U.S. History Chapter U.S. History Chapter 18 Notes18 Notes

America Claims an America Claims an EmpireEmpire

Global competition prompts the United Global competition prompts the United States to expand its influence and States to expand its influence and

territory engage territory engage in conflicts around the globe, and build in conflicts around the globe, and build

the Panama Canal.the Panama Canal.

Section 1Section 1Imperialism and Imperialism and

AmericaAmericaBeginning in 1867 and continuing Beginning in 1867 and continuing

through the century, global through the century, global competition causes the United competition causes the United

States to expandStates to expand

United Sates expands United Sates expands overseasoverseas

1906 - Fleet of 16 1906 - Fleet of 16 U.S. battleships sail U.S. battleships sail around the worldaround the world

Showed the world Showed the world that the U.S. was a that the U.S. was a power to be reckoned power to be reckoned with with

Important step in Important step in expanding America's expanding America's international interestinternational interest

Reasons for American Reasons for American ExpansionExpansion

Imperialism Imperialism - policy of extending control over weaker - policy of extending control over weaker nations nations - European countries practiced this in the 1700's and 1800's- European countries practiced this in the 1700's and 1800's

1800s - Europeans divided up most of Africa & competed 1800s - Europeans divided up most of Africa & competed for Chinafor China

Japan joined race for China & U.S. decided to expand Japan joined race for China & U.S. decided to expand overseasoverseas

U.S. didn't want to do this in the beginningU.S. didn't want to do this in the beginning - Once colonies ourselves- Once colonies ourselves - Couldn't afford a war- Couldn't afford a war

Our attitude changed in the late 1800's for several reasonsOur attitude changed in the late 1800's for several reasons - - NationalismNationalism - U.S. united again following Civil War - U.S. united again following Civil War- People wanted to be a world power- People wanted to be a world power- Needed colonies to be one- Needed colonies to be one

Reasons for American Reasons for American ExpansionExpansion

U.S developed a U.S developed a desire for Desire for desire for Desire for military strengthmilitary strength - - Admiral Alfred Admiral Alfred T. MahanT. Mahan urges urges U.S. to build up U.S. to build up navy to competenavy to compete- U.S. builds modern - U.S. builds modern battleships, battleships, becomes third becomes third largest naval powerlargest naval power

Reasons for American Reasons for American ExpansionExpansion

New ideas - New ideas - Charles Charles DarwinDarwin - survival of the - survival of the fittestfittest

- Social Darwinism - - Social Darwinism - Americans believed that Americans believed that their society was superior their society was superior and would spread and would spread throughout the worldthroughout the world

People argued the U.S. People argued the U.S. had duty to Christianize or had duty to Christianize or civilize “inferior peoples”civilize “inferior peoples”

- Also used to support - Also used to support racismracism

Reasons for American Reasons for American ExpansionExpansion

Foreign MarketsForeign Markets - people wanted new - people wanted new markets for American goodsmarkets for American goods- U.S. farms, factories produced more than - U.S. farms, factories produced more than Americans could consumeAmericans could consume- U.S. needed raw materials& new markets - U.S. needed raw materials& new markets for goodsfor goods- Foreign trade was the solution to - Foreign trade was the solution to overproduction, unemployment, & overproduction, unemployment, & depressiondepression- Began exporting more than we were - Began exporting more than we were importingimporting

Seward and ExpansionSeward and Expansion William SewardWilliam Seward – –

Served as Secretary Served as Secretary of State under Lincoln of State under Lincoln & Johnson & Johnson - Tried to gain new - Tried to gain new lands for U.S.lands for U.S.

1867 - ordered navy 1867 - ordered navy to occupy the Midway to occupy the Midway Islands in the Pacific Islands in the Pacific OceanOcean- Valuable as a - Valuable as a Fueling station to Fueling station to refuel shipsrefuel ships

Seward and ExpansionSeward and Expansion 1867 - Arranged for the purchase of 1867 - Arranged for the purchase of Alaska Alaska from from

Russia Russia for $7.2 millionfor $7.2 million- Had trouble convincing House to fund purchase- Had trouble convincing House to fund purchase- Alaska called “Seward’s Icebox,” - Alaska called “Seward’s Icebox,” “Seward’s “Seward’s Folly”Folly”- Alaska rich in timber, minerals, oil- Alaska rich in timber, minerals, oil

