FACT SHEET

Drinking Water Regulationsunder theSafe Drinking Water Act

December 1990

EPA Region 5 Records Ctr.

254610

Criteria and Standards DivisionOffice of Drinking WaterU.S. Environmenta l Protection AgencyWashington, D.C.

Table of Contents

Regulat ion j Page

Requirements under 19S6 Amendments to SDWA 1

Major Statutory and Regulatory Actions of theSDWA 1974 -1986 4

Major Statutory and Regulatory Actions of theSDWA 1986-Present 5

Contaminants Required to be Regulated under SDWAof 1986 and Drinking Water Priority List 6

Table 1: 83 contaminants required tobe regulated under 5DWA of 1986 6

Table 2: Contaminants removed from List of 83 7

Table 3: Substitutes to SDWA List of 83 8

Table 4: Drinking Water Priority List 8

Summary of Deadlines under SDWA of 1986 9

Table 5: Summary of Deadlines and Regulatory Actions 9

Fluoride 10

Volatile Organic Chemicals 10

Table 6: Final MCLGs/MCLs 11

Table 7: Compliance Based on System Size 11

Table 8: Unregulated VOCs Monitoring 13

Public Notification 14

Surface Water Treatment Rule 16

Table 9: MCLGs for Microbiological Contaminants 16

Table 10: Sampling Frequencies for Total and Fecal Coliformsfor source water quality criteria 17

SDWA T,\C

Table of Contents (cont 'd)

R e g u l a t i o n ] Page

Total Col i forms R u l e 20

Table 11: Sampling Requirements Based on Population 22

Table 12: Repeat Monitoring 23

Table 13: Sanitary Survey Frequency for Small Systems 24

Lead and Copper 26

Table 14: Proposed MCLs and MCLGs for Lead and Copper 26

Phase II: 38 Inorganic and Synthetic Organic Chemicals 27

Table 15: Proposed NPDWRs 30

Table 16: Proposed BAT 32

Table 17: Proposed SMCLs 33

Phase V: 24 Inorganic and Synthetic Organic Chemicals 34

Table 18: MCLGs, MCLs and Carcinogenicity Classifications 35

Table 19: Proposed BAT 36

Radionuclides 37

25 Contaminants From the DWPL - Phase VI 40

Disinfectants and Disinfection By-Products - Phase Vl-a 40

Table 20: Monitoring Requirements 42

SOCs and lOCs From the DWPL - Phase Vl-b 42

National Primary Drinking Water Regulations 43

Table 21: Summary of NPDWRs 43

National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations 45

Table 22: SMCLs 45

SDWA TACT SHEET vx

D R I N K T N G WATER REGULATION'SUNDER THE SDVVA

AMENDMENTS OF 1986

S i g n i f i c a n t directives to EPA's standard-setting program tor dr inking water con:arr..r.ir:5:r.,:.u ::•_-_:in the I9S6 Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDVVA) are provided below

>• EPA must set Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs) and National Pnrr.a:1.Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs) for 83 specific contaminants and for any o the rcontaminant in drinking water that may have any adverse effect upon the hea l th orpersons and which is known or anticipated to occur in public water systems.

>• Recommended Maximum Contaminant Levels (RMCLs) are now termed Max:mu~Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs). Nro changes were made in the basis of an MCLCi.e.:

•s_

MCLGs are non-enforceable health goals that are to be set at levels at which noknown or anticipated adverse health effects occur and which allow an adec;ja:emargin of safety.

>• Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) must be set as close to MCLGs as is feasible Thedefinition of "feasible" in the SDWA is as follows:

Feasible means with the use of the best technology, treatment techniques and e:;-.e:means, which the Administrator finds, after examination for efficacy under t;e:dconditions and not solely under laboratory conditions, are available ( taking co?:5into consideration).

The SDWA states that Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) is feasible for the centre1

of Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs), and any technology or other means foun.to be the best available for control of SOCs must be at least as effective in controllingSOCs as GAC.

>• Whenever a NPDWR for a contaminant is proposed or promulgated, the MCLG mustbe proposed or promulgated simultaneously.

> MCLGs, NPDWRs and monitoring requirements are to be set for 83 contaminan ts 1 is tec:in the SDWA. NPDWRs can be either MCLs or treatment technique requiremen ts. TheBest Available Technology (BAT) is also to be specified for each contaminant for whichan MCL is established.

Table 1 lists the 83 contaminants required to be regulated. Seven substi tute; • - • . •= • : • - •allowed if regulation of any seven other contaminants would be more protec:1.public health (see Tables land 3). The substituted contaminants must be ::'.c'.../, .'the d r i n k i n g water r r iontv l i s t

SDWA FACT

- bv [ur.e 19, 1957

40 bv June 19, 19S8

34 bv June 19. :

>• MCLGs, NPDWRsar .d rr.or.itenr.g requirements must be set for other cor.:;drinking water t h a t rr.av pose a hea l th risk.

• The 1986 Amendments require tha t EPA publish a Dnnking Water Prior::1. L . ? t C'.-. ~Lof d rmk ing waterccr . t a rn : ran ts t h a t may require regulation under the SD'.V A se?Tj'r.-;-4).

• The list must be published bv January 1, 1988, and every 3 years thereaf ter

• MCLGs, NTDWRj and mor: toring requirements are to be set for at least 25 cor t a m i r a r t ?on the list by January 1, 1991.

• MCLGs,NTDWRs and monitoring requirements are to be set for at least 25 c o n t a m i n a n t severy 3 years following January 1,1991 (e.g., 1994,1997), from subsequent t r i e n n i a l l i s t s

>• Criteria must be established by which states must determine which sur:a;-r . . - . • • _ • -systems must install f i l t rat ion. TheSDWA deadline for promulgating this c r i t e r i a ••-. :•>December 19, 1987. States with primary enforcement responsibility must rr.akedeterminations regarding filtration within 12 months of promulgation of these c r i t e r i aand must adopt regulations to implement the filtration requirements wi th in 18 rror.::-.:•of promulgation.

>• A treatment technique regulation must be promulgated by June 19,1989 t h a t rec^.resall public water systems to use disinfection.

>• The 1986 Amendments banned the use of any pipe, solder, flux or fittings which are r.o:" lead free " in a public water system or in any building connected to a public wa:c:system. Flux and solder may not have more than 0.2% lead, and pipe and f i t t i n g ? notmore than 8% lead.

>• A state with primary enforcement authority or EPA may issue a variance .: :: .-determined that a system cannot comply with a NPDWR despite the application , :3ATExemptions may be issued in instances where a system is unable to comply • • • : : .NPDWR due to compelling factors. EPA or a state may not issue a van;::- .exemption if an unreasonable risk to health exists. Before granting a var;; ;:-,-.exemption, EPA or the s ta te can require public water systems to provide POL" J-. ..bottled water, or other r.ii?.v.i? to prevent an unreasonable risk to heal1.!'

SDWA FACT SHEET

• Minimum m o n i t o r i n g r recuencv is f i v e vear?

• States may add . 'de le te con t aminan t s f rom l i s t

• Requirements to monitor ror unregulated contaminants must be promulga tes '--.December 19, :9S7.

>• MCLGs/XPDVVRs and moni tor ing requirements must be reviewed by EPA evervth:•:•.-years.

>• Other requirements/provisions of the 1986 Amendments:

• Public not i f icat ion regulations must be changed to provide for d i f fe ren t types andfrequencies of notice depending upon the potential health risk.

•̂ «

• BAT for issuance of variances must be set when MCLs are set. BAT may v a r vdepending upon the size of systems and other factors, including costs.

• Exemptions can be extended for systems with 500 service connections or less. Nolimit is placed on the number of extensions but certain criteria must be met.

>• Table 5 includes a summary of deadlines pertinent to standard-setting.

>• All current drinking water regulations, which have been promulgated as of July 1 in an;.year, may be found in Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR),, Parts 141, '.41.and 143. Regulations published between CFR editions may be found in the Federal Re;:?:•.•>•(FR).

For additional information, contact:

Safe Drinking Water Hotline800-426-4791

or

U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyCriteria and Standards Division

Office of Drinking Water (WH-550D)401 M Street, S.W.

Washington, D.C. 20460(202)382-7575

SDW,\ FAC"

Major Statutory and Regulatory Actions of theSafe Drinking Water Act

1974- 1986

Statutes Regulations See Page

December 19, 1974Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974

December 24. 1975Final Rule

Established NIPDWRs for 10 lOCs,6 Pesticides. Total Coliform and Turbiditv

July 9, 1976Final Rule

Established NIPDWRs for Radionuclides

July 19, 1979Final Rule

Established NSDWRs for12 Contaminants

November 29. 1979Final Rule

Established NIPDWRs for TotalTrihglomethanes

April 2, 1986Final Rule

Revised NIPDWRs for Fluoride,Established NSDWRs for Fluoride

i

1

M^MH

43VO^HHl̂ BMi

44V^H^MHM

45

44

10

NOTE: The National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NIPDWRs i be.National Pr.ir.ary Dr inking Water Regulations (NPDWRs) u i t h passace o:S.ife Drmk:;-.g Water Act Amendment s of 1986

TACT SHEET

Major Statutory and Regulatory Actions of theSafe Drinking Water Act

1986-PRESENT

Statutes

June 19. 1986Safe Drinking Water ActAmendments of 1986

October 31. 1988Lead Contamination

Control Act of 1988

Regulations See Page

JulyS, 19878 VCCs and Unregulated VOC H1 10-13

October 28. 1987Public Notification Requirements - U-15

January 22. 1988-' List of 83 and DWPL

August 18.1988Proposed Rule

Lead and Copper (Corrosion By-products)

May 22. 1989Proposed Rule

38 IOCS and SOCs27-33

June 29. 1989Revised NPDWRs for Total Conform:

Filtration and Disinfection Requirements

July 25. 1990Proposed Rule

24 IOCS and SOCs

February 1991Expected Date of Proposal

Radionuciides- 37-39

June 1993Expected Date of Proposal25 Contaminants from DWPL

- 40-42

sow A FACT-

C o n M rn .; •-! .-> ri t - (> ; n ^ ; 4 C V j to pe K e g u i a t o d h'. t h > > s P W VA m e n d m e n t s or i9^t> and Drinking Water i r i o r i t y List

The original group or c;sr.tam:r.ar.ts required to be reg-ia ted by t h e S D W A Arr.er.appeared in Advanced Notices or' Proposed Rulemakings pubiohed :r. theRegister on March 4, 1982 (47 FR 9352) and October 5, 19S3 (48 F3 455GZ 1

Final s u b s t i t u t e s to the Dnr.N.r.Adminis t ra tor on January 13.. I1938 (53 FR 1892).

