US Army Special Forces Guide to Unconventional Warfare

U.S.ArmySpecialForcesGuidetoUnconventionalWarfare

DevicesandTechniquesforIncendiaries

DepartmentoftheArmy

INTRODUCTION

Thismanualisoneofaseriesnowbeingpublished,primarilyforU.S.ArmySpecialForces,thatdealswithsubjectspertainingtodestructivetechniquesandtheirapplications to targets inguerrillaandunconventionalwarfare.Theseriesconsistsofbothclassifiedandunclassifiedmanualsofthreetypes:

a.UnconventionalWarfareReferenceManualsconsistofdetailed,illustratedabstracts of the technical literature. They are designed to provide sources ofinformationandideasandtominimizeduplicationofeffort.

b. Unconventional Warfare Devices and Technique Manuals coverincendiaries, explosives, weapons, and harmful additives. They presentprinciplesofconstructionandmethodsofuseofdevicesandtechniquesthatareprovenreliableandeffective.

c. Unconventional Warfare Target Manuals identify critical components ofselected targets and describe methods for destruction of the target usingapplicabledevicesandtechniques.

ThismanualonincendiariesiswrittentoservetheU.S.ArmySpecialForcesinthefield.Itcoversallaspectsofincendiarysystemsincludingtheincendiarydevices, means for igniting them, techniques for their use, methods ofimprovising them,andsourcesofmaterial supply.Someof thedevicescanbeimprovisedfromlocallyavailablematerials.Detailed instructionsaregivenforpreparationsteps.Otherscanbe improvisedifmoresophisticatedmaterialsareobtainable. Still others require fabrication or formulation in a laboratory orindustrialplant.

Allof thedevicesand techniqueshereinreportedareknowntowork. It isaspecial feature of thismanual to present only those items that produce usefulresults as verified by independent test. Before an item becomes eligible forinclusion in this manual, it passes engineering tests designed to evaluateeffectiveness, reliability, and safety. Not only does this program provideperformancedata,italsoeliminatesitemsthatprovetobeineffective,unreliable,orunsafe, even though theymayexist inprint elsewhere.Although laboratory

andfinaltestingareadequate,userfamiliarizationwithconstruction,operation,andperformanceofeachitemortechniqueisrecommendedbeforetacticaluse.Instructions and formulations must be followed precisely to assure properfunctioningoftheincendiaries.

Thematerialinthismanualisgroupedintosixchapters.

Eachchapter is subdivided intoparagraphshaving4-digitnumbers, the firstrepresentingsectionnumbers,andthelasttwoparagraphnumbers.

Thisnumberingsystemwasselectedtomakelocationofmaterialconvenientforthereader,oncehehasbecomefamiliarwiththearrangement.Sectionnumbersareuniquelyassignedtoonesubjectandrepeatedforthesamesubjectinothermanuals of this series. Also for convenience, each paragraph (except inIntroduction)issubdivideduniformlyintofoursubparagraphs:

Description,MaterialandEquipment,Preparation,andApplication.

Itisanticipatedthatthismanualwillberevisedorchangedfromtimetotime.In thisway itwillbepossible toupdatepresentmaterial andaddnewdevicesand techniques as they become available. Comments are invited and thesubmission of new information is encouraged. Address information toCommanding Officer, U.S. Army Frankford Arsenal, SMUFA-U3200,Philadelphia,Pa.,19137.

TableofContents

TitlePageCopyrightPageINTRODUCTIONCHAPTER1-INTRODUCTIONCHAPTER2-INITIATORSCHAPTER3-IGNITERSCHAPTER4-INCENDIARYMATERIALSCHAPTER5-DELAYMECHANISMSCHAPTER6-SPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTIONINDEXByOrderoftheSecretaryoftheArmy:IMPROVISEDINCENDIARIES

CHAPTER1

INTRODUCTION

0001.INCENDIARYSYSTEMSa. Thismanual covers all aspects of incendiary systems. It describes useful

initiators, igniters, incendiary materials, delay mechanisms, and spontaneouscombustion devices designed for direct use in sabotage and unconventionalwarfare.

b.Incendiariesareprimarilyusedinsabotagetosetfiretowoodenstructuresandothercombustibletargets.Certainincendiaries,suchasthermite,canbeusedformelting,cutting,orweldingmetals.

c.Themostbasicincendiarysystemconsistsofputtingalightedmatchtoaneasily combustiblematerial.However, a simplematch is not always effective.There are many important combustible targets that require far more heat forreliableignitionthanisavailablefromamatch.Therearealsoinstanceswheredelayed ignition is essential for sabotage success. This manual containsformulationsanddevices to satisfy the requirements forhigh ignitionheatandpredetermined ignition delay times for use in sabotage and other harassmentactions.

d.Every incendiary systemconsists of a groupof elements startingwith aninitiatorandendingwith themain incendiarymaterial. If the initiatordoesnotproduce enough heat for reliable ignition of the combustible target, anintermediate or booster incendiary is required. More than one booster isnecessaryforsometargets.Theinitiator(ch2)canconsistofasimplematch,amatch and a fuse cord, an acid, or water. The intermediate heat sources aregenerally called igniters (ch 3). Igniters produce sufficient heat to set theprincipal incendiary charge (ch 4) aflame. Delay mechanisms (ch 5) arefrequentlyusedtopreventdetectionofthesaboteurbypostponementofthefirefor some limited, predetermined time after placement and actuation of thedevice.

e.Spontaneouscombustonisagoodsabotagetool.Favorableconditionscanbeestablishedforthedeliberateemploymentofspontaneouscombustion(ch6),thatis,settingcombustiblematerialaflamewithoutapplicationofdirectflameorspark.

f. All of the devices and techniques described herein have been thoroughlycheckedbyindependenttesttomakecertainthattheyworkasintended.Detailedinstructions are given for the necessary ingredients and their preparation. It isimportantthattheseinstructionsbefollowedcarefullytobesurethatthedeviceswilloperateproperly.Inaddition,closeattentiontotheinstructionswillassuresafety.

0002.DEFINITIONSCommon terms used in connection with incendiary systems are defined

below. Note that the definitions are worded so as to cover only incendiaries.Someofthetermshaveadditionalmeaningsintherelatedfieldofexplosives.

a. Delay Mechanism. Chemical, electrical, or mechanical elements thatprovide a time delay. Elements may be used singly or in combination. Theyprovide a predetermined, limited time interval before an incendiary starts toburn.

b.Fuse.Aflexiblefabrictubecontainingpowderthatisusedtostartfiresatsomeremotelocation.Thepowderinthefuseburnsandprovidesatimedelay.

c. Igniter. An intermediate charge between an initiator and an incendiarymaterial. It is set aflame by the initiator and produces sufficient heat at hightemperaturetoignitethemainincendiary.Ignitersarefastburningandrelativelyshortlived.

d. Incendiary Material. A material that burns with a hot flame for longperiods. Its purpose is to set fire to wooden structures and other combustibletargets.

e. Incendiary System.A group of elements that are assembled to start fires.The system consists of initiator, delay mechanism (if needed), igniter, andincendiarymaterial.

f.Initiator.Thesourcethatprovidesthefirstfireinanincendiarysystem.Amatchisaninitiator.Theinitiatorissosensitivethatitcanbesetoffwithlittleenergy.

g.SpontaneousCombustion.Theoutbreakoffireincombustiblematerialthat

occurswithoutanapplicationofdirectsparkor flame.Thefire is the resultofheatproducedbythechemicalactionofcertainoils.

h.Thermite.Anincendiarymixtureofironoxideflakesandaluminumpowderthatreactschemicallywheninitiatedtoformmolteniron.Thermitecanbeusedtoburnholesinsteelortoweldsteelpartstogether.

0003.TOOLSANDTECHNIQUESa. The equipment needed for the manufacture of incendiaries consists of

simpleitems.Theyareallreadilyavailable.Requiredarebottles,jars,pots,andspoons. There should be no difficulty in obtaining any of them. All of thenecessary equipment is described in each paragraph dealing with a particularincendiarycomponent.

b.It is importantthat theoperatorfollowthedirectionsgiveninthismanualexactly as written. They have been worked out carefully to give the desiredresults with the minimum chance of mishap. Don’t experiment with differentproceduresorquantities.

c.By itsverynature, themanufactureof incendiaries isdangerous. It is thefunctionofincendiariestoburnwithanintenseflameundertherightconditions.Care must be taken that no fires result during the making or placing of thedevices. There are also other dangers in addition to the fire hazard. Thechemicalsusedasingredientsmayburntheskin,giveoffpoisonousfumes,orbeeasilyflammable.Theymustnotbeeaten.

d.Whenhandledwithcareandproperprecautions,incendiariesarefairlysafeto make and use. Detailed precautions and instructions are given in eachparagraphwheretheyapply.Generalsafetyprecautionsfollow:

PreventingaFireHazard

1. Fire prevention is much more important than fire fighting. Prevent firesfromstarting.

2.KeepFlammableliquidsawayfromopenflames.

3. Good housekeeping is the fire prevention. Keep work areas neat andorderly.Cleanawayallequipmentandmaterialnotneededatthemoment.Cleanupspillsassoonaspossible.

4. Store incendiaries in closed containers away from heat. Do not storematerialanylongerthannecessary.

5.Intheeventoffire,removetheincendiariesfromthedangerareaifthiscanbedonequicklyandsafely.Uselargequantitiesofwatertofightfires.

6.Horseplayisdangerousandabsolutelyintolerable.

AvoidingChemicalHazards

1. Wear rubber gloves, apron, and glasses when handling concentratedchemicalsifatallpossible.

2.Avoidinhalingfumes.Performreactionsinawellventilatedareaoroutofdoorsbecausetheboilingisoftenviolentandlargeamountsoffumesaregivenoffthatarepoisonousifbreathedtoomuch.

3.Avoidacidcontactwiththeskin.Ifchemicalsarespilledonaperson,washimmediately in running water for several minutes. If they splash in the eyes,washtheopeneyeinrunningwaterforatleast15minutes.

4.Cleanupanyacid that isspilledonfloororbenchbyflushingwith largeamountsofwater.Acidspilledonwoodcancauseafire.

5. Always pour concentrated acids into water. Never pour water intoconcentratedacidsbecauseaviolentreactionwilloccur.

CHAPTER2

INITIATORS

0101.FUSECORDa.Description.1. Thisitemconsistsofacontinuoustrainofexplosiveorfastburningmaterial

enclosedinaflexiblewaterproofcordorcable.Itisusedforsettingoffanexplosiveoracombustiblemixtureofpowdersbyactionofthefuseflameonthematerialtobeignited.Fusecordcanbeinitiatedbyamatchflame,usingaspecificprocedure,orwithastandardU.S.Armyfuselighter.Fusecord burns at a uniform rate allowing the user to be away from theimmediatescenewhentheincendiaryactuallyfunctions.

2. Fusecorddoesnotdirectlyigniteanyincendiarieslistedinchapter4butisa primary initiator for all igniters listed in chapter 3 except: PotassiumPermanganate—Glycer in (0206), Powdered Aluminum—Sulfur Pellets(0207),WhitePhosphorus(0209),andSubigniterForThermite(0211).

b. Material and Equipment. Two Standard U.S. Army fuse cords areavailable:1. Blastingtimefuse.

Thisconsistsofblackpowdertightlywrappedwithseverallayersoffabricandwaterproofingmaterials.Itmightbeanycolor,orangebeingthemostcommon.Thediameterof thisfusecordis0.2inch(alittle largerthaninch). This fuse burns inside thewrapping at a rate of approximately 40secondsperfoot.Itmustbetestedbeforeusetoverifytheburningrate.

2. SafetyfuseM700.

This fuse is similar to Blasting Time Fuse and may be usedinterchangeablywithit.Thefuseisadarkgreencord0.2inchindiameter with a plastic cover, either smooth or with singlepaintedabrasivebandsaround theoutside at1 footor18 inchintervalsanddoublepaintedabrasivebandsat5footor90inchintervalsdependingonthetimeofmanufacture.Thesebandsareprovidedtomakemeasuringeasy.Theyareabrasivesothattheycanbefeltinthedark.Thefuseburnsinsidethewrappingatarate of approximately 40 seconds per foot. It must be testedbeforeusetoverifytheburningrate.

Note.AcommercialitemcanbesubstitutedforeitheroftheaboveU.S.Army issue items. The commercial fuse is 0.1 inch (about inch) indiameter and is coatedonlywithwaterproofing lacquer.This fuse canbeeasilyignitedbyholdingthefreeendinamatchflamebecausetheoutsidecoveringifflammable.

c.Preparation.None.

d.Application.

1. General.(a)Cutanddiscarda6-inchlengthfromthefreeendofthefuseroll.Dothistobesurethatthereisnochanceofmisfirefromadamppowdertrainbecauseofabsorptionofmoisturefromtheopenair.Thencutoffameasuredlengthoffuzetochecktheburningrate.Checktheburningratebeforeactualuse.

(b) Cut the fuse long enough to allow a reasonable time delay ininitiationof the incendiary system.Thecut shouldbemade squarelyacrossthefuse.

(c)Preparethefuseforignitionbysplittingthefuseatoneendtoadepthofaboutoneinch.Placetheheadofanunlightedmatchinthepowdertrain.

(d)Inserttheotherendofthefuseintoaquantityofanignitermixturesothatthefuseendterminatesnearthecenterofthemixture.Besurethefusecord isanchored in the ignitermixtureandcannotpullaway, InthecaseofasolidignitermaterialsuchasFireFudge(0202),thefuseis split to aboutone-half inchat the endopposite the endcontainingthematch in the powder train. This split fuse end iswedged over asharpedgeof the solid ignitermaterial.Be sure theblackpowder inthe fuse firmly contacts the solid igniter. If necessary, the fuse cordcan be held firmly to the solid igniter with light tape such astransparentadhesivetape.

(e)The fuse is initiatedby lighting thematchhead inserted in the splitendofthefusewithaburningmatchasshownbelow.

