US History Unit 4

8/13/2019 US History Unit 4

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The Founding


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What were Americas first four colonies?


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Americas Founding

! Roanoke, established in 1584!July 4th"by Walter Raleigh

! Purpose was for privateering

! In 1587, 115 colonists arrived

! They had skirmishes with localnatives

! Later that year, the ship left forEngland for supplies

! When returned, the colony haddisappeared


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Americas Founding

! In 1607, a new colony wasestablished at Jamestown

! Its purpose was corporate, toclaim land and make profit

! Most of the colonists werewealthy and did not prepare for

winter

! Only 61 of 500 colonistssurvived the winter of 1609


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Americas Founding

! The colony was saved by theleadership of John Smith

!

Later, John Rolfe made thecolony prosperous bycultivating tobacco

! With the Natives driven o#andthe cultivation of tobacco,

Jamestown grew into theVirginia Colony

! Royal governors arrived fromEngland to manage the a#airs


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Americas Founding

! The Virginians had no voice intheir government

! They therefore established theHouse of Burgesses

! It was a group ofrepresentatives whose purpose

was to provide voice ingovernance

! It gave the first colonists anunderstanding of British Law


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Americas Founding

! In 1620, the Pilgrims set forthfrom England to America

! Pilgrims were separatists andleft to escape religiouspersecution

! The sailed aboard theMayflower and were led byWilliam Bradford

! They established a covenantcommunity


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Americas Founding

! The Pilgrims faced harshchallenges, as they were allalone

! They were saved by the PatuxetIndians and Sqanto

! The Pilgrims ruled themselvesand sought religion as a guide to

government

! Today, Thanksgiving holidayhonors the Pilgrims and theirbelief of divine intervention


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Americas Founding

! Another colony was establishedto the south of Plymouth Rock,the Massachusetts Bay Colony

! They were led by JohnWinthrop, a Puritan

! The Puritans the Church of

England needed to be reformed

! Their colony was both acovenant and corporate


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Americas Founding

! The Puritans believed in thevalue of hard work

! If you lived righteously andworked hard, God would blessyou

! America would be built on

Puritan ideals

! Gods elect, Christian Calling,and, Moral Self Governance


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City Upon a Hi!

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1 Color = Main idea of each portion Write = A gist next to each paragraph1 Color = Things that need more clarification


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Americas Founding! For the next century and a half,

things went well between thecolonies and Great Britain

! Then, in 1754, a conflict erupted

in North America betweenEngland and France

! It was called the French andIndian War

! In the war, George Washingtonreceived critical militaryexperience

! His legend grew as his coat was

found with 7 bullet holes


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The Founding


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Americas Founding! Following the French and

Indian War, the British saw thecolonies in a di#erent light

! The British had spent vastresources on the War and

wanted their money back

! They began to tax the colonies

! They instated a tax on stampsand another on tea

! The US fought back claimingthey had no means to protestsuch taxes


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Americas Founding

! When Parliament failed toprovide the colonies voice, thecolonies began to unite

! They formed the firstContinental Congress

! It was Americas first union

! The British responded with the

Navigation Acts and later, theIntolerable Acts

! These events in turn pushed theUS to declare independence


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Declaration of Independence

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Americas Founding! The result was the American

Revolution

! The British Empire was thegreatest fighting force in theworld

! At first, the US faired poorly

! Washington, the only colonial

with battle experience, led thecontinental army

! After years of fighting, andgaining French Naval support,the US prevailed


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The Polite War


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The Polite War


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The Founding


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Americas Founding! After the victory, the US faced

another struggle

! American soldiers who had foughtduring the war did not get paid as

promised

! Shays Rebellion saw formercolonial soldiers join togetheragainst Congress

! Washington had to put them atease

! Everyone realized the Articles ofConfederation and the ContinentalCongress were not enough


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Americas Founding

! The Continental Congress wasweak, it had no courts, militaryor president

! The great minds of the day satdown to reform the government

! They were: James Madison,John Adams, John Jay, ThomasJe#erson, Benjamin Franklin

and others

! Instead of revising thegovernment, the created anentirely new institution


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Americas Founding! The Constitutional

Conventional was held inPhiladelphia during the summerof 1787

! Many delegates wanted to

revise the Articles ofConfederation

! They saw no need to create anew government

! Others saw the need for moree#ective government

! The Convention turned into aheated debate amongstdelegates


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Americas Founding

! As delegates agreed to create aconstitution, another argumentemerged

! Some wanted a simplegovernment, with power in thehands of the states

! Others wanted to see a larger

government

! There were also issues ofrepresentation and balance


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Greece and RomeDemocracy vs Republicanism


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Americas Founding

! The Convention stalemated andnearly failed

! Benjamin Franklin urged the

delegates to continue

! He placed them at thejudgement bar of history,stating that future nations

would leave government to war

and conquest

! The delegates continued, andcreated a new idea of

government


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Congress: Legislature

House of Representatives Senate

Issues arose over how states would be represented. Somedesired equal representation amongst states. Others wanted

it based on population. They decided to keep both.

$Based on population$Serve two year terms$Represent peoples will

$Equal state representation$Serve six year terms$More removed from the

people, more royalist


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Americas Founding! There were other issues that

needed resolving

! As the constitution was drafted,it had to be ratified by 9/13

states

! Some states threatened to denyratification

! States worried about federal

power

! They argued over slavery

! They also fought over the

inclusion of a Bill or Rights


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Americas Founding! Compromises were made

! A Bill of Rights was promised

! Fearing a loss of the south,

delegates agreed to preserveslavery

! In 20 years, no more slavescould be imported

! Slaves would be counted as 3/5 areal person for representationand taxation

! Freedom was denied to keep

the constitution


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Americas Founding! America had created a republic,

similar to ancient Rome

! Unique to America, was theidea of checks and balances andtwo forms of government: stateand federal

! No one was quite sure how itwould work

! It has proven the most e#ectiveand freedom preservinginstitution devised by man

! It has been copied bygovernments around the world


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CH10 $The Coming of the Civil War


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The Coming of the Civil War

! The years that followed theratification of the Constitution,the US continued to grow

! There were di%culties, the Warof 1812, the emergence ofpolitical parties

! On of the worst was thedevelopment of political

machines

! The event that increased thechallenges, and eventually led to

war, was westward expansion


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The Coming of the Civil War! The US Government awarded

land to soldiers who fought inthe American Revolution

! Many Americans headed west

! When Thomas Je#ersonbecame president, he managedto double the size of America

! He bought the Louisiana

territory from Napoleon

! He sent Lewis and Clarke westto survey the land that waspurchased


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The Coming of the Civil War! Many Americans moved into the

new territories, increasinghostilities and conflicts

! In time, new states were born

! When a territories populationequaled that of smallest easternstate, it could apply for statehood

! Issues arose concerning the new

states admission as a slave stateor a non!slave state

! Other issues fanned the fire ofwar that would test the newgovernment


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! As Americans moved west and newstates were born, America onceagain grew apart

! The North and the South werevery di"erent regions

! One of the key factors for this wasslavery

! A massive religious movement hadrecently taken place in the UScalled the Second Great Awakening

! Democratic Protestants feltthat slavery violated Gods laws


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The Coming of the Civil War! It does not go to say that these

same protestants believed thatBlacks were on equal footing

with Whites

! Most Americans were prejudiceagainst Blacks. That Warhowever would be fought at alater time

!

