCultural pluralism is the presence of many is the presence of many

different cultures within one societydifferent cultures within one society Angel IslandAngel Island

• Located in San FranciscoLocated in San Francisco• Accepted Asian (mostly Chinese immigrants)Accepted Asian (mostly Chinese immigrants)

ImmigrationImmigration Problems and Concerns Caused by Problems and Concerns Caused by

ImmigrationImmigration• Many Americans looked at immigrants negatively – felt Many Americans looked at immigrants negatively – felt

they were taking jobsthey were taking jobs• Ethnic ghettosEthnic ghettos – neighborhoods where immigrants – neighborhoods where immigrants

from a certain region or country tended to live together from a certain region or country tended to live together (seen as a sign of disloyalty by natives)(seen as a sign of disloyalty by natives)

• Religious differencesReligious differences – most US citizens were – most US citizens were Protestants, arriving immigrants were CatholicsProtestants, arriving immigrants were Catholics

Before the Civil War most immigrants came from western Before the Civil War most immigrants came from western Europe – Protestant whitesEurope – Protestant whites

At the end of 19At the end of 19thth century/early 20 century/early 20thth century immigrants century immigrants came from eastern and southern Europe – Catholic, Jewishcame from eastern and southern Europe – Catholic, Jewish

ImmigrationImmigration

Nativism and Restriction on Nativism and Restriction on ImmigrationImmigration• Nativism Nativism – opposing immigration– opposing immigration

Grew, anti-immigrant groups formed; Grew, anti-immigrant groups formed; immigrants became victims of violence and immigrants became victims of violence and discriminationdiscrimination

• Chinese Exclusion Act 1882Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 Prohibited Chinese immigrants from legally Prohibited Chinese immigrants from legally

coming to the US; repealed in 1943coming to the US; repealed in 1943

Living and Working ConditionsLiving and Working Conditions

Whole families had to work because of low Whole families had to work because of low wageswages• Men, women, children worked in mills and Men, women, children worked in mills and

factories – 12 hrs. a day, six days a weekfactories – 12 hrs. a day, six days a week• Child laborChild labor became a common practice became a common practice

Children as young as five worked in factoriesChildren as young as five worked in factories

• Work hours were long, wages low, conditions Work hours were long, wages low, conditions dangerousdangerous

• Private contractors set up Private contractors set up sweatshops sweatshops (makeshift factories-poorly lit, poorly (makeshift factories-poorly lit, poorly ventilated, unsafe)ventilated, unsafe)

Living and Working ConditionsLiving and Working Conditions

Living conditions were hardLiving conditions were hard• many migrants and immigrants lived in many migrants and immigrants lived in

urban slums urban slums (poor, inner-city (poor, inner-city neighborhoods) in housing called neighborhoods) in housing called tenementstenements (overcrowded apartments (overcrowded apartments that housed several families)that housed several families)

There were open sewers that attracted ratsThere were open sewers that attracted rats Air was dark and polluted from steam Air was dark and polluted from steam

engines and boilersengines and boilers Fire hazardsFire hazards

The New Urban Lifestyle and The New Urban Lifestyle and EntertainmentEntertainment

Transportation changedTransportation changed• Electric trolleysElectric trolleys followed by subways and followed by subways and

trains allowed people to live outside the inner trains allowed people to live outside the inner citycity

• Development of Development of suburbssuburbs – middle and upper – middle and upper class moved further outclass moved further out

• Urban factory workers worked by the clock and Urban factory workers worked by the clock and had time for had time for leisure and entertainmentleisure and entertainment

Men frequented saloons; women enjoyed dance halls Men frequented saloons; women enjoyed dance halls and cabarets; families went to amusement parks and and cabarets; families went to amusement parks and vaudeville showsvaudeville shows

• Movie industry and spectator sports became Movie industry and spectator sports became popular (boxing, horse racing, baseball)popular (boxing, horse racing, baseball)

ReviewReview 1. Which of the following statements would a nativist most 1. Which of the following statements would a nativist most

support?support?• A. “Since the US is suppose to be the land of the free and the A. “Since the US is suppose to be the land of the free and the

country of opportunity, then let all those who desire freedom country of opportunity, then let all those who desire freedom and a better life come to the U.S.”and a better life come to the U.S.”