Arranged for the U.S. to buy the Virgin Islands Arranged for the U.S. to buy the Virgin Islands from Denmark from Denmark (Didn't actually occur until 1917)(Didn't actually occur until 1917)- Also wanted to add the Hawaiian Islands - Also wanted to add the Hawaiian Islands

The Annexation of HawaiiThe Annexation of Hawaii 1790s - U.S. merchants 1790s - U.S. merchants

began stopping in Hawaii began stopping in Hawaii on way to China, Indiaon way to China, India

Early 1800's - Christian Early 1800's - Christian missionaries moved to missionaries moved to Hawaii to convert the Hawaii to convert the peoplepeople- Yankee missionaries - Yankee missionaries founded schools & founded schools & churches on islandschurches on islands- Many of the missionaries’ - Many of the missionaries’ descendants became descendants became wealthy sugar and wealthy sugar and pineapple planterspineapple planters- They controlled the - They controlled the governmentgovernment

The Annexation of HawaiiThe Annexation of Hawaii Mid-1800s, American-Mid-1800s, American-

owned sugar plantations owned sugar plantations 75% of islands’ wealth75% of islands’ wealth

1887, businessmen force 1887, businessmen force King KalakauaKing Kalakaua to limit to limit vote to landowners vote to landowners

1887, U.S. pressures 1887, U.S. pressures Hawaii to allow naval Hawaii to allow naval base at base at Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

- Became refueling - Became refueling stationstation

The Annexation of HawaiiThe Annexation of Hawaii 1891 - 1891 - Queen Queen

LiliuokalaniLiliuokalani came to came to powerpower- She wanted to regain - She wanted to regain control of the islandcontrol of the island- Tried to remove - Tried to remove landowning landowning requirementrequirement

Planters called the u.s. Planters called the u.s. government for helpgovernment for help

Hawaii was valuable Hawaii was valuable refueling station refueling station

U.S. sent marinesU.S. sent marines- Marines and planters - Marines and planters overthrew Queenoverthrew Queen

The Annexation of HawaiiThe Annexation of Hawaii Set up an independent Set up an independent

republicrepublic- - Sanford DoleSanford Dole named presidentnamed president

Hawaii asked to be Hawaii asked to be annexed by the u.s.annexed by the u.s.- - Grover ClevelandGrover Cleveland didn't want to annex itdidn't want to annex it- President Cleveland - President Cleveland cannot make Dole cannot make Dole surrender power to surrender power to queenqueen- recognized Republic - recognized Republic of Hawaiiof Hawaii

The Annexation of HawaiiThe Annexation of Hawaii

1898 – 1898 – HawaiiHawaii was was annexed following annexed following the Spanish the Spanish American WarAmerican War

- Congress - Congress proclaimed Hawaii proclaimed Hawaii a U.S. territory a U.S. territory under President under President McKinleyMcKinley

Section 2Section 2The Spanish-The Spanish-

American American WarWar

In 1898, the United States In 1898, the United States goes to war to help Cuba win goes to war to help Cuba win its independence from Spain.its independence from Spain.

Rebellion against SpainRebellion against Spain

Spain's empire was Spain's empire was crumblingcrumbling

- Had once controlled - Had once controlled most of the Americasmost of the Americas

- Late 1800's - Spain - Late 1800's - Spain had only a few had only a few coloniescolonies

Cuba, Puerto RicoCuba, Puerto Rico, , and and PhilippinesPhilippines began wanting began wanting independenceindependence

Rebellion against SpainRebellion against Spain

Situation in Cuba Situation in Cuba interested U.S.interested U.S.

- Cuba located 90 - Cuba located 90 miles south of U.S.miles south of U.S.