The most powerful voiceagainst slavery came from awoman

! Her name was HarrietBeecher Stowe


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! Stowe was born to Lyman andRoxana Beecher in 1811 inLitchfield Connecticut

! Her parents were deeplyreligious

! In 1836 she married CalvinStowe who was an ardent critic

against slavery

! Together they supported theunderground railroad, helpingslaves to freedom


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! In 1850, Congress passed theFugitive Slave Lawwhich

prohibited the assistance ofescaping slaves

! In response to this, Stowedecided to write a book aboutthe slave problem

! Her words were powerful andfar reaching


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Harriet Beecher Stowe

I feel now the time has come when evena woman... can speak a word for freedomand humanity. I hope every woman who

can write will not be silent


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! In 1851, Stowe penned the firstinstallment of what wouldbecome known as, UncleToms Cabin

! The story was set in the Pre$War South

! It followed the life of a slave by

the name of Eliza Harris whoeventually escaped to freedomalong the underground railroad

! Eliza is not the only character


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! Stowe also wrote of Uncle Tom

! Uncle Tom was sold to a newslave owner, Simon Legree

! Legree was everything thatNortherners despised

! He was unmarried, anti$

Christian, heavy drinker and abully

! Legree eventually beat UncleTom to death


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! Stowe made Legree anortherner

! She did this to show that

anyone could be corruptedunder the sin of slavery

! Apart from the slave issue, thebook is a major work ofprogress for women

! The book takes a powerfulstance where women wouldsway their headstrong men todo what is right


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Harriet Beecher Stowe

I dont know anything about politics,but I can read my Bible; And there I see

I must feed the hungry, cloth the naked,and comfort the desolate; and that BibleI mean to follow

$Excerpt from Uncle Toms Cabin


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The Coming of the Civil War! Uncle Toms Cabin sold

millions of copies in the US andabroad

! The book also painted a vivid

view of the South

! Northerners became convincedthe book was an accuratedepiction of slavery

! They felt that any of themcould be corrupted as SimonLegree

! They did not want that for thefuture of the US


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! Although fiction, the booksimpact was huge

! Lincoln, who met Stoweremarked:

So this is the little lady whomade this big War


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! To people in the South, thebook was a lie

! While they agreed that some

slave abuse did occur, they heldthat most slaves lived as happyfamilies

! Southerners cared for their

slaves as they were importantfor their farms and production

! They called the North thetrue land of slavery


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! Industrialists employed workerswhom they did not care for,feed, or treat as family

! A southern writer, GeorgeFitzhugh wrote:

They who work for you,

who create your incomeare slaves, slaves withoutthe rights of slaves, slaves

without a master


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! In addition, Southernersclaimed that they were the truefollowers of the AmericanRevolution

! The founding fathers had slaves

! Southerners advocated thatthey had the true spirit of

liberty

! A spirit and way of living thatthe North would neverunderstand


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! Slavery aside, there were otherissues that divided the Northfrom the South

! Since 1790, the North hadbecome vastlyindustrialized

! It was also full of Irish and

German immigrants

! By 1860, 9 out of 10 of thecountries largest cities werefound in the North


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! New technology had a greaterimpact on the North than theSouth

! The Railroad began to be theprimary means of transportationof goods in the North

! In 1840, 3000 miles ofRailway existed in the North

! By 1850 it had expanded to 5000miles

! In 1860, over 20,000 miles ofrailway existed


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! Railways created and economicboom in the North

! The Transcontinental Railroad

made gateway cities, such asChicago, one of the nations

greatest cities overnight

! By contrast, the South never

kept pace with the North interms of Railways

! Most trade and transportationtook place on waterways


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! Like the Railroad, the Telegraphmagnified the di#erencesbetween the North and South

! Samuel F.B. Morse discoveredin 1844 that communicationcould be sent over wire

! The alphabet was transmitted

electronically by a series of dotsand dashes

! Telegraph wires tended tofollow Railways not waterways


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The Coming of the Civil War! With these technologies, the

North developed a muchstronger industrial base

! The South only had 20,000

factories to the Norths 110,000

! Factories in the Northproduced 1.6 billion in goods

while the South only created 155million

! The South only surpassed theNorth in terms of cattle, riceand cotton production andslaves


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! While the North and South

were bound together in union,they were in fact very di#erentplaces

! These vivid contrasts served asa dividing gulf that would only

grow wider in the coming years


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War with Mexico


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War with Mexico

! New technology allowedAmericans to travel like neverbefore

!

1830$1840 time period saw amassive surge of migration west

! These Americans believed thatit was the Divine mission of theUS to spread across the

continent

! New York journalist Jonathan LOSullivan coined the phraseManifest Destiny


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War with Mexico

! In the 1840s, Americansdreamed of a land from sea tosea

!

They would not let anyonestand in their way from thisgoal

! After winning independencefrom Mexico in 1836, Texas

voted to be annexed into theUS

! Part of the motivation was thatthey feared Mexican retaliation


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War with Mexico

! Americans were divided onwhat to do with Texas

! Southerners accepted the idea

knowing they would become aslave state

! Northerners, Whigs inparticular, opposed it

! They feared a shift of power tothe south

! Both feared that annexationwould bring war with Mexico


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War with Mexico! In 1843, Caudillo President of

Mexico, Antonio Lopez deSanta Anna, warned the US thatannexation would bring war

!

James K. Polk was elected USPresident

! He came into o%ce promisingexpansion

! His rise as president causedmany to think that the US

wanted expansion

! In 1845, congress approved theannexation of Texas


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War with Mexico

! In response, Mexico broke o#all diplomatic relations

! New arguments emerged over

the placement of the Texasborder

! Americans said that it went asfar south as the Rio GrandeRiver

! Mexico stated that the borderwas farther north at the NuecesRiver


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War with Mexico

! President Polk wanted moreland than just Texas

! He o#ered to purchase New

Mexico and California fromMexico for 30 million

! Mexico refused and would notreceive US delegates to discussthe purchase

! Undeterred, President Polk senta US army across the NuecesRiver to the border of the RioGrande


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War with Mexico

! These forces were under thecommand of US GeneralZachary Taylor

! Taylors march across theNueces was viewed as an act of

war by Mexico

! Soon fighting broke out andAmerican blood was spilt

! This was just what Polk wanted,American blood on Americanland by Mexican soldiers


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War with Mexico

! President Polk then pushedcongress to declare war

! Despite some opposition,

congress declared war in May of1846

! The Mexican$American Warhad begun

! Meanwhile, Polk commanded asecond division of the US Armyto move into California underthe command of General JohnC Fremont


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War with Mexico

! Before Fremont arrived inCalifornia, fighting had alreadybroken out

! American settlers attacked thecity of Sonoma

! After taking it, they raised theirown flag, a bear with a loan red

star

! They proclaimed themselvesthe California Republic


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War with Mexico! General Fremont arrived and

joined the rebels to his cause

! Together they pushed allMexican forces out of

California

! In July, another American Army,under the command of StephenKearny advanced into NewMexico and took Santa Fe

! Fremont and Kearny joinedtheir forces together to rout thelast Mexican army giving theterritory to the US


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War with Mexico

! Back in Texas, General Taylorpushed his army deeper intoMexico

! After winning a series ofvictories he came upon the bulkof the Mexican army at BuenaVista

! There he fought Santa Anna

and his army of 20,000 fromMexico City

! The battle was hard fought, butthe Americans took the day


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War with Mexico! Santa Anna declared the US the

victor and fled back to MexicoCity

! Polk continued to want more

and told General Taylor tocontinue his advance

! The US captured the crucialMexican Port of Vera Cruz in1847

! From there, 10,000 Americansoldiers advanced on MexicoCity, the same route taken byCortez


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War with Mexico

! After fierce fighting, the City ofMexico fell on September the14th, 1847

! Mexico sued for peace

! The War ended with the Treatyof Guadalupe Hidalgo

! With this treaty, Mexico agreedto the following


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War with Mexico

! $Mexico gave up Texas. The RioGrande was recognized as theborder

! $Mexico also gave up NewMexico, California and 2/5 of itsland holdings to the US

! $The US paid 15 million in

repairs

! $3 million was paid back to theUS in claims


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War with Mexico

! Five years later, the US wantedmore land from Mexico

!