(f) Two standard fuse lighters, the M2 and M60, are available in

demolitionkitsforpositivelightingofBlastingTimeFuseandSafetyFuse M700 under all weather conditions—even under water if it isproperlywaterproofed.Thedevicesaremanuallyoperated.Apullonthestrikerretainingpincausesthestrikertohitthepercussionprimer,thus igniting the fuse. These devices are not recommended wheresilenceisrequiredbecauseareportisheardwhentheprimerisfired.

2. M2fuselighter.

TheattachmentandoperationoftheM2FuseLighterareasfollows:(a) Slide the pronged fuse retainer over the end of the fuse and firmlyseatit.

(b)Waterproofthejointbetweenthefuseandthelighter,ifnecessary,byapplyingasealingcompound(puttyormastic).

(c)Infiring,holdthebarrelinonehandandpullonthereleasepinwiththeotherhand.

3. M60fuselighter.

TheattachmentandoperationoftheM60FuseLighterareasfollows:(a)Unscrewthefuseholdercaptwoorthreeturns.(b)Presstheshippingplugintothelightertoreleasethesplitgrommet,

androtatetheplugasitisremoved.(c)Insertendoffuseinplaceofthepluguntilitrestsagainsttheprimer.(d) Tighten the fuse holder cap sufficiently to hold the fuse tightly inplaceandthuswaterproofthejoint.

(e)Tofire,removethesafetypin,holdthebarrelinonehand,andpullonthepullringwiththeotherhand.

0102.IMPROVISEDSTRINGFUSEa.Description.

1. Thisitemconsistsofstring,twine,orshoelacesthathavebeentreatedwitheither a mixture of potassium nitrate and granulated sugar or potassiumchlorateandgranulatedsugar.

2. Improvised string fuse does not directly ignite any incendiaries listed inchapter4butisaprimaryinitiatorforalligniterslistedinchapter3except:Potassium Permanganate —Glycerin (0206), Powdered Aluminum—Sulfur Pellets (0207), White Phosphorus (0209), and Subigniter ForThermite(0211).

3. Depending upon the length of the fuse, the user can be away from theimmediatescenewhenanincendiarysystemisinitiated.

b.MaterialandEquipment.

String,twineorshoelacesmadeofcottonorlinen.Potassiumnitrateorpotassiumchlorate.Granulatedsugar.Smallcookingpot.Spoon.Heatsourcesuchasstoveorhotplate.Soap.

c.Preparation.1. Washstringorshoelacesinhotsoapywater;rinseinfreshwater.2. Dissolve one part potassium nitrate or potassium chlorate and one part

granulatedsugarintwopartshotwater.3. Soakstringorshoelacesinthehotsolutionforatleastfiveminutes.4. Remove the string from hot solution and twist or braid three strands of

stringtogether.5. Hangthefuseuptodry.6. Checkactualburningrateof thefusebymeasuring the timeit takesfora

knownlengthtoburn.

d.Application.1. This fuse does not have a waterproof coating and it must be tested by

burningameasuredlengthbeforeactualuse.2. Cut the fuse longenough toallowa reasonable timedelay in initiationof

theincendiarysystem.3. Insertoneendofthefuseinaquantityofanignitermixturesothatthefuse

end terminates near the center of the mixture. Be sure the fuse cord isanchoredintheignitermixtureandcannotpullaway.Inthecaseofasolidigniter material such as Fire Fudge (0202), the improvised string fuse issecurelywrappedaroundapieceofsolidignitermaterial.

4. Thefuseisinitiatedbylightingthefreeendofthefusewithamatch.5. Thisfusedoesnotburnwhenitiswet.Itsuseisnotrecommendedwhere

thereisthepossibilityofthefusegettingwet.

0103.CONCENTRATEDSULFURICACID(OILOFVITRIOL)a.Description.1. This material is a heavy, corrosive, oily, and colorless liquid. Storage is

recommendedinaglasscontainerwithaglasslidorstopper.Commerciallyavailable sulfuric acid is approximately 93 percent concentration with aspecific gravity of 1.835. This is commonly referred to as concentratedsulfuricacid.

2. Concentratedsulfuricacidcharswood,cotton,andvegetablefibers,usuallywithout causing fire. The addition of water to concentrated sulfuric aciddevelopsmuchheatwhichmaybesufficienttocauseafireoranexplosion.This depends upon the quantity of acid, quantity of water, and rate of

additionofwater.Caution:Alwaysaddconcentratedsulfuricacidtowater.Neveradd

watertoaconcentratedacid.3. Certainignitermaterialscanbereliablybroughttoflamingbytheaddition

ofconcentratedsulfuricacid.Thisisbroughtaboutbythechemicalreactionbetween the sulfuricacidand the ignitermaterials.The following ignitersare initiated by concentrated sulfuric acid: Sugar-Chlorate (0201), FireFudge (0202), Sugar—Sodium Peroxide (0203), Aluminum Powder—Sodium Peroxide (0204), Match Head (0205), and Silver Nitrate—MagnesiumPowder(0208).

4. Themost importantuse for concentrated sulfuric acid as an initiator is inconjunctionwithdelaymechanisms.Theacidisheldawayfromtheigniterfor a period of timebymakinguse of the corrosive action of the acid toworkitswaythroughabarrier.Ifthedelaymechanismisplacedinacoldenvironment, the concentrated acid will remain fluid at extremely lowtemperatures. The following delaymechanisms are recommended for usewithconcentratedsulfuricacid:GelatinCapsule(0402),RubberDiaphragm(0403), Paper Diaphragm (0404), Tipping Delay—Filled tube (0408),Tipping Delay—Balancing Stick (0410), and Stretched Rubber Band(0411).

b.MaterialandEquipment.Concentratedsulfuricacid.

c.Preparation.None—Ifonlybattery-gradesulfuricacidisavailable(specificgravity1.200),itmustbeconcentratedbeforeusetoaspecificgravityof1.835.This isdonebyheating it inanenameled,heat-resistantglassorporcelainpotuntil dense, white fumes appear. Heat only in a well ventilated area. Whendense,whitefumesstarttoappear,removetheheatandallowacidtocool.Storetheconcentratedacidinaglasscontainer.

d.Application.1. General. Commercial sulfuric acid is available in 13 gallon carboys.

Smallerquantitiesofthisacidareavailableinchemicallaboratoryreagentstoragecontainers. It is recommended thata smallquantityofacid,aboutonepint,besecuredandstoredinaglasscontaineruntilitisused.

2. Usewithdelaymechanisms.(a)Constructionofspecificdelaymechanismsisdescribedinchapter5.Withinthedelaymechanism,thereisacontainerfilledwithacid.Theacidcorrodesthiscontainer,isabsorbedbythecontainermaterialorisspilled from the container until it comes in contact with the igniter

mixture.(b)Carefullyfillthecontainerinthedelaymechanismwithconcentratedsulfuric acid. This can be accomplished easily with a small glassfunnel. A medicine dropper is used when the delay mechanismcontainerissmall.Caution:Concentrated sulfuric acidmustbehandled carefully

because it is very corrosive. If it is splashed on clothing, skin oreyes, the affected areamust be immediately flushed with water.This may not be always practical. It is recommended that eyeprotection be worn by the user when pouring concentratedsulfuric acid.Many types are available for this purpose.Rubbergloves canbeworn toprotect thehands.A smallbottleofwatercanbecarriedtoflushsmallareasofskinorclothingwhichmaybecontaminatedwiththeacid.

3. Manualapplication.(a)Manualapplicationofconcentratedsulfuricacidfordirect initiationof an igniter is not recommended when fuse cord is available. It ispossible to employ this acid for direct initiation by quickly addingthreeor fourdrops to the ignitermaterial.This canbeaccomplishedwithamedicinedropper.Keephandsandclothingclearoftheigniter;ignitionmaytakeplacealmostinstantlywithadditionofacid.Caution:Donotallowmaterial suchas sugar,wood, cottonor

woolenfiberstofallintotheboilingacid.Aviolentreactioncouldoccurwithsplatteringofacid.

(b) Since sulfuric acid has a unique freezing point related to acidconcentration,theinformationshownbelowisusefulwhenthisacidisusedwithdelaymechanismsinlowtemperaturesurroundings.Besureofacidconcentrationbycheckingwithahydrometer.

Sulfuric acidconcentrat ion (%)

Speci f icgravi ty

Freezingpoint(° F. )

0 1.000 +32

10 1.074 +23

20 1.151 +5

30 1.229 —39

39 1.295 —97

40 1.306 —91

50 1.408 —31

60 1.510 —22

70 1.611 —40

75 1.686 —7

77 1.706 +12

80 1.726 +27

81 1.747 +39

81 1.747 +39

89 1.818 +24

90 1.824 +13

92 1.830 —1

93 1.835 —29

0104.WATERa.Description.1. Water causes spontaneous initiation of certain igniter mixtures. This is

caused by a chemical reaction of the ignitermaterials in the presence ofwater. The following igniters are initiated by water: Sugar—SodiumPeroxide(0203),AluminumPowder—SodiumPeroxide(0204),andSilverNitrate—MagnesiumPowder(0208).

2. Themostimportantuseforwaterasaninitiatorisinconjunctionwithdelaymechanisms.Sinceonlyafewignitermixturesareinitiatedbywateranditcannotbeusedatfreezingtemperatures,itsuseislimited.Whentacticssodictate,water can be reliably usedwith the following delaymechanisms:Gelatin Capsule (0402), Overflow (0407), Tipping Delay—Filled Tube(0408),BalancingStick(0410),andStretchedRubberBand(0411).

Note. Sulfuric acid of any concentration can be substituted forwater in the initiation ofwater activated igniters.Watercannot besubstitutedforconcentratedsulfuricacid.

b.MaterialandEquipment.Water.

c.Preparation.None.

d.Application.1. Usewithdelaymechanisms.Constructionofspecificdelaymechanismsis

presented in chapter 5.Within the delaymechanism, there is a containerfilledwithwater.Thewaterdissolves the containeror is spilled from thecontainerandcomesincontactwithignitermixture,initiatingthefiretrain.

2. Manual application. Fuse cord, when available, is recommended inpreference to water as an initiator.Water is used for direct ignition of aspecific igniter by adding drops aswith amedicine dropper.Keep handsand clothing clear of the igniter; ignition may take place almostinstantaneouslywithadditionofwater.

CHAPTER3

IGNITERS

0201.SUGAR-CHLORATEa.Description.1. Thisitemconsistsofamixtureofgranulatedsugarandpotassiumchlorate

or sodium chlorate. It can be used to ignite all the incendiaries listed inchapter4exceptThermite(0307).Itmaybeuseddirectlyasanincendiaryon readily flammablematerial such as rags, dry paper, dry hay, or in thecombustiblevaporaboveliquidfuels.

2. The igniter canbe initiatedbyFuseCord (0101), ImprovisedStringFuse(0102),orConcentratedSulfuricAcid(0103).

3. Thissimplesugar-chloratemixturecloselyresemblesgranulatedsugarandshouldnotordinarilyarousesuspicion.Itisanexcellentigniter.Caution:Thismixtureispoisonousandmustnotbeeaten.


Granulated sugar (do not use powdered or confectioners sugar.)Potassium chlorate or sodium chlorate (no coarser than granulatedsugar).

Spoon(preferablynonmetallic).

Containerwithtight-fittinglid.

Rollingpinorroundstick.

c.Preparation.1. Using a clean, dry spoon, place granulated sugar in the container to one-

quartercontainervolume.Wipethespoonwithacleancloth.2. Ifthepotassiumorsodiumchlorateislumpy,removealllumpsbycrushing

witharollingpin.Usingthespoon,addanequalquantityofchloratetothecontainer.Caution:Ifthismixtureiscarelesslyhandledwithexcessivebumping

and scraping, It could be a fire hazard to the user.As a precaution,remove any mixture adhering to the lip or edge of the jar beforetighteningthelid.

3. Tightenthelidofthejar,turnthejaronitssideandslowlyrolluntilthetwopowdersarecompletelymixed.Themixtureisnowreadyforuse.Itmaybestoredformonthsinatightlysealedcontainer.

d.Application.1. Carefully pour or spoon the mixture, in a single pile, on the incendiary.

Prepare the mixture for ignition with Fuse Cord (0101) or ImprovisedStringFuse (0102) in thenormalmanner.The fusecord should terminatenear the center of the ignitermixture. Concentrated SulfuricAcid (0103)canbeusedasan initiator,but isgenerally lessconvenient. Ignition takesplacealmost immediatelyoncontactwith theacid.Acid is recommendedforusewithspecificdelaymechanismsfoundinchapter5.

2. If only battery-grade sulfuric acid is available, it must be concentratedbeforeusetoaspecificgravityof1.835byheatingitinanenameled,heat-resistantglassorporcelainpotuntildense,whitefumesstarttoappear.Seeparagraph0103fordetails.

3. Whenusedtoigniteflammableliquids,wrapaquantityofthemixtureinanonabsorbentmaterialandsuspenditinsidethecontainerneartheopentop.The containermust remain open for easy ignition and combustion of theflammableliquid.

4. Tominimizethehazardofprematureignitionofflammableliquidvapors,allowatleasttwofeetoffuselengthtoextendfromthetopedgeofanopencontainerofflammableliquidbeforelightingthefuse.

0202.FIREFUDGEa.Description.1. This item consists of amixture of sugar and potassium chlorate in a hot

watersolutionwhichsolidifieswhencooledtoroomtemperature.Itcanbeused to ignite all the incendiaries listed in chapter 4 except Thermite(0307). It may be used directly as an incendiary on readily flammablematerial, such as rags, dry paper, dry hay, or in the combustible vaporaboveliquidfuels.

2. The igniter canbe initiatedbyFuseCord (0101), ImprovisedStringFuse(0102),orConcentratedSulfuricAcid(0103).

3. Fire fudge resembles awhite sugar fudge having a smooth, hard surface.The advantage of this igniter material over Sugar-Chlorate (0201), is itsmoldability. The procedure for preparation must be followed closely toobtainasmooth,uniformmaterialwithahardsurface.Caution:Thismaterialispoisonousandmustnotbeeaten.


Granulatedsugar(donotusepowderedorconfectionerssugar).

Potassiumchlorate(nocoarserthangranulatedsugar).

Metallic,glassorenameledpan.

Measuring container (size of this container determines quantity offinishedproduct).