- American business - American business interest had been interest had been growing growing (sugarcane)(sugarcane)

- Fighting caused - Fighting caused trade with Cuba to trade with Cuba to dropdrop

Rebellion against SpainRebellion against Spain 1896 - Spain sent 1896 - Spain sent

General Valeriano General Valeriano WeylerWeyler to Cuba to crush to Cuba to crush the revoltthe revolt

- He treated the Cubans - He treated the Cubans harshlyharshly

- Put about 300,000 - Put about 300,000 Cubans in concentration Cubans in concentration campscamps

- Many died of starvation- Many died of starvation American press told American press told

stories about the cruelty stories about the cruelty to stir up people emotionsto stir up people emotions

Rebellion against SpainRebellion against Spain Two papers fighting for Two papers fighting for

customers (circulation customers (circulation war)war)

- - The WorldThe World owned by owned by Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer

- - JournalJournal owned by owned by William Randolph William Randolph HearstHearst

They wrote sensationalized They wrote sensationalized writing stories to attract writing stories to attract customerscustomers

- Called- Called yellow yellow journalismjournalism

America goes to WarAmerica goes to War President McKinleyPresident McKinley didn't want to go to war didn't want to go to war

- He had fought in the Civil War- He had fought in the Civil War Public pressure forced McKinley to take action against Public pressure forced McKinley to take action against

SpainSpain- He demanded that Spain stop its harsh treatment of - He demanded that Spain stop its harsh treatment of CubansCubans - Spain sent general Weyler home but didn't stop - Spain sent general Weyler home but didn't stop treatment treatment

February 9, 1898 - U.S. recovered a private letter February 9, 1898 - U.S. recovered a private letter written by a Spanish minister named written by a Spanish minister named Enrique Dupuy Enrique Dupuy de Lômede Lôme- He called President McKinley weak- He called President McKinley weak- Spain apologized & de Lôme resigned- Spain apologized & de Lôme resigned- American public remained angry- American public remained angry

America goes to WarAmerica goes to War U.S.S.U.S.S. MaineMaine sent to sent to

pick up U.S. citizens, pick up U.S. citizens, protect U.S. propertyprotect U.S. property - The Maine exploded - The Maine exploded in in Havana HarborHavana Harbor - U.S. blames Spain- U.S. blames Spain - - "Remember the "Remember the Maine”Maine” became war became war crycry

America goes to WarAmerica goes to War

April 29, 1898 - April 29, 1898 - President President McKinley declared McKinley declared Cuba independentCuba independent The Spanish- The Spanish-

American WarAmerican War beganbegan

Pacific WarPacific War U.S. entered war to U.S. entered war to

fight for Cuba's fight for Cuba's freedomfreedom

11stst battle takes place battle takes place half way around the half way around the worldworld- - Manila BayManila Bay in the in the PhilippinesPhilippines

Before war Teddy Before war Teddy Roosevelt sent fleet of Roosevelt sent fleet of ships to Hong Kong ships to Hong Kong

Pacific WarPacific War Led by Commodore Led by Commodore

George DeweyGeorge Dewey May 1, 1898 - battle takes May 1, 1898 - battle takes

placeplace- Filipinos, led by - Filipinos, led by Emilio Emilio AguinaldoAguinaldo, supported , supported DeweyDewey- Over 300 Spanish killed - Over 300 Spanish killed and defeatedand defeated - Dewey became hero in - Dewey became hero in U.SU.S- Bubble gum named after - Bubble gum named after him (Dewey's Chewys).him (Dewey's Chewys).

The War in the CaribbeanThe War in the Caribbean U.S. only had 28,000 U.S. only had 28,000

men when war startedmen when war started - 200,000 signed up - 200,000 signed up within 6 monthswithin 6 months

Teddy RooseveltTeddy Roosevelt picked a group of picked a group of soldiers known as the soldiers known as the "Rough Riders""Rough Riders" - Chose a diverse - Chose a diverse groupgroup- Cowboys, N.Y. City - Cowboys, N.Y. City policemen, athletes, policemen, athletes, and American Indiansand American Indians

The War in the CaribbeanThe War in the Caribbean They set sail for Cuba They set sail for Cuba

from Tampa, Floridafrom Tampa, Florida

- Had to wear wool - Had to wear wool uniforms (lightweight uniforms (lightweight informs hadn't arrived informs hadn't arrived yet)yet)

- Food spoiled in the heat- Food spoiled in the heat

- Men became sick- Men became sick U.S. wanted to capture U.S. wanted to capture

the port of Santiagothe port of Santiago

- Had to control - Had to control San San Juan HillJuan Hill to do this to do this

