Us history survey # 9
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Transcript of Us history survey # 9
US History survey
government for the new nationresults of Revolutionary War
Articles of Confederation, 1777
• first written constitution.• guaranteed sovereignty of states.• created a national government, but most powers to states.• disagreement over W land claims -- should land be ceded to national government?• ratified by all 13 in 1781.• Continental Congress acted as though Articles passed.
finances of Continental Congress under Articles of Confederation
• no direct taxes on individuals.• could apportion taxes among states.• Congress financed revolution by– grants & loans from friendly countries.– issuing paper money – Continentals.
Treaty of Paris, 1783• recognition of
independence.• withdrawal of British forces.• fish in N Atlantic.• goal: as much terri- tory as possible.• negotiations with French & Spanish.• Mississippi River access.
continental results, 1783
stay tuned
• other revolutions and wars rapidly changed Americans lives and borders of the US in years after the Revolution.– French Revolution, 1789 – 1799.– Haitian slave revolution – St. Domingue, 1791 –
1804. – Napoleonic wars in Europe, 1799 – 1815.
• America remained connected to Europe & Caribbean.
results of Revolution
• army officers wanted to collect life pensions as bonuses from Congress.
• possible military coup.• Washington resigned as general; could have become military dictator.• established principle of military subordination
to civil authority.
results of Revolution
• the West and Indians – more settlers.• African Americans – mixed results, depending
on area of country. • politics• finances• inadequacy of Confederation led to
Constitution.• Bill of Rights.
the West
• British abandoned Indian allies.• during & after war, settlers migrated over mountains & down Ohio River valley. • Confederation Congress created method for
Western territories to become states equal to original 13.
• surveyed & auctioned public lands seized from Indians.
• Congress sold 1.5 million acres to Ohio Company.
Northwest Ordinance, 1787
• 3 to 5 states to be created & admitted to nation as equals.
• slavery prohibited north of Ohio River.• president of Ohio Company chosen governor.• creation of land system & system to become
states was the major accomplishment of Confederation government.
result
• additional lands
African Americans
• some slaves were freed, by multiple methods– fighting for Patriots, Loyalists, British. – running away. – manumission. – purchasing selves, families, friends.
• free people of color became primarily urban.• slow demise of slavery in North.• rapid expansion of slavery in South, especially
lower South & lower Mississippi Valley.
Northern states
• all N states legislated abolition of slavery, but slaveholders resisted, created new ways to retain labor.
• middle states very slowly emancipated enslaved. • free people of color became more urban, slaves more
rural. • free people of color created institutions
– churches, schools, fraternal organizations– named them “African.”
• free people of color– changed names, found own jobs, took own residences.– developed class differences, between respectable & not.
“African” churchesPhiladelphia
Upper South
• many slaves fled, including “property” of founding fathers.
• planters condemned slave trade; saw slavery as necessary evil.
• tobacco ceased to be dominant crop; mixed farming.
• mostly rural; free people & enslaved very intertwined, unlike North. More Af-Am unity.
• excess slaves, so some sold farther south.
sale of slaves from upper to lower South
Lower South & lower Mississippi Valley
• planters pushed to reopen slave trade w Africa. • rapid expansion of slavery, from lower South
moving west, from Gulf Coast moving north. • new crops: cotton in SC & GA, expanded into back
country. Sugar in Louisiana. • violence toward slaves increased. • development of 3-caste society: white, slaves, and
mixed race free people. Free people identified with slaveholders, Euro-American culture.
New Orleans
politics
• new state legislatures included more rural & western men: farmers & artisans, as well as lawyers, merchants, large landowners.
• varied state constitutions, with democratic & conservative elements.
• Virginia Declaration of Rights, 1776 (precedent to Bill of Rights) – George Mason.
• states abolished entail & primogeniture (1st son inherits all).
politics
• Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom – Jefferson, Virginia – to remove established church (supported & funded by state government).
finances
• British blockade resulted in inflation during Revolutionary War.
• depression after war. • huge debt from war. Merchants & speculators
wanted to have loans repaid in full. • average farmers had no cash. • Britain remained major trading partner.
Shay’s Rebellion, 1786
• western Massachusetts. • farmers closed courts where debtors were being sued.• conservative nationalists unhappy states had so much power; believed there was too much democracy.
next week
• the Constitution & its compromises• Federalist Papers
• student evaluations of class.