Spoon(preferablynonmetallic).

Thermometer(toreadintherange200°F.to250°F.)Heatsource.

c.Preparation.1. Clean the pan by boiling some clean water in it for about five minutes.

Discard the water, pour one measureful of clean water into the pan andwarmit.Drythemeasuringcontainerandaddonemeasurefulofsugar.Stirtheliquiduntilthesugardissolves.

2. Boilthesolutionuntilafairlythicksyrupisobtained.3. Removethepanfromthesourceofheattoadistanceofatleastsixfeetand

shut off heat. Rapidly add two measurefuls of potassium chlorate. Stirgently for aminute tomix the syrupandpowder, thenpouror spoon themixture into appropriate molds. If the mold is paper, it can usually bepeeled offwhen the fire fudge cools andhardens. Pieces of cardboard orpaperadheringtotheigniterwillnotimpairitsuse.Pyrexglassorceramicmolds can be used when a clear, smooth surface if desired. It isrecommended that section thicknessofmolded fire fudgebeat leastone-half inch. If desired, molded fire fudge can be safely broken with thefingers.

4. Thismaterialismoderatelyhardimmediatelyaftercooling.Itwillbecomeharderafter24hours.Whenkeptinatightlysealedcontainer,itwillretain

itseffectivenessformonths.

Caution:If this ignitermaterial iscarelesslyhandledwithexcessivebumping-orscraping,itcouldbeafirehazardtotheuser.

d.Application.1. Placeapieceoffirefudgeontopoftheincendiary.Minimumsizeshould

beaboutoneinchsquareandone-halfinchthickPreparethefirefudgeforignition with Fuse Cord (0101) or Improvised String Fuse (0102) in thenormal manner. Concentrated Sulfuric Acid (0103) can be used as aninitiatorbutisgenerallylessconvenient.Acidisrecommendedforusewithspecificdelaymechanismsfoundinchapter5.

2. If only battery-grade sulfuric acid is available it must be concentratedbeforeusetoaspecificgravityof1.835byheatingitinanenameled,heatresistantglassorporcelainpotuntildense,whitefumesstarttoappear.Seeparagraph0103fordetails.

3. When used to ignite flammable liquids, wrap a quantity of the ignitermixtureinanonabsorbentmaterialandsuspenditinsidethecontainernearthe open top. The container must remain open for easy ignition andcombustionoftheflammableliquid.


0203.SUGAR-SODIUMPEROXIDEa.Description.1. Thisitemconsistsofamixtureofsodiumperoxideandgranulatedsugar.It

canbeusedtoignitealltheincendiarieslistedinchapter4exceptThermite(0307). It may be used directly as an incendiary on readily flammablematerialsuchasrags,drypaperdryhay,orinthecombustiblevaporaboveliquidfuels.

2. The igniter canbe initiatedbyFuseCord (0101), ImprovisedStringFuse(0102),ConcentratedSulfuricAcid(0103),orWater(0104).Caution:Thismixtureisunstableandcanigniteathighhumidityor

whenwetslightlybydropsofwater,perspiration,etc.


Granulatedsugar(donotusepowderedorconfectionerssugar).

Sodiumperoxide(nocoarserthangranulatedsugar).

Spoon.

Containerwithtightfittinglidformixingandstorage.

c.Preparation.1. Using a clean, dry spoon, place granulated sugar in the container to one-

quartercontainervolume.2. Wipethespoonwithaclean,drycloth,andaddanequalamountofsodium

peroxide to the dry mixing container. Tighten the lid on the sodiumperoxidecontainer,andremoveitatleastsixfeetfromtheworkingarea.

3. Tightenthelidonthemixingcontainer.Turnthecontaineronitssideandslowlyrolluntilthetwopowdersarecompletelymixed.Themixtureisnowreadyforuse.

4. A good practice is to keep the granulated sugar and sodium peroxide inseparateairtightcontainersandmixjustbeforeuse.Caution:Do not store thismixture longer than three days because

decompositionmayoccurandcausespontaneouscombustion.Besurethatthestoragecontainerisairtight.


Prepare the mixture for ignition with Fuse Cord (0101) or ImprovisedStringFuse (0102) in thenormalmanner.The fusecord should terminatenear the center of the ignitermixture. Concentrated SulfuricAcid (0103)and Water (0104) can be used as initiators, but are generally lessconvenient. Ignition takes place almost immediately on contact with theacid orwater. These liquid initiators are convenient for usewith specificdelaymechanismsfoundinchapter5.


3. Tominimizethehazardofprematureignitionofflammableliquidvapors,allow at least two feet of fuse length to extend from the top of an open

containerofflammableliquidbeforelightingthefuse.

0204.ALUMINUMPOWDER—SODIUMPEROXIDEa.Description.1. This item consists of a mixture of sodium peroxide and powdered

aluminum. It can be used to ignite all the incendiaries listed in chapter 4exceptThermite(0307).Itmaybeuseddirectlyasanincendiaryonreadilyflammablematerial,suchasrags,drypaper,dryhayorinthecombustiblevaporaboveliquidfuels.

2. The igniter canbe initiatedbyFuseCord (0101), ImprovisedStringFuse(0102),ConcentratedSulfuricAcid(0103),orwater(0104).

Caution:Thismixture is unstable and can ignite at highhumidity orwhenwetslightlybydropsofwater,perspiration,etc.


Powderedaluminum(nocoarserthangranulatedsugar).

Sodiumperoxidenocoarserthangranulatedsugar).

Spoon.

Containerwithtightfittinglidformixingandstorage.

c.Preparation.1. Using a clean, dry spoon, place powdered aluminum in the container to

one-quartercontainervolume.2. Wipethespoonwithaclean,drycloth,andaddanequalamountofsodium

peroxide to the dry mixing container. Tighten the lid on the sodiumperoxidecontainer,andremoveitatleastsixfeetfromtheworkingarea.

3. Tightenthelidofthemixingcontainer.Turnthecontaineronitssideandslowlyrolluntilthetwopowdersarecompletelymixed.Themixtureisnowreadytouse.

4. Agoodpracticeistokeepthepowderedaluminumandsodiumperoxideinseparatecontainersandmixjustbeforeuse.Caution:Do not store thismixture longer than three days because

decompositionmayoccurandcausespontaneouscombustion.Besure

thatthestoragecontainerisairtight.


Prepare the mixture for ignition with Fuse Cord (0101) or ImprovisedStringFuse (0102) in thenormalmanner.The fusecord should terminatenear the center of the ignitermixture. Concentrated SulfuricAcid (0103)and Water (0104) can be used as initiators, but are generally lessconvenient. Ignition takes place almost immediately on contact with theacid orwater. These liquid initiators are convenient for usewith specificdelaymechanismsfoundin(chapter5.)



0205.MATCHHEADa.Description.1. This itemconsistsofaquantityofmatchheads,preparedbybreaking the

headsofftheirmatchsticksandgroupingthematchheadstogethertoformthedesiredquantityofigniter.Anykindoffrictionmatchwilldo.Itcanbeusedtoignitethefollowingincendiarieslistedinchapter4:Napalm(0301),Gelled Gasoline (exotic thickeners) (0302), Gelled Gasoline (improvisedthickeners) (0303), Paraffin-Sawdust (0304), and Flammable Liquids(0308). It may be used directly as an incendiary on readily flammablematerialsuchasrags,drypaper,dryhayorinthecombustiblevaporaboveliquidfuels.

2. The igniter can be initiated by a match flame, Fuse Cord (0101),ImprovisedStringFuse(0102),orConcentratedSulfuricAcid(0103).


Razorbladeorknife.Containerwithtight-fittinglid.

Matches,friction.

c.Preparation.1. Usingaknifeorrazorblade,cutoffthematchheads.2. Prepare thedesiredquantityof igniter and store it inanairtight container

untilreadyforuse.

d.Application.1. Pourorspoonthematchheads,inasinglepile,ontheincendiary.Prepare

thematchheads for ignitionwithFuseCord (0101) or ImprovisedStringFuse(0102)inthenormalmanner.Thefusecordshouldterminatenearthecenterofthematchheadpile.ConcentratedSulfuricAcid(0103)oramatchflame can also be used as an initiator. Ignition takes place almostimmediately on contact with the acid or the match flame. Acid isrecommendedforusewithspecificdelaymechanismsfoundinchapter5.

2. If only battery-grade sulfuric acid is available, it must be concentratedbeforeusetoaspecificgravityof1.835byheatingitinanenameled,heat-resistantglassorporcelainpotuntildense,whitefumesstarttoappear.Seeparagraph0103fordetails.

3. Whenusedtoigniteflammableliquids,wrapaquantityofthematchheadsinanonabsorbentmaterialandsuspenditinsidethecontainerneartheopentop.Thecontainermust remainopen for easy ignitionandcombustionoftheflammableliquid.


0206.POTASSIUMPERMANGANATE—GLYCERINa.Description.1. Thisitemconsistsofasmallpileofpotassiumpermanganatecrystalswhich

areignitedbythechemicalactionofglycerinonthecrystals.Itcanbeusedto igniteall the incendiaries listed inchapter4exceptThermite (0307). Itmaybeuseddirectlyasanincendiaryonreadilyflammablematerial,suchasrags,drypaper;dryhay,orinthecombustiblevaporaboveliquidfuels.

2. Ignitionisaccomplishedbycausingafewdropsofglycerintocontactthepotassium permanganate crystals. A hotter flame is produced whenpowdered magnesium or powdered aluminum is mixed with the the

potassiumpermanganatecrystals.3. Ignition time, after addition of the glycerin, increases as temperature

decreases.Thisigniterisnotreliablebelow50°F.


Potassiumpermanganatecrystals(nocoarserthangranulatedsugar).

Glycerin.

Onesmallcontainerwithtight-fittinglidfortheglycerin.

One larger container with tight-fitting lid for the potassiumpermanganatecrystals.

Powdered magnesium or powdered aluminum (no coarser thangranulatedsugar).

Preparation.1. Putsomeglycerininthesmallcontainersandcaptightly.2. Fill the largercontainerwithpotassiumpermanganatecrystals

andcaptightly.3. If powdered magnesium or powdered aluminum is available,

mix 85 parts potassium permanganate crystals and 15 partspowdered magnesium or powdered aluminum and store thismixtureinthelargebottle.

4. Keep these containers tightly sealed and the material in thecontainerswillremaineffectiveforalongperiodoftime.

d. Application. Pour out a quantity of the potassium permanganate crystals(withorwithoutpowderedaluminumorpowderedmagnesium),inasinglepileon the incendiary.Manual ignition is accomplishedbycausinga fewdropsofglycerin from a medicine dropper to come in contact with the potassiumpermanganate crystals. Keep hands and clothing clear of the igniter; ignitionmay take place almost instantly with addition of the glycerin. This igniter isconvenientforusewithspecificdelaymechanismsfoundinchapter5.

0207.POWDEREDALUMINUM—SULFURPELLETSa.Description.

1. Thisigniterconsistsoffinelypowderedaluminum,sulfurandstarchwhichhavebeenthoroughlymixedandshapedintohardenedcylindricalpellets.Itcanbeusedtoignitealltheincendiarieslistedinchapter4.Itisanexcellentigniter for Thermite (0307). It may be used directly as an incendiary onreadily flammable material such as rags, dry paper, dry hay, or in thecombustiblevaporaboveliquidfuels.

2. TheignitercanbeinitiatedbyFuseCord(0101)orImprovisedStringFuse(0102).Aholeismadeinonepellettoreceiveafuseandasmallquantityof another more easily started igniter mixture. A number of unmodifiedpelletsareattached to the firstpellet to increase thequantityofheataftercombustionoccurs.


Finelypowderedaluminum(nocoarserthancakeflour).

Finelypowderedsulfur(nocoarserthancakeflour).

Finelypowderedstarch(nocoarserthancakeflour).

Water.

Cylindrical tube about 4 inches long and ¾ inch inside diametermadeofmetal,wood,glassorplastic.

Rodwhichfitsintotheabovetube.

Rodabout⅜ inch indiameter (shouldbeaboutone-half the insidediameterofthe4-inchlongtube).

Mixingbowl.

Tablespoon.

Teaspoon.

Stoveorhotplate.

Knife.

Measuringcontainer.

c.Preparation.1. Place six tablespoonsofaluminumpowder inamixingbowl thenadd15

tablespoonsofpowderedsulfur.2. Mix the two powders gently with the spoon for a few minutes until no

unmixedparticlesofsulfurarevisible.3. Inaseparatepotaddtwoteaspoonsoflaundrystarchtoabout6ouncesof

water and boil gently for a fewminutes. Stir until the starch is dissolvedandallowthesolutiontocooltoroomtemperature.

4. When cool, take about one-half of the starch solution and add it to themixtureofaluminumandsulfurpowder.

5. Mixwithaspoonuntil thewholemass isa smooth,evenlymixed,putty-likepaste.

6. Fillthecylindricaltubewiththispaste,placeoneendofthistubeonahardsurfaceandtampthepastewiththe⅜inchdiameterrodtosqueezeouttheairbubblesandconsolidatethepaste.

7. Pushthepasteoutofthetubewiththelargerrod,whichjustfitsthetube,sothat it forms a cylinder, then cut the damp cylinder into 1½ inch lengthsusingtheknife.

8. Dry these pieces at 90° F. for at least 24 hours before using.The dryingtimecanbereducedbyusingadryingovenatamaximumtemperatureof150°F.

9. Forma hole at least½ inch in diameter approximately half-way into oneendofanigniterpellet.

10. Put one of the following igniters into the cavity to roughly one-half itsdepth:Sugar-Chlorate (0201)Sugar—SodiumPeroxide (0203)AluminumPowder—Sodium Peroxide (0204) Silver Nitrate—Magnesium Powder(0208)

11. Insertalengthoffuseintotheholesothatitmakescontactwiththeignitermix.Filltheremainderoftheholewithignitermixandtampdowntoholdthefusefirmly.

12. Tapethefusecordinplacetopreventitfromworkinglooseandfallingout.13. Tapetwoormorepelletswithoutholestotheonewiththefuse.14. Storeallthepelletsinadry,closedcontaineruntilrequiredforuse.

d.Application.1. For ignitionof thermite, a clusterof at least threepellets shouldbeused.