The War in the CaribbeanThe War in the Caribbean Rough Riders Rough Riders

attacked and took attacked and took San Juan HillSan Juan Hill- Didn't have horses - Didn't have horses (they were left (they were left behind in Florida)behind in Florida)- Roosevelt declared - Roosevelt declared hero of attack on hero of attack on strategic strategic San Juan San Juan HillHill- Aug. 12 1898 - - Aug. 12 1898 - Spain signs truceSpain signs truce

Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris August 12, 1898 – Spain & U.S. signed armistice August 12, 1898 – Spain & U.S. signed armistice Met in Paris to make treatyMet in Paris to make treaty U.S. shocked Spain at the treaty signing in FranceU.S. shocked Spain at the treaty signing in France

- Demanded the Spain hand over Puerto Rico, the - Demanded the Spain hand over Puerto Rico, the island of Guam, and the Philippines (war had been island of Guam, and the Philippines (war had been fought over Cuba)fought over Cuba)- Spain didn't have any choice- Spain didn't have any choice

Spain freed Cuba; handed Guam, Puerto Rico to U.S. Spain freed Cuba; handed Guam, Puerto Rico to U.S. & sold Philippines& sold Philippines

Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris touched off a great debate over touched off a great debate over imperialismimperialism- McKinley tried to justify annexation of Philippines on - McKinley tried to justify annexation of Philippines on moral groundsmoral grounds- Opponents gave political, moral, economic - Opponents gave political, moral, economic arguments againstarguments against

Results of the WarResults of the War U.S. didn't grant Cuba U.S. didn't grant Cuba

independence immediatelyindependence immediately - Cuba had to agree to the - Cuba had to agree to the Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment- It gave the U.S. the right - It gave the U.S. the right interfere in Cuban affairs interfere in Cuban affairs when there was a threat when there was a threat to life, property, and to life, property, and individual libertyindividual liberty - Cuba had to allow an - Cuba had to allow an American naval base at American naval base at Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay until until 19991999

Results of the WarResults of the War

Puerto RicoPuerto Rico became became a U.S. territorya U.S. territory

Had its own elected Had its own elected legislature and a legislature and a governor chosen by governor chosen by the presidentthe president

1917, Puerto Ricans 1917, Puerto Ricans made U.S. citizens; made U.S. citizens; elect both houseselect both houses

Results of the WarResults of the War GuamGuam was controlled by was controlled by

the U.S. navythe U.S. navy President McKinley President McKinley

decided that the decided that the Philippines should Philippines should become an American become an American ColonyColony- - PhilippinesPhilippines wanted wanted independenceindependence- Revolted against the - Revolted against the U.S.U.S. - 1902 - U.S. troops - 1902 - U.S. troops finally restored orderfinally restored order

July 4, 1946, Philippines July 4, 1946, Philippines became independentbecame independent

Section 3Section 3Acquiring New LandsAcquiring New Lands

In the early 1900s, the United In the early 1900s, the United States engages in conflicts in States engages in conflicts in Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the

Philippines.Philippines.

Power in the PacificPower in the Pacific U.S. always had interest in U.S. always had interest in

PacificPacific- 1853 - U.S. navy landed - 1853 - U.S. navy landed in in Tokyo BayTokyo Bay - Led by - Led by Commodore Commodore Matthew PerryMatthew Perry

He carried a letter from He carried a letter from President Millard President Millard FillmoreFillmore

U.S. wanted Japan to open U.S. wanted Japan to open ports to American tradeports to American trade- Carried gifts- Carried gifts- Made it clear that Japan - Made it clear that Japan should not refuse should not refuse president's requestpresident's request

Interest in ChinaInterest in China U.S. joined other U.S. joined other

countries in competing countries in competing for control of Chinafor control of China- Saw China as vast - Saw China as vast potential market for potential market for investment & investment & opportunityopportunity

France, Britain, Japan, France, Britain, Japan, Russia had settlements, Russia had settlements, & spheres of influence& spheres of influence

U.S. came up with U.S. came up with trade policytrade policy

U.S. Secretary of State U.S. Secretary of State John HayJohn Hay issued issued Open Open Door notesDoor notes

Interest in ChinaInterest in China

Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy - no single country - no single country had a monopoly on had a monopoly on trade with Chinatrade with China

- Notes ask - Notes ask imperialist nations imperialist nations to share trading to share trading rights with U.S.rights with U.S.

