U.S. Diplomacy: From Semi-Internationalism and Isolationism to War.
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Transcript of U.S. Diplomacy: From Semi-Internationalism and Isolationism to War.
![Page 1: U.S. Diplomacy: From Semi-Internationalism and Isolationism to War.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032702/56649f4c5503460f94c6ca8f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
U.S. Diplomacy:
From Semi-Internationalism and Isolationism to War
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Semi Internationalism
• Europe: No Strategic Commitment through Versailles or Bilateral Collective Security Arrangements Examples include Dawes Plan, Young Plan, and Kellogg-Briand Pact
• Asia: Dollar Diplomacy and Disarmament: Examples include Washington Naval Pact and Second Banking Consortium
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Problems with reparations
• Linked to War Guilt Clause (Kriegsschuldfrage)• Reparations Commission sets amount and payments
schedule 1921• Germany makes first payments, then defaults• Belgians and French seize Ruhr area (industrial
heartland)• To support population, Weimar Republic turns on the
printing presses• Finishes great decade of inflation1914 4.2 RM = $1 1923 4.2 Billion RM = $1
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Implications
• French and Belgians enforce the Versailles System• Occupation ended with intercession of Charles Dawes
and Dawes Plan• War debts still not forgiven: Europeans link forgiveness
of Reparation on War Debts• Furthers radicalization of German politics and further
undermines Weimar Republic• Example: Murders of Weimar Ministers by right wing
extremists• Example: Middle class proletarianized by inflation
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Charles Dawes
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Reparations, War Loans American Bonds Snafu
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The Washington System in Asia
• Washington Naval Conferences, 1921-1922• Link demilitarization with Open Door and a re-
emergence of “dollar diplomacy”• US investment in China and Japan• Supported Japanese Civilian Governments• Problem: Worked so long as American money
flowed• Problem: Intersected with Revolution in China
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Legacy of World War I in Asia
• 1914: Japanese occupy Shandong Peninsula• 1915: 21 Demands• May 4, 1919: News of Versailles settlement
reaches China• 1921: Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Founded• 1924-1927: First United Front: Guomindong
(GMD) and CCP cooperate against foreigners• 1927: Northern Expedition and White Terror• 1934-1935: Long March
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The Great Depression
• 1927 Tokyo Stock Market Crashes• 1928 Berlin Stock Market Crashes• 1929 New York Stock Market Crashes• 1930-1933 Banking Crises spread world wide
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Impacts
• In Asia: Down fall of the “Washington System”• Japanese Militarists control government• 1931 Mukden Incident: Manchurian Invasion• New puppet state: Manchukuo• 1936: Xian Incident• 1937: Marco Polo Bridge Incident: World War II
begins in Asia• Rape of Nanjing• 1937-1945: Second United Front
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The Beginnings of Co-Prosperity
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In Europe
• Breakdown of Versailles System• Hitler seizes power 1933• Hitler moves to overturn Versailles System:
Rearmament, leaves the League, Remilitarization of Rhineland, Anschluss with Austria, Munich Conference
• September 1, 1939: War in Poland
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The Versailles System
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Hitler’s Revisions to the Versailles System
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Vienna Nazis Welcome Hitler
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The Realities of Nazi Aggression
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American Responses
• Economic Nationalism: Fordney-McCumber 1922 and Smoot-Hawley 1930
• No Collective Security Agreements in Europe• Non-Recognition of Japanese Aggression
(Stimson Doctrine)• FDR refuses cooperation with London
Economic Conference• “Good Neighbor” policy in Latin America
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American Responses Continued
• Nye Committee and Neutrality Legislation, 1934-1937: Cash and Carry, Arms Embargo
• FDR Wins Third Term. Pledges to keep America out of the war
• 1939-1941: Measures short of war: Peacetime Conscription 1940, renewed 1941 Destroyers for Bases and Lend Lease 1940-1941 (Extended to Russia, June 1941)
• Atlantic Charter, August 1941• Undeclared Naval War v. Germany• War through the back door: Hull-Nomura and Pearl Harbor
Fall 1941
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Politics of the Second Front
• American Strategy: Europe First• Soviet Goals• British Goals• Turning Point: Stalingrad, August 1942-
February 1943• American Fears: Nightmare of a Closed World
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World War II in Europe
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War Time Conferences
• Churchill comes to Washington, 1942• Teheran 1943: Stalin, FDR, Churchill• Cairo and Quebec: Unconditional Surrender
and Morgenthau Plan• Yalta February 1945: Declaration on Liberated
Europe• Dumbarton Oakes: United Nations• Breton Woods: World Bank, IMF, GATT Global
Economic policy: No more 1930s
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Post War Europe
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The War in the Pacific
• Early Japanese offensives • Early US Victories: Midway and Guadalcanal• Two Plans: Army (MacArthur) v. Navy (King)• Jiang Jieshi and General Joseph Stilwell in China:
FDR’s fantasy of Republican China• Island Hopping: Saipan, Iwo Jima, Okinawa• Blockade and bombing: Tokyo February 1945• The Manhattan Project, Russia enters the war,
and Hiroshima
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The War in Asia
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Ambrose’s Thesis
• Where are the soldiers when the shooting stops? Why does this matter?