A path was needed for the newTranscontinental Railroad

! There was little Mexico coulddo and they wanted to preventanother war

! They sold the US the land inthe Gadsen Purchase for 10million


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War with Mexico

! The Treaty of GuadalupeHidalgo had great repercussions

! It destroyed US/Mexicanrelations

! In Mexico the War was calledthe War of American

Aggression/Intervention

! It opened the door for waves ofAmerican settlers

! It also brought back thequestion of slavery


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War with Mexico! What was to become of the

new lands?

! Would they be slave lands orfree lands?

! Most were afraid to decide oneway or the other

! In 1846, Pennsylvania DemocratDavid Wilmont attached aproviso to a US bill

! The sneaky Wilmont Provisoattempted to establish all newterritories as free lands


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New Political Parties


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! As we have seen, the dividebetween North and South was

growing wider

! The question is, could the Warhave been prevented?

! To understand this, we need tolook at the politics of America

! The War occurred when it didand the way it did becausepoliticians could not solve theissue of slavery


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New Political Parties! In 1840, Ralph Waldo Emerson

wrote: The US will conquerMexico, but it will be as theman swallows arsenic. Mexico

will poison us.

! The Mexican American Waropened a great deal of newterritory

! As settlers poured into thewest, the question over slaverywould continue to fester

! What was to become of thesenew lands?


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! Congress made its first attempt tomediate the dispute by putting intoe"ect the Missouri Compromise

! It attempted to maintain a tricky

balance through geography

! Anything above 36 degrees NLatitude would be free

! The South was now vast but

balanced

! The North feared the South mightbreak their territory into severalsmall states and upset the balance


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New Political Parties! In 1848, another presidential

election took place

! Much like today, candidateswanted to attract as many votes

as possible

! In order to attract voters fromboth sides, candidates avoidedtalking about the slave issue

! Many were upset that the issueof slavery was avoided

! People began to group togetherand a new party was formed


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! The first party we will discusswas the Free Soil Party

! It was comprised of people

from both the North and theSouth

! They did not win in any statesbut took votes away fromSouthern Candidate Lewis Cass

! Whig candidate and AmericanWar hero Zachary Taylor wonthe presidency


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! In 1849, a mass of settlerspoured west into the territoryof California

! The famous California GoldRush threatened to create aCivil War

! The 1000s of settlers inCalifornia pushed to join the

union

! This push led for anotherstream of events, mainly theCompromise of 1850


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! Senator Henry Clay of Kentuckyhad a plan to fix the slave dispute

! To achieve peace, both sideswould have to give a little

! Clay proposed 5 laws

! 1#California would be admittedas a free state

! 2#Territories of New Mexico andUtah would decide for themselves

! 3#Texas would give up claims toNew Mexico for 10 million


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New Political Parties! 4&Congress would abolish the

sale of slaves but not slavery

! 5&A Fugitive Slave Act wouldorder Americans to return

escaped slaves and deny them ajury

! Debate over the compromisedragged on for months

! Finally, Sen. John C Calhounfrom South Carolina spoke

! He was frail, sick, and all knewhe was on the brink of death


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New Political Parties! Calhouns speech was to

preserve the union

! He told that the ability to haveslaves was a liberty the

government could not take

! He argued that the North wasbecoming corrupt and powerful

! The North was taking away

vital rights of the constitution

! He argued that if liberty failed,then it would be better for theSouth to separate


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New Political Parties! Three days later, Daniel

Webster of Massachusettsspoke

! He surprised all by siding with

the Compromise in order topreserve the union

! As the passing of theCompromise Bill loomed, itappeared President Taylor

would veto it

! However, in a turn of events,President Taylor died andMillard Fillmore took his place


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New Political Parties! With the fall of the Whigs, the

battle for a new political partyemerged

! One party that arose in the

wake was the Know$Nothings

! From 1846 to 1854, millions ofimmigrants from Germany andIreland had arrived in the US

! A surge of racism ensued

! Americans lashed out at theIrish and Germans for ruiningtraditions and raising crime


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New Political Parties! Nativism: the belief for special

treatment for native bornAmericans arose

! In 1849, these nativists formed

a secret society

! They were called, The Orderof the Star Spangled Banner

! Their purpose was to assure

immigrants would be notallowed into power

! Membership soared to over 1million people


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! When asked about theirmeetings and if they weremembers of a secret society,they said, I know nothing

! This statement gave them theirnames

! In 1854, the decided to gopublic and proclaimed

themselves the American Party

! They did very well in theelections


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New Political Parties! Another politician, Stephen

Douglas of Illinois had greatambitions

! He wanted to become the nextPresident of the US

! He also wanted great things forhis state, in particular, Chicago

! He pushed for new railroads in

the Kansas and Nebraskaterritories

! His desire was for them toconnect to Chicago and bringthe wealth of the west home


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New Political Parties! The problem was, making

Kansas and Nebraska intostates would cost him criticalpresidential votes

! Recognition to statehood wouldcreate two free states and costhim the votes of the South

! Therefore, Douglas proposedthe Kansas Nebraska Act

! This would do away with theMissouri Compromise andallow each state popularsovereignty


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! Douglas knew this wouldappease the South whileretaining his popularity in theNorth

! Congress passed the Act tomany angry Northerners

! In 1854, upset over the passageof the Kansas Nebraska Act

another party was formed

! Those who opposed it gatheredand proclaimed themselves theRepublican Party


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! Republicans demanded an endfor slavery

! They also sought to repeal theFugitive Slave Act

! Two major parties had thereforebeen born in a short period oftime

! It will remain to be seen whichwould eventually prevail


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The System Fails! The passing of the Kansas$

Nebraska Act heralded in thenext stage of the slaveryconflict

! In 1854, Kansas and Nebraskawere given popular sovereignty

! They were allowed to maketheir own choice regardingslavery

! While the Kansas$NebraskaAct was a victory for Proslavery,advocates against slavery werenot going to leave without afight


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Since there is no escaping your challenge, I accept it inbehalf of the cause of freedom. We will engage in

competition for the virgin soil of Kansas, and God givethe victory to the side which is stronger in numbers as it

right.