;; Water Pr ior i ty List < D W P L ) notice •.•/ere9S3, and published in the F&ieri! Rc^:s:c"

>• The second DWPL 15 being developed and is anticipated in January 1991

(>• Table 1 shows the List of S3 contaminants. Table 2 shows contaminants removed : r,

the list of 83. Table 3 shows the substitutes added. Table 4 shows the DWPL.

Table 1List of Contaminants Required to be Regulated

under the SDWA Amendments of 1986

Volatile Organic Chemicals \

Benzene -:- '•Carbon tetrachloride -Chlorobenzene - :

Dichlorobenzene -: ; :

l,2,-Dichloroethane-c

1,1-Dichloroethylene -0-1

cis-l,2-Dichloroethylene -2

trans-l,2-Dichloroethylene -Dichloromethane - s

Tetrachloroethylene -2

Trichlorobenzene - 5

1,1,1-Trichloroethane1,1,2-TrichloroethaneTrichloroethylene - :

Vinvl chloride -: :

Mi

Giardia lamblia - *Legionella - 4

Aluminum - *Antimony - 3

Arsenic - ° * * *Asbestos - 2

Barium -° -Beryllium - 5

Cadmium - : :

Chromium - - 2

Lciobiology and Turbidity 1

Standard plate count - 4

Total coliforms-0-4Turbidity - c 4

Viruses - 4

Inorganics

Copper -•Cyanide - 5

Fluoride - °- •Lead-0-*Ntercurv - ° :

1

»

Molybdenum - *N'ickel - 3

Xitra te - ; :

Nitrite -*-2

Selenium - : 2

Silver-0" 2

Sodium - *Sulfate - 5

Thallium - ;

\ 'anadium - "Zinc - •

Con i\H on N i - x t T.ige

SDWA FACT SHEET

A l d : c a r b - -Aldicarb sulfone -*Aidicarb sulfoxideAtrazir.e - ;

Carbofuran - :

Chlordane - :

Dalapon - 3

DBCP -:

Dibromomethane -"1,2-Dichloropropane - 2

en5 . -Er .dotha i i - :

Endnn - : 3

Epicr . iorohydrir , - :

Ethviber.zene - * :

Glyphosate - ;

Heptachlor - *2

Heptachlor epoxide - * :

Hexachlorocyclopentadiene -Lindane - : :

VIethoxychlor- 0 - 2

PAHs- ' 5

C B s -

Phthalates - :"Picloram - 5

Simazme- 5

Styrene - * :

2,3,7 ,S-TCDD«D.o, in .Toluene - 2

Toxaphene - : :

2,4,5-TP-3-2

Vydate - 5

Xylene - 2

Radionuclides

Beta particle and photon radioactivity - r

Gross alpha particle activity - °3Radium 21Radium 223 -03

Radon -}

Uranium

Contaminants currently regulatedContaminants with MCLs and MCLGs promulgated July 8,1987 (see page 10 - 13;Contaminants with NPDWRs proposed on May 22,1989 (see page 27 - 33)Contaminants with NPDWRs scheduled for proposal in February 1991 (see page 37 -39)Contaminants with NPDWRs promulgated on June 29,1989 (see page 16 - 25)Contaminants with NPDWRs proposed on July 25,1990 (see page 34 - 36)Contaminants removed from the list of 83Contaminants added to the list of 83Contaminants with NPDWRs proposed in August 18,1988 (see page 26)Fluoride final rule April 2,1986 (see page 10)Arsenic to be revised at a later date

Table 2Removed from SDWA List of 83:

AluminumDibromomethane

MolybdenumSilver

SodiumVanadium

Zinc

SDWA F A C T < \ \ l \ T

Table 3S u b s t i t u t e d in to SDVVA Lis t of S3:

Aldicarb sulfone Erhyiberxzen.e Her t ichior ero\:d<eAldicarb sulfoxide Hertacr.^or N':::::e

Table 4Drinking Water Priority List (DWPL)

AluminumAmmoniaBoronBromobenzeneBromochloroacetoni:r::eBromodichloromethar.eBromoformBromomethaneChloramineChlorateChlorineChlorine dioxideChloriteChloroethane __ChloroformChloromethaneChloropicrino-Chlorotoluenep-Chlorotoluene

CyanazineCyanogen chlorideDibromoacetonitnleDibromochloromethaneDibromomethaneDicambaDichloroacetoni trite1,1-Dichloroethane1,3-Dic.hloropropane2,2-Dichloropropane1,1 -Dichloropropene1,3-Dichloropropene2,4-DinitrotolueneETUHalogenated acids,

Alcohols, Aldehydes,Ketones, andother Nitriles

Hypochlonte ionIsophoror.eMethvl ter t -butv: e:MetolachlorMetribuzin.MolybdenumOzone byproductsSilverSodium.Strontium2,4.5-T1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroeth^rel,l,2,2-Tetrachloroe:har.eTrichloroacetonitr:ie1,2,3-Trichloropropar.eTrifluralinVanadiumZinc

SDWAFACTSHCf-T

Table 5Summary of Statutory Deadlines and Reeulatorv

* * O

Actions under SDWA Amendments of 1986

What? When? I

9 MCLGs and NPDWRs/Moni tor ingFluoride MCLG/MCL — Final5 VOCs MCLGs,'MCLs — Final

Propose Seven Substitutes to " List of 83 "7 Substitutes — Proposed

Public Notice RevisionsPNT Revisions — Final

Filtration CriteriaFiltration <k Disinfect ion Rule — Final

J

Monitoring for Unregulated ContaminantsFirst Group — FinalSecond Group — Proposed

First List of Contaminants (DWPL)List of 83 and DWPL — Final

40 MCLGs and NPDWRs/MonitoringLead/ Copper Rule — Proposed38 lOCs and SOCs (Phase II) — Proposed

34 MCLGs and NPDWRs/MonitoringTotal Coliform — Final4 Microb. and Turbidity — Final24 lOCs and SOCs (Phase V) — Proposed6 Radionudides — Exp. ProposalArsenic — Exp. Proposal

Disinfection TreatmentFiltration and Disinfection (SWTR) — FinalGround Water Disin. — Exp. Proposal

25 MCLGs and NPDWRs/MonitoringPhase VI — E\p Proposal

June 19, T9S7Apri l 2, 1956J u l y S , '.987

June 19,1987July 8, 1987

Sept. 19,1987October 28, 1987

Dec. 19, 1987June 29, I9S9

Dec. 19,1987JulyS, 1987May 22, 1989

January 1,1988January 22, 1953

June 19,1988August 18, 1983May 22,.1989

June 19,1989June 29,1989June 29,1989July 25,1990February 1991not determined

June 19,1989June 29,1989June 1993

January 1,1991June 1993

SDWA FAC

D K l N ' K I V r : WATEP.REGULATIONS

Fluoride

>• ANPRM - Octorer r : °S3 US PR 455C2?

>• Proposed MCLG - Mav 14, 1955 <50 FR 20164)

>• Final MCLG, Proposed MCL, SMCLar.d monitoring requirements - N'o1. err.tre: '.4(30 FR 47142)

>• Final MCL, SMCL ar.d mor.itor.r.g requirements - April 2, 1986 i5l FR l".39o;

Final MCLG 4 0 m g / !Final MCL 4 G m g / lFinal SMCL 2.0 mg/1

Final Moni tor ing • 1 per year surface waters• 1 per 3 years ground waters• Minimum repeat : 1 per 10

years

>• Three-year reassessment begun as required under the SOW A Amendments - Jar.ua:3, 1990 (55 FR 160)

Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs)

> ANPRM - March 4,1982 (47 FR 9350)

>* Proposed MCLGs - June 12,1984 (49 FR 24330)

>• Final MCLGs, proposed MCLs and monitoring requirements - November 13, 19S(50 FR 46880)

> Reproposed MCLG/MCL for para-dichlorobenzene - April 17, 1987 (52 FR I2S7«

>• Final rules signed by Administrator - June 19,1987 and published in Fcdc'.'i 3;;:;-

July 8, 1987 (52 FR 25690).

>• Correction N'o'.kv. [;; ' .v '.. [V^S i'53 FR 251 OS ).

5D\\'A FACT SHEET ;

Tabi^ 6VOCs: Final MCLGs and MCLs (in mg \\

Chemical

Ber.zer.eCarbon. Tetrachlonde1,2-Dichioroethane1,1-Dichloroethylenepara-Dichlorobenzene1,1,1 -TnchloroethaneTnchioroethvleneVinyl Chloride

FinalMCLG

0000.0070.0750.2000

FinalMCL

O.OC50 005 •0.0050.0070 0750 200.0050.002

BAT under SDWA Section 1412 (MCLs) and Section 1415 (Var iances)

> Packed Tower Aeration (PTA) and Granular Activated Carbon (GAC; ;o: the e:gh:VOCs, except vinyl chloride.

>• PTA for v i n y l chlor ide.