• B. “immigration is bad for this country. Immigrants take jobs B. “immigration is bad for this country. Immigrants take jobs that otherwise would go to those born here, and their ways that otherwise would go to those born here, and their ways pollute and corrupt our way of life. We need laws to prevent pollute and corrupt our way of life. We need laws to prevent immigration.”immigration.”

• C. “Cultural diversity is a good thing. It is our differences and C. “Cultural diversity is a good thing. It is our differences and the way foreigners hold on to their traditional ways that make the way foreigners hold on to their traditional ways that make our nation great.”our nation great.”

• D. “God bless the Irish, the Polish, and the Jewish immigrant. D. “God bless the Irish, the Polish, and the Jewish immigrant. Give ‘em a home here, I say. But blast the Chinese. Keep ‘em Give ‘em a home here, I say. But blast the Chinese. Keep ‘em out by all means.out by all means.

ReviewReview

2. What were some of the living and 2. What were some of the living and working conditions faced by poor working conditions faced by poor laborers and immigrants to the US in laborers and immigrants to the US in the big cities?the big cities?

3. How did industrialization and 3. How did industrialization and urban growth affect lifestyle in the urban growth affect lifestyle in the late nineteenth and early twentieth late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?centuries?

The Rise of Labor UnionsThe Rise of Labor Unions

Samuel Gompers and the AFLSamuel Gompers and the AFL• Labor unionsLabor unions – organizations of workers – organizations of workers

formed to protect the interests of its membersformed to protect the interests of its members Grew out of poor working conditionsGrew out of poor working conditions American Federation of Labor (AFL)American Federation of Labor (AFL) was the was the

most influential – led by most influential – led by Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers• Focused on wages, working hours, working conditions – Focused on wages, working hours, working conditions –

used strikes, boycottsused strikes, boycotts• Also believed in Also believed in collective bargaining collective bargaining (negotiate as a (negotiate as a

group),group), mediation mediation (use a neutral third party- decisions (use a neutral third party- decisions legally binding),legally binding), arbitration ( arbitration (mediating third party’s mediating third party’s decision is legally binding)decision is legally binding)

The Rise of Labor UnionsThe Rise of Labor Unions Strikes and ConfrontationsStrikes and Confrontations

• Employers hated unions and took measures Employers hated unions and took measures against themagainst them

Some threatened to fire workers who were membersSome threatened to fire workers who were members Turned to courts to intervene in strikes Turned to courts to intervene in strikes

• Pullman Strike 1894Pullman Strike 1894 George Pullman fired employees who protested the George Pullman fired employees who protested the

laying off of workers, then closed the plantlaying off of workers, then closed the plant Eugene V. Debs led a boycott of Pullman cars Eugene V. Debs led a boycott of Pullman cars

nationwidenationwide• Pres. Cleveland sent in federal troops to end strike Pres. Cleveland sent in federal troops to end strike

because it affected US mailbecause it affected US mail• Set a precedent for factories to involve courts to end Set a precedent for factories to involve courts to end

strikesstrikes

NTERNATIONALNTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND THE RELATIONS AND THE PROGRESSIVE ERAPROGRESSIVE ERA

SSUSH13: Identify major efforts to reform SSUSH13: Identify major efforts to reform American society and politics in the American society and politics in the Progressive Era.Progressive Era.

REASONS FOR EXPANSIONREASONS FOR EXPANSION• IMPERIALISM – toward end of 19IMPERIALISM – toward end of 19thth

century new U. S. attitude developed century new U. S. attitude developed to reach beyond its borders and to reach beyond its borders and acquire more territoryacquire more territory

• ReasonsReasons• More marketsMore markets• Economic growthEconomic growth• National securityNational security• National prideNational pride• Moral obligation of the whites to civilize Moral obligation of the whites to civilize

and take democracy to the rest of the and take democracy to the rest of the worldworld

ISOLATIONISMISOLATIONISM Isolationism: Isolationism: • U. S. should not acquire control U. S. should not acquire control

over foreign territories; over foreign territories; • Would cause U. S. to be pulled Would cause U. S. to be pulled

into foreign conflicts; into foreign conflicts; • Contradicted the principles of Contradicted the principles of

freedom and self-government on freedom and self-government on which the U. S. was founded which the U. S. was founded

