U.S. Foreign Policy Since WWII
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Transcript of U.S. Foreign Policy Since WWII
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The Cold War1945-1991
A state of war that does not involve bloodshed.
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United Nations Security Council• United States• Great Britain• France• USSR• China
• Problems ? ? ? ?
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Soviet’s Solution
Powerful nations control areas of strategic interest to them – power – slice up the pie
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Yalta Conference - 1945
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Topics at Yalta Conference
• Forming the U.N.• Postwar control of Poland• German war reparations• Postwar Germany
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Caption: The Meeting Will Now Come To
Order
What do you think the
message is?
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Former Soviet Union and Satellites
Satellite Nation – a nation controlled by the USSR
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The Iron CurtainChurchill’s analogy of the
split between communist and non-communist nations.
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“Trouble” in China
• Clash between two leaders
–Chiang Kai-shek (supported by U.S.)–Mao Zedong (Communist – supported
by Soviet Union **** and the people of China)
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Chiang Kai-shek
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Mao Zedong
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Domino TheoryIf one nation falls – another will
follow
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Harry TrumanDid not like Stalin
Did not trust StalinHated Communism
CONTAINMENT!!
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Harry S. Truman #33 (D)• “S” is his full middle name!• He was notorious for his explosive temper and
“salty” language• Was religious, walked 2 miles a day, liked to
play poker, played piano• Wife – Bess (she hated Washington DC),
daughter Margaret• Philosophy –
– If you can’t take the heat, get out of the kitchen– The buck stops here
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Policy of ContainmentStop the spread of Communism
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Truman Doctrine“It must be the policy of the United States to support free
peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed
minorities or by outside pressures.”
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Truman DoctrineWhat does it really mean? The U.S. will do whatever is
necessary to help another nation fight against Communist
takeover.
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The Marshall PlanA plan to rebuild Europe
after WWII• Humanitarian aid• Money – build up• Trade
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George Marshall
WWII General – Sec of Defense and Sec of
State
Nobel Peace Prize Winner!!!
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Hamburg 1945Hamburg 1950
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National Security Act• Dept. of Defense
• National Security Council
• Central Intelligence Agency
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Germany
• France, England, US – merge occupied zones – – Federal Republic of Germany (New West
Germany)• Stalin angry – blockade around Berlin – no
goods in or out• Truman responds – massive airlift – 24/7 –
almost 11 months for 2 million W.Berliners
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Berlin Airlift
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Young German girl presenting flowers to an airlift pilot on behalf of West Berlin citizens, 13 August 1948
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Blockade Ends
Airlift Wins
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NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
1949
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12 nations to start - more will join as time goes by
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Military alliance of E. European Soviet Bloc
countries intended to organize against
perceived threat from NATO
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1949• 10/1/49 China becomes Communist• USSR has “The Bomb”
– Chiang is out – Mao is in
• U.S. quadruples its defense budget - - - - - -
• Trouble on the horizon
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Sino-Soviet Pact
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Korean Conflict1950-1953
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General Douglas MacArthur
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“Old soldiers never die . . . They just fade away.”
General Douglas MacArthur
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Election of 1952 –
“I Like Ike!!”
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Dwight Eisenhower
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#34 – Dwight D. Eisenhower (R)• Famous WWII General (Normandy)• Wife – Mamie – his son married Richard
Nixon’s daughter• Nickname – “Ike” campaign slogan was “I like
Ike”• Sent troops to Little Rock – supported
integration• From Abilene, Kansas – had 6 brothers (they
opposed war)
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After Korea - Vietnam• Before WWII – Vietnam/French colony• During WWII – occupied by Japan• Ho Chi Minh – ally of U.S. – fought Japanese (and
French)• After war – France wanted the colony back – Ho
Chi Minh wanted his country• United States supported the French• War between French and Vietminh
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Vietnam
• French Indochina vs Ho Chi Minh
• Battle of Dien Bien Phu• 55 days• Result – Geneva
Accords – Divide at 17th parallel
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Asserts right of U.S. to use force against any nation or group of nations in Middle East region who requests assistance against armed
aggression from any communist controlled country.
Eisenhower Doctrine
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What does that mean??
U.S. will meet aggression with aggression!!
Including Nuclear weapons (if necessary)
Eisenhower Doctrine
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Eisenhower/DullesMassive retaliation plan –
build up of military and arms
“More bang for your buck”
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Israel
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Zionism
• Belief that one day God will allow Jews to return to Palestine
• Diaspora – Jews who have been exiled or displaced
• May 1948 – new state of Israel created – U.S. is first to recognize Israel - still tension today
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Yasser Arafat
Mahmoud Abbas
NOV 2004
Palestine Liberation
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ArielSharon
Prime Ministerof
Israel
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Mohammad Mossadegh
Leader of Iran – replaced (with help from the CIA)
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Shah of Iran
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Abdel Nasser
Leader of Egypt – wanted the Suez Canal back (French controlled) – U.N. negotiated the peace
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Mediterranean Sea
Egypt
Gulf of Suez
Suez Canal
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Suez Canal
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Aswan Dam and Lake Nasser
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Guatemala - 1954
U.S. Sends in the CIA to topple a potential Communist takeover
(United Fruit Company owned 42% of the land)
Diplomatic, Economic, and Propaganda campaigns
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Guatemala
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Fulgencio Batista
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Fidel CastroTakes over in 1959
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Nikita Khrushchev
leader of Soviet Union after Stalin dies in 1953
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U-2 Incident
• Soviet Union shoots down a U.S. plane (U-2) – states it is spying
• U.S. denies (outraged) – says it was a weather plane
• Soviet’s reveal they have the plane and the pilot – Gary Powers
• U.S. is caught in a lie - - - it is a spy plane• Tension builds
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But . . . What’s been happening on the homefront between 1945 and
1960 . . . ?????