Compliance Monitoring

> In i t i a l Monitoring- All systems must monitor each source according to the :"j^cv. .r -

• Surface waters: 4 quarterly samples• Ground waters: 4 quarterly samples; state can exempt systems trom subsc j -^ r .

monitoring if no VOCs detected in first sample• Composite samples of up to five sources allowed

Table 7Compliance Monitoring Based On System Size

Size

> 10,0003,300-10,000

< 3,300

Begin initialmonitoring by

January 1, 1988January 1, 1989January 1, 1991

Complete initialmonitoring by

December 31, 1988December 31, 1989December 31, 1991

A n a l y t i c a l Methods: G C o r G C M S

>• Methods 504, 502.1. 5.: ;. 3:4 : 5141, 3 . 2 :

Laboratory Cer t i f i ca t ion Cri ter ia

> Seven VOCs: - 2C'-~ > 0 01C mg. '.-40"~o < C G : 0 m g 'i

>• V iny l Chloride: -40^

>• Method Detection Limit : 0 .0005mg/i

Non-transient Non-community Water Systems (NTNCVVS)

>• Non-community water systems which regularly serve at least 25 of the sarr.e re:?-:over 6 months per year (; e., Non-Transient Non-Corr.muruty Water System? -required to meet all requirements in th:s rule

Point-of-Enrry (POE), PoLnt-of-Use (POU), and Bottled Water

>• POE may be used to achieve compliance v/ith MCLs but is not BAT

>• POL' and bottled water cannot be used to meet MCLs

Variances and Exemptions

>• As a condition of issuing a variance or exemption, states have the author i ty to :ec_.the water system to implement additional interim control measures. If an unreasor.: rrisk to health exists, the state must require either installation of POL" cev:c—distribution of bottled water to each customer.

Monitoring for Unregulated VOCs

>• Methodology same as for regulated VOCs.

>• Initial monitoring: Systems must monitor each source for unregulated VOCsdur.rfour-year period. Systems serving fewer than 150 service connections may send a .-=: :to the state stating that the system is available for sampling.

• Surface waters: 4 quarter ly samples• Ground waters: 1 sample• Composite samples of up to f i v e fources Allowed

>• Same phase-in schedules as compiiaix'e moni tor ing

SDWA FACT SHEET 1:

-; VOCs specified fee T a r ^ *

• List 1: required for a!! >vs:c:rs :34 VOCs.• Lis t 2: required for '. u.r.erar'.e svsrerr.s < 2 VOCs ;

• List 3' required at :<a;e d iscre t ion .15 VOCs'

Repeat monitorir.g Everv f ive vears; EPA wil l specifv a new list .

Table 8Monitoring for Unregulated VOCs

BromobenzeneBromodichloromethaneBromot'ormBromomethaneChlorobenzeneChlorodibromomethaneChloroethaneChloroformChloromethaneo-Chlorotoluenep-ChlorotouleneDibromomethane

Required for all systems: |

rr.-Dichlorobenzeneo-DichlorobenzeneDichloromethane1,1-Dichloroethanecis-l,2-Dichloro€thylenetrans- 1,2-Dichloroethylene2,2-Dichloropropane1,2-Dichloropropane1,3-Dichloropropane1,1-Dichloropropene1,3-DichloropropeneEthylbenzene

Styrene1,1,1,2-TetTachioroetr.ir.e1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroetr.ar.eTetrachloroethyieneToluene1,1,2-Trichloroethanel,23-Trichloroprop3rem-Xy!eneo-Xylenep-Xyler.e

Required for Vulnerable Systems: |

1 ̂ -Dibromo-S-chloropropane (DBCP) Ethylene dibromide (EDB)

Bromochloromethanen-Butylbenzcnesec-Butylbenzenetert-ButylbenzeneDichlorodifluoromethaneFluorotrichloromethaneHexachlorobutadieneIsopropylbenzer.ep-IiopropyUoluer.o

State Discretion:

Naphthalenen-Propylbenzene1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene1,2,4-Tnchlorobenzene1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene1,3,5-Tritv.ethvlbenzene

SOW A FACT

•

I ' - jb l ' . c N o t ' . t - . c j t i o n I

>- E?A rrornuleated n-.•••.• ' ^ • ^ _ . ^ : . . - ~ t : - r r u b l i c n o t i r i c a t i o r . or O ••-•rer . -1 ' --~ " '

C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f V i o l a t i o n s

>• T.er I \ ' .^ . . j : . j - r . j are j;rectlv related to rotentiai adverse heal th e r f ec t s The1-, . - ; . _ . : .

• Failure to comply with an MCL,• Failure to comply with a treatment technique requirement that has been estab'.. -r~: .

in lieu of an MCL, and• Failure to comply with a schedule prescribed under a variance or exerr.rr.o~• Acute violations are her 1 violations for contaminants which pose an im.rr.ed.j^

th rea t to h u m a n hea l th (e.£ total cohform and ni t ra te) .

=- T:er 2 V i o l a t i o n s do not pose a direct th rea t to public hea l th ; however, t r - : - . ::•:-i i e r i r i c a r . t enough to war ran t pub l i c notice They include

• Fai lure to comply with monitoring requirements;• Failure to use or comply with specified test procedures; and• Issuance of variance or an exemption.

. I n f o r m a t i o n Inc luded in a Publ ic Notice

>• Each notice must contain the following:

• A clear and understandable explanation of the violation;• Information about potential adverse health effects, including specific rr.ar j : . :_r ' .

language that must be provided by all systems with Tier 1 violations and rv i..systems that have been issued a variance or exemption;

• Identification of the population at risk;• An indication of the steps being taken to correct the problem;• Information about the need for alternative water supplies, if any;• Preventive measures to be taken until the violation is corrected;

>• Each notice must:

• Be clear and conspicuous;• Not contain unduly technical language;• Not contain unduly small print;• Include the phone number of the ouTier, operator, or designee or the pub..; -••.:

system; and• Be multilingual, where appropriate.

;DWA FACT SHEET

;- Pur i i c n o t i f i c a t i o n ma-. :- j;;;.-r r..?:'.e j .- :.-e :o.« Through the local electron:,: media .• In the local da i ly n.e-.- .•? r 2 r-e:• By direct mail ,• In the customers' w a t e r b.I!;• By hand del ivery, or• By continuous posting in a conspicuous place.

> Systems serving areas :r.a: do not have a dai ly or weekly newspaper- •- - ; • . . ,notice by hand delivery or posting

>• Public water systems mus t provide copies of the public notificatio: - . . . e s ta te

>• The owner or operator or the public water system is legally responsible for ensur-.r. ̂ Tall public notice requirements are met.

Timing and Frequency of Public Notice

>• The t iming of pub l i c nof.::cat:or. :s as fo' . iows:

• Within 72 hours J

1. Notice by all systems via the electronic media for Tier 1 viol ^rions; or2. Notices by non-community systems via hand de'.ivery or po1- ..T-.^,- « ...

violations

• Within 14 days1. Newspaper notices by ail systems for all Tier 1 violations; or2. Notices by non-community systems by posting or hand delivery.

• Within 45 days1. Notices by all community water systems by direct mail, in water bills, or bv ha:

delivery for all Tier 1 violations.

• Within 3 months1. Newspaper notices by all systems for Tier 2 violations; or2. Notices by non-community systems by posting or hand delivery for T;e:

violations.

• Repeated every 3 months1. All notices given by all systems by direct mail or hand delivery for

both Tier 1 and Tier 2 violations.

• Continuous notice1. All notices given by posting, for as long as the violation exists.

>• All notices must be provided w i t h i n the proper time l i m i t s , even if theproblem has been corrected

vV.uer l r e f i t m e n t R e q u i r e m e n t

Proposal published in Federal Register - November 3. 19S~ 31 F" 4Z' . -

Notice of Avai labi l i ty , describing new regulator-.- ertior.? rub l i ihec .r :r.eRevisie* - Mav 6, 19SS '53 F^ 16343).

Fina l ru le r re mutated - June 19, 19S9 '54 FA I~45o>

Table 9Maximum Contaminant Level Goals

Contaminant j MCi :LG

G * " Y ̂ ' 7 / T VI' li ' ' T l"lli-4 / U iU L^t • • . L i tfc4 U

\ 'iruses 0Legicr.tiU 0Turbidi tv noneHeterotrophic Plate Count (HPC) none

Genera l Requ i r emen t s

>• Coverage: All public water systems using any surface water or ground water under tr.edirect influence of surface water must disinfect, and may be required by the i;a:e ^filter, unless certain water quality source requirements and site specific condi t ion? aremet.

> Treatment technique requirements are established in lieu of MCLs for G.'-ru.-j, v i ru se sheterotrophic plate count bacteria, Legionella and turbidity.

>• Treatment must achieveatleast99.9percentremovaland/orinactivationofG;arJ:j/j.":r:.;cysts and 99.99 percent removal and/or inactivation of viruses.

>• All systems must be operated by qualified operators as determined by the s ta te

Criteria to be Met to Avoid Filtration

Source Water Criteria

>• Fecal coliform concentration must not exceed 20/100 ml or the to ta l c j . . : v _ : - - . -concentration must not exceed 100/100 ml before disinfection in more than ten •.-•-:,•.of the measurements for the previous six months, calculated each month

SDU'A T A C T S I t r F T

Table 10j Minimum Sampling Frequencies for Total or Fecal Col i tonn

System size (persons)] , Samples Week

< 501 1501-5300 2

3.301-10.000 310,001-25,000 4

> 25,000 5

>• If not already conducted under the above requirements, a coiiform test must be rr.d jeeach day t h a t the turbidity exceeds 1 N'TU.

>• Turbidi tv levels must be measured every four hours bv grab sample or cor.tir.uo;."monitoring The tu rb id i ty level rriy not exceed 5 N'TL" If the t u r b i d i t y exceeds 5 NTcr*the system must i n s t a l l :" ;Urat i< •. unless the s ta te Determines t h a t the event is ••~r.-~.~~}'.or unpredictable, and the event does not occur more than twice in any one vear, or r ivetimes in any consecutive ten years. An "event" is one or more consecutive days whenat least one turbidity measurement each day exceeds 5 MTU.