- Other powers - Other powers reluctantly agreereluctantly agree

The Boxer Rebellion in The Boxer Rebellion in ChinaChina

Europeans dominate Europeans dominate most large Chinese most large Chinese citiescities

Chinese formed secret Chinese formed secret societies, including societies, including Boxers, to expel Boxers, to expel foreignersforeigners

Boxers killed hundreds Boxers killed hundreds of foreigners & Chinese of foreigners & Chinese converts to Christianityconverts to Christianity

U.S., Britain, France, U.S., Britain, France, Germany, Japan put Germany, Japan put down down Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion

Protecting American RightsProtecting American Rights

Hay issued new Open Door notes Hay issued new Open Door notes saying U. S. would keep trade opensaying U. S. would keep trade open

Open Door policyOpen Door policy reflected beliefs reflected beliefs about U.S. economy:about U.S. economy:

- Growth depended on exports- Growth depended on exports

- U.S. had right to keep markets open- U.S. had right to keep markets open

- Closing of area threatens U.S. - Closing of area threatens U.S. survivalsurvival

The Anti-Imperialist LeagueThe Anti-Imperialist League Several; well known Americans opposed Several; well known Americans opposed

overseas expansionoverseas expansion- - Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie- - Mark TwainMark Twain

They believed that the U.S. should not They believed that the U.S. should not deny other the right to govern themselvesdeny other the right to govern themselves

Their argument lost as everyone Their argument lost as everyone celebrated the war victorycelebrated the war victory

1902 - McKinley’s reelection confirmed 1902 - McKinley’s reelection confirmed most Americans favored imperialismmost Americans favored imperialism

Section 4Section 4America as a World America as a World

PowerPowerThe Russo-Japanese War, the The Russo-Japanese War, the

Panama Canal, and the Mexican Panama Canal, and the Mexican Revolution add to America’s Revolution add to America’s

military and economic power.military and economic power.

Teddy Roosevelt and the Teddy Roosevelt and the WorldWorld

Roosevelt didn’t not want Roosevelt didn’t not want Europeans to control Europeans to control world economy & politicsworld economy & politics

1904 - Japan & Russia 1904 - Japan & Russia disputed control of Korea disputed control of Korea (Japanese-Russo War)(Japanese-Russo War)

Roosevelt negotiated Roosevelt negotiated Treaty of Portsmouth:Treaty of Portsmouth: - Japan received - Japan received Manchuria & KoreaManchuria & Korea- - RooseveltRoosevelt won won Nobel Nobel Peace PrizePeace Prize

U.S. & Japan continued U.S. & Japan continued diplomatic talks diplomatic talks - Pledged to respect each - Pledged to respect each other’s possessionsother’s possessions

The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal U.S. wanted canal to U.S. wanted canal to

cut travel time of cut travel time of commercial & military commercial & military shipsships

Colombia controlled Colombia controlled the isthmus of the isthmus of Panama (Best Spot)Panama (Best Spot)

U.S. bought French U.S. bought French company’s route company’s route through Panamathrough Panama

Negotiated with Negotiated with Colombia to build Colombia to build Panama CanalPanama Canal - Talks broke down- Talks broke down

The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal French company agent French company agent

helped organize helped organize Panamanian Panamanian rebellion rebellion

- U.S. gave military aid- U.S. gave military aid PanamaPanama gained gained

independenceindependence U.S., Panama sign U.S., Panama sign

treatytreaty U.S. paid $10 million U.S. paid $10 million

for Canal zone for Canal zone

Constructing the CanalConstructing the Canal Construction of canal Construction of canal

is one of world’s is one of world’s greatest engineering greatest engineering featsfeats

- fought diseases & - fought diseases & geographic obstaclesgeographic obstacles

- at height, 43,400 - at height, 43,400 workers employedworkers employed

5000 workers died5000 workers died Finished in 1914Finished in 1914 Canal cost $352 million Canal cost $352 million

dollarsdollars

Policing the HemispherePolicing the Hemisphere Roosevelt wanted it made Roosevelt wanted it made

clear that the U.S was the clear that the U.S was the leading power in the Americasleading power in the Americas- Speak softly and carry a big - Speak softly and carry a big stick"stick"

