UNIT 1U.S. History

The Dawn of Man

Scientist say humans first emerged 15,000 -30,000 years ago Use radiocarbon dating

15,000 years ago humans crossed a landmass called Beringia These people were Nomads- people traveling

place 2 place 9000-10000 years ago an agricultural

revolution accrued. People grew maize, pumpkins, peppers beans People started to settle in civilizations.

200 A.D. Mayan civilization developed in the Yucatan Peninsula Built temples and developed a

calendar( based on stars Aztecs build a city called Tenochtitlán . It

is in present day Mexico city. Demanded sacrifices from conquered tribes

Native American Cultures

Culture depended on the region natives lived

South West Natives (Zuni, Pueblo)- raised squash, maize and beans Women cared for family and farmed Men farmed also but was manly a warrior

Natives of the Sioux around 1500’s began to use horses for war and hunting.

Eastern Woodlands Indians (east coast) Combined hunting and fishing with farming Used slash and burn agriculture- clear forest

and burn it into the soil Iroquois have large kinship groups

Iroquois fought and eventually formed the Iroquois League to keep the peace

West africa

The Sahara- makes up most of the interior of Africa.

The edges of the desert has rolling grasslands called savannah

Islam came about in Africa around the 900’s

Followers of Islam are known as Muslims.

Slavery in Africa

People who were captured in war became slaves Slaves would be sold back to their people Or become part of the society where they

were slaves European set up sugar cane plantations

on Mediterranean Island Started slave trading Spain and Portugal set up plantation on west

Africa so work fields Traders also sent slaves to the Americas

Chapter 1 section 4

1095 Pope Urban II called for the crusades. These military expeditions to regain holy land.

Roman empire controlled much of europe for hundred of years. 500 A.D. the empire had weakened and. This is

called the Middle ages. Feudalism developed as a political system in

Europe because the Roman Empire delcined Feudal system- a political system in which the

king gave estates to nobles in exchange for their military support

Manorialism- economic ties between nobles and peasants.

Most peasants were serfs Serfs worked on the land, they could not leave

the manor without permission. 1000 a.d. with better technology (better plow

and horse collar) people in Europe started producing surplus food. This revived trade in Europe.

New States and technology

Renaissance period began in 1350 A.D. it was a rebirth of interest in learning about the culture of ancient Greece and Rome Started a scientific revolution

Astrolabe- a tool that uses the position of the sun to find direction, latitude, and local time

lateen sails-triangle-shaped sails made it possible for ships to sail against the wind

Cavaral- a ship with multiple sails that was easier to steer and that made travel much faster

Portuguese Exploration

Henry the Navigator- set up a school in Portugal to study astronomy and geography

1420 Portuguese started mapping and exploring Africa.

1488 Bartolomeu Dias reached the southern tip of Africa

Vasco da Gama found a water route to eastern Asia (India) Going east.

Christopher Columbus (Italian)- sailed the Atlantic ocean in 1492 and discovered America. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain

Paid for the expedition. 1492 Christopher Columbus left Spain

and sailed across the Atlantic

Columbus conti.

Columbus Landed in the Bahamas and thought it was India. Founded Cuba(thought it was China) and

Hispaniola He brought back gold, parrots, spices, and

Native Americas.

Line of demarcation- imaginary line running down the middle of the Atlantic Spain controlled everything on the west Portugal controlled everything on the east

Reason for colonization

GOD, Glory, and Gold

Fernando Magellan- crew was the first to circumnavigate the globe.

Columbian exchange- was a series of exchanges between native American and Europeans. Food, animals, diseases, and technology.

English brought the horse to the Americas Europeans brought the horse to the

Americas.

England and America

England started to colonize America because of religion and economic changes

Martin Luther –accused the church of corruption. He started the protestant reformation- trying to reform the church. 95 thesis

Henry VIII started a the Anglican church in England because he wanted his marriage annulled.

Puritans wanted to purify all elements of the catholic church out of the Anglican church

King James I would not do this so puritans went to America.

Merchants formed joint stock companies- where they pooled money together to finance big projects. Trade and colonize other places

Sir Walter Raleigh- he landed on a island Roanoke and named it Virginia

Virginia Joint stock company founded Virginia for profit.

Jamestown

1606 Virginia Company settled colony in (Virginia) called Jamestown . 1st sucessful English colony in america

Cpt. John Smith- began trading with the Powhatan confederacy

Chief Powhatan gave the settlement food. John Rolfe –got a good strand of tobacco

and settlers started making money.

James Town Conti.

Virginia company gave colonist the right to elect there own government called- House of Burgesses-the 1st elected legislative body in colonies

To attract people to Virginia used a term called headright -a system whereby land was given to settlers to entice them to go to Virginia

Maryland

1632 King Charles gave Lord Baltimore land north of Virginia and he named it Maryland

Maryland is a proprietary colony- where a owner rules the colony and a safe haven for Catholics.