Site Specific Conditions

Disinfection

>• Disinfection must achieve at least a 99.9 and 99.99 percent inactivation or G : : ~ < r - i ' . ~ > c\ ?t;and viruses, respectively. This must be demonstrated by the system meeting ' CT'values in the rule ("CT" is the product of residual concentration (mg/1) and contact t.rre(minutes) measured at peak hourly flow). Failure to meet this requirement on rr..than one day in a month is a violation. Filtration is required if a system has two or moreviolations in a year unless the state determines that the violarion(s) were caused bvunusual and unpredictable circumstances; regardless of such determinations bv thestate, the system must filter if there are three or more violations in a year

>• Disinfection systems must have redundant components or, if approved bv the s ta te ,automatic water delivery shut-off.

>• Disinfectant residuals in the distribution system cannot be undetectable or HPC levelscannot be greater than 500 / ml in more than five percent of the samples, each mon : h . ; orany two consecutive me ths. Samples must be taken at the same frequencv a> : - . _ :±'.coliforms under the revu.d Coliform Rule. Systems in violation of this requ::c:r^rtmust install filtration unless the state determines that the violation is not caujo.: v. ^deficiencv of treatment of the source water.

f DWA p.v T -

;r. the cor,tir.uous rr. :r;:TT ^. 'he svs tem may s u b s t i t u t e crar s amr i e r ror . : . - ::r -~ • • : • -rour hours for up to :':ve davs If the d i s in fec tan t res idual f a l l s below C : mg ' -.-svstem must notify the s t a t e as soon as possible but no later than the end o: :r.-: -r

business day. If the residua! :s not restored to at least 0 2 mg/1 within f o u r h j u r s .-a violation and the system must f i l t e r , unless the state determines that the v i o l a t i o n -.-.caused by unusual and unpredictable circumstances. Systems serving 330C peo^ie .less can take d a i l y grab samries in lieu of continuous monitoring Minirr.urr. ;-sampl ing frequences are: '. das- < 501 people; 2 /day 501 - 1000 people; 5 . ' day ! " " ' .2500 people: 4 /dav 2501 - 3300 people. If at any time the residual is below 0 2 rr.s; ' i, :.system must conduct grab sample monitoring every four hours un t i l the reside.restored

Other Conditions

>• Systems must mainta in an adequate watershed control program, as determined bv •..-•estate, which will m:rv.rr.:ze the potential for contamination by human enter:: • . • • . r_ . -c?and Giarju /j.-ir.':.; c'. ::s

>• Systems must not have had any waterborne disease outbreaks, or if thev have, sue;-.systems must have been modified to prevent another such occurrence, as dererrr.ir.ecby the state.

>• Systems must not be out of compliance with the monthly MCL for total col; f c r r r s r ' o r ±r:two months in any consecutive 12 month period, unless the state determines :r.i: • -.-violations are not due to treatment deficiency of the source water.

> Systems serving more than 10,000 peoplemustbe in compliance with MCLrecu::errer.:=.for total trihalomethanes.

Criteria for Filtered Systems

Turbidity Monitoring

>• Turbidity must b« measured every four hours by grabsampleor continuous mom tor::For systems using slow sand filtration or filtration technologies other than con ver.tio:treatment, direct filtration or diatomaceous earth filtration, the state may reduce •sampling frequency to once per day. The state may reduce monitoring to one ;:sample per day for all systems serving less than 500 people.

SOW A FACT SHEET

T u r b i d i f . R e m o v a l

>• Conventional n i t r a t i o n or c;:c;: : i i : ra t io r . mus t achie ' . c ^ '.^.T.O.:V .e-. ^ ,, •water at all times less man 5 N'TU and not more than 0 5 N'TU ;n more tr. j-r . ::•. -_> :••--: •or the measurements taken each month. The state may increase the 0 5 NTL' -.. — .: -~ •lessthan 1 MTU in greater rhan or equal to 95 percenter the measurements . - . v i t r o - : ir .demonstration by the system, if it determines that overall treatment wi th d;s:r:e;::crachieves at least 99.9 percent and 99.99 percent removal/inactivatior. or J,--'.:':^ ;•. s:-and viruses, respectively

>• Slow sand filtration must achieve a turbidity level in the filtered water at all r imes >s;than 5 NTU and not more than '. N'TU in more than f ive percent of the samries tar creach month. The rurbiditv lirr.i: or 1 N'TU may be increased by the state ' bu t at no ::~-exceed 5 N'TU) if it determines t ha t there is no significant interference with d i s in fe ; t :o r

>• Diatomaceous earth filtration must achieve a turbidity level in the filtered wa te r it ^..times less than 5 NTU and of not more than 1 NTU in more than five percent o: tr.esamples taken each month.

>• Other filtration technologies may be used if the system demonstrates to the state t h a tthey achieve at least 99 9 and 99 99 percent removal / inact ivat ion of Gwrii;.7/u/rr/;- cystsand viruses, respectively, and are approved by the state. Turbidity limits for thesetechnologies are the same as those for slow sand fi lrrahon, including the allowance ofincreasing the turbidity limit of 1 NTU up to 5 NTU, but at no time exceeding 5 N'TUupon approval by the state.

Dis infect ion Requirements

>• Disinfection with filtration must achieve at least 99.9 and 99.99 percent removemactivation of Giardia cysts and viruses, respectively. The states define the '.e'. ̂ o:disinfection required, depending on technology and source water quality D i s i n f e c t i o nrequirements for point of entry to the distribution system and within the distributionsystem are the same as for unfiltered systems.

Analytical Requirements

>• Except for ozone, testing and sampling must be in accordance with Standard Methods,16th edition, or methods approved by EPA for total coliforms, fecal coliform, t u r b i c i t .disinfectant residuals, temperature, and pH. Residual disinfectant concentrations to:ozone must be measured by the Indigo Method or automated methods whicn arecalibrated in reference to the results obtained by the Indigo Method.

Report ing

All parameters required in the rule must be reported monthly to the state L'r.:.water systems must also rerort a n n u a l l y on their watershed control program :.:site inspections.

N SOW A T.\CT

ecem '>• L'nfiltered systems m u s t rr.ee: m / j r i t o r i r - ? r e q u i r e m e n t s bv Dt-> c . . .L- e : _ - . . . - _ . . - . - - .the State has determined that r i i t rar .on :s require J L"nf;::ered systems m u s t .T--~: ::••„-criteria to avoid f i l t r a t i o n by December 31, 1991, unless the state has deterrr.in.ee t h a tfiltration is required. L'nfiitered systems must i n s t a l l f i l t ra t ion w i t h i n IS m o n t h sfol lowing the f a i l u r e to meet any one of the criteria to a void f i l t r a t i o n , or bv June 2° ". ~c~whichever 15 la te r

>• Filtered systems must meet monitoring and performance requi rements b e g i n n i n gJune 29,1993.

>• The interim turbidity monitoring and MCL requirements will remain in e f f e c t :,::unfiltered systems until December 31,1991, and for filtered systems unt i l June 29. i993For systems which the state determines must filter, the interim turb id i ty requirementwill remain in effect until June 29,1993, or until filtration is installed, whichever is la ter

Ground Water Systems Under Direct Inf luence of Surface Water

>- All systems using ground water under direct influence of surface water must meet thetreatment requirements under the SWTR. States must determine which communi tyand non-community ground water systems are under direct influence of surface -.-.-a terby June 29, 1994 and June 29,1999, respectively.

Variances

>• Variances are not applicable.

Exemptions

>• Exemptions are allowed for the requirement to filter. Systems using surface water mus tdisinfect (i.e., no exemptions). Exemptions are allowed for the level of d is infec t ionrequired.

\

Total Coliforms

s- Proposal was published in the Federal Register • N'ovember 3, 1987 (52 FR 421:4

>• Additional regulatory options were published in the Federal Register • May b >FR 16340).

J- f i n a l rule p romuV^a ted - f u n e 29 '.959 i 54 F:\ 27544)

SOW A FACT SHEET

E : : c c t i v o d a t e

> December 31,1990

M a x i m u m Contaminant Level Coal

>• Zero

M a x i m u m Contaminant Level

> Compliance is based on presence/absence of total conforms in sample, ra the: r r a r ran estimate of coliform density

>• MCL for systems analyzing at least 40 samples/month: no more than 5.0 percer.: o: •--monthly samples may be total coliform-posinve.

>• MCL for systems analyzing less than 40 samples/month: no more than 1 sarrr'.e.month may be total coliform-poskive ""

Moni to r ing Requirements for Total Coliforms

>• Required written sample siring plan, subject to state review and revision

> Month ly monitor ing requirements based on population served (see Table 11)

>• A system must collect a set of repeat samples for each total coliform-positive rou::.-.-sample (see Table 12) and have it analyzed for total coliforms. The system must co.^ec:all repeat samples within 24 hours of being notified of the original result, excert -.'.--erethe state waives this requirement.

>• If total coliforms are detected in any repeat sample, the system must collect another ^of repeat samples unless the MCL has been violated and the system has not i f ied thestate.

>• Systems collecting fewer than five routine samples/month and detecting total coliforrr.-in any routine or repeat sample must collect five routine samples the next month thesystem provides water to the public, unless the state waives this requirement

>• Unfiltered surface water systems, or systems using unfiltered ground water under :r-direct influence of surface water, must analyze one coliform sample each cLv. :returbidity of the source water exceeds 1 NTU.

>• Tables Hand 12 summarize the routine and repeat sample monitoring requirerre- -: -total coliforms.

Populat ionServed

Table l lTotal Cditorm Sampl ing R e q u i r e m e r

[ According to Populat ion Served

Minimum No. ofRout ine Samples Populat ion

Per Month'- Served

' v

M i n i m u m \o. otR o u t i n e S a m p l e s

Per Month

25".,0012,5013,3014.1014,9015,8016,7017,6018,501

12,90117,20121,50125,00133,00141,00150,001

1,0002,5003,3004,1004,9005,8006,7007,6008,500

to 12,900to 17,200ro 21.500to 25,000to 33,000to 41,000to 50,000to 59,000

tototototototototo

g9

1015202530405060

59,00170,00183,00196,001

130,001220,001320,001450,001600,001780,001970,001

1,230,0011,520,0011,850,0012,270,0013,020,0013,960,001

70,00083,00096,000

130,000220,000320,000450,000600,000780,000970,000

to 1,230,000to 1,520,000to 1,850,000to 2,270,000to 3,020,000to 3,960,000or more

IS*"•?i -.