Bury the cluster of igniter pellets just below the surface of the thermite,with thefuseextendingfor ignitionbyamatchflame.Largequantitiesofthermitemay require a cluster ofmore than three pellets for satisfactoryignition.

2. Foruseasanigniterofasolidincendiary,placeaclusterofpelletsontopoftheincendiary.

3. Whenusedtoigniteflammableliquids,wrapaclusterofigniterpelletsinanonabsorbentmaterialandsuspenditinsidethecontainerneartheopentop.The containermust remain open for easy ignition and combustion of theflammableliquid.


0208.SILVERNITRATE—MAGNESIUMPOWDERa.Description.1. This item consists of a mixture of silver nitrate crystals and magnesium

powder. It can be used to ignite all the incendiaries listed in chapter 4exceptThermite(0307).Itmaybeuseddirectlyasanincendiaryonreadilyflammablematerialsuchasrags,drypaper,dryhay,orinthecombustiblevaporaboveliquidfuels.

2. The igniter canbe initiatedbyFuseCord (0101), ImprovisedStringFuse(0102),ConcentratedSulfuricAcid(0103),orWater(0104).Caution:Thismixtureisunstableandmayigniteathighhumidityor

whenwetslightlybydropsofwater,perspiration,etc.


Silvernitratecrystals(nocoarserthangranulatedsugar).

Magnesiumpowderorfilings(nocoarserthangranulatedsugar).

Spoon.


c.Preparation.

1. Usingaclean,dryspoon,placemagnesiumpowderorfilings into thedrymixingcontainertoone-quartercontainervolume.Ifmagnesiumfilingsareused,theyshouldbefreeofgrease.

2. Wipethespoonwithaclean,drycloth,thenaddanequalquantityofsilvernitrate crystals to the drymixing container. Tighten the lid on the silvernitratecontainer,andremoveitatleastsixfeetfromtheworkingarea.

3. Tightlyclosethelidonthemixingcontainer.Turnthecontaineronitssideandslowlyrolluntilthetwopowdersarecompletelymixed.Themixtureisnowreadyforuse.

4. A good practice is to keep the silver nitrate crystals and themagnesiumpowderorfilingsinseparateairtightcontainersandmixjustbeforeuse.Caution:Thismixtureshouldbekeptoutofdirectsunlighttoavoid

decomposition of the silver nitrate which could render this ignitermixtureineffective.


PreparethemixtureforignitionwitheitherFuseCord(0101)orImprovisedStringFuse (0102) in thenormalmanner.The fusecord should terminatenear the center of the ignitermixture. Concentrated SulfuricAcid (0103)andWater(0104)canbeusedasinitiatorsbutaregenerallylessconvenient.Ignitiontakesplacealmostimmediatelyoncontactwiththeacidorwater.These liquid initiators are convenient for use with specific delaymechanismsfoundinchapter5.



0209.WHITEPHOSPHORUSa.Description.1. Thisitemconsistsofwhitephosphorusdissolvedincarbondisulfide.Itcan

be used to ignite the following incendiaries listed in chapter 4: Napalm(0301), Gelled Gasoline (exotic thickeners) (0302), Gelled Gasoline(improvised thickeners) (0303), and Paraffin-Sawdust (0304). It may be

useddirectlyasanincendiaryonreadilyflammablematerialsuchasrags,drypaper,dryhay,orinthecombustiblevaporaboveliquidfuels.

2. Ignitionisachievedwhenthevolatilesolvent,carbondisulfide,evaporatesandthewhitephosphoruscomesincontactwithair.Caution:Never touchwhitephosphorusdirectlyorallowanyof its

solutionstotouchtheskin.Painfulburnswhichhealveryslowlymayresult. White phosphorus sticks must always be stored completelyunderwater.Ifanyofthephosphorussolutionisaccidentlyspilledonthe skin, immediately flush the affected area with water; thendecontaminate the affected area by dabbing with copper sulfatesolution.


Whitephosphorussticks(sometimescalledyellowphosphorus).

Carbondisulfide.

Coppersulfatesolution.

Tweezersortongs.

Two glass containers about 8-ounce capacitywith lids or stoppersmade of glass, earthenware, or metal. Do not use a rubber lid orstopper(carbondisulfidewillattackrubber).

c.Preparation.1. Prepare some copper sulfate solution by adding one spoonful of copper

sulfatecrystalstooneoftheglasscontainers.Fillthecontainerwithwater,placethestopperintheopenmouthofthebottleandshakeuntilthecrystalsdissolve.

2. Pourcarbondisulfideintotheotherglasscontainertoone-quartercontainervolume.Caution:Carbondisulfidefumesarepoisonous.Alwayscapanopen

container of carbon disulfide as soon as possible. Work in a wellventilatedarea.

3. Withapairoftweezersremovesomesticksofwhitephosphorusfromtheirstorage container. Totally submerge them immediately in the carbondisulfide to bring the level up to one-half full. Be sure that all thephosphorusleftintheoriginalcontaineriscompletelysubmergedinwater

before putting the container away.Wash the tweezers immediately in thecoppersulfatesolution.

4. Securely stopper the bottle containing the white phosphorus and carbondisulfide and allow to stand until the white phosphorus dissolves. Thisusually takes about eight hours. The time required to dissolve whitephosphoruscanbereducedbyshakingthebottle.Besurethatthebottletopdoesnotcomeoff.

5. Donotstoreindirectsunlightbecausethesolutionwillbecomeineffective.Thissolutionshouldneverbestoredmorethanthreedays.

Note.Ifcarbondisulfideisnotavailable,benzene(benzol)maybeused to dissolve the phosphorus. It requires considerable shakingandovernight soaking togetanappreciableamountofphosphorusdissolved in benzene. Do not attempt to use red phosphorus forpreparing this igniter because it does not behave like whitephosphorus.

d.Application.1. To ignite readily flammablematerial, pour thewhite phosphorus solution

directly onto the material; it will ignite when the solvent evaporates,exposingthewhitephosphorustotheair.Oncethesolutionispoured, theempty bottle should be discarded immediately because any solutionremaining on the bottle will ignite when the solvent evaporates. Do notcover the soaked flammable material because the carbon disulfide mustevaporateforignitiontooccur.

2. The incendiaries mentioned underDescription above can be initiated byfirstimpregnatingcrumpledpaperorabsorbentpapertowelswiththewhitephosphorussolutionandplacing the impregnatedpaperon thematerial tobeignited.

3. Delay times of the phosphorus solutionmaybe varied by the addition ofgasoline or toluene (toluol).Add a small quantity of either solvent to theoriginalwhitephosphorussolutionandtestthesolutioneachtimeuntilthedesired delay time is achieved.Delay times of 20 to 30minutesmay beobtainedinthismanner.

4. Checkthedelaytimeunderconditionsexpectedat the target.Aircurrentshasten the evaporation of the solvent and decrease delay time. A highambient temperaturewillalsodecreasedelay timewhereasa lowambient

temperaturewill increase the delay time.This igniter is not reliable at orbelowfreezingtemperatures(32°F.)

5. To make incendiary paper, soak strips of ordinary writing paper in thephosphoruscarbon disulfide for a fewminutes. Remove the paper with apairof tweezersor tongsandplace inavial filledwithwater.Be sure towashoffthetweezersimmediatelyincoppersulfidesolution.Capthevialandstoreuntilreadytouse.Tousethisincendiarypaper,removethestripsofpaperwithapairoftweezers,andplaceamongthematerialtobeignited.

0210.MAGNESIUMPOWDER—BARIUMPEROXIDEa.Description.1. This itemconsistsofamixtureof finelypowderedmagnesiumand finely

powdered barium peroxide. It can be used to ignite all the incendiarieslistedinchapter4andisparticularlysuitedforignitionofthermite.Itmaybe used directly as an incendiary on readily flammable material such asrags,drypaper,dryhay,orinthecombustiblevaporaboveliquidfuels.

2. TheignitercanbeinitiatedbyFuseCord(0101)orImprovisedStringFuse(0102).


Magnesiumpowder(nocoarserthantablesalt).Bariumperoxide(nocoarserthantablesalt).Spoon.Containerwithtight-fittinglid.

c.Preparation.1. Usingaclean,dryspoon,placepowderedmagnesiumintothedrymixing

containertoone-quartercontainervolume.2. Wipethespoonwithaclean,drycloth,thenaddpowderedbariumperoxide

tothedrymixingcontainertothree-quarterscontainervolume.Tightenthelidonthebariumperoxidecontainer,andremoveitatleastsixfeetfromtheworkingarea.

3. Tightlyclosethelidonthemixingcontainer.Turnthecontaineronitssideandslowlyrolluntilthetwopowdersarecompletelymixed.Themixtureisnowreadyforuse.

4. Agoodpracticeistokeepthepowderedmagnesiumandpowderedbarium

peroxideinseparatecontainersandmixjustbeforeuse.

d.Application.1. Carefullypouror spoon themixture, inasinglepile,onto the incendiary.

Prepare the mixture for ignition with Fuse Cord (0101) or ImprovisedStringFuse (0102) in thenormalmanner.The fusecord should terminatenearthecenteroftheignitermixture.

2. In ignitionof thermite, spread the ignitermixture toadepthofat leastinch on the top surface of the thermite which is held in an assemblydescribedunderApplicationofThermite incendiary(0307).Thefusecordwillinitiatethethermiteigniterwhichwill,inturn,ignitethethermite.



0211.SUBIGNITERFORTHERMITEa.Description.1. Thisitemconsistsofamixtureofametalpowderandanoxidizingagent.

Two metal powder alternates and four oxidizing agent alternates arespecified. In the combustion process, the metal powder is oxidized,resultingintheliberationofalargequantityofheat.

2. This subigniter is a substitute for Magnesium Powder Barium PeroxideIgniter(0210),andshouldbeusedonlyifthatIgniterisnotavailable.Thedisadvantageofthissubigniteristhatitcannotbedirectlyinitiatedbyfusecord. To use this subigniter for initiating thermite, it is necessary to useanotherignitermixturetoinitiatethesubigniter,preferablySugar-Chlorate(0201).The fuse cordwill initiate the sugar-chlorate,whichwill, in turn,ignitethesubigniterand,thereby,initiatethethermite.

3. Thissubignitercanbedirectlyinitiatedbyalltheigniterslistedinchapter3exceptWhitePhosphorus(0209).


Either aluminumormagnesium filingsor powder (no coarser thangranulatedsugar).

Any one of the following oxidizing agents: sodium dichromate,potassium permanganate, potassium nitrate, or potassiumdichromate(nocoarserthangranulatedsugar).


c.Preparation.1. Usingaclean,dryspoon,placeoneofthemetalpowdersorfilingsinthe

container to one-third container volume. If metal filings are used, theyshouldbefreeofgrease.

2. Wipethespoonwithaclean,dryclothandaddanequalquantityofoneoftheaboveoxidizingagents.

3. Tighten the lidon themixingcontainer, turn thecontaineron itssideandslowlyrolluntilthetwopowdersarecompletelymixed.Themixtureisnowreadytouseandmaybestoredformonthsinthistightlysealedcontainer.

d.Application.1. Tousethissubigniter,spreadthematerialtoadepthofatleast¼inchon

thetopsurfaceofthethermitewhichisheldinanassemblydescribedunderApplication of Thermite Incendiary (0307). Spread another igniter,preferablySugar-Chlorate(0201)ontopofthissubignitertoaboutthesamedepth. Prepare the mixture for ignition with Fuse Cord (0101) orImprovisedStringFuse(0102)inthenormalmanner.Thefusecordshouldterminatenearthecenteroftheignitermixture.Thefusecordinitiatesthesugar-chlorate igniter which ignites the thermite subigniter which thenignitesthethermite.

2. Fordelay times longer than thoseconvenientlyobtainedwithfusecord inignitionofthermitebythissubignitermethod,refertochapter5.Caution:Neverattempttoignitethermitesubigniterwithoutatleast

afewsecondsdelayfuse.Itburnsextremelyfastandhot,andtheusercouldbeseriouslyburnedifheweretooclosewhenignitionoccurred.

CHAPTER4

INCENDIARYMATERIALS

0301.NAPALMa.Description.1. This itemconsistsofa liquidfuelwhich isgelledby theadditionofsoap

powderorsoapchips.Itiseasilypreparedfromreadilyavailablematerials.2. This incendiary can be directly initiated by a match flame. However, if

delayisrequired,theincendiarycanbereliablyinitiatedbyadelaysystemconsisting of any igniter listed in chapter 3 coupled with a delaymechanismsfoundinchapter5.

3. Napalm incendiary is easily ignited and long burning, and is suitable forsettingfiretolargewoodenstructuresandotherlargecombustibletargets:Itadherestoobjects,evenonverticalsurfaces.


Soap powder or chips (bar soap can be easily shaved or chipped).Detergentscannotbeused.

Any of the following liquid hydrocarbon fuels: gasoline, fuel oil,dieseloil,kerosene,turpentine,benzolorbenzene,toloulortoluene.

Adoubleboilermadefromanymaterialwiththeupperpothavingacapacityofatleasttwoquarts.

Aspoonorstickforstirring.

Asourceofheatsuchasastoveorhotplate.

Aknifeorgraterifonlybarsoapisavailable.

Anairtightcontainer.

cPreparation.1. Fillbottomofdoubleboilerwithwaterandheatuntilthewaterboils.Shut

offsourceofheat.2. Placeupperpotontopofbottompotandremovebothcontainerstoapoint

severalfeelfromtheheatsource.3. Poursoapchipsorpowder into theupperpotof thedoubleboiler toone-

quarterofpotvolume.4. Pour any one of the liquid hydrocarbon fuels listed underMaterial andEquipment above into the upper pot containing the soap chips or powderuntilthepotisone-halffull.Caution:Keepthesefuelsawayfromopenflames.

5. Stirthemixturewithastickorspoonuntilitthickenstoapastehavingtheconsistencyofjam.Dothisinawellventilatedroomwherethevaporswillnotconcentrateandburnorexplodefromaflameorspark.