THE PACIFICTHE PACIFIC Pacific was area expansionists in U.S. Pacific was area expansionists in U.S.

turned their attention turned their attention • Wanted trade with China and other Wanted trade with China and other

nations in Southeast Asianations in Southeast Asia• William Seward, Secretary of State, William Seward, Secretary of State,

purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867• Thirty years later purchased HawaiiThirty years later purchased Hawaii• These two purchases opened trade routes These two purchases opened trade routes

across Pacific and gained valuable across Pacific and gained valuable territoryterritory

CHINESE EXCLUSION ACTCHINESE EXCLUSION ACT 1870s – 1870s –

• depression hit west coast of U. S.; depression hit west coast of U. S.; • people resented cheap labor of Chinese people resented cheap labor of Chinese

immigrants; immigrants; • racism and acts of violence increased;racism and acts of violence increased;

• In 1882 Congress passed Chinese In 1882 Congress passed Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 that prohibited Exclusion Act of 1882 that prohibited further immigration from China for 10 further immigration from China for 10 years; years; • after extended and remained in effect until after extended and remained in effect until

1943.1943.

SPANISH AMERICAN WARSPANISH AMERICAN WAR Causes: abuse by Spaniards of Cubans in Causes: abuse by Spaniards of Cubans in

concentration camps in late1800s; U. S. newspaper concentration camps in late1800s; U. S. newspaper articles about abuse (often exaggerated); people articles about abuse (often exaggerated); people wanted U. S. to intervenewanted U. S. to intervene

War starts: War starts: • February 15, 1898; February 15, 1898; USS Maine USS Maine exploded exploded

while anchored in a Cuban Harbor; while anchored in a Cuban Harbor; • Newspapers blamed Spain; U. S. demanded warNewspapers blamed Spain; U. S. demanded war• U. S. declared War April 1898U. S. declared War April 1898• Asst. Sec. of Navy Theodore Roosevelt, resigned and Asst. Sec. of Navy Theodore Roosevelt, resigned and

led a group known as “Rough Riders”led a group known as “Rough Riders”• War lasted 3 monthsWar lasted 3 months• U. S. gained Cuba, Puerto Rico and GuamU. S. gained Cuba, Puerto Rico and Guam• Platt Amendment – put limits on what Cuba Platt Amendment – put limits on what Cuba

government could do; gave U. S. 2 Naval bases in government could do; gave U. S. 2 Naval bases in Cuba; stayed in effect until 1930sCuba; stayed in effect until 1930s

• Philippines became a possession of the U. S.Philippines became a possession of the U. S.

USS MAINE – explodes Havana USS MAINE – explodes Havana HarborHarbor

Theodore Roosevelt led “Rough Theodore Roosevelt led “Rough Riders”Riders”

U.S. INVOLVEMENT IN LATIN AMERICAU.S. INVOLVEMENT IN LATIN AMERICA

PANAMA CANAL- PANAMA CANAL- • Theodore Roosevelt president;Theodore Roosevelt president;• Leased land across the isthmus of Leased land across the isthmus of

Panama to build a canal to connect Panama to build a canal to connect Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean

• Provided economic and military Provided economic and military interestsinterests

• U. S. controlled land until December U. S. controlled land until December 19991999

PANAMA CANAL PANAMA CANAL

ROOSEVELT COROLLARYROOSEVELT COROLLARY• ““BIG STICK” Diplomacy – “speak softly and BIG STICK” Diplomacy – “speak softly and

carry a big stick” (US would not be carry a big stick” (US would not be threatening, but would not hesitate to use threatening, but would not hesitate to use force to protect interest)force to protect interest)

• Issued 1904Issued 1904• Expanded Monroe DoctrineExpanded Monroe Doctrine• Modified it by saying that the US had the Modified it by saying that the US had the

right to intervene in the region if a nation right to intervene in the region if a nation had trouble paying debtshad trouble paying debts

• Roosevelt used collection as excuse to Roosevelt used collection as excuse to occupy territories in Caribbean or Latin occupy territories in Caribbean or Latin AmericaAmerica

Big Stick DiplomacyBig Stick Diplomacy

REVIEW QUESTIONSREVIEW QUESTIONS1.1. What were some of the arguments used to What were some of the arguments used to

support US expansion?support US expansion?