300330360390420450480

In !ieu of the frequency specified, a Non-Community Water System iN'CWS; us..-;ground water and serving 1,000 persons or fewer may monitor at a lesser frequent,specified by the state until a sanitary survey is conducted and reviewed by the stateThereafter, NCWSs using ground water and serving 1000 persons or fewer rr.us:monitor in each calendar quarter during which the system provides water to the pubi icunless the state determines that some other frequency is more appropriate and r.oti:;esthe system (in writing). Five years after promulgation, NCWSs using ground water andserving 1,000 persons or fewer must monitor at least once/year.

A NCWS using surface water, or ground water under the direct influence of surfacewater, regardless of the number of persons served, must monitor at the same f requenc\as a like-sized Community Water System (CWS). A NCWS using ground water ar.dserving more than 1,000 persons during any month must monitor at the same frequencyas a like-sized CWS, except that the state may reduce the monitoring frequency for anymonth the system serves 1,000 persons or fewer.

Includes public water systems which have at least 15 service connections, but servefewer than 25 persons.

For a CWS serving 25-1,000 persons, the state may reduce this sampling f requency. .:a sanitary survey conducted in the last five years indicates that the water svsterv. .-supplied solely by a protected ground-water source and is free of s a n i t a r y do\_-;>However, in no case :n.i\- the <ta to reduce the frequency to less ilun once qu;.:•.-..:

5DWA FACT SHEET \v

Table 12Monitoring and Repeat Sample Frequency

After a Total Coliform-Positive Rout ine Sample

No. Routine No. Repeat No. RoutineSamples/Month Samples' Samples Next Month2

I /mo or fewer 4 5/mo2/mo 3 5/mo3/mo 3 5 /mo4/mo 3 5/mo5/mo or greater 3 Table 11

Number of repeat samples in the same month for each total coliform-positiveroutine sample.

Except where state has invalidated the original routine sample, or where statesubstitutes an on-site evaluation of the problem, or where the state waives therequirement on a case-by-case basis.

Invalidation of Total Coliform Positive Samples

>• All total coliform-positive samples count in compliance calculations, except for :h j? -esamples which are invalidated by the state. Invalidated samples do not court tow a:::the minimum monitoring frequency.

>• A state may invalidate a sample only if: (1) the analytical laboratory acknowledges :huimproper sample analysis caused the positive result; (2) the system determines tr, a: :recontamination is a domestic or other non-distribution system plumbing problem, or ;3)the state has substantial grounds to believe that a total coliform-positive result is due tosome circumstance or condition not related to the quality of drinking water in thedistribution system, if (a) this judgment is explained in writing, (b) the document :ssigned by the supervisor of the state official who draws this conclusion, and (c) thedocumentation is made available to EPA and the public.

Variances and Exemptions: none allowed

Sanitary Surveys

>• Periodic sanitary surveys are required for all systems collecting fewer than l ive/month , according to the schedule in Table 13

** -' SOU',\ T VA

Table 13Sanitary Survey Frequency for P u b l i c Water

Systems Collect ing Fewer Than Five Samples/Month

Svstem TypeIni t ia l Survey

CompletedFrequency of

Subsequent Surve\s

Community vvater 5 '/ears after promulgation everv 5 year;system

i; Non-community wa te r '.0 vears a f te r promulgation everv 5 vea.-i*I system

For a non-community water system which uses protected and disinfected g r c u r jwater, the sanitarv survev mav be repeated everv ten vears instead of everv f ive v e a r s

Fecal coliforms/E. coli; H e t e r o t r o p h i c Bacter ia (HPC)

> If any routine or repeat sample is total coliform-positive, the system must also analyzetha t total col i form-posi t ive cu l ture to determine if fecal coliforms or £. Col; are rresentIf fecal coliforms or E. col; are detected, the system must notify the state before :r.e cr jof the same business dav, or, if detected after the close of business for the s:.rr ~: •: c-end of the next business day.

>• If any repeat sample is fecal coliform- or E.co/i-positive, or if a fecal coliforrn- or £ ::. -positive original sample is followed by a total coliform-positive repeat sample, inc tr.eoriginal total coliform-positive sample is not invalidated, it is an acute vioiaf.cr. or :r-eMCL for total coliforms.

>• The state has the discretion to allow a water system, on a case-by-case basis, to fo rgofecal coliform or E. coli testing on total coliform-positive samples, if the system co m p i: e;with all sections of the rule that apply when a sample is fecal coliform-positive

>• State invalidation of the routine total coliform-positive sample invalidates subsequentfecal coliform or E. co/i-positive results on the same sample.

>• Heterotrophic bacteria can interfere with total coliform analysis. Therefore, if the tccoliform sample produces: (1) a turbid culture in the absence of gas production u ?..-•=:the Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) Technique; (2) a turbid culture in the absence ..-:an acid reaction us ing the Presence-Absence (P-A) Coliform Test; or (3< cor:!..c: :growth or a colony number that is "too numerous to count" using the Merr.rr^r- F . . : r "(MF) Technique, the sample is invalid (unless total coliforms are detected, in ••-. - : „ ' . • ; • . - • •the sample is va l id ) The svstorr. must collect another sample w i th in 14 h o u r ?not i f i ed of the re-iu'.t :ro::i :h<j sa:v. jloc.ition a^ theon^ir.a! ^."uv.^le j;-.d !uv. e ;•c^ •

:or tota l colifor:- . i-

S D V V A FACT SHEET :4

A n a l y t i c a l Methodology

i- Total conform analyses .-re to ce conducted us ing the X - r u r e V TF T=.Technique, the P-ACoi i ro rm Test, or the Minimal Media ON PC-ML'CTeCoLiiert System). The system may also use the 5-tube MTF Technuu:portions) or a single culture bottle containing the MTF medium 35 !>water sample is used in the analysis.

>• A 100-ml standard sample volume must be used in ana ivzms :o:regardless of the analytical method used.

b TAIL'S: PKOl- 'OShD N A I I O N ' A L P K i M AK iD R I N K I N G WATER REGULATIONS

Lead and Copper

>• ANPRM - October 5, 19S3 '43 PR 45502)>• Proposed MCLGs - November 13, i9S5 (50 PR 46936)>• Reproposed MCLGs and proposed MCLs and treatment technique recu.rerr

August IS, 19SS. >5? FR 3:5:ci>• Final rule expected - December 1990

Proposed MCLGs and MCLs

>• MCLs measured as water enters the distribution svstem, after anv t reatment .

Chemical

Table 14MCLGs and MCLs for Lead and Copper

Existing MCL Proposed MCLG Pr oposed MCL

Lead 0.05 mg/1 0 ' 0.005 rr.-g. '.

Copper * 1.3 mg/1 l . 3 r n g / i

* A secondary standard of 1 mg/1 is currently in effect.i

Proposed Treatment Technique

>• Corrosion control treatment to minimize leadand copper at the tap and public educator

Corrosion Control Triggered When:

> Average lead level in targeted samples exceeds 0.010 mg/1 (measured at the tap :orwater standing between eight and 18 hours or,

>• pH in more than 5% of samples is less than 8.0 or,

>" Copper in more than 5^ of samples exceeds 1.3 mg/1.

Public Education Triggered When:

> Lead level averse exceeds 010 mg/1 or,

>• Lead level:- MI ::\-: *_• :!'.^.n 5' c of targeted samples exceed 0 020 r.v.;/!

SOW A FACT SHEET -°

Phase II - 3S I n o r g a n i c and S y n t h e t i c Organic C h e m i c a l s I

?• A.NPR.M - October 5, '.953 43 ."A 45501:

> Proposed MCLGs - November 13. 19S5 i.50 FR 46936)

~>- Reproposed MCLC-5, rroposed NtCLs and moni tor ing requirements- Ma'.' II ". - —(54 FR 22Q62)

>• Close of publ ic commer.t period - August 21, 1989

>• Projected promulgation - December 1990.

Summary of the Proposed Rulemaking

>• The May 1989 proposed rulemaking requests comments on MCLGs and MCLs :or 3-~.Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs) and eight Inorganic Chemicals (lOCs) iTa:\e '. 3The proposed rulemaking also includes monitoring, reporting, and public nonr ' i c j t i o f .requirements for the SOCs and lOCs. For two contaminants, epichlorohvdnr. andacrylamide, EPA proposes a treatment technique requirement in lieu of an MCL ar.cmonitoring requirements. In addition, the Notice also proposes BAT upon ->vh:cr. theMCLs are based and BAT for the purpose of issuing variances. Lastly, the pr:r >::!containsSMCLsforninecontarr.:.-^- -. requirements for appro \. : rr i1 10 additional -"unregulated" contan.. . ^ l icat ionof final regulator > •. -new monitoring requirements would beeri^ . ..: 30 days; the MCLs a r . j N ' C L ]-would be effective 18 months after f inal publication.

Moni tor ing Requirements

Inorganics

Barium, Cadmium, Chromium, Mercury, Selenium

>• Currently, all community ground water systems must monitor for ir.ocontaminants every three years. Surface water systems must monitor annually Eproposes to retain these basic requirements. The major changes EPA proposes to :hcurrent requirements are to expand the requirements to non-transient systems ar.d :allow monitoring at up to ten-year intervals after the system completes three :o~r.:.~ ,sampling which show that the water consistently meets the MCLs.