$New York SenatorWilliam H Seward


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The System Fails

! Meanwhile, the South launcheda similar campaign

! Thousands poured in from the

South to take place in the fightfor Kansas

! Northerners set up in Topeka

! Southerners set up in

Lecompton

! In 1856, tensions in Kansasescalated into acts of violence


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h l


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The System Fails! This sparked a series of raids

and killings by both sides

! It lead to the name, BleedingKansas

! Violence was not just confinedto Kansas, it spread all the wayto the capitol

! Senator Charles Sumner of

Massachusetts gave a fiery anti$slavery speech in congress

! In his speech, he proclaimedthat the goal of slavery was torape a virgin

h S l


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The System Fails! Two days later, Preston Brooks,

a member of the House came toSumner at his desk

! He denounced the speech andthen took his cane and struckSumner repeatedly on the head

! Sumner tried again and again toget up bet eventually fell to thefloor unconscious

! Other senators attempted tostop the action but werethwarted by SC Rep. LaurenceKeitt who waved a pistol yellingto Leave them be

Th S F l


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The System Fails

! Brooks continued to beat Sumneruntil his cane broke at which pointhe left

! Sumner was beat so badly he nearly

died and never regained full health

! Brooks resigned his seat but waslater re!elected

! When Brooks returned to o$ce he

was sent a cane from the south thatread, Hit him again

! Sumners empty seat sat as acontinual reminder of the growinghatred

Th S F l


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The System Fails

! Fighting calmed as the electiondate approached

! The Democrat Party nominated

James Buchanan

! The new Republican Partychose James Fremont, Mexican$

American War hero

! The Know$Nothings choseformer president MillardFillmore

Th S F il


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The System Fails! Democrats supported the

Compromise of 1850

! Republicans opposed it,declared the US gov. could

restrict slavery

! Republicans sought to makeKansas a free$state

! Buchanan and the democratic

party won the presidency

! As president, Buchanan vowedto solve the slave issue once andfor all

Th S F il


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The System Fails! In March, the supreme court

was in a battle over the issue ofslavery

! Buchanan looked to the

decision as the final answer tothe slave problem

! The case, Dred Scott v.Stanford remains one of themost controversial cases in US

history

! Scott, who had lived free in theNorth filed suite that he wasnow legally free

Th S F il


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The System Fails

! The Supreme Court saw theopposite however

! Scotts case lost 2$7 andtherefore slaves lost all rights to

sue in court

! The court ruled that living in afree state or territory, even formany years, did not free Scott

from slavery

! The court also ruled that theMissouri Compromise wasunconstitutional

Th S F il


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The System Fails! The court reasoned that slaves

were property and property wasguaranteed as a right under the5th amendment

!

It could therefore not berevoked or taken away

! Northerners were disgustedwith the decision

! It meant that congress had nopower to ban slavery anywhere

! President Buchanan felt theissue was at last solved

Th S F il


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The System Fails

! In 1857, a small pro$slaverygroup in Kansas drafted aconstitution for statehood

!

In it, the LecomptonConstitution declared Kansas aslave state

! President Buchanan endorsed it

! The final vote to become a statewas shot down however and forthe time being, Kansasremained a slave territory


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Li l /D l D b


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Lincoln/Douglas Debates! Senator Douglas was known as

the Little Giant

! He was a Northerner who feltwhites were superior to African

Americans in every way

! He tolerated slavery, believingthat the American People hadthe right to chose their form of

government

! Though Douglas was animportant American Senator, hehas long been overshadowed byhis running mate


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Lincoln/Douglas Debates

! Lincoln came into the spotlightduring 7 debates on the issue ofslavery

!

The debates highlighted twoimportant topics: Majority Ruleand Minority Rights

! Douglas supported popularsovereignty

! He believed the majority shouldalways do as it chose, includingmaking slavery legal

Li l /D l D b


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Lincoln/Douglas Debates! Lincoln on the other hand did

not believe in majority rights

! He felt that the majority didnot have the right to denyminority rights

! Especially when it infringedupon the rights of life, libertyand the pursuit of happiness

!

Lincoln hoped that slaverywould be confined to theexisting states in the south

! He felt that overtime, it woulddie out on its own


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A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe

this government cannot endure, permanently half slaveand half free. I do not expect the union to be dissolved $I do not expect the house to fall $but I do expect it willcease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all

the other.

$Abraham Lincoln

Li l /D l D b t


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! Lincoln gained a large followingbut lost the election

! I believe I have made somemarks which will tell for the

cause of liberty long after I amgone

! The cause of liberty must notbe surrendered at the end of

one, or even 100 defeats

! Despite the loss, Lincoln earneda great reputation that wouldserve him in the near future

Li l /D l D b t


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Lincoln/Douglas Debates!

In 1859, fighting broke out once again

! John Brown hoped to attacked thefederal arsenal, take its weapons, andarm southern slaves

!

US General Robert E Lee was alertedof the attack

! The troops killed half of Browns 21men

! He was captured and hanged

! I John Brown am now quite certainthat the crimes of this guilty land willnever be purged away; but withblood

A N ti Di id d


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A Nation Divided! In 1860, the race was on for the

US Presidency

! The Democrats elected senatorStephen Douglas

! Republicans elected AbrahamLincoln

! They felt the other option,William Seward, was too radical

! The fight had returned, thistime to a national scale

! The South American Partynominated John Bell

Li l /D l D b t


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! The elections proved there wasno longer a national vote

! In the North, the election wasbetween Lincoln and Douglas

! In the South it was betweenBell and Breckinridge

! Lincoln won the presidency

without a single southern vote

! The North had more electoralcollege votes and Lincoln wassworn in

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Lincoln/Douglas Debates! The South was outraged that a

man could become presidentwithout any of their votes

! In response to Lincolns victory,South Carolina left he Union

permanently in Dec. of 1860

! Six more states followed overthe following weeks

!

In February of 1861, these samestates gathered and formed TheConfederate States of America

! They elected Je#erson Davis astheir president



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Lincoln/Douglas Debates! In early 1861, President

Buchanan was in the last days ofo%ce

! He believed it was in the rightof the south to leave

! He spoke against the use offorce to bring them back

! Many last ditch e#orts were

made to preserve the Union, allfailed

! President Lincoln decided tofocus on enforcing AmericanLaw


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In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, andnot in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war...Youhave no oath...to destroy the government, while I shall

have the most solemn one of preserve, protect, and

defend it

$Abraham Lincoln


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We must not be enemies. Though passion may have

strained, it must not break our bonds of a#ection. Themystic chords of memory, stretching from every

battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart...willyet swell the chorus of the Union when again touched,

as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature

$Abraham Lincoln



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! As lincoln spoke those words, inattempt to preserve the Union,

the wheels of war were alreadymoving

! The die was cast and the stormclouds of war were gathering

! Fort Sumpter was about toignite the US in Civil War


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~The Civil War Begins~

Attack on Fort Sumpter


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Attack on Fort Sumpter! South Carolina was the first

state to leave the Union inDecember of 1860

! Federal troops occupied Fort

Sumpter o#

the coast of S.Carolina

! A Union resupply ship was firedupon by Confederate forces inJanuary

! Food was running low, ifLincoln did not resupply theFort by force, it would have tobe abandoned



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Attack on Fort Sumpter! Lincoln struggled with the

decision

! He had promised the Northwould not be the aggressors

! He had also taken an oath todefend government property

! Sending troops to the Fortwould make him responsible for

starting a war

! Leaving it would acknowledgethe authority of theConfederate Government



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Attack on Fort Sumpter! Lincoln attempted to find a

middle ground

! He contacted the governor ofSouth Carolina and informed himof his intent to send only food

! Je"erson Davis ordered that thefort be surrendered to the South

! An ultimatum was placed on thefort in which it was to besurrendered

! The North refused, and theSouth opened fire



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Attack on Fort Sumpter! The fort was bombarded for 34

hours

! With few supplies, the fort wassurrendered to the Confederacy

! As a defender of theconstitution, Lincoln had nochoice but to respond to theattack

! He put out the call to assemblethe army

! Southerners saw this as an actof war



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Attack on Fort Sumpter! Within days, the States of Virginia,

North Carolina, Tennessee andArkansas joined the Confederates%upper south&

! For the time being, the border

states remained uncommitted toeither side

! 84 years after the United States hadbeen founded it had come apart

! Fighting at Fort Sumpter hadrevealed that the Union could notbe preserved by peace

! Could it be brought back by force?