6. Ifthemixturehasnotthickenedenoughafterabout15minutesofstirring,remove the upper pot and put it several feet from the heat source.Againbringthewaterinthelowerpottoaboil.Shutoffheatsource,placeupperpot in lowerpotata locationseveral feet fromtheheatsourceandrepeatstirringuntilthenapalmreachestherecommendedconsistency.

7. When the proper consistency is obtained, store the finished napalm in atightly sealed container until used. Napalm will keep for months whenstoredthisway.

d.Application.1. Tousenapalmmosteffectively,itshouldbespreadoutoverthesurfaceof

thematerial to be burned.Thiswill start a large area burning at once.Amatchcanbeusedtodirectlyinitiatethisincendiary.Ashorttimedelayinignition can be obtained by combining Fuse Cord (0101) or ImprovisedStringFuse(0102)andoneoftheignitermixturesfoundinchapter3.(Forexample,severalspoonfulsofSugar-Chloratemixture(0201)areplacedinanonabsorbentwrappingmaterial.Fusecordisburiedinthecenteroftheigniter mixture and the fuse is taped to the wrapping material. Thisassemblyisplaceddirectlyonthenapalm.Delaytimesaredeterminedbythe length of fuse. Suitable delaymechanisms are given in chapter 5 fordelaytimeslongerthanthosepracticalwithfusecord.)

2. Napalmmadewith themore volatile fuels should not ordinarily be usedwith a delay longer than one hour because the liquid fuel evaporates andthis can reduce its effectiveness. In very hotweather, or if the napalm is

exposed to the direct rays of the sun, it is recommended that napalm bemade with fuel oil. In extremely cold weather, it is recommended thatnapalmbemadewithgasoline.

3. Thedestructiveeffectofnapalmisincreasedwhencharcoalisadded.Thecharcoal will readily ignite and the persistent fire from the charcoal willoutlast the burning napalm. It is recommended that at least one quart ofnapalm be used to ignite heavy wooden structures and large woodensections. A minimum of one-half quart is recommended for woodenstructuresofsmallcrosssection.

0302.GELLEDGASOLINE(EXOTICTHICKENERS)a.Description.1. This item consists of gasoline which is gelled with small quantities of

organic chemicals. The operation is carried out quickly,without heat, byadditionofthechemicalswhilestirring.

2. This incendiary canbedirectly initiatedby amatch flame.However, anyigniter listed in chapter 3 can be used in conjunctionwith specific delaymechanismsfoundinchapter5fordelayedignitionofthisincendiary.

3. Gelledgasoline incendiary is readily ignited, longburning,and issuitablefor setting fire to large wooden structures and other large combustibletargets.Itadherestoobjects,evenonverticalsurfaces.


Gasoline.Balanceorscale.Spoonorstickforstirring.Largeairtightcontainer.Smalljar.

Oneofthefollowingsevenadditivesystems:

c.Preparation.1. Determinetheamountofgasolinetobegelledandplacethisamountinthe

largecontainer.

Caution:Keepthismaterialawayfromopenflames.2. WeighouttheappropriatequantityofcomponentA.Thiscanbecalculated

bymultiplyingthenumberofgallonsofgasolinebythefiguregivenintheGramsAddedPerGal.Gas.columnofsystems.(Forexample,ifSystem1isbeingusedandfivegallonsofgasolinearebeinggelled,then(5×55)or275gramsofLaurylaminearerequired).

3. AddcomponentAtothegasolineandstirforafewminutestodissolve.Caution:BothcomponentsAandBarecorrosivetotheskin.Ifany

of thesematerials contact the skin,wash theareawithdetergentandwater.

4. Clean the small containerused toweight componentA thoroughlyoruseanother container for weighing component B. Weigh out the properquantityofcomponentB.CalculatetheproperamountasmentionedaboveforcomponentA.

5. Stirthegasoline—componentAmixturerapidlyandaddallofcomponentBatonce,notalittleatatime.AtthesametimethatcomponentBentersthemixture,removethestirringrodandallowafewminutesforthegelling

totakeplace.6. Storethegelledgasolineinatightlysealedcontaineruntilreadytouse.It

willkeepformonthswhenstoredinthismanner.

d.Application.1. To use gelled gasolinemost effectively, it should be spread out over the

surfaceofthematerialtobeburned.Thiswillstartalargeareaburningatonce.Amatchcanbeusedtodirectlyinitiatethisincendiary.Ashorttimedelay in ignition can be obtained by combining Fuse Cord (0101), orImprovised String Fuse (0102) and one of the igniter mixtures found inchapter 3. (For example, several spoonfuls of Sugar-Chlorate mixture(0201)areplacedinanonabsorbentwrappingmaterial.Fusecordisburiedin the center of the ignitermixture and the fuse is taped to thewrappingmaterial. This assembly is placed directly on the gelled gasoline. Delaytimesaredeterminedbythelengthoffuse.Suitabledelaymechanismsaregiven in chapter 5 for delay times longer than those practical with fusecord.)

2. Gelledgasolineshouldnotordinarilybeusedwithadelaylongerthanonehourbecausegasolineevaporatesandthiscanreduceitseffectiveness.

3. The destructive effect of gelled gasoline is increased when charcoal isadded. The charcoal will readily ignite and the persistent fire from thecharcoalwilloutlast theburninggasoline. It is recommended that at leastonequartofgelledgasolinebeusedtoigniteheavywoodenstructuresandlargewoodensections.Aminimumofone-halfquart is recommendedforwoodenstructuresofsmallcrosssection.

Note.All of the chemicals used for the gelling processmust beadded in a liquid state. Many of the chemicals solidify at nearfreezing temperatures (32° F.) and uniform gels are difficult toproduceatthesetemperatures.

0303.GELLEDGASOLINE(IMPROVISEDTHICKENERS)0303.1LYESYSTEMS1. This item consists of gasoline which is gelled by the addition of certain

ingredientsthatarelocallyavailable.Thefollowingeightbasicsystemswillproducegelledgasolineandareeasilyprepared:Lyesystems,Lye-alcohol

systems, Lye-balsam systems, Soap-alcohol systems, Egg system, Latexsystem, Wax systems, and Animal blood systems. These systems arediscussedinthesubparagraphsunder0303.

2. Theseincendiariescanbedirectlyinitiatedbyamatchflame.However,anyigniter listed in chapter 3 can be used in conjunctionwith specific delaymechanismsgiveninchapter5fordelayedignition.

3. Gelledgasoline incendiary is readily ignited, longburning and is suitablefor setting fire to large wooden structures and other large combustibletargets.Itadherestoobjects,evenonverticalsurfaces.


Note. Lye is also known as caustic soda or sodium hydroxide.Allowforstrengthof lye; ifonly50%(as inDrano),use twicetheamountindicatedabove.Castoroilcanbesubstitutedfortherosin.Potassiumhydroxide(causticpotash,potassa)maybeusedinplaceoflye.

c.Preparation.1. Measuretherequiredquantityofgasolineandplaceinacleancontainer.

Caution:Keepmaterialawayfromopenflames.2. Breaktherosinintosmallpiecesandaddtothegasoline.3. Stirthemixtureforaboutfiveminutestodispersetherosin.4. Inaseparatecontainerdissolvethelyeinwater.

Caution:Addlyetowaterslowly.Donotpreparethissolutioninanaluminumcontainer.

5. Add this solution to the gasoline mixture and stir until mixture thickens(aboutoneminute).

6. Themixturewillthickentoaveryfirmbutterpastewithinonetotwodays.Themixture can be thinned, if desired, bymixing in additional gasoline.Storeinanairtightcontaineruntilreadytouse.

d.AlternatePreparationUsingPyrethrumExtractInsteadofRosin.1. Replacerosinbythefollowing:

Measure78partsbyvolumeofgasolineandplaceinacleancontainer.Caution:Keepmaterialawayfromopenflames.Dissolvethepyrethrumextractinthegasolinebystirring.Inanothercontainerdissolvethelyeinwater.Caution: Add lye to water slowly. Do not prepare this solution in an

aluminumcontainer.Add4partsbyvolumeofthelyesolutiontothegasolinemixture.Stirevery15minutesuntilgelforms.Storeinanairtightcontaineruntilready

touse.e.Application1. To use gelled gasolinemost effectively, it should be spread out over the

surfaceofthematerialtobeburned.Thiswillstartalargeareaburningatonce.Amatchcanbeusedtodirectlyinitiatethisincendiary.Ashorttimedelay in ignition can be obtained by combining Fuse Cord (0101) orImprovised String Fuse (0102) and one of the igniter mixtures found inchapter 3. (For example, several spoonfuls of Sugar-Chlorate Mixture(0201)areplacedinanonabsorbentwrappingmaterial.Fusecordisburiedin the center of the ignitermixture and the fuse is taped to thewrappingmaterial. This assembly is placed directly on the gelled gasoline. Delaytimesaredeterminedbythelengthoffuse.Suitabledelaymechanismsaregiven in chapter 5 for delay times longer than those practical with fusecord.)

2. Gelledgasolineshouldnotordinarilybeusedwithadelaylongerthanonehourbecausegasolineevaporatesandthiscanreduceitseffectiveness.

3. The destructive effect of gelled gasoline is increased when charcoal isadded. The charcoal will readily ignite and the persistent fire from thecharcoalwilloutlast theburninggasoline. It is recommended that at leastonequartofgelledgasolinebeusedtoigniteheavywoodenstructuresandlargewoodensections.Aminimumofone-halfquart is recommendedforwoodenstructuresofsmallcrosssection.

0303.2LYE-ALCOHOLSYSTEMSa.Description.SeeParagraph0303.1.


Note. Lye is also known as caustic soda or sodium hydroxide.

Allowforstrengthof lye.Ifonly50%(asinDrano),usetwicetheamountindicatedabove.Methyl(wood)alcohol,isopropyl(rubbing)alcohol or antifreeze product can be substituted for whiskey, buttheiruseproducessoftergels.Potassiumhydroxide(causticpotash,potassa)maybeusedinplaceoflye.

1. Thefollowingcanbesubstitutedforthetallowinorderofpreference:(a)Woolgrease(lanolin)(verygood)—fatextractedfromsheepwool.(b)Castoroil(good).(c)Anyvegetableoil(corn,cottonseed,peanut,linseed,etc.).(d)Anyfishoil.(e)Butteroroleomargarine.

2. Whenusingsubstitutes(1)(c)and(e)above,itwillbenecessarytodoublethe recommended amount of fat and of the lye solution for satisfactorythickening.

c.Preparation.1. Measure out the appropriate amount of gasoline and place in a clean

container.Caution:Keepmaterialawayfromopenflames.

2. Addthetallowtothegasolineandstirforaboutone-halfminutetodissolvethetallow.

3. Addthealcoholtothemixture.4. Inanothercontainerdissolvethelyeinwater.


5. Addthelyesolutiontothegasolinemixtureandstiroccasionallyuntilthemixturethickens(aboutone-halfhour).

6. Themixturewillthickentoaveryfirmbutterpasteinonetotwodays.Themixturecanbethinned, ifdesired,bymixinginadditionalgasoline.Storeinanairtightcontaineruntilreadytouse.

d.Application.Seeparagraph0303.1.

0303.3LYE-BALSAMSYSTEMSa.Description.Seeparagraph0303.1.


Note. Lye is also known as caustic soda or sodium hydroxide.Allow for the strength of the lye. If only 50% (as in Drano), usetwice the amount indicated above. Potassium hydroxide (causticpotash,potassa)maybeusedinplaceoflye.

c.Preparation.1. Dissolvethelyeinwaterusingacleancontainer.


2. Stirgasolineandcopaibabalsaminanothercleancontainer.3. Addthesaturatedlyesolutiontothegasolinemixtureandstiruntilthegel

forms.Storeinanairtightcontaineruntilreadytouse.

Note.Increasethelyesolutionto10partsbyvolume(5partslye,5partswater)ifthegasolinedoesnotthicken.


0303.4SOAP-ALCOHOLSYSTEMSa.Description.Seeparagraph0303.1.


Note. Methyl (wood) or isoprophyl (rubbing) alcohols can besubstituted for the ethyl alcohol. When a stronger alcohol (150proof)oroneofthedryalcoholsubstitutesisused,addanamountofwater to make the concentration 50% by volume. (The percentalcoholisequalto½oftheproof—150proofis75%alcohol.)

1. Unless the word soap actually appears somewhere on the container orwrapper(atretailstorelevel),awashingcompoundmaybeassumedtobeasyntheticdetergent.Soapsreactwithmineralsalts inhardwatertoformasticky insoluble scum while synthetic detergents do not. Syntheticdetergentscannotbeused.

2. The following is a list of commercially available soap products (at retailstorelevel):

Name Manufacturer

IvorySnow ProctorandGamble

IvoryFlakes ProctorandGamble

LuxFlakes LeverBrothers

ChiffonFlakes Armour

PalmoliveBarSoap Colgate-Palmolive

SweetheartBarSoap ManhattanSoapCompany

OctagonBarSoap Colgate-Palmolive

Homepreparedbarsoapsmaybeusedinplaceofpurchasedbarsoaps.c.Preparation.1. Measure out the appropriate amount of gasoline and place in a clean

container.

Caution:Keepmaterialawayfromopenflames.2. Addthealcoholtothegasoline.3. Addthesoappowdertothegasoline-alcoholmixture,andstiroccasionally

untilthemixturethickens(about15minutes).4. Themixturewill thickentoaveryfirmbutterpasteinonetotwodays.It

can be thinned, if desired, by mixing in additional gasoline. Store in anairtightcontaineruntilreadytouse.


0303.5EGGSYSTEMa.Description.Seeparagraph0303.1.


c.Preparation.1. Separatetheeggwhitefromtheyolkasfollows:

(a)Method1.Crack theeggatapproximately thecenter.Allow theeggwhitetodrainintoacleancontainer.Whenmostoftheeggwhitehasdrainedoff,fliptheyelloweggyolkfromone-halfshell totheother,eachtimeallowingtheeggwhitetodrainintothecontainer.Transfer

theeggwhitetoacappedjarforstorageordirectlyintothecontainerbeingusedforthegelledflamefuel.Discardtheeggyolk.Repeattheprocesswitheachegg.Donotgettheyelloweggyolkmixedintotheeggwhite.Ifeggyolkgetsintotheeggwhite,discardtheegg.