Nitrate/Nitri te

>• Under present EPA regulations, all community ground water systems m u s t r r .nitrate every three years; community surface water systems must moni to r .;:Non-transient and t rans ient svstems must monitor at the discretion or tiv -•

me'." c:r o^.oc- . r •_•"-..:: £^A rror:-^ '-- ..".crease ;.-.o :t -•: . ' . _ : . : , : : - - r . : - - : ' . ' • . .:c o m m u n i t y anc; No:>7:ans.on; Nor -Co : r .mun : tv \TNC- ? ' • s tems: . ; m*,•.-..;^: _r r _ a . . .for ground water systems and quar te r / / :or su r f ace water sys tems C c m m u n i f . ar.:.N'TNC ground water systems must monitor quarter ly if fou r consecutive samples aregreater than 50 ̂ of the \ \CL (5 m^/ L tor n i t r a t e or 0 5 mg. L tor n i t r i t e ' 3 commun. f .or NTNC surface '.vater system may dec-ease its moni tor ing frequency to annual. ::four consecutive samples are less than 50^ of the MCL. Trans ien t r .on-communi tvground water systems must monitor every three years; those served by surface watermust monitor once every year. .\\i water systems must monitor at the time of hier.estv u l n e r a b i l i t y

Asbestos

>• EPA proposes to require community and non-transient systems to monitor for asbestosif a state vulnerabi l i ty assessment determines that the system is vulnerable tocontamination from the water source or corrosion of asbestos-cement pipe. Vulnerablesystems have five years after the rules are promulgated to complete the initial monitoringVulnerable surface water systems must take repeat samples annually; ground watersvstems must take repeat samples every three years. Non-vulnerable systems are notrequired to monitor.

Volatile Organics

> EPAestablishedmonitoringrequirementsforeightsolventsin 1987. These requi rementsrequire communi ty and non-transient systems to monitor quarterly for one vei:Repeat sampling frequency requirements depend on detection of contaminants and theresults of a vulnerability assessment. The May 1989 proposal would add 10 a d d i t i o n a lcontaminants to the list of eight solvents previously regulated by EPA in 19S~

Pesticides / Herbicides / PCBs

>• Currently, community surface water systems must monitor every three years for s;\pesticides; pesticide monitoring for ground water systems is at state discretion EPAproposes new monitoring requirements for 5 currently regulated and 13 addi t ionalpesticides/herbicides/PCBs (endrin, which is currently regulated, is not included mthe May proposal). Community and non-transient water systems must monitor if thestate determines they are vulnerable to contamination based upon an assessmentSystems found "not vulnerable" are not required to monitor. Systems determined asvulnerable must monitor quarterly for one year. Each sample must be taken at the t i m eof the quarter the system is most vulnerable. Repeat sampling frequencies vary ra:eJ.on system size and whether pesticides/herbicides/PCBs are detected

Water Treatment Chemicals

>• Acrylamide and epichlorohydrin are primarily used in flocculants dunnc -.-. a t - rtreatment to decrease turbidity. EPA proposes treatment technique require:^/:- : •l imit the concentration of acrylamide and epichlorolu drin in pol\ incrs a-/./. • •. /Svstems. must a n n u a l l y cer t i fy to the state tha t the required lc\ els are :v...-t

SDWAFACTSIICGT :s

>• ETA ;:reposes to ec'.- '-..-h .'.•••J prior::- ,- l i i t s or :cr:::i~:^an^ N ' o r : : _ : . . - - _; -•rnonry #1 contaminants is dependent upon a s t a t e v u l n e r a b i i i f . a - fe^ — or: '.: . • - -:cr the 34 priority -1 c o n t a m i n a n t s is a: s t a t e discret ion

Best Avai lable Technology

>• EPA has :dent::ied BAT to rerriove each con taminan t l i s ted Table '.6 !:sts :re pror . •- • : - . :BAT (or each contaminant . Systems can use BAT to complv w;th the MCLi ar.u . :qualify tor a variance

Variances and Exemptions

> EPA or a state with primary enforcement authority may issue a variance :: :- ..-determined that a system cannot comply with a NTDWRdespite the appl icat ion o: BATExemptions may be issued in instances where a system is unable to complv w i t h aN'PDVVR due to compelling factors. EPA or a state may not issue a var iance c ^exemption if an unreasonable risk to health exists. EPA provided draf t guidance or.determining Unreasonable Risk To Health (URTH) levels in October ".990 Beforegranting a var iance or exemption, EPA or the state can require public water svstems tcprovide POL' devices, bottled water, or other means to reduce exposure below URTHvalues

State Implementat ion

>• The proposal describes the regulations and other procedures/policies the s t a t e s rr._-:adopt to implement the proposed rule. These include:

State Primacy Requirements

• Vulnerability assessment procedures.

• Procedures to reduce system monitoring frequencies.

State Recordkeeping Requirements

• Vulnerability assessments.

• Asbestos and unregulated contaminant determinations.

• Acrylamide and epichlorohydrin certifications.

• Reduced moni tor ing frequency determinations.

• Letters from srr.all 5\ stems avai lable for monitoring.

SOW A FAC

>• Lis t of sys:err.i -.-,•;•..c\ r.a'.e(\) a vuinerab:i:tv assessrr.en:,(2) the state reduced moni tor ing frequencies,(3) certified corr.piiar.ce with acrylamide andep ich lo rohydnn .(4) systems ava i lab le for monitor ing

>• Results of urreT-:ated contaminant monitor ing

Table 15Proposed National Primary Drinking Water Regulations

for 38 Inorganic and Synthetic Organic Contaminants

Contaminant Prop. MCLG(mg/1)

Current MCL(mg/1)

Prop. MCL(mg/1)

Inoganics

Asbestos 7MFL: — 7MFL'Barium 5 1 5Cadmium 0.005 0.01 0.005Chromium 0.1 005 0.1Mercury 0.002 0.002 0.002Nitrate2' 10 10 10Nitri te2 1 — 1Selenium 0.05 0.01 005Silver — 0.05 3

Volatile Organics

Conl'd on Next Page

o- Dich lorobenzenecis- 1 ,2- Dichloroethy lenetrans-l,2-Dichloroethylene1 ,2,-DichloropropaneEthylbenzeneMonochlorobenzeneStyreneTetrachloroethyleneTolueneXylenes

0.60.070.100.70.10/0.102

10

— 0.6— 0.07— 0.1— 0.005— 0.7— 0.1— 0.005/0 1— 0.005

-

1

SDWAFACTSHEF.T

; a r . <.' i ? • ^ j r.: -'

Proposed Na t iona l Primary Dr ink ing Water Regu la t ionsfor 38 Inorganic and Synthe t ic Organic Contaminants

I Contaminant Prop.. MCLG Current MCL Prop. MCLmg/1) (mg/1) (mg.1)

Pes t ic ides / PCBS

AlachlorAldicarbAldicarb sulfoxideAldicarb sulfoneAtrazineCarbofuranChlorcane2,4-DDibromochloro pro pareEthylene dibromideHeptachlorHeptachlor epoxideLmdaneMethoxvchlorPCBsPentachlorophenoiToxaphene2,4,5-TP (Silvex)

Water Treatment Chemicals

AcrylamideEpichlorohydrin

1 MFL - Million Fibers per

0 —c.c: —0.01 —004 —0 003 —0.04 —0 —007 0.10 —0 —0 —0 —o.ooo: o.oo404 0 10 —0.2 —0 0.0050.05 001

0 —0 —

Liter longer than 10 um

G CCZo.o:o.o :0.040 0 0 30.040.0020.070 0002O.OOOC50 00040.00020.00020.40.00050 20.005005

TT4

TT4

2 The MCLG and MCL for total nitrate and nitrite is 10 mg/1 (as NT)3 Deleted as primary regulation; proposed as secondary4 TT = treatment technique requirement

•mv \ rv.

Table 16i Proposed Best Ava i l ab l e Technologies ( B A T ' for 33

Inorganic and Synthet ic Organic Con taminan t s

Contaminan t

Inorganics

AsbestosBariumCadmiumChromiumMercuryNitra teXi t r i teSelenium

Proposed BAT

C / F ; D F ; D M F ; C CIE; LS; ROIE;RO;C/F;LSC/F; IE;LS;ROGAC;LS;C/F;RO;PACIE;ROIE;ROAA;LS, C/F;RO

(Note: C/F and LS not proposed for small systems serving 500 or fewer people.)J

Volatile Organics

All VOCs

Pesticides/ PCBs

All Pesticides / PCBs

Water Treatment Chemicals

AcrylamideEpichlorohydrin

Best Available Technology Key:

AA = Activated AluminaCC = Corrosion ControlC/F = Coagulation / FiltrationDF =Direct FiltrationDMF = Diatomite FiltrationGAC = Granular Activated Carbon

PTA;

GAC

PAPPAP

IE = Ion ExchangeLS = Lime SofteningPAC = Powdered Activated CarbonPAP = Polvmer Addition Practices

j

PTA = Packed Tower AerationRO = Reverse Osmosis

SOW A FACT SHEET

>• In addit ion to the N'atior.a'. fY.rrarv D r i n k i n g '.Va:er R e g u l a t i o n s prIOCS and SOCs on N t a v ZI. ^^ r:re N ' a t : c r > ! Secordarv Dr - . rk in - :Regulations were proposed

> Table I" l i s t s the SMCLs proposed on May 22. 1C59

Table 17Proposed SMCLs

ContaminantLevel(mg/1)

Aluminumo-Dichlorobeozenep-DichlorobeazeneEthylbeazenePentachlorophenolSilverStyreneTolueneXvlene

0.050.010.0050030.03O C Q

0.010 0 40.02

sow,\ TACT -

; Phase V: 24 Ino rgan ic and Synthe t ic Organic Chemicals 1

^- ANPR-M - October 5. '.-S3 <48 ~1 45501)

>• Proposed MCLGs. MCLs and moni tor ing requirements - J u l y 25, 1990 '55 r.\ 3 . . ;~;

> Close of p u b l i c corr.rr.er.t period - October 23, 1990

>• Projected promulgation - March 1992.