The Civil War Begins


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! In response to the attack atFort Sumpter, volunteerseagerly joined the army on bothsides

! Both sides felt the war would beshort lived

! By July, 35,000 soldiers weretraining in Washington D.C.

! The North thought that a quickand decisive battle against theSouthern Capital of Virginia

would decide the War



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The Civil War Begins! General Irvin McDowell did

not feel ready for conflict inJuly of 1861

! He felt it took time to properly

train his forces and felt rushed

! Despite the warning, Lincolnordered his general into action

! General McDowell marched his

army into Virginia

! His objective was to take thetown of Manassas, an importantrailroad junction



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The Civil War Begins! Opposing him was Confederate

General P.G.T Beauregard, thesame who had captured FortSumpter

!

The Confederates were campedalong Bull Run, a stream thatpassed 4 miles north ofManassas

! Union General McDowells

March was incredibly slow

! Soldiers were not disciplined,stopping to pick berries, get

water and relax



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! In addition, McDowells marchwas followed and reported onby the media

! Beauregard knew exactly where

McDowell was and preparedcarefully

! Confederate troops had packedinto rail cars and reinforcedBeauregard

! Fighting broke out on July 21st,1861 $The First Battle of BullRun $



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The Civil War Begins!

After hours of hard fighting, itappeared as though McDowellsUnion forces were prevailing

! However, Virginia soldierscommanded by General

Thomas Jackson refused to giveup

! Seeing Jacksons men holdingfirm, retreating Confederatesoldiers yelled, Look! There isJackson standing like a stonewall!

! The Confederates rallied underStonewall Jacksons stand



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The Civil War Begins! Growing tired and discouraged,

Union soldiers began to fallback

! Late in the afternoon,

Confederates were reinforcedby new troops arriving by train

! With fresh troops, acounterattack was launched andUnion troops were put to flight

! Soldiers dropped weapons andstampeded into sightseers whohad gathered to watch thebattle



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! Union soldiers and civiliansalike ran all the way back to thesafety of Washington D.C.

!

The first battle of the Civil Warhad been fought and lost by theNorth

! The battle was relatively small

! The Union army experienced2,900 casualties

! The Confederates 2,0000



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! The Battle of Bull Run causedsome Americans to believe thatthe War would not be easily

won

! Congress authorized thePresident to raise a million manarmy

! In the South, an army ofconsiderable size was also beingraised

! Both sides had plans, strategiesand advantages over the other



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The Civil War Begins! The Confederate War plan was

to prepare and wait

! Many hoped that after manyfierce fought battles, Lincoln

would just let the South go

! Je#erson Davis planned for adefensive war

! This kind of defensive strategy

is known as a war of attrition

! One side inflicts continuouslosses on the other in order to

wear down its will to fight



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The Civil War Begins! The problem with this strategy was

that the North had far more men andresources

! The South had 75'of the worldscotton

! Confederate leaders convincedSoutherners to stop exporting cotton

! They figured that the loss of cottonto Europe would cause France andBritain to assist them in the war

! This strategy backfired

! Europe turned to India and Egyptwhich crippled the Souths flow ofmoney for arms


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~Strategies and Battles~

The Civil War


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The Civil War! In several ways, the North was more

prepared for war than the South

! The North had twice as muchrailroad

! This allowed quick movement of

troops and supplies

! There were twice as many factoriesin the North

! They were in a much better position

to produce supplies, munitions, foodand other items for soldiers

! The North had more money, banksand a balanced economy

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The Civil War! Even more, the North already had a

functioning army and navy

! 2/3 of the population lived in theNorth

! These would all be major factors in

the conflict ahead

! Confederates did have someadvantages

! Most of the nations top military

o$cers lived in the South

! The South did not need to advance,only hold their positions

! The South had greater motivation

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The Civil War! As we have seen, the Norths

strategy was based around anAnaconda tactic

! Cut o"ports and strangle themout

! This plan was put forth byMexican American War hero,Winfield Scott

! Scott knew it would take a long

time to train an army capable ofinvading the South

! Better to lay siege and seek peacewithout a lot of bloodshed

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! Most of the technology and strategyin the War cam from two earlier

conflicts in history

! The first was the Napoleonic Wars inEurope

! That conflict had developed

numerous fighting systems andstrategies

! Field medics, communication lines,field tactics, canned foods

!

Most of the Confederacy evenadopted the French Zouave uniform

! The other conflict from whichknowledge was derived was theMexican American War

The Civil War


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The Civil War

! In Europe, generals and politiciansviewed the American Civil War asprimitive

! However, by the Wars end, there wasno doubt that the US had developed

one of the worlds greatest fightingforces

! It is speculated that it could havematched any major European power

! Many tactics and technologies thatwere developed during the AmericanCivil War were later used in the FirstWorld War

The Civil War


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The Civil War! Over the previous centuries, armor

and sword had given way to musketand ball

! While these were major advances inthe 17th century, little had beenchanged since

! Canons and Muskets were unreliableand very inaccurate

! The primary method of winning abattle still depended on

concentrating forces against enemylines

! Massive charge in rank and file linesremained the best way of attack

The Civil War


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The Civil War! During the Civil War, new

technologies came about that slowlybegan to change the way fightingtook place

! Bullet shaped balls %mini ball&madeshot much more accurate

! Ri(ing the barrel of a gun alsoimproved accuracy

! Old musket type guns were accurateat 100 yards, new guns remained

accurate for 500

! In addition, they could be fired morerapidly with factory made powderpackets, cartridge shells

The Civil War


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The Civil War! Following the First Battle of Bull

Run, Lincoln had General McClellanbuild and command a new army

! While that training was going on,Union forces invaded theConfederacy in the West

! The main objective was to takecontrol of the Mississippi River

! The most successful of the UnionForces were those led by Ulysses S

Grant

! Grants success in organizing,training and fighting with a group ofIllinois volunteers earned him therank of General

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The Civil War! In February of 1862, Grant advanced

South along the Tennessee River with15,000 soldiers and gunboats

! Grants objectives were to capturetwo Forts, Fort Henry and FortDonelson

! These forts protected the Tennesseeand Cumberland Rivers, importanttrade and transportation waterways

! On February 6th, gunboats pounded

Fort Henry into surrender

! General Grant marched his landarmy along the Cumberland Riverand attacked Fort Donelson

The Civil War


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e C v Wa! Following three days of attack and

constant shelling, Fort Donelson alsosurrendered

! The Battles created a sensation inthe North

! The Union had at last won adefinitive victory

! With its critical Forts lost, Tennesseewas prime for the taking

! Soon after, Nashville fell under theUnion Army

! Grant then started his march, with42,000 soldiers towards Alabama

The Civil War


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! In March, General Grant approachedCorinth, Mississippi

! Confederate General Albert SidneyJohnson gathered troops to preventGrants advance

! Johnsons army was also of aconsiderable size, 40,000

! Grant stopped in order to bolster hisarmy with more troops before

continuing to the fight

! Johnson decided to attack beforereinforcements came

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! On April 6, 1862 Johnsons forces

surprised Grants troops by attackingnear Shiloh Church outside PittsburgLanding

! Fighting quickly spread across rankand file lines that were six miles long

! By the end of the first day,Southerners had driven Grants armyback, nearly into the Tennessee River

! During the night, some of Grants

o$

cers advised a retreat during thecover of night

! To this Grant replied, Retreat?No, I propose we attack at daylightand whip them