(b)Method 2. Crack the egg and transfer (CAREFULLY SO AS TOAVOIDBREAKINGTHEYOLK)theeggtoashallowdish.Tiltthedishslowlyandpourofftheeggwhiteintoasuitablecontainerwhileholding back the yellow egg yolk with a flat piece of wood, knifeblade,orfingers.Transfertheeggwhitetoacappedjarforstorageordirectlytothecontainerbeingusedforthegelledflamefuel.Discardtheeggyolk.Repeattheprocesswitheacheggbeingcarefulnottogetyelloweggyolkmixedinwiththeeggwhite.Ifeggyolkgetsintoeggwhite,discardtheeggandwashthedish.

2. Store eggwhite in an ice box, refrigerator, cave, cold running stream, orothercoolareauntilreadytopreparethegelledflamefuel.

3. Pourtheeggwhiteintoacleancontainer.4. Addthegasoline.

Caution:Keepmaterialawayfromopenflames.5. Add the table salt (or one of its substitutes) and stir until the gel forms

(about5—10minutes).Usewithin24hours.Thickergelledflamefuelscanbeobtainedby—(a)Reducingthegasolinecontentto80partsbyvolume(NOLOWER);or

(b)Puttingthecappedjarsinhot(65°C.,149°F.)waterfor½hourandthenlettingthemcooltoambienttemperature.(DONOTHEATTHEGELLEDFUELCONTAININGCOFFEE.)


0303.6LATEXSYSTEMa.Description.Seeparagraph0303.1.


Caution: Sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid will burn skinand ruin clothing. The fumeswill irritate nose passages, lungsandeyes.Washwithlargequantitiesofwateruponcontact.

c.Preparation.1. Commercial rubber latex may be used without further treatments before

addingittogasoline.2. Naturalrubberlatexwillcoagulate(formlumps)asitcomesfromtheplant.

Strainoff the thickpart foruse in flamefuel. If the rubber latexdoesnotformlumps,addasmallamountofacidtocoagulatethelatexandusetherubberylumpforgelling.It isbest toair-drythewetlumpsbeforeaddingthemtogasoline.(a)Usingcommercialrubberlatex.

1.Placethelatexandthegasolineinthecontainertobeusedforthegelledgasolineandstir.

Caution:Keepmaterialawayfromopenflames.2.Addthevinegar(orotheracid)totheliquidinthecontainerandstiragainuntil thegel forms.Store inanairtightcontaineruntilreadytouse.

Note. Use gelled gasoline as soon as possible because it becomesthinneronstanding.Ifthegelistoothin,reducethegasolinecontent(butnotbelow85%byvolume).3.Naturalrubberlatexcoagulatesreadily.Ifacidsarenotavailable,use one volume of acid salt (alum, sulfates and chlorides otherthansodiumandpotassium).Theformicacidcontentofcrushedredantswillcoagulatenaturalrubberlatex.

(b)Usingnaturalrubberlatex.

80partsbyvolumeofgasoline.

20partsbyvolumeofcoagulatedordriedrubber.

Lettherubberlumpsoakinthegasolineinaclosedcontainertwoorthreedaysuntilagelledmassisobtained.Preparethegelledgasoline

using the above formulation. This gelled gasoline should be used assoonaspossibleafterithasthickenedsufficiently.


0303.7WAXSYSTEMSa.Description.Seeparagraph0303.1.


Caution:Lyecausessevereburnstoeyes.

Note. Lye is also known as caustic soda or sodium hydroxide.Allowforstrengthof lye.Ifonly50%(asinDrano),usetwicethe

amount indicated above. Potassium hydroxide (caustic potash,potassa)maybeusedinplaceoflye.

c.Preparation.1. Waxfromnaturalsources.

(a) Plants and berries are potential sources of naturalwaxes. Place theplantsand/orberriesinboilingwater.Thenaturalwaxeswillmelt.Letthewater cool, and the naturalwaxeswill form a solid layer on thewatersurface.Skimoffthewaxandletitdry.

(b)Naturalwaxeswhich have suspendedmatter should bemelted andscreenedthroughacloth.

2. Gelfromgasolineandwax.(a)Putthegasolineinacleancontainer.

Caution:Keepmaterialawayfromopenflames.(b)Meltthewaxandpouritintothegasolinecontainer.(c)Tightlycapthecontainerandplaceitinhotwater(sufficientlyhotsothatasmallpieceofwaxwillmeltonthesurface).

(d) When the wax has dissolved in the gasoline, place the cappedcontainer in a warm water bath and permit it to cool slowly to airtemperature.

(e)Ifasolidpasteofgeldoesnotform,addanother10partsbyvolumeofmeltedwaxandrepeat(b),(c),and(d)above.

(f) Continue adding wax (up to 40 parts by volume) as before until apaste or gel is formed. If no paste forms at 80 parts by volume ofgasoline and 40 parts by volume of melted wax, the wax is notsatisfactoryforgelledgasolinesandmaybeusedonlyincombinationwithalkali.

3. Gelfromgasoline,waxandalkali.

70partsbyvolumeofgasoline29.5partsbyvolumeofmeltedwax0.5partsbyvolumeofstauratedlyesolution

(a)Preparethesaturatedlyesolutionbycarefullyaddingonevolumeoflye(ortwovolumesofDrano)toonevolumeofwaterandstirwitha

glassrodorwoodenstickuntilthelyeisdissolved.

Caution:Lye causes severe burns to eyes. Add the lye to thewater slowly. Let cool to room temperature and pour off thesaturated liquid solution. Do not prepare this solution in analuminumcontainer.

(b)Preparethegasoline-waxsolutionaccordingtothemethoddescribedabove.

(c)After the solutionhascooled for about15minutes,CAUTIOUSLYloosenthecap,removeitandaddthesaturatedlyesolution.

(d)Stirabouteveryfiveminutesuntilagelforms.Ifthegelisnotthickenough,remeltwithanother5partsbyvolumeofwaxand0.1partbyvolumeof saturated lye solution.Stir contents as before.Store in anairtightcontaineruntilreadytouse.

Note. In addition to the listed waxes, the following may be used:candelillawax,carnauba(Brazil)wax,Chinese(insect)wax,Japan(sumac)wax,montan(lignite)wax,andpalmwax.


0303.8ANIMALBLOODSYSTEMSa.Description.Seeparagraph0303.1.


c.Preparation.1. Animalbloodserum.

(a)Slitanimal’sthroatbyjugularvein.Hangupsidedowntodrain.(b)Placecoagulated(lumpy)bloodinaclothoronascreenandcatchtheredfluid(serum)whichdrainsthrough.

(c)Storeinacoolplaceifpossible.Caution: Animal blood can cause infections. Do not get aged

animalbloodortheserumintoanopencut.

2. Preparationofgelledgasoline.(a)Pour the animal bolod serum into a clean container and add thegasoline.Caution:Keepmaterialawayfromopenflames.

(b)Addthelimeandstir themixtureforafewminutesuntilafirmgelforms.Storeinanairtightcontaineruntilreadytouse.Note.Eggwhitemaybesubstitutedforupto½oftheanimalblood

serum.


0304.PARAFFIN-SAWDUSTa.Description.1. This item consists of amixture of paraffinwax and sawdust. It is easily

preparedandsafetocarry.Itisusedtoignitewoodenstructuresincludingheavy beams and timbers. It will also ignite paper, rags and other tindertypematerialstobuildlargerfires.

2. This incendiary can be safely ignited by a match flame. However, anyigniter listed in chapter 3 can be used in conjunctionwith specific delaymechanismsinchapter5fordelayedignitionofthisincendiary.

3. All or part of the paraffin waxmay be replaced by beeswax but not byvegetableoranimalfatsorgreases.


Paraffinwax,beeswax,orwaxobtainedbymeltingcandles.

Sawdust.

Sourceofheat(stove,hotplate).

Pot.

Spoonorstickforstirring.

c.Preparation.1. Putenoughwaxinthepotsothatitisabouthalffull.2. Heatthepotonastoveorhotplateuntilthewaxmelts.3. Removetheheatedpotfromthestoveorhotplateandshutoffthesourceof

heat.Addthesawdusttothemeltedwaxuntilthepotisnearlyfull.Stirthemixturewithaspoonorstickforafewminutes,beingsurethereisnolayerofwaxatthebottomofthepotwhichhasnotbeenmixedwiththesawdust.

4. While themixture is ina fluidstate,pour it intoawaxedpapercartonorother container.Upon cooling, thewaxmixturewill harden and take the

shapeofthecontainer.Themixturecanbestoredformonthswithoutlosingits effectiveness. If it becomes wet, it will be effective again when it isdried.

5. A less effective incendiary may be made by melting some paraffin orbeeswax,dippingsheetsofpaperinthemoltenwaxforafewseconds,andremovingthepapertoletthewaxharden.Thiswaxedpaperlightsreadilyfrom a match. Although not as hot or persistent or the paraffin-sawdustmixture,thewaxedpaperisanexcellentincendiaryandmaybesubstitutedinmanyinstancesforinitiatingreadilyignitablematerials.Thepapermaybewaddedup,folded,ortornintostrips.

d.Application.1. Placeaboutaquartofthemixtureinapaperbagandputthebagdownon

theobjecttobeburned.Amatchmaybeusedtoignitethebagwhichwillthenignitetheparaffin-sawdustmixture.Thefirestartsveryslowlysothereisnohazardinvolved,anditusuallytakestwoorthreeminutesbeforetheparaffin-sawdust mixture is burning strongly. This, of course, is adisadvantagewhere a hot fire is requiredquickly.Once started, however,thismixtureburnsvigorouslybecause theparaffin itselfgivesa fairlyhotflameandthesawdustactslikecharcoaltoincreasethedestructiveeffect.

2. Whereverylargewoodenbeamsorstructuresaretobeburnedusemoreofthemixture.Abagcontainingtwoorthreequartswillbeenoughtosetfireto almost any object on which paraffin-sawdust mixture can be usedeffectively.

3. Tobemosteffectiveonwoodstructures, thismixtureshouldbe inapile,neverspreadoutinathinlayer.Ifpossible,placeitundertheobject.Whenplacingtheincendiaryinapackingboxorinaroom,placeitinacorner.

0305.FIRE-BOTTLE(IMPACTIGNITION)a.Description.

Thisitemconsistsofaglassbottlecontaininggasolineandconcentratedsulfuricacid.The exterior of thebottle iswrappedwith a ragor absorbent paper. Justbeforeuse, the rag is soakedwitha saturated solutionofgranulated sugarandpotassium chlorate. Thrown against hard-surfaced targets such as tanks,automotive vehicles or railroad boxcars, this fire bottle is a very effectiveincendiary.


Concentratedsulfuricacid(para0103).

Gasoline.

Potassiumchlorate(powdered).

Sugar(granulated).

Jarorbottle,withcaporstopper½pint).

Clothorabsorbentpaper.

Jarorbottle,withcaporstopper(1quart).

Stringortape.

Heatresistantglassorporcelainpot(1pintcapacity).

Heatsource.

Glassfunnel.

Spoon.

Smallcontainerformeasuring.

c.Preparation.

1. Usingthefunnel,pourthegasolineintothequartbottleuntilapproximatelytwo-thirdsfull.Caution:Keepthismaterialawayfromopenflames.

2. Slowlyaddconcentratedsulfuricacidthroughthefunneltothegasolineinthebottleandfillthebottletowithinoneinchofthetop.Thefunnelmustbeusedtodirecttheconcentratedacidintothegasolineinthecenterofthebottle.Stopperorcapthebottlesecurely.

Note. If only battery-grade sulfuric acid is available, it must beconcentrated.Seeinstructionsunderparagraph0103.

3. Flush the tightlycappedbottlewithwater to removeanygasolineoracidadhering to the outside surface and dry the bottle. Thismust be done toavoidaccidentalcombustionduringthefollowingsteps.

4. Wrapacleanclothorseveralsheetsofabsorbentpaperaroundthebottle.Fastenwithstringsorrubberbands.

5. Prepareasaturatedsolutionofgranulatedsugarandpotassiumchlorate inwaterasdirectedbelow.

6. Add six measures of water to the porcelain pot and dry the measuringcontainerwithacleanragorpapertowel.

7. Bringthewatertoaboil.8. Usingaclean,dryspoon,placegranulatedsugarinthemeasuringcontainer

andaddoneandone-halfmeasuresofsugartotheboilingwater.

9. Wipethespoonwithacleanragorpapertowelandplaceonemeasureofpotassiumchlorateintotheboilingsugarwater.

10. Remove thepotofboilingmixture immediately from theheat sourceandshutoffheatsource.

11. When the solution is cool, pour it into the small ½ pint bottle using theglassfunnelandcaptightly.

12. Flushthisbottlewithwatertoremoveanysolutionorcrystalsadheringtotheoutsidesurfaceanddrythebottle.Whenthecrystalssettle,thereshouldbeabout⅓liquidabovethecrystals.Caution:Storethisbottleseparatelyfromtheotherbottlecontaining

gasolineandconcentratedsulfuricacid.

d.Application.1. Just prior to actual use, shake the bottle containing the sugar-potassium

chlorate crystals and pour onto the cloth or paper wrapped around thegasoline-acidbottle.Thefirebottlecanbeusedwhiletheclothisstillwetor after it has dried. However when dry, the sugar-potassium chloratemixture isverysensitive tosparks,open flame,bumpingandscraping. Inthedryconditionthebottleshouldbehandledcarefully.

2. The fire bottle should be gripped in one hand and thrown like a handgrenade.Uponimpactwithametallicorotherhardsurface,thebottlewillbreak and the sugar-potassium chlorate will react with the sulfuric acid.This reaction ignites the gasoline which will engulf the target area inflames.

0306.FIREBOTTLE(DELAYIGNITION)a.Description.

1. This item consists of a bottle of gasoline and concentrated sulfuric acidwhich is ignitedby thechemical reactionof theacidwithSugar-ChlorateIgniter (0201). A delay feature is incorporated in this incendiary. Theamountofdelayisdeterminedbytimeittakesthesulfuricacidtocorrodearubbermembrane and reactwith the ignitermix. Immediate ignitionmayalsobeachievedbybreakingthebottleandallowingtheingredientstomix.