2.2. Someone who opposed US expansion and Someone who opposed US expansion and involvement in foreign affairs is known as what?involvement in foreign affairs is known as what?

a. an imperialista. an imperialist c. an expansionistc. an expansionist

b. An isolationistb. An isolationist d. a mercantilistd. a mercantilist 3. What was the Chinese Exclusion Act and 3. What was the Chinese Exclusion Act and

why was it passed?why was it passed?

4.4. What was Roosevelt’s Corollary and how did it What was Roosevelt’s Corollary and how did it expand upon the Monroe Doctrine?expand upon the Monroe Doctrine?

5.5. Theodore Roosevelt’s attitude about US Theodore Roosevelt’s attitude about US expansions can best be described asexpansions can best be described as

a. Isolationista. Isolationist c. Imperialist c. Imperialist

b. Uninterested d. fearfulb. Uninterested d. fearful

PROGRESSIVESPROGRESSIVES

SSUSH14 - Explain America’s SSUSH14 - Explain America’s evolving relationship with the evolving relationship with the world at the turn of the twentieth world at the turn of the twentieth centurycentury

PROGRESSIVE ERAPROGRESSIVE ERA

• Time Period: turn of the twentieth Time Period: turn of the twentieth centurycentury

• Beginning of political, social and Beginning of political, social and economic change in the United Stateseconomic change in the United States

• Progressives – those who supported Progressives – those who supported reforms during the Progressive Erareforms during the Progressive Era• White, middle class, protestantsWhite, middle class, protestants• Government should regulate societyGovernment should regulate society

PROGRESSIVE ERAPROGRESSIVE ERA

• Types of government regulationsTypes of government regulations• More regulation of businessMore regulation of business• Improve wages for workersImprove wages for workers• Work environmentWork environment• Laws governing moralityLaws governing morality• Define standards for educationDefine standards for education• Stricter regulations over doctors, teachers Stricter regulations over doctors, teachers

and lawyersand lawyers• Lower class needed the help of the Lower class needed the help of the

Middle class to decide what was best for Middle class to decide what was best for themthem

MUCKRAKERSMUCKRAKERS• DEFINED: writers during the Progressive period that DEFINED: writers during the Progressive period that

exposed abuse in government and big businessexposed abuse in government and big business• President Theodore Roosevelt labeled these authors President Theodore Roosevelt labeled these authors

and journalists “muckrakers” because they uncovered and journalists “muckrakers” because they uncovered the “muck” in U. S. societythe “muck” in U. S. society

• Muckrakers: Muckrakers: • Lincoln Steffens – exposed political corruption in St. Lincoln Steffens – exposed political corruption in St.

Louis and other citiesLouis and other cities• Ida Tarbell – abuses in the Standard Oil trustIda Tarbell – abuses in the Standard Oil trust• Upton Sinclair – most famous; published novel Upton Sinclair – most famous; published novel The The

Jungle Jungle in 1906; exposed the truth about the meat in 1906; exposed the truth about the meat packing industry; led to the creation of a federal meat packing industry; led to the creation of a federal meat inspection programinspection program

MUCKRAKERSMUCKRAKERS

Ida Tarbell

Upton Sinclair

ROLE OF WOMENROLE OF WOMEN• Jane Addams – “mother of social work”; Jane Addams – “mother of social work”;

opened Hull House, a settlement house; opened Hull House, a settlement house; settlement houses established in poor settlement houses established in poor neighborhoods; helped fight for and win new neighborhoods; helped fight for and win new child labor laws child labor laws

• Carrie Nation – led temperance movement; Carrie Nation – led temperance movement; blame alcohol for society’s problems; many blame alcohol for society’s problems; many leaders were churchgoers and women; leaders were churchgoers and women; ratified 18ratified 18thth amendment in 1919 – prohibited amendment in 1919 – prohibited the making, selling or transporting of any the making, selling or transporting of any alcoholic beverage in the U.S.; later failed alcoholic beverage in the U.S.; later failed and was repealedand was repealed