The Civil War


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! Grants reinforcements arrived just in

time

! The following day, with freshreinforcements, Grant counterattacked

! The Union, under Grants leadershipwon the day

! Casualties were high on both sides

! The Battle of Shiloh claimed 13,000

Union deaths and 11,000Confederates

! The Battle was the bloodiest conflicton North American soil to that date

The Civil War


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! While Grant continued his marchsouth, the Union Navy advancednorth along this Mississippi

! It was under the control of DavidFarragut

! Farragut destroyed two forts alongthe Mississippi and captured NewOrleans

! He then sailed up and took Baton

Rouge, Natchez

! The South was reeling under thecontinuous defeats inflicted by Grantand Farragut

The Civil War


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! By June, only two ports were leftalong the Mississippi, Vicksburg andPort Hudson

! If the North could seize those, theywould cut the South of from tradealong the Mississippi

! The Confederates were secretlybuilding a weapon they believedcould change the war

! Union Navy ships were engaged in a

blockade of Virginia

! In March of 1862, a massiveConfederate warship lumbered out ofthe James River

The Civil War


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! The best ships of the Union Navyopened fire on it

! Strangely, all shots bounced o"

! The Confederate ship was made

completely of iron

! The Merrimack was the pinnacle ofnaval innovation

! It was the first Ironclad warship in

history

! The Merrimack engaged the UnionNavy at Virginia, sunk three of itsbest and sent the rest to flight

The Civil War


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! Northern leaders were very troubled

at this new weapon

! They figured that if they did not dosomething, the entire naval blockadecould be in jeopardy

!

Fortunately for the Union, theMerrimacks construction was notunnoticed

! Lincoln had already ordered theconstruction of a similar vessel forthe North

! The Union Ironclad was completedin 100 days

! It was called the Monitor

The Civil War


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! Not long after the Merrimack hadmade its appearance known that theMonitor was put to sea

! On March 9th, the Monitor and

Merrimack fought o"the coast ofVirginia

! Neither ship, after hours of fighting,was able to deliver substantialdamage

! Finally, the Merrimack withdrew andthe two never again met in battle

The Civil War


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! In May, Union forces marched intoNorfolk Virginia

! Confederate soldiers decided toscuttle the Merrimack rather than

allow it to fall into Union hands

! In December, the Monitor sank in astorm at sea

! Their battle forever changed theworld

! In a single day, the wooden navies ofthe world were rendered obsolete

Merrimack vs Monitor


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Merrimack vs Monitor


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~Strategies and Battles~

The Civil War


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! In May of 1862, Union GeneralGeorge McClellan would attempt toachieve what General McDowellcould not

! McClellan landed his army atNorfolk Virginia, in an attempt to

seize the Confederate capital ofRichmond

! At 36 years old, McClellan was youngfor a general, but he was anoutstanding organizer, strategist and

was well liked by the troops

! His weakness was that he was overlycautious and seemed never quiteready to fight

The Civil War


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! Lincoln was very eager to avenge theUnion defeat at Bull Run

! McClellans army was huge, over100,000 soldiers

!

The last time the North moved southto Richmond, they did so by land

! McClellan this time would arrive by sea

! As they landed and began their march,they were engaged by an army of 15,000

soldiers at Yorktown Virginia

! Although the Confederate army wasmuch smaller, McClellan asked forreinforcements

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! Lincoln demanded that McClellan

act and engage the enemy

! McClellan did not act, he waitedoutside of Yorktown for a month

! When he finally decided to attack,

the Confederates retreated back toRichmond

! Just outside of Richmond, the smallConfederate army turned andattacked, inflicting heavy casualties%20,000&

! Confederate General JosephJohnston was wounded and charge ofthe army fell to the control of RobertE Lee

The Civil War


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! Lee understood strategy and good

planning but he also realized theimportance of taking chances

! Lees army consisted of 55,000 men

! He divided his force and sent half of

them to reinforce Stonewall Jackson

! Lee gambled knowing that the evercautious McClellan would not attackuntil he had his reinforcements

! General Jackson then began abrilliant act of deception

! He began preparation for an attackon Washington


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The Civil War


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! Although the Confederates lost more

men than the North, McClellandecided to retreat

! Furious with McClellans cowardice,Lincoln demanded him to return toWashington

! The plan was to replace him withGeneral John Pope

! Pope already had an army andcombining it with McClellan's men

would create an overwhelming force

! Lee knew he must prevent McClellanfrom returning to Washington andjoining forces

The Civil War


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! Pope began to march his army southto join with McClellans force andtake command

! Again, Lee and Jackson split theirarmies

! Jackson swept wide and smashedinto the unsuspecting General Pope

! Jackson then destroyed many of theUnions supplies

! Enraged at being caught o"guard,Pope sent his 62,000 men into actionagainst Jackson

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! While Pope and Jackson were

engaged, General Lee arrived atjoined the fight

! The battle took place in nearly thesame spot as the First Battle of BullRun

! General Popes force met the samefate

! After the Second Battle of Bull Run,and another Union defeat, McClellanwas returned to command

! We must make use of what tools wehave. If he cant fight himself, heexcels at making others ready tofight !Lincoln


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The Civil War


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! Unlucky for Lee, McClellans menfound Lees plans at an abandonedcamp

! A map was wrapped around a bunchof cigars

! McClellan figured he had Lee now

! True to his nature though, McClellandecided to wait another 16 hoursbefore marching on Lee

! This gave Lee the opportunity toprepare, as he had discovered that hisplans had fallen into enemy hands


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The Civil War


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! By the end of the first day, the Union

had lost 12,000 men and theConfederacy 14,000

! The next day, Confederates retreatedback to Virginia

! Lincoln telegraphed McClellan,Destroy the rebel army if possible

! The ever cautious McClellan howeverdelayed yet again and lost a criticalopportunity

! The Battle of Antietam became thebloodiest day of the Civil War

! A soldier wrote: God grant thesethings may soon end...of this War I amheartily sick and tired


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~The Home Front~

The Civil War


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! Antietam provided Lincoln with the

victory he had needed

! In the Fall of 1862, as General Leeretreated into the south, Lincoln issuedthe Emancipation Proclamation

! This proclaimed that all slaves in areas

of rebellion were free

! The decree had little initial impact

! Abolitionists argued that it did not gofar enough

! It did not free slaves in the borderregions

! It also failed to free slaves in the Southoccupied by the North

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! It created fear in the North

! Many worried that free slaves wouldcompete and take American jobs

! Frederick Douglas was elated, Weshout for joy that we live to record this

righteous decree

! Even if the proclamation did not freeslaves, it promised that enslaved peoplewould be free at wars end

! Perhaps the greatest e"ect occurred inEngland

! It was praised by abolitionist abroadand meant Europe would not aid theSouth

The Civil War


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! The proclamation had two immediatee"ects

! It caused slaves in the South to flee andjoin protection under Union troops

! It also caused many to join the army

! During time of war, items from theopposing side could be taken

! This capture of goods is referred to asContraband

! Escaping slaves were taken by Unionsoldiers and fell to their property underContraband laws

The Civil War


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! Union soldiers, as the new owners ofthese goods, could set them free at will

! In 1862, following McClellans victoryat Antietam Lincoln accepted AfricanAmericans into the military

! By 1895, 180,000 African Americanshad joined the Union

! More than half of that number wereslaves that had escaped the south to

freedom

! Many of the soldiers felt a strong desireto fight and were highly motivated

The Civil War


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! All African American soldiers served

under the command of white o$cers

! Until June of 1864, African Americansoldiers earned less pay than whitesoldiers

! In July of 1863, the 54th all Blackregiment went into action against FortWagner at Charleston South Carolina

! The Regiment was led by ColonelRobert Gould Shaw

!