2. Preparedfirebottlesarestoredupright.Thisallowstheheavieracidtolayon the bottom, with the gasoline on top. When put in use, the bottle isinverted, allowing the acid to come in contactwith the rubbermembraneandtobegincorrodingit.


Widemouthbottle.

Corkorrubberstopper(mustfitsnuglyinbottle).

Sheetrubberonrubbermembrane.

Sugar-ChlorateIgniter(0201).

ConcentratedSulfuricAcid(0103).

Gasoline.

c.Preparation.1. Cutordrillacavityonthebottomof thecorkbigenoughtoholdat least

twoteaspoonfulsofsugar-chlorateigniter.Becarefulnottobreakthroughthe cork. If the hole does go all theway through, itmust be sealedwithanothersmallercork.

2. Fillthebottlewitha50/50concentrationofgasolineandsulfuricacid.Pourthegasolineinfirst,thenaddthesulfuricacidcarefully,makingcertainnottosplashacidontheskinorintheeyes.Note. If only battery grade sulfuric acid is available it must be

concentrated before it can be used. See paragraph 0103 for details ofconcentrationprocess.

3. FilltheholeinthecorkwithSugar-ChlorateIgniter(0201).Coverthesideofthecorkcontainingtheigniterwithapieceofthinrubbermembraneandthenforcethecorkintothegasoline-acidfilledbottle.Takecaretopreventanyoftheignitermixfromfallingintothejar.

d.AlternateMethodofPreparation.1. Drillorcutaholeallthewaythroughthecork.2. Fillthebottlewithgasolineandacidasdescribedabove.3. Place the rubbermembrane over the cork and install in the bottle.Make

certainthatcorkisfittedtightlyandrubbermembranefullycoverstheinnerportionofthebottle.

4. Fill thehole in thecorkwith ignitermixtureasbeforeand install a smallcorkintheholecoveringtheignitermixture.

e.Application.1. Tostartthedelayworkinginvertthebottle.Theacidwillbegincorroding

therubbermembrane.Whentheacidbreaksthrough,itwillreactviolentlyand either break the bottle or blow out the cork stopper and ignite thegasoline.

2. TheDelay Fire Bottle workswell on readily ignitedmaterials where thescatteringof theburninggasolinewill start anumberof fires atonce.Toignitewoodenstructures,preparationsuchaspilingupofflammabletinderandkindlingisrequired.

3. Thedelaytimeforinitiationofthegasolineissloweddownincoldweather

andmaybestoppediftheacidfreezes.Checkthedelaytimebytestingtheacid with the identical thickness rubber membrane at the temperature ofexpecteduse.Alwaysuseconcentratedsulfuricacid.

0307.THERMITEa.Description.1. Thermite is composed of magnetic iron flakes and aluminum powder.

Thermitemaybeobtainedasamanufactureditemormaybeimprovisedforuse in welding machinery parts together and burning holes in metalstructures. The termite reaction is initiated Ly strong heat and thereforecannot be directly ignited with a safety fuse or match. The followingigniters, found in chapter 3, may be used to initiate thermite: PowderedAluminum—SulfurPellets (0207),MagnesiumPowder—BariumPeroxideIgniter(0210),andSubigniterforThermite(0211).

2. Thermite is very safe to handle and transport because of its high ignitiontemperature. It burns well in cold and windy weather. Thermite willpenetrateasealedmetalcontainerandignitethecontents.Itmaybeeasilyimprovisedifaluminumpowderandironoxideparticlesofthepropersizeareavailable.


Aluminumpowder(nocoarserthangroundcoffee).

Ironoxideflakes(Fe3O4—similartocoarsegroundcoffee).

Spoonorcupformeasuring.

Jarorcanwithtightfittinglid.

Cardboardcanwithmetalends.

c.Preparation.1. Place three parts by volume of iron oxide and two parts by volume of

aluminum powder into the jar. Leave enough empty space to facilitiatemixing.

2. Tighten the lidon the jar, turn the jaron itssideandslowlyrolluntil thetwopowdersarecompletelymixed.Themixtureisnowreadyforuseandmaybestoredformonthsinthesealedcontainer.

d.Application.1. Thermite is used to attack metallic targets such as transformers, electric

motors,filecabinets,gears,bearings,boilers,storagetanksandpipelines.Inoperation,themethodsdescribedbelowproduceaquantityofmoltenmetalthat streams out the bottom of the unit. On contact with the target, themoltenmetalwillcutthroughtheoutermetalcasingandpourmoltenmetalontheinterior.Thermiteisnotrecommendedforuseonmoderateorheavywouden structures or other applications where a persistent flame isrequired.Twobasictechniquesaredescribed,oneforburningholesinsteelandtheotherforweldingsteelpartstogether.(a)Burningholes.

1. .Inordertopenetrateasteelplatewiththeminimumquantityofthermite,themassofignitedthermitemustbeheldawayfromthetarget during the initial combustion period. This minimizesconductiveheat loss(fromthethermite to thetarget)duringthisperiodandresultsinthethermiteattainingmaximumcombustiontemperature. When that temperature is reached, the thermite isdroppedontothesteelplatesurfaceandaholeisburnedthroughtheplate.Thefollowingillustratesthemethodforburningaholethroughaplateof⅜inchstructuralsteel.

2. .Cutacardboardcan(havingmetalends)intotwoequalsections.Example of the type of cardboard container required arewhichcontainhouseholdabrasivecleanerssuchasAJAX,BONAMIandOLDDUTCHCLEANSER.

3. .Onesectionofthecantrimmedtoaheightof2inchesandtwosideventsarecutasshownbelow.

4. .Theothersection is filledapproximately⅔ fullwith thermite.The thermite is then completely covered with one of the threeabovementioned ignitermaterials to adepthof at least¼ inch.PlacetheendofalengthofFuseCord(0101)intotheignitermix,

makingcertainthatitdoesnotextendintothethermiteitselfbutendsinthecenteroftheignitermixture.ImprovisedStringFuse(0102)maybesubstitutedfortheFuseCord(0101)ifdesired.

5. .Thefinalassemblyisconstructedbyplacingtheventedsection,open face down, over the target area. The metallic end of thissection is now facing up, away from the target surface. Thesectionfilledwith thermite, igniter,andfuse isplacedon topoftheventedsection.Bothmetalendsofthecardboardcanarenowtouching.

6. .After ignition, thethermiteburnsaholethroughthesteelplatedroppingextremelyhotparticlesofmolten slag into the interiorofthesteelcontainer.Thesideventscutinthebottomsectionofthecanallowexcessslagtorunoffandnotcloseuptheholeinthesteeltarget.

(b)Welding.1. A differentmethod is employedwhen thermite is used toweld

machinery components or plates together. The procedure issimilar to that used for burning through steel except that thebottomstand-offiseliminatedandtheamountofthermitecanbeless than that used to burn through a ⅜ inch steel plate. Theassemblyisshownbelow.

2. In this instance,heat isconducted from the thermite to thesteelduringthecombustionperiod.Thus,thesteelisheatedtonearlythesametemperatureastheslagandaweldiseffectivelymade.Caution:Neverattempttoignitethermitewithoutatleasta

fewsecondsdelaytimebecauseitburnssoquicklyandsohotthat the user could be seriously burned if he were nearbywhenignitiontookplace.

0308.FLAMMABLELIQUIDSa.Description.Flammableliquidsareanexcellentincendiaryforstartingfires

with easily combustiblematerial. They burnwith a hot flame and havemanyuses as incendiaries. Most of these liquids are readily available and they areeasily ignitedwith amatch.However, these liquids tend to flowoff the targetand their characteristic odormay cast suspicion on the person found carryingthem.


Canorbottlewithtightfittinglid(minimum1pintcapacity).

Oneofthefollowingvolatileliquids:

Gasoline Cleanersnaptha

Kerosene Turpentine

TolueneorToluol Lighterfluid

XyleneorXylol Fueloil

BenzeneorBenzol Alcohol

c.Preparation.No preparation other than placing the liquid into an airtightcontainerforstorageandtransportationtothetargetisrequired.

d.Application.Themosteffectivewaytouseflammableliquidsistopouratleastapintoftheliquidonapileofragsorsawdustwhichhavebeenplaceinacornerofapackingboxorotherwoodenobject.Thisprocedurekeepstheliquidconcentrated in a small area and gives a more persistent flame for ignitingwoodenobjects.Ifsmallpiecesofcharcoalareavailable,theyshouldbesoaked

withtheflammableliquidandplacedonthetarget.Thecharcoalwilligniteandgive a hot, persistent glow that is long lasting. After placing the flammableliquidon the target, throwa lightedmatchona soakedarea.Donot stand tooclosewhenthisisdone.

0309.INCENDIARYBRICKa.Description.1. This incendiary is composed of potassium chlorate, sulfur, sugar, iron

filings andwax.When properlymade, it looks like an ordinary buildingbrickandcanbeeasilytransportedwithoutdetection.Theincendiarybrickwillignitewoodenwalls,floors,andmanyothercombustibleobjects.

2. This incendiary can be directly ignited by all igniters listed in chapter 3,coupledwithaspecificdelaymechanismfoundinchapter5.ToignitethisincendiarywithWhitePhosphorusSolution(0209), thesolutionmustfirstbepouredonabsorbentpaperandthepaperplacedontopofthebrick.


Parts byvolume

Potassiumchlorate(powdered) 40

Sulfur(powdered) 15

Granulatedsugar 20

Ironfilings 10

Wax(beeswaxorordinarycandlewax) 15

Spoonorstick

Brickmold

Redpaint

Measuringcuporcan

Doubleboiler

Heatsource(hotplateorstove)

c.Preparation.1. Fillthebottomhalfofthedoubleboilerwithwaterandbringtoaboil.2. Place the upper half of the boiler on the lower portion and add thewax,

sulfur,granulatedsugar,andironfilingsintheproperamounts.3. Stirwelltoblendallthematerialsevenly.4. Remove the upper half of the double boiler from the lower portion and

eithershutofftheheatsourceormovetheuppersectionseveralfeetfromthefire.Caution: Extreme care should be exercised at this point because

accidental ignition of the mixture is possible. Some means ofextinguishingafireshouldbeathand,afireextinguisherorsand.Itisimportant to keep face, hands, and clothing at a reasonably safedistance during the remainder of the preparation. A face shield andfireproofglovesarerecommended.

5. CAREFULLYaddtherequiredamountofpotassiumchlorateandagainstirwelltoobtainahomogeneousmixture.

6. Pourthemixtureintoabrickmoldandsetasideuntilitcoolsandhardens.7. When hard, remove the incendiary from the mold, and paint it red to

simulateanormalbuildingbrick.

d.Application.1. Whenpainted,theincendiarybrickcanbecarriedwithnormalconstruction

materialsandplacedinoroncombustiblematerials.2. A short time delay in ignition can be obtained by combining Fuse Cord

(0101) or Improvised String Fuse (0102) and one of the ignitermixturesfound in chapter 3. (For example, several spoonfuls of Sugar-Chloratemixture(0201)areplacedontheincendiarybrick.Fusecordisburiedinthecenteroftheignitermixtureandthefuseistapedtothebrick.Delaytimesare determined by the length of the fuse. Suitable delaymechanisms aregiven in chapter 5 for delay times longer than those practical with fusecord.)

CHAPTER5

DELAYMECHANISMS

0401.CIGARETTEa.Description.1. This item consists of a bundle of matches wrapped around a lighted

cigarette. It is placed directly on easily ignited material. Ignition occurswhenthelightedportionoftheburningcigarettereachesthematchheads.Thisdelaymechanismcanbeusedtoinitiatealligniterslistedinchapter3except Magnesium Powder—Barium Peroxide (0210) and PowderedAluminum—Sulfur Pellets (0207). A cigarette delay directly ignites thefollowingincendiaries:Napalm(0301),GelledGasoline(exoticthickeners)(0302),andGelledGasoline(improvisedthickeners)(0303).

2. Thefollowingdrytindertypematerialsmayalsobedirectlyignitedbythecigarettedelaymechanism:Straw,paper,hay,woodshavingsandrags.

3. Usually thisdelaywill ignite in15 to20minutes,dependingonlengthofcigarette, make of cigarette, and force of air currents. A duplicate delaymechanism should be tested to determine delay time for various ambientconditions.

4. The cigarettemust be placed so that the flamewill travel horizontally orupward.Aburningcigarettethat isclampedorheldwillnotburnpast thepointofconfinement.Therefore,thecigaretteshouldnotcontactanyobjectotherthanmatches.


Cigarette.Matches(wooden).Matchbox.Stringortape.

c.Preparation.1. Picket-fencedelay.

(a) Push one wooden match head into a cigarette a predetermineddistancetoobtaintheapproximatedelaytime.

(b)Tieortapematchesaroundthecigarettewiththematchheadsatthesamelocationasthefirstmatchinthecigarette.

2. Matchboxdelay.

Tearoutoneendoftheinnertrayofaboxofmatches(theendnext to the match heads). Push one match into the cigarette.Insertthiscigaretteintothebunchofmatchesandparalleltothematchesatthecenterofthepack.Slidethetrayoutoftheinnerbox, leaving the match heads and the cigarette exposed. Thehead of the match in the cigarette should be even with theexposedmatchheads.

d.Application.1. Picket-fencedelay.

(a)Lightthecigaretteandplacethedelaymechanismonapileofignitermixture, paper, straw, or other dry tinder typematerial.Be sure thattheportionofthecigarettebetweenthelitendandthematchheadsisnottouchinganything.

(b)Pile tindermaterialallaroundthecigarette toenhanceignitionwhenthematchheadsignite.

2. Matchboxdelay.

(a)Place the delay so that the cigarette is horizontal and on top of thematerialtobeignited.Lightthecigarette.

(b)Besureignitablematerialsuchaspaper,straw,flammablesolvents,ornapalm is placed close to the match heads. When using flammablesolvents,lightthecigaretteawayfromtheareaofsolventfumes.