Summary of the Proposed Rulemaking

> The July 23, 1990 proposed rulemaking requests comments on MCLGs and MCLs :•:•:24 Inorganic and Svnthetic Organic Chemicals (lOCs and SOCs). The proposed ru'.ealso includes monitoring, reporting and public notification requirements for the I COand SOCs In addition, the notice proposes BAT upon which the MCLs are based ardBAT for the purpose of issuin? variances. The Agency is also proposing a Second a: vMCL (SMCL) for hexachlorocyclopentadiene; and requesting comments or, theestablishment of MCLGs and MCLs for an additional six Polynuclear AromaticHydrocarbons <PAHs) and one additional phthalate. This rulemaking wil l becomeeffective IS months after publication of the final rule in the Federal Reg:s:er

Monitor ing Requirements

>• The monitoring requirements apply to community and non-transient non-comrnur::1 .water systems. EPA proposes that the Phase V monitoring requirements be ident: :r :othose in the May 22, 1989 proposal for 38 lOCs and SOCs (see page 27)

>• EPA has developed a standardized monitoring framework for all dr inking v. rercontaminants. Under this framework, monitoring would be initiated during the f i r s tfull three-year compliance period after the effective date of the final rule. For the PhaseV contaminants, monitoring would begin by January 1,1996.

Variances and Exemptions

>• EPA or a state with primary enforcement authority may issue a variance if it isdetermined that a system cannot comply with a NPDWR despite the application of B ATExemptions may be issued in instances where a system is unable to comply w i t h aNPDWR due to compelling factors. EPA or a state may not issue a var iance orexemption if an unreasonable risk to health exists. EPA provided draf t guidance ondetermining Unreasonable Risk To Health (URTH) levels in October 1990 Bero regranting a variance or exemption, EPA or the state can require public water systerv f- :oprovide POL' devices, bottled water, or other means to reduce exposure below L RTHvalues.

sow A TACTSHCLT \V

ISProposed MCLGs, MCLs and Carcin l i c i t y C l a f s i f i c a t i o r . s

ContaminantMCLG( m g 1 )

MCL Orcmogenic iUC l a s s i f i c a t i o n

Inorganic Chemicals

Antimony-BerylliumCyanideN'ickelSulfa teThallium

400/5CC0 0005

0 . 0 1 / O C G 5 :

0.0010 20.1

400/5000.002/0.0011

cB2DDDD

Organic Chemicals

DalaponDi(e thylhexyl)adipateDi(ethylhexy!)phthalate :

DichloromethaneDinosebDiquatEndothal!EndrinGlyphosateHexachlorobenzeneHexachlorocvclopentadiene3

Oxamyl (Vydate)PAHs [Benzo(a)pyrene)PidoramSimazinel,2,4-Trichloroben2ene1,1,2-Trichloroethane2,3,7,8-TCDD

0.20.5000.0070.020.10.0020.700.050.2O 4

0.50.0010.0090.0030

0.20.50.0040.005

Dr

J.020.10.0020.700010.050.20.00020.50.0010.0090.0055 x 10-«

DDDDB2DEB2DCDC

1 EPA proposes two MCLs based upon PQLs of five and ten times the ML..

2 EPA requested comment on whether Butylbeiuylphthalate should also be regulate.The MCLG and MCL would be set at 0.1 mg/1.

3 A SMCL of 0.008 mg/l is also being proposed.

4 EPA also proposes MCLGs and MCLs for six additional PAHs classified as 6!probable h u m a n ca:;::iogens benzu)anthracene, benzo(b) : ' luoran then- .

r.i:\tl-.-,'p.e J.T\ ?one, ciibe:iz (.a,h)anthracene, and mdenopyrene

SDWA r.XC

Table 19Proposed BAT for 24 lOCs and SOC,

Contaminant

Inorganics

AntimonyBerylliumCyanideNickelSulfateThallium

Volatile Organics

Dichloromethane1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene1,1,2-Tnchloethane

Synthetic Organics

All SOCsDi(ethyihexyl)adipateHexachlorocyclopentadiene

Best Available Technology Key:

AA = Activated AluminaC/F = Coagulation / FiltrationCH = Chlorine OxidationGAC = Granular Activated Carbon

Proposed BAT

C/F, ROA A; C/F; IE, LS, ROIE; RO; CHIE; LS; ROIE, ROA A ; I E

PTAGAC; PTAGAC; PTA

GACGAC, PTAGAC; PTA

IE = Ion ExchangeLS = Lime SofteningPTA = Packed Tower AerationRO = Reverse Osmosis

SDWA FACT SHEET

SCHEDULED NATIONAL PRIMARY D R I N K I N GWATER REGULATIONS (To be proposed)

Radionucl ides

Scope

Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemakir.g (A.NPRM) was published in '.r.c . .;. ..Register on September 30, 1986 (51 FR 34836).

The publ icat ion of the Notice of Proposed Rulemak:ng in the Federal Re$-::e' is r reser :. .scheduled for February 1991.

The NPRM is expected to propose MCLGs, NtCLs, BATs for setting MCLs ar.j ^condit ions for receiving variances, other criteria for receiving variances and exerr.p:. or. sand monitoring requirements for the fc .^ radioactive analytes;radon-222,raciurr.-216, radiurr.-22S, natural uranium, ana oeta parncie and photon emitters. The proposalw i l l also consider an MCL for alpha emitters ar.d the measurement of gross a lpha as ascreening level for the regulated alpha emitters.

MCLGs: Health Effects

All radionuclides considered .. " ?roposal have been determined to be G:o_:' Aknown human carcinogens. I. :he MCLG for each radionuci ide '.-.•... reproposed as zero. For uranium, the ncerendpointsof toxicityarealsoofcor.cerr.

Natural uranium (non-cancer effects) — Sased on physiological parameters for a vi •-.._.C^W has estimated that a level of 40 pCi/L is protective of uranium's chemotox.:eftects to the kidney. Physiological parameters for children might be used to der ive avalue of 20 pCi/ L. This issue is not yet resolved.

Radon-222(cancer effects) — Quantitative estimates of the lung cancer risks from radonvolatilized from drinking water were derived from the BIER IV and IRCP 50 reportThe 10^ and 10"4 lifetime risk range of 2 to 200 pCi/L represents the ar i thmetic rr.ear. ofadjusted BIER IV and ICRP 50 estimates. Risk of stomach tumors from mgestion j:radon are expected to be much lower than the risk from inhaled radon and are rotincluded in this nsk estimate. An estimate of stomach cancer risk is being ger.erareo

Uran ium and radiumlcancer effects) — Quantitive estimates of the l i f e t i m e r:^- :: "'exposure to these elements are derived using the Radnsk model, a mochf ica t i^ -ICRP rnethodolo^v The 10'4 levels for the d i f f e r e n t isotopes of these ek-r.--s i r . i i ' . a r , ran^i i^ .c r r o m l O t o 4 0 p C i / L T'.-.e B I E R IVcoi ' . i iv . i t ioe de r ived snr.:l ; ir . .o!.;:r..ues for those elonier.ts based on the ::vcreased ii ' .cidoi^ce ot cnr.cor .T.VI •:- _• -

sn\v.-\

MCLs

30, > r S o i are e^pecte:: .r . :r.e career : ;SN e s t i m a t e s :or re'2. arc ^r > : : : r . ; : • . - . • • - -19S9, the BIER V comm.:;:^ ;s electee to publ . sn a repor t reeva^a:..-..; :.-t -;.survivor data. A d j u s t m e n t to the cancer e s t ima te s mav then be a r r r c r r . ^ - e

Radon — The Agency is considering options that fal l in the range of 20C to 13CC rC.L (water). This range is equivalent to 0.02 to 0.2 pCi/ L (a i r ) , assuming a trar.sre: :a:.of 10,000:1 (water:air) from all of the water in the house ie.g , showers, l a u n d r v er:

>• Radium-226 and radium-228 — A separate MCL may be proposed for each or rr.-es-isotopes. For each isotope, MCLs under consideration range from 2-20 pCi/ L

>- Uranium — The range of MCL options under consideration is 5 to 40 pCi/ L. The massto activity conversion factor in drinking water may be 1.3 ug/pCi, based on isotoncconcentrations of natural uranium in drinking water.

>- Beta particle and photon emitters — Concentrations equal to the risk posed by 4 rr.remeffect ive dose equivalent wil l most l ikelyjbe proposed again with a request forcomment.

>• Gross alpha — The Agency is assessing the value of a total alpha MCL a-d the use ora gross alpha measurement as a monitoring screen for regulated alphas. Some ar.a/. s:sindicates that the current analytical method for gross alpha is not a good indicator or theactivity level of the total alphas and that this method does not give an acceptablecorrelation between gross alpha and the regulated alpha emitters. The Ager.cv ;sinvestigating another method for gross alpha measurement and may take comment s onthe use of gross alpha at proposal.

Monitoring

Compliance likely will be proposed to be determined on quarterly samples taken ove rone year. The primacy state, with concurrence from the EPA region, may allowmonitoring data collected within the last three years and that meet specific precisionand accuracy requirements to substitute for quarterly samples.

Vulnerability

States would determine monitoring requirements for beta particle and photon em: t r e r sbased on vulnerabil i ty. Factors that should be considered are: 1) proximity to rad ioa c:. •. ewaste sites, underground testing, and facilities involved with radionuclide; e cnuclear power plant and other reactors); or 2) whether discharge momtormg ir. form.^: . ; P.»s provided.

SOW A FACT SHEET

>• Radon: Aeration vC-AC,

.>• Rad:um-226: Cat ion • e x . r a r c e . ..~.e so::er:r. 5. r e v e r - e c ?rr .os.-

>• Radium-228: Cat ion exchange; lime softening; reverse osmosis

> Uranium; Coagulat ion/ f i l t r a t i on , reverse osmosis; anion exchange, '..~.e ;G:':~.-.:.- :

>• Betas: Reverse osrr.05is; ion exchange (mixed bed)

Best Available Technologies for Variances

>• Reverse osmosis and ion exchange are likely to be BAT tor uramurr. and rad.-.r. : •-small systems. Coagulat ion/ f i l t r a t i on and lime softening may be excluded as BAT; :'•;•:variances, due to f ea s ib i l i t y considerations for small systems. Aerat ion -.%••. 11 be 3AT :radon for small systems —-

Analyt ical Methods

>• Radon: Liquid Scinti l lat ion Counting; Lucas Cell Method.