ROLE OF WOMEN IN PROGRESSIVE ROLE OF WOMEN IN PROGRESSIVE ERAERA

• Women’s suffrage movement Women’s suffrage movement – began at – began at Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, women Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, women demanded demanded suffragesuffrage (right to vote) (right to vote)

• Major leaders –Major leaders –• Susan B. AnthonySusan B. Anthony• Elizabeth Cady StantonElizabeth Cady Stanton

• 1920 – Congress passed the 191920 – Congress passed the 19thth Amendment and after ratification by states Amendment and after ratification by states women had the right to vote nationwidewomen had the right to vote nationwide

Women’s SuffrageWomen’s Suffrage

PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT AND PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT AND RACISMRACISM

• Jim Crow laws Jim Crow laws – common throughout – common throughout South; allowed segregation; 1896 South; allowed segregation; 1896 Supreme court case Supreme court case Plessy vs. Plessy vs. Ferguson Ferguson upheld separate, but equalupheld separate, but equal

• W. E. B. DuboisW. E. B. Dubois – started – started Niagara Niagara Movement (group of black Movement (group of black intellectuals)intellectuals); helped start the NAACP ; helped start the NAACP in 1909; devoted to progress of the in 1909; devoted to progress of the African American communityAfrican American community

W. E. B. DuboisW. E. B. Dubois

LABOR LAWS AND LIVING LABOR LAWS AND LIVING CONDITIONSCONDITIONS

• Living Conditions – reform where poor, urban Living Conditions – reform where poor, urban laborers and immigrants livedlaborers and immigrants lived

• How the Other Half LivesHow the Other Half Lives – by Jacob Riis; – by Jacob Riis; revealed cramped spaces, filthy conditions revealed cramped spaces, filthy conditions and dangerous hazards found in the and dangerous hazards found in the tenements tenements (small, low-income apartments)(small, low-income apartments)

• Contributed to New York passing first laws Contributed to New York passing first laws aimed at improving urban tenementsaimed at improving urban tenements

• Labor LawsLabor Laws – wanted shorter days; higher – wanted shorter days; higher wages, and safer work environments; led to wages, and safer work environments; led to passage of legislation…passage of legislation…minimum wage, minimum wage, shorter work week and safer conditionsshorter work week and safer conditions

POLITICAL REFORMSPOLITICAL REFORMS

• 1717thth Amendment Amendment – established that U.S. – established that U.S. senators would be elected directly by the senators would be elected directly by the people, rather that by state legislaturespeople, rather that by state legislatures

• Other ReformsOther Reforms• Initiative Initiative – allowed citizens of a state to force a – allowed citizens of a state to force a

vote on a certain issue without having to wait for vote on a certain issue without having to wait for public officials to bring it uppublic officials to bring it up

• RecallRecall – gave citizens power to hold special – gave citizens power to hold special election to remove corrupt officials from office election to remove corrupt officials from office before end of their termbefore end of their term

• ReferendumReferendum – public officials would be elected by – public officials would be elected by popular vote, rather than by party bosses, or state popular vote, rather than by party bosses, or state legislatureslegislatures

REVIEW QUESTIONSREVIEW QUESTIONS1.1. Ida Tarbell is best described as aIda Tarbell is best described as a

a. Social workera. Social worker c. progressive politicianc. progressive politician

b. Muckrakerb. Muckraker d. founding member of NAACPd. founding member of NAACP

2.2. Which of the following actions would be illegal under Jim Which of the following actions would be illegal under Jim Crow lawsCrow laws

a. White citizens joining the NAACPa. White citizens joining the NAACP b. African Americans receiving PhDs.b. African Americans receiving PhDs. c. Progressives supporting segregation.c. Progressives supporting segregation. d. Blacks and whites riding together on a train.d. Blacks and whites riding together on a train. 3. What were the progressive changes established by 3. What were the progressive changes established by

the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, Eighteenth, and Nineteenth the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, Eighteenth, and Nineteenth Amendments?Amendments?

4. How did progressives feel about government 4. How did progressives feel about government regulations of society? What were their reasons for these regulations of society? What were their reasons for these views?views?

U.S. History Unit 6 The Post Civil War Years. SSUSH11: Describe the growth of big business and...

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