The regiments charge over a narrowbeach of sand cost 1/2 their lives

! Sergeant William Carney became thefirst African American to earn theCongressional Medal of Honor


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The Civil War! C f d d f ll d l


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! Confederate drafts pulled large

numbers of men out of the workplace

! Southern women had to work the landand tried to keep farms and plantationsoperating

! Food riots began to break out

! In April of 1863, 1000 women lootedbakeries for food

! As bad as it was, the Southern economyactually grew during the War

! Many factories emerged to buildammunition, railroad and equipmentfor soldiers

! Most were run by women

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! Some men defected from the army andreturned home to help their strugglingfamilies

! We are poor men and are willing todefend our country but our familiescome first !Confederate Soldier

! In the North, industries struggled asmany depended on Southern cotton

! Overall however the North was farbetter o"

! The North had farms and factories

! Food was never an issue and civiliansworked hard to keep soldiers wellprepared

The Civil War! As in the South, women filled many of


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! As in the South, women filled many ofthe jobs vacated by men fighting in theWar

! Many factory owners favored womenbecause they were paid less than men

! Some Union manufactures made

healthy profits selling inferior productsto the army

! Rusty rifles, boats that leaked, hats thatdissolved in rain, uniforms made fromcompressed rags

! Soles came o"of boots after only a fewmiles

! Many shameful manufactures madekillings of their own without seeing abattlefield

The Civil War


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! During the war, both sides employedthe use of prison camps

! The North used penitentiariesthroughout the states

!

The South put their prisoners whereverthere was room

! Andersonville was nothing more that afield in Georgia

! Both sides treated prisoners about the

same

! O$cers were always treated better thancommon soldiers

The Civil War


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! Andersonville was the exception togood treatment

! It was built to house 10,000 men butsoon swelled to over 35,000

!

All of these prisoners were fenced into26 acres

! About 100 prisoners a day died ofstarvation or exposure

! The Southern overseer of the camp was

the only person tried and convicted ofwar crimes after the War was over

! He was hanged

The Civil War


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! Medical care was terrible for both sides

! One if Four soldiers wounded died

! Most died of disease

! Poor nutrition, contaminated food,

typhoid fever, malaria and pneumoniaclaimed the most lives

! A Union soldier was 3 times more likelyto die in camp than on the battlefield

! While most doctors understood theneed for clean equipment, most did notknow how to sterilize it

! Surgeons sometimes went days withoutwashing their instruments

The Civil War


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! On both sides, 1000s of women quit their

jobs to care for the wounded

! Clara Barton was one who o"eredsupplies and first aid to soldiers

! Barton later continued her service andfounded the American Red Cross

! During the War, 4000 women served asnurses

! Previously a mens occupation, followingthe Civil War, that would forever change

! The US Sanitation Commission was alsocreated during the War to combat disease

! Despite the e"orts, twice as many meddied from disease than from gunfire


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~The Tide Changes~

The Civil War


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! During the War, Congress reformed thenations banking system

! Since 1832, each US state was issued itsown form of currency

! Congress passed an act that created anational currency system

! This new currency was calledgreenbacks because of their color

! This paper money was not backed by goldbut was declared by Congress to be a legalform of tender

The Civil War


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!

As the War drug on, and more and morelives were claimed, the need for a draftbecame paramount

! General Lee was the first to call for adraft for his army

!

The draft was not instituted easily

! Many claimed that by starting a draft, theSouth was betraying the very thing they

were fighting for

! However, the draft law was passed and

required all men between the ages of 18 !35 to serve two years in the military

! After Antietam, duty was moved to 5years

The Civil War


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! Like the South, the North also started adraft

! Riots broke out in New York City whenthe draft law was passed in 1863

!

More than 100 people died in 4 days

! In congress, a new antiwar group wasformed

! They were called the Copperheads afterthe poisonous snake

! Radical Copperheads tried to persuadeUnion soldiers to desert the army andresist the draft

The Civil War


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! Border states remained a critical problem

! Four states were slave states but were partof the North

! Because of their location, Kentucky,Maryland, Delaware and Missouri were

critical

! In Maryland, many supported Leestroops during his invasion

! Lincoln ordered all disloyal members inMaryland arrested

! Kentucky and Missouri were critical forcontrol of the Ohio and MississippiRivers

The Civil War


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! In Missouri, Lincoln supported an

uprising aimed at overthrowing pro!confederates in the state government

! In Kentucky, Lincoln declared a state ofMartial Law

! The military assumed control and the Billor Rights was suspended

! Lincoln was the only president in UShistory to declare martial law

! In some regions he suspended the writ of

habeas corpus which gave a person rightto a fair trial

! More than 13,000 Americans whoobjected to government policies wereimprisoned

The Civil War


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!

Following the battle of Antietam,McClellan refused to destroy Lees army

! That action caused Lincoln to once againremove him from control

! Lincoln turned to General Ambrose

Burnside

! Burnside had thick whiskers on the sidesof his head and gave name to the wordsideburns

! He was not as good a general as

McClellan

! Knowing that McClellan had beenrelieved for being slow to act, Burnsidesprang into action

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! He marched 122,000 Union men intoVirginia towards Richmond

! In response, Lee massed 79,000 men anddecided to cross directly in front ofBurnside

! Armies clashed at Fredericksburg Virginia

! Burnside decided to head straight for Lee

! His lack of planning proved his demise

!

He sent rank and rank of troops to theirdeaths

! Union soldiers lost over 13,000 while theConfederacy only lost 5,000

The Civil War


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! The following day, General Burnsideasked to be relieved of command

! Lincoln then turned to a new general,Joseph Fighting Joe Hooker

! General Hooker sought to swing theUnion army South and attack theConfederates from the rear rather thanhead on

! Lee became aware of Hookers plan

! He divided his forces and in the night hadhis soldiers build many fires to hide thatthey had moved

The Civil War


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! As General Hooker awoke and began hismarch to attack Lee from behind, he wassurprised to find Lee in front of him

! The Battle of Chancellorsville had begun

! After a brief clash, General Hooker

moved his army into a nearby forest tobuild defenses

! The next day, when Lee did not attack,Hooker believed Lee had retreated

! Instead, Lee divided his army and sentStonewall Jackson 12 miles through theforest to attack Hookers flank

! Again Hooker was taken by surprise

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! If it was not for darkness slowing thebattle, Lee would have destroyed theUnion army

! That night, Jackson and others left campto scout the Union force

!

As they returned to camp, Confederatesoldiers mistook them for Union soldiersand fired

! Jackson was struck by his own men threetimes and his left arm was amputated

! The next day fighting resumed, Hookersarmy retreated across the river

! This became Lees greatest victory but itcame at a cost

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! Stonewall Jackson did not recover fromhis wounds and died

! His death deprived Lee of what he called,His strong right arm

!