>• Radium-226: Alpha Emitting Radium Isotopes in Drinking Water (Method -'"Radium-226 by Radon Emanation (Method 903.1), Radium-226(Method 3'I: ~ ..Radium (Method 304).*

>• Radium-228: Liquid Scintillation Countmg(Method 904.1) **

> Uranium: Radiochemical Method 908; Fluoromerric Method 908 1.

>• Betas: Gross Alpha and Gross Beta Activity in Drinking Water (Method 900),Gross BetaParticle ActivityCMethod D-1890).

>• Gross alpha: Gross Alpha in Drinking Water by Co-precipitation.

* Methods presently under review.

** It has not yet been determined if this method will be proposed; method presently ur.Jerreview.

SDWA r \c

2> ( _ c n t Jrr ;r,-.r,K r:C'P. ' . the D r i p . k i r ^Priontv L i s t ( D W F L ) - Phase VI

>• The 5DWA Amendments required the Agency to publish a Drinking Water Pr-.cr.v. '_ . • • .v D W P L ) of substances tha t may require regula t ion The f i r s t l i s t was to be publ isher bv {>.- ._ : ; : .1988, with subsequent updates every three years thereafter.

>• A proposed list of substances was published in the Federal Register on Ju ly 7,1987 .'51 FR Z5~l !The first DVVPL notice was signed by the Administrator on January 13,1988, and pub l i s r e jin the Federal Register on January 22, 1988 (53 FR 1892). See Tables 2, 3 and 4 on pages 7 andS.

>• TheSDWA required MCLGs, N'PDVVRs and monitoring requirements are to beset for a: '.-m-25 contaminants on the list by January 1, 1991 and for at least 25 contaminants everv 3 vej.-.-thereafter (e.g., 1994, 1997), from subsequent t r iennial lists.

>• The f i r s t group of 25 contaminants will be divided into two rulemakmgs: Phase V l - a .Disinfectants and Disinfection By-products; and Phase Vl-b, approximately 17-20 lOCs ar.dSOCs.

Disinfectants and Disinfection By-Products - Phase VI- a

> In 1979 EPA established an interim primary MCL for Total Tnhalomethanes (TTHNU o: .mg/l (44 FR 68624; November 29,1979).

>• TTHMs include chloroform, bromoform,bromodichloromethanea^ddibromochloromerhar.e

> EPA is preparing a disinfection treatment rule for ground waters and a rule for d is infec tantsand disinfection by-products. Proposal is planned for 1993. Promulgation is planned for 1995

> Disinfectants and by-products were included on the Drinking Water Priority List (53 FR 1S92',January 22,1988.

>• A preliminary concept paper was presented at a public meeting on December 4,1989 The Xevpoints of the preliminary concept paper are as follows:

A) MCLs for the following:

1. Lead option:

a. Total trihalomethanes (TTHMs)b. Haloacetic ac;dsc. Chlorine dioxide, chlorite, chlorated. Chlorine and chloramme

SOW A FACT SHEET 4U .

a Chloropicnnb Cyanogen chlonce

Hydrogen peroxide "r;rr.i:e . l o c a t ed Formaldehyde

B) Set treatment technique requirerr.ents or provide guidar.ee ror the to^ov/.r .=;

1 MX (as a surrogate for mutagemci ty)

2. Total oxidizing substances 'as a surrogate for organic peroxides:

3 Assimillable Organic Carbon (AOC) (as a surrogate for rr.:crobioiog::j. qua . .oxidized waters)

C) Require moni tor ing

1 Segmented by the treatment process used (see Table 19)

2. Reduce monitoring requirements to one per quar ter at system d i sc re t i on , one perat state discretion based en system his tory.

D) List Best Available Technologies-

1 Precursor removal (50\r removal of TTHM-formation po ten t i a l ) u s ing -

a. Conventional treatment modifications.

b Granular Activated Carbon up to 30 minutes empty bed contact t ime an- 3 mregeneration.

c. GAC is not universally feasible due to water qual i ty conditions.

d. Membranes may not be BAT due to lack of full-scale experience.

2. Alternate oxidants:

a. Assuming MCLG values are met for disinfectants.

b. Chlorine dioxide and chlorite residue removal and chloramir.es.

c Ozone plus chloramines.

d. TTHM MCL of 25 ug/1 is lowest tha t allows continued use of free ch lo r ine

3. By-product removal:

a. Aerat ion (mavbe tor some)

b GAC adsorption mot tor ir.ost ch lur in . i t ior . bv-products , ozone ur.srv. .'

\

d. Reducing agents or :ree ;r._:.r.e :or r.\drogen peroxide-

e Bromate and iodate — ur.cerrair .

f. Caveat ozone use w.th possible tur-re need for post-GAC treatmer.- :,AOC or removal of other bv-products by adsorption.

E) Lead options are:

1. MCLs for TTHMs of 50 ug /L or 15 ug/L

2. Other MCLs based or. ana'.vses of feasibi l i tv similar to TTHMs.

Table 20Monitoring Requirements

Treatment Process

Chlorination

Chloramination

Chlorine Dioxide

Ozonation

Monitoring Parameters

TTHMs Chloropicrin(?)Haloacetic Acids Cyanogen Chloride (7>Total Organic Hahdes (?) Tctal Oxidizing SubstancesTotal Chlorine Residual

TTHMs (?)Chloropicnn (7)

ChloriteChlorine Dioxide

Formaldehydelodate (?)Hydrogen Peroxide (?)

Cyanogen Chloride (?)Total Chloramine Residual n

Total Oxidizing Substances ' ~"<Chlorate

BromateTotal Oxidizing Substances (?)

SOCs and lOCs from the DWPL - Phase VI- b

>• Phase Vl-b will include 17-20 contaminants selected from the DWPL.

>• The regulated contaminants will include pesticides, VOCs and lOCs.

> The Notice of Proposed Ruleinaking is anticipated in June 1993, with an estimated p:\date in 1995.

SOW A FACT SHEET \v

Table 21Summary of

National Primarv D r i n k i n g Water R e g u l a t i o n ^(as of December 1990)

Contaminant MCLG:

Microbiological Contaminants

Coliforms ( to t a l )GiJrdia LzmblizHPC

Virus

Turbidi ty

Inorganic Contaminants

ArsenicBar iumCadmiumChromiumFluorideLeadMercuryNitra teSeleniumSilver

0

00

4 0

MCL:

P .VrrTTTT

1-5 NTL'1

0 05

C C S« •>

-t IJ

C.050 002

100.010.05

In milligrams per liter (mg/1) unless otherwise noted.P/A - Compliance is based on presence/absence of total coliforms, ratherthan an estimate of coliform density: effective December 31, 1990.

Systems analyzing at least 40 samples/month: No more than 5.0 % of themonthly samples may be total coliform-positive.Systems analyzing less than 40 samples/month: No more than onesample/month may be total coliform-positive.

TT-Treatment Technique requirements established in lieu of MCLs: effect:-, ebeginning December 1990.Revised regulations will establish treatment technique requirements ra therthan an MCL for turbidity: effective beginning December 1990.

Cont'd on Next I'.ige

SDWA F.V

Contaminan t MCLG' MCL

Organic Contaminants

2,4-DEndnr.LindaneMethoxychlorToxaphene2,4,5-TP Silvex

BenzeneCarbon tetrachlondep-Dichlorobenzene1,2-Dichloroethane1,1-Dichloroethylene1,1,1 -TrichloroethaneTrichloroethyleneVinvl chloride

Total tnhalomethanes(Chloroform, Bromorbrm,Bromodichlororr.e thane.Dibromochloromethane)

Radionuclides

Gross alpha particle activityGross beta particle activityRadium 226 and 228 (total)

————

=00007500.00702000 ,

—

—

.- •

oocc:0 0040 10 OC500 :

0 0050 0050 0750 005o o c r0 2J0 0050002

0 10

15pG/!4 mrem/yr5pCi/l

SOW A FACT SHEET

NATIONAL SECONDARY D R I N K I N G WATERREGULATIONS

Secor.ciarv Max:rr.urr. Ccr.tarr.inar.t Levele s t ab l i sh l i m i t s ro: con taminan t s in d.-iq u a l i t i e s and the p u b l i c s acceptance :: J

SMCLs are Fe-Jera. lv ror . -errorsor.^ water whicn may a t f e c t their .v i r . i w a t e r e ^ r.a>:e ar.ji , _ J o r

Table 22SMCLs

C o n t a m i n a n t ;

Chior-.JeColorCopperCorrosivin,"FluorideFoaming AgentsIronManganeseOdorpHSulfateTotal Dissolved Solids 'JDS)Zinc

Level

15 color un i t s1 mg/1

r on-corrosive' 2.0 mg/1

0 5 mg/10.3 mg/1'i 05 mg/1

3 threshold odor nur6.5-8.5

250 mg/1500 mg/1

5 mg/1

>• These levels represent reasonable goals for drinking water quality. The states rr aestablish higher or lower levels, which may be appropriate dependent upor. loc:conditions such as unavailability of alternate source waters or other compelling :ac::rand public health and welfare not being adversely affected.

>• It is recommended that systems monitor for these contaminants every three yea r? '•'., -frequent monitoring for contaminants such as pH, color, odor or o ther - rv;appropriate under certain circumstances

>• Nine SMCLs were proposed with the 33 inorganic and synthe t ic organic c'r.ci: ..May 22,19S9 (see page 33^ Other secor.ciar regulations may be proposed :r.:as a p p r o p r i a t e