Roosevelt reminded Europe Roosevelt reminded Europe about the about the Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine

- It said that the U.S would - It said that the U.S would police the western hemispherepolice the western hemisphere

Added the Added the Roosevelt Roosevelt CorollaryCorollary - added to the - added to the Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine- Said that if a situation arose - Said that if a situation arose that required international that required international police power the U.S. would police power the U.S. would do the jobdo the job

Policing the HemispherePolicing the Hemisphere

Later presidents Later presidents expanded expanded Roosevelt'sRoosevelt's" Big " Big Stick Diplomacy"Stick Diplomacy"

- Encouraged U.S. - Encouraged U.S. companies to companies to invest in Latin invest in Latin AmericaAmerica

- Promised military - Promised military supportsupport

Policing the HemispherePolicing the Hemisphere

Dollar diplomacyDollar diplomacy—U.S. guarantees —U.S. guarantees foreign loans by foreign loans by U.S. businessU.S. business

Latin Americans Latin Americans saw U.S. as bulliessaw U.S. as bullies

- Created distrust - Created distrust between U.S. and between U.S. and it Latin American it Latin American neighborsneighbors

U.S. involvement in Latin U.S. involvement in Latin AmericaAmerica

Business leaders realized they could Business leaders realized they could by products cheaply in Latin by products cheaply in Latin America and sell them in the U.S. America and sell them in the U.S. (coffee, bananas, and copper)(coffee, bananas, and copper)

Bought large tracts of landBought large tracts of land

- Many people lost their land and - Many people lost their land and were forced to take low paying jobswere forced to take low paying jobs

Woodrow Wilson’s Missionary Woodrow Wilson’s Missionary DiplomacyDiplomacy

Missionary diplomacyMissionary diplomacy - U.S. - U.S. had moral responsibility:had moral responsibility:- would not recognize regimes - would not recognize regimes that are oppressive, that are oppressive, undemocraticundemocratic

A lot of U.S. investment in A lot of U.S. investment in Mexico under dictator Mexico under dictator Porfirio Díaz,Porfirio Díaz,

1911, peasants & workers led 1911, peasants & workers led by by Francisco MaderoFrancisco Madero overthrew Díaz (Mexican overthrew Díaz (Mexican Revolution) Revolution)

General General Victoriano HuertaVictoriano Huerta took over government & took over government & Madero was murderedMadero was murdered

Wilson refused to recognize Wilson refused to recognize Huerta’s governmentHuerta’s government

Intervention in MexicoIntervention in Mexico Huerta’s officers Huerta’s officers

arrested U.S. sailors & arrested U.S. sailors & quickly release themquickly release them

Wilson ordered Marines Wilson ordered Marines to occupy Veracruzto occupy Veracruz

Argentina, Brazil, & Argentina, Brazil, & Chile mediated to avoid Chile mediated to avoid warwar

Huerta regime falls & Huerta regime falls & nationalist nationalist Venustiano Venustiano CarranzaCarranza became new became new presidentpresident

Rebellion in MexicoRebellion in Mexico Francisco “Pancho” Francisco “Pancho” &&

VillaVilla,, Emiliano Zapata Emiliano Zapata opposed opposed CarranzaCarranza

- Zapata wanted land - Zapata wanted land reformreform

- Villa was a fierce - Villa was a fierce nationalistnationalist

WilsonWilson recognizes recognizes Carranza’sCarranza’s government government

Villa threatened Villa threatened reprisalsreprisals

- Villa’s men killed - Villa’s men killed AmericansAmericans

Chasing VillaChasing Villa Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. John J. John J.

PershingPershing led forces to led forces to capture Villacapture Villa

Carranza demanded Carranza demanded withdrawal of U.S. troopswithdrawal of U.S. troops- Wilson refuses at first - Wilson refuses at first

U.S. faced war in Europe & U.S. faced war in Europe & wants peace on southern wants peace on southern border border (WWI)(WWI)- Wilson ordered Pershing - Wilson ordered Pershing homehome

Mexico adopted new Mexico adopted new constitution: constitution: - Government controls oil, - Government controls oil, minerals minerals - restricted foreign investors- restricted foreign investors