(c)Toassureignitionofthetarget,sprinklesomeignitermaterialonthecombustiblematerial.Thematchboxdelayisthenplacedontopoftheignitermaterial.

0402.GELATINCAPSULEa.Description.

Gelatin capsule delays work by the action of either water or concentratedsulfuricacidonthegelatin.Whentheliquiddissolvesthegelatin,itcontactsandreactswithan ignitermix.Thesedelayscanbeusedwithvarious igniters, areeasilypreparedandeasilycarried.Thedisadvantageisthatthedelaytimesvarywith temperature and they will not work at or below 32° F. Gelatin capsuledelayswillworkwiththefollowingigniters:1. Water actuated igniters such as Sugar—Sodium Peroxide (0203), Silver

Nitrate—Magnesium Powder (0208), and Aluminum Powder—SodiumPeroxide(0204).

2. ConcentratedsulfuricacidactuatedigniterssuchasSugar-Chlorate(0201),FireFudge(0202),Sugar—SodiumPeroxide(0203)AluminumPowder—Sodium Peroxide (0204), Match Head (0205), and Silver Nitrate—magnesiumPowder(0208).


Concentratedsulfuricacidorwater.Gelatincapsules(1fluidouncecapacity).Ignitermixture.

Glassjarorbottlewithglassorplasticstopperforcarryingacid.

c.Preparation.1. Fill the gelatin capsule with either water or sulfuric acid, depending on

which igniter is being used. Use a medicine dropper to fill the capsule.Wipe the outside of the capsule carefully and place it on a quantity ofignitermixture.

2. Gelatinwill slowly dissolve in eitherwater or concentrated sulfuric acid,usually faster in water than in acid. Sulfuric acid should be handledcarefullyandonlyinglassorunchippedenamelcontainers.

d.Application.1. FillagelatincapsulewithoneoftheignitermixeslistedunderDescription

above.Oncethe liquid isaddedto thecapsule, thenextoperationsshouldbedonequickly.Pile the ignitermixtureonandaroundthecapsule.Thenplace incendiary material in contact with the igniter mixture. (In dampweather this method should not be used with water activated ignitersbecauseprematureignitionmaybecausedbyhumidityintheair.)

2. Usethefollowingmethodindampweather.Fillagelatincapsulewithoneoftheignitermixeslistedabove.Besurethatbothhalvesofthecapsulefittightly and that no igniter mix is clinging to the outside of the capsule.Place thecapsule ina shallowglassorporcelaindish filledwithwaterorconcentratedsulfuricacid,dependingonwhichtypeofignitermixisused.Make sure the capsule is touchingone edgeof thebowl andquicklypileincendiarymaterialclosetothecapsulesothatwhenthecapsuleignites,theincendiarywillalsoignite.

3. Thegelatincapsuledelaysworkslowlyincoldweatherandwillnotworkatorbelow32°F.Capsulethicknessalsoaffectsdelaytime.Inwaterat77°F.. a delay time of approximately 20minutes can be expected,while thesame type of capsule in concentrated sulfuric acid at 77° F. will give adelaytimeofapproximatelyonehour.Atatemperatureof50°F.,thesametypeof capsulewill give a 6 to 8 hour delay time inwater and about 24hours delay time in concentrated sulfuric acid. Delay times become lessaccurateatlowertemperatures.

4. Theabovelisteddelaytimesaregivenforonetypeofgelatincapsuleonly.Varioustypesofcapsuleswillgivevariousdelaytimes.Therefore,alwayscheckdelaytimesforthecapsuletobeused.

5. Thesulfuricacidmustbeconcentrated.Ifonlybattery-gradesulfuricacidisavailable,itmustbeconcentratedbeforeusetoaspecificgravityof1.835by heating it in an enameled, heat resistant glass or porcelain pot untildense,whitefumesappear.Seeparagraph0103fordetails.

0403.RUBBERDIAPHRAGMa.Description.

1. This delay operates by the action of concentrated sulfuric acid on a thinrubberdiaphragm.Astheacideatsthroughthediaphragm,itdripsontotheignitermix and combustion results.This delay canbeused to initiate thefollowing igniters listed in chapter 3: Sugar-Chlorate (0201), Fire Fudge(0202), Sugar—Sodium Peroxide (0203), Aluminum Powder—SodiumPeroxide (0204),MatchHead (0205),SilverNitrate—MagnesiumPowder(0208),andFireBottle(0306).

2. Thedelaydoesnotburnorglow,averydesirablefeaturewhereprematuredetectionmayoccur.Themaindisadvantagesofthistypeofdelayare—(a)Delaytimefluctuateswithtemperaturechanges.(b)Delayisnotreliablebelow40°F.(c)Sulfuricacidinvolveshazardstotheoperator.


Concentratedsulfuricacid.Thinrubber(suchasballoonsorcondoms).String,tape,orrubberbands.Glassjarwithglassstopperforcarryingacid.

Wide-mouthedjarorcan(approximately1pintcapacity).

c.Preparation.1. Fill the wide mouth container three-quarter full with any one of the

followingignitermaterials:Sugar-Chlorate(0201).

FireFudge(0202).

Sugar—SodiumPeroxide(0203).

AluminumPowder—SodiumPeroxide(0204).

MatchHead(0205).

SilverNitrate—MagnesiumPowder(0208).2. Placetherubberdiaphragmovertheopenendofthecontainerandleaveit

looseenoughtosagslightlyintothejar.Eithertieinplaceorsecurewitharubberband.

3. Pourabout1fluidounceofconcentratedsulfuricacidintoasmallglassjarwithaglassstopperandsealtightly.

d.Application.1. Place the jar with the rubber membrane at the desired target. Pile the

materialtobeignitedaroundthisjarsothatwhentheflamesissuefromthejar,theywillignitetheincendiarymaterials.Donotputanyofthisignitermaterialon therubbermembrane.Pour the1 fluidounceofconcentratedsulfuric acid onto the rubber membrane. When the acid penetrates therubber and drips onto the igniter mix, a chemical reaction occurs andcombustionresults.

2. Thetimedelayofthisdevicedependsonthekindandthicknessofrubberused, andon theambient temperature.Test a similardevicebeforeactualuseonthetarget.

3. Usingathinrubbermembranesuchasacondomatatemperatureof77°F.,adelaytimeof15to20minutesisnormal.Thissamedelaywhentestedat40°F.maytakeas longaseighthours topenetrate therubbermembrane.Donotusethisdelayattemperaturesbelow40°F.

4. Anothersimplemethodofusingthistypeofdelayistofirstfillasmalljarhalffullofconcentratedsulfuricacid.Tieortapearubbermembraneovertheopenendofthejar.BESURENOACIDCANLEAKOUT.Placethebottleonitsside,ontopofasmallpileofignitermaterialwhichwilligniteon contact with the acid. When the acid penetrates the membrane,combustionwilloccurasbefore.Ifthickerrubberisused,stretchtherubbertightlyoverthemouthofthejar.Thiswilldecreasethedelaytimebecausetheacidwillattackthestretchedrubbermoreeffectively.

5. Arubberglovemayalsobeusedasamembraneforthisdelay.Poursome

concentratedsulfuricacidintothegloveandsuspendthegloveoverapileofignitermaterial.Whentheacideats throughtheglove, itwilldripontotheigniterandstartafire.Arubberglovewillgivealongerdelaytimethanacondombecausethematerialisthicker.

6. The rubbermembranes foruse in thisdelaymustbewithoutpinholesorotherimperfections.Thesulfuricacidmustbeconcentrated.Ifonlybattery-grade sulfuric acid is available, it must be concentrated before use to aspecificgravityof1.835byheatingitinanenameled,heat-resistantglassorporcelain pot until dense, white fumes appear. See paragraph 0103 fordetails.

0404.PAPERDIAPHRAGM(SULFURICACID)a.Description.

Thisdeviceconsistsofahalf-fulljarofconcentratedsulfuricacid,andapaperdiaphragm.Thepaperdiaphragmisapieceofpapertiedsecurelyoverthemouthofthejar.Whenthejarisplacedonitsside,theacidsoaksthroughorcorrodesthepaper.Theacidthencontactstheignitermaterialandcausesittoburtsintoflames. This delay can be used for initiating the following igniters listed inchapter3:Sugar-Chlorate(0201),FireFudge(0202),Sugar—SodiumPeroxide(0203), Aluminum Powder—Sodium Peroxide (0204), Match Head (0205),

SilverNitrate—MagnesiumPowder(0208).

b.MaterialandEquipment

Wide-mouthedjar.Sulfuricacid(concentrated).Paper.String.

c.Preparation.Removethecapfromawide-mouthedjarFillabouthalf-fullwithconcentratedsulfuricacid.Tiethepapersecurelyoverthemouthofthejar.

d.Application.1. Makeapileofdryflammablematerialsuchasrags,papers,emptyboxes,

orcartons.Spreadoutapieceofabsorbentpaperon thismaterial.Spreadignitermaterialontheabsorbentpaperandplacethejar(onitsside)ontopof the ignitermaterial.Makecertain the jardoesnot leak.When theacidsoaksthroughorcorrodesthepaper,itwillcontacttheignitermaterialandcauseittoburstintoflame.

2. This device is not reliable at temperatures below 40° F. The time delaydependsonthethicknessofthepaper.Asimilardeviceshouldbetestedtodeterminethedelayprovidedbyvariousthicknessesofpaper.Itshouldbetested at the temperature at which it will be used, to be sure of positiveignition. Ignition should occur in about 2 minutes at 68° F. when usingwritingpaper.Higherambienttemperaturesshortendelaytimes,andlowertemperatureslengthendelaytimes.

0405.PAPERDIAPHRAGM(GLYCERIN)a.Description.

1. Thisdeviceconsistsofpotassiumpermanganatecrystalswrappedinlayersof absorbent paper. Glycerin is brought into contact with the wrappedpotassiumpermanganatecrystalsbyslowlysoakingthroughthepaper.Thiswetsthewrappedcrystalscausingcombustion.Thisdelaycanbeusedfordirectly initiating all igniters listed in chapter 3 exceptWhitePhosphorus(0209).The ignitingabilityof thisdelay is increasedwhenmagnesiumoraluminumparticlesaremixedwiththepotassiumpermanganatecrystals.

2. The following incendiaries (ch4)canbedirectly ignitedusing thisdelay:Napalm (0301), Gelled Gasoline (exotic thickeners) (0302), GelledGasoline (Improvised thickeners) (0303), Paraffin-Sawdust (0304), andIncendiary Brick (0309). Other combustible dry materials such as paper,rags, straw, and excelsior can also be directly initiated. This delay is notrecommendedforuseintemperturesbelow50°F.


Absorbentpaper(toiletpaper,paper,toweling,newspaper).

Glycerin(commercialgrade).

Magnesiumoraluminumparticles(consistencyofgranulatedsugar).

Rubberbandsorstring.

Smallshallowdish.

Potassiumpermanganate(consistencyofcoarsegroundcoffee).

Smallbottle(approximately1½fluidounces).

Spoon(perferablynonmetallic).

c.Preparation.1. Fillthesmallbottlewithglycerin.2. Wrapaquantityofpotassiumpermanganatecrystals(amixtureof85parts

potassium permanganate and 15 parts magnesium or aluminum particlescan be substituted to produce a hotter flame) in absorbent paper. Makecertainthatnoneofthecrystalsfallout.

3. The bottle and package may be carried by the person without hazard tohimself,andwillbeavailableforusewhenneeded.

d.Application.

1. Touse thisdelay,pour theglycerin intoasmallshallowdishorpan.Pileincendiarymaterialaroundthedishsothatwhentheglycerinignitesitwillignite the incendiary material. Place the paper container of potassiumpermanganate crystals into the pan of glycerin.When the glycerin soaksthroughthepaperandcontactsthepotassiumpermanganate,ignitionoccurswithinafewseconds.

2. By using various kinds of paper, different delay times can be obtained.Usingmorelayersofpaperforwrappingwillincreasethedelaytime.Usingthisdelayathigher temperatureswill alsodecrease thedelay time.Delaytimesfromoneminute toapproximatelyonehourarepossible,dependingontheconditions.

3. The delay time should be checked under conditionswhich are similar tothoseexpectedatthetarget.

0406.CANDLEa.Description.

This delay ignites flammable fuels of low volatility such as fuel oil andkerosene.Alightedcandleproperly inserted inasmallcontainerof flammableliquidof lowvolatilitycauses ignitionof theflammable liquidwhen theflameburns down to the liquid level. The flame from the burning liquid is used toigniteincendiarymaterialsuchaspaper,straw,rags,andwoodenstructures.Thedelaytimeisreasonablyaccurate,andmaybeeasilycalibratedbydetermining

theburning rateof the candle.No special skills are required touse thisdelay.Shielding is required for the candle when used in an area of strongwinds ordrafts. This delay is not recommended for use with highly volatile liquidsbecauseprematureignitionmaytakeplace.Thisdeviceisusefulwhereadelayof one hour or longer is desired. The candle delayworkswell in cold or hotweather, and has the advantage of being consumed in the resulting fire, thusreducingevidenceofarson.


Candle.Bowl.Perforatedcanorcarton.Fueloilorkerosene.Matches.Smallpieceofcloth.

c.Preparation.1. Maketwomarksonthesideofthecandle,1½inchesand2inchesfromthe

top. Light the candle and record the times atwhich thewaxmelts at themarksontheside.

2. Thedistanceburnedbythecandledividedbytheelapsedtimedeterminestheburningrateofthecandle.

d.Application.1. Usinga lightedcandleofdesiredlength,driphotwaxinthecenterof the

bowl.Melt the base of the candlewith a lightedmatch. Firmly press thesoftenedbaseof thecandleintothehotwaxinthecenterof thebowl.Besurethecandlewillstandupsecurelywithouttopplingover.Extinguishthecandle.Wrapasmallpieceofclotharoundthecandleandslideitdowntothebottomofthebowl.Placeaquantityoffueloilorkeroseneinthebowl.

Besurethatthelevelofthefluidreachesthecloth,soitwillactasawick.Piletheincendiarymaterialaroundthebowlwhereitcancatchfireafterthefueloilorkeroseneignites.

2. Ifthisdelaymustbesetinawindyordraftylocation,placeashieldoverit.