Seperatists

Separatist also known as pilgrims left England because of persecution and went to Holland.

They came to America on a boat called the Mayflower. They landed on a place called Plymouth.

William Bradford was in charge of the pilgrims. A native called Squanto helped them out.

That autumn they had a celebration

Differences in New Englanders

Puritans Originated from

English Reformation. Believed they could

remain in C.O.E. while working to rid it of Catholic practices.

Established Massachusetts Bay Colony. (1630)

Pilgrims Wanted to

“separate” from C.O.E.

Founded Plymouth Colony. (1620)

Puritans came to America because of religious Little tolerance for other religious in Amer.

Half-way covenant- children of church members were admitted to church Children could not vote or take communion

Salem Witch Trials(puritan)- where 19 men, women and children were hanged for witchcraft.

John Winthrop-a puritan who got a charter to create the colony known as Massachusetts

He was also the 1st governor of N.E. Conditions started to get worse in

England so more people started coming over to America. This is called the Great migration

Rhode Island

Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson – both founded Rhode island

The charter provided for religious freedom and the separation of church and state.

Conneticut

Thomas Hooker- Moved his entire congregation from Massachusetts and settled a town called Hartford. He wanted everyone to vote not just church

members

King Philips’s War

In 1670, Colonial governments started demanding Natives follow English law.

Natives thought colonist were trying to destroy their life

Plymouth Colony tried to execute 3 Wampanoag warriors. Wampanoag warriors attacked settlers.

This marked the beginning of King Philip’s war.

The effect was few natives were left in New England .

Chapter 2-4

Pennsylvania and Delaware

William Penn was a wealthy Quaker who started the colonies of Pennsylvania and Delaware

Quaker believed religion was a personal experience did not need a minister or church. They were pacifist

Southern Colonies

James Oglethorpe founded Georgia . He took people who owed debt out of

English prison and bought them to Georgia.

This colony of Georgia would act as a buffer zone between south Carolina and the Spanish in Florida.

Reason for the French settlement of Quebec was because of Fur trading. Quebec was founded by Samuel de Champlain

Southern Econmy

The economy depended heavy on agricultural products Tobacco, rice, and Indigo

Plantation -or large commercial estates where many workers lived on the land and cultivated the crops for the landowner.

indentured servant- person who agreed to work for an employer in the colonies in exchange for passage to America

Bacon’s Rebellion

Sir William berkeley controlled house of burgesses and said only land owners could vote.

1675 a war broke out between back country farmers and native Americans. A wealthy farmer named Nathaniel Bacon led back country farmers.

Bacon’s conti.

Two things bacon rebellion did:This showed that land needed to

be available to backcountry farmers to keep Virginia. Stable.

Planters stopped using indentured servants and started using slaves.

Slavery in Colony

By 1870 10-12 million Africans came to America

The passage across the Atlantic was known as the middle passage.

Africans at first was treated as indentured servants.

Slave codes regulated slavery and defined the relationship between enslaved Africans and free people

New England Colonies

New England Colonies main industry was livestock, fishing, and boat building.

Triangle trade- three way trade between Europe ,Africa and the Americas.

Social classes Immerged in the city Merchants (top) Artisians- (2nd) skilled workers (most people) People without skill or property Indentured servants and enslaved Africans.

Middle Colonies

Middle Colonies: Farming was the main industry (wheat).

Population increased in England and made a need for wheat and flour.

This made the middle colonies very wealthy.

Dutch owned a port called New Amsterdam. Charles II of England took over it and renamed it New York

Mercantilism- a country would become more wealthy if it sold more goods than it bought. Would accumulate more gold and silver believed that a country should establish colonies

in order to buy raw materials from the colonies and, in turn, sell them manufactured goods.

Navigation acts- said that all goods carried from the colonies must go on British ships. Massachusetts colonies did obey this act and lost

its charter and making it a royal colony.

Glorious Revolution is when William and Mary (protestant) took the thrown from James II in a bloodless take over.

English bill of rights- was passed and it outlined the powers the king did not have and the people did. (fair jury)

John Locke- “two treatises of Govt.” people had natural rights (life ,liberty, and property) People create government to protect them. In

return they agree to obey the laws. If a government violates the people rights it should

be overthrown.

The Enlightenment

Enlightenment a movement that challenged the authority of the church in science and philosophy while elevating the power of human reason This emphasis on logic and reasoning was

known as rationalism John Locke said people were sinful but society

and education could make a person better. Benjamin Franklin- looked at science which led

to several inventions (lighten rod, bifocals) , also he was a sign for social mobility

Great Awakening Great Awakening a religious movement

that stressed dependence on God and gained appeal among farmers, workers, and enslaved people This rebirth of religious feelings became known as

the Great Awakening. Two preachers of the Great Awakening were Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. Both preachers led religious revivals throughout the colonies.

People needed to be born again (emotional experience with god

Methodist and Baptist Preachers Condemned slavery