The crushing defeats of Chancellorsvilleand Fredericksburg were low points forthe Union

! The mood in Washington was dark

! Rumors spread of Lincoln contemplating

resigning as president

! Many in the North grumbled aboutseeking peace


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~Gettysburg~

The Civil War


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! The North had reached a low point in theWar

! Lincoln was beside himself with the twolosses at Chancellorsville andFredericksburg

! Despite winning two battles, things werenot going well for General Lee either

! He was running low on supplies and hisarmy was growing weak

! He decided upon moving his army Northonce again, thinking his army could foragefor supplies and that one more victory

would mean the end for Union

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! The Union Army moved North, as didLees

! On July 1, 1863, some Confederate soldiersentered Gettysburg Pennsylvania

! Many of them were barefoot and they had

heard that Gettysburg had a supply ofshoes

! While scavenging, the Confederates raninto a Union calvary

! From this small skirmish grew thegreatest battle ever fought in NorthAmerica

! The Battle of Gettysburg had begun

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! Hearing gunfire, both the Union andConfederate Armies rushed to Gettysburg

! Soon, Confederates outnumbered Unionforces

! Among those rushing to the scene was the

new Union General, General GeorgeMeade

! Soon, battle lines stretched across thetops of a series of hills

! At the center of the Union line was a hillcalled Cemetery Ridge

! The Confederate center was at anotherhilltop called Seminary Ridge

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! Feeling confidant after his recent victoriesin the South, Lee planned to attack rightat the Unions strength

!

His new second in command was GeneralJames Longstreet

! Longstreet was opposed to attacking sucha strong defensive position but Lee wouldnot listen

! The next day, Confederate forcesgathered, ready to assault Cemetery Ridge

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! Longstreet was the Confederate versionof McClellan.

! He was a great general, but slow andindecisive

! As the sun rose, Longstreet waited until

4PM to prepare his lines for attack

! The delay allowed Meade the chance toreinforces his men and position

! Heavy fighting occurred in a peachorchard, a wheat field and a mass of

boulders known as Devils Den

! As the fighting continued, Confederatesoldiers noticed an un!protected hillcalled Little Round Top


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! The third day opened with a smallskirmish and then fell silent until theafternoon

! At that point, 150 Confederate canonsbegan a heavy artillery barrage

! Many Union Generals figured the canonfire was sign that the Confederates were

going to retreat

! They were wrong, Lee was planning amassive all out assault right at the front of

the Union lines

! After a two hour artillery duel, the Unionceased fire

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! Longstreet and Lee figured the Unioncanons had been destroyed

! Confederates formed lines and began tomarch

! At Cemetery Ridge, Union soldiers weresurprised to see 15,000 Confederatesoldiers marching right at them

! The Confederate Charge is nowremembered as Picketts Charge

! The Confederates had to cross a mile ofopen field in order to reach Union lines

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! As the charge began, Union soldiersloosed a hail of artillery fire on themarching Confederates

! It tore huge holes in the Union lines

! As they approached the hill, Unionsoldiers then unleashed a wave of rifle fireinto the Confederate ranks

! Only a few hundred Confederates reachedthe Union lines alive

! In about 30 minutes it was over

The Civil War! Confederates retreated back to Seminary


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Ridge

! General Meade of the Union armyordered a counter attack

! Lee ordered Pickett to reform his divisionto which Pickett replied I have no more

division

! Picketts charge ended the bloodiestbattle of the Civil War

! Of a Union Army of 85,000 over 23,000were killed

! The Confederate Army of 75,000 lost28,000

! Lee once again had to return to the South

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! While armies clashed in a bloodbath inthe East another major battle was ragingin the West

! General Grant was having problemstaking the last stronghold of theMississippi, Vicksburg

! Vicksburg stood high atop a blu"alongthe Mississippi

! It was hard to assault due to the angleupon which it stood

! In addition. land based attacks proveddi$cult because the city was surroundedby a large swamp

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! General Grant first sent TecumsehSherman on an unsuccessful attack fromthe north

! They then tried to dig a canal around thecity which also failed

! Lastly, they sent gunboats down from thenorth which failed

! With all these attacks ending in failure,Grant came up with a brilliant plan

! He marched his army down river, crossedthe Mississippi, ferried them down asecond river, attacked Jackson Mississippiand then attacked from the west

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!

Battles were fought all around Vicksburg

! Once Confederate forces were cut o"within the city, Grant ordered a siege andconstant artillery barrage

! Citizens of Vicksburg huddled in shelters

as Union soldiers fired 2,800 shells a day

! Soon, conditions in the city became dire

! Many had to survive o"eating rats

!

On July 4th, Confederates in Vicksburgsurrendered

! The Mississippi River belonged to theNorth

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! The year had started with talk of theUnion seeking peace

! However, on the 4th of July, the oppositeheld true

! Massive celebrations took place on thenations holiday

! Free slaves were able to join the festivities

! With Meades victory at Gettysburg,Grants at Vicksburg, the Union felt theWar was in hand

! The end finally seemed in sight

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! On November 19th, 1863, people gatheredat Gettysburg to honor those who hadfallen

! The featured guest speaker was EdwardEverett

! Everett produced a crow pleasing twohour speech

! After he finished, Lincoln arose anddelivered his remarks which are nowrevered as the Gettysburg Address

! Lincolns speech took only 2 minutes

! Most did not pay it any attention andthought it too short and simple


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~Wars End~

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!

Despite the loss at Gettysburg, the Southwas determined to hold on

! They felt that if they held out they couldstill prevail

! In 1864, the North would hold a

presidential election

! They figured that Lincoln could bereplaced and the War could end on a highnote

! Lincoln on the other hand became more

aggressive

! He knew that victories on the battlefieldmeant re!election

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! In March, Lincoln made yet anotherchange in the military

! He placed General Ulysses S Grant incharge of the Union forces

! His goal was to destroy the Confederatearmy before the upcoming election

! To take his place in the west, TecumsehSherman was placed in charge

! Grant adopted a stance of attrition

! He would use the Norths advantage innumbers to wear down the Confederacy

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! Grant took his huge force of 115,000 menstraight into Virginia

! He knew that Lee either had to abandonRichmond or fight

!

Lee chose the latter, it was exactly whatGrant wanted

! The first conflict occurred on May 5thand is called the Battle of the Wilderness

! It took place in the same location as the

previous loss of Chancellorsville

! Fighting soon lead the armies back intothe forests where Jackson had been killed

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! Due to the continuous gunfire, the forestsoon set caught fire

! In the confusion, Confederate soldiersfired on their own men

!

This time, General Longstreet, Leessecond in command, was killed

! It occurred only 3 miles away from whereJackson was shot

! Grant took massive losses in the

Wilderness campaign

! Grant however, unlike those before himcontinued to fight on despite the losses

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! Days later, fighting resumed just outsideof Spotsylvannia

! Again Grant took heavy losses

! Grant however continued, undeterred

! He told Lincoln that he would continueto fight the enemy if it took all summer

! In June, Grant attacked Confederatesoldiers just 8 miles from Virginia

! He lost 7,000 soldiers in the first hour

! Despite the heavy loss of life, Grant knewhe was slowly wining the War

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! Grant then attempted to attackConfederate supply lines to Virginia

! The attack failed, costing more Unionlives

!

Since the battle had begun, Grant hadsent 65,000 Union soldiers to their graves

! Many of Grants soldiers began to pintheir names and addresses to theiruniforms so their bodies could beidentified

! Grant then laid siege to Petersburg, anarea the Confederates depended on forsupplies

The Civil War! Despite all of the fighting, both Generals


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p g g,

maintained their same strategy

! Lee wanted to hold his ground until theelections, Grant wanted to win before

! Another critical region to theConfederate army was the ShenandoahValley

! It was an area the South depended on forsupplies and food

! Grant gave the order to lay waste to the

region

! He told Union soldiers to tear up railways,burn fields and houses and to leavenothing standing

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! This was just the beginning of a new kindof warfare, Scorched Earth

! In the West, General Sherman adoptedthe same philosophy

! He took a massive 98,000 men strongarmy deep into the South

! His target was the city of Atlanta

! Opposing Sherman was General JosephJohnston

! He hoped to hold She

US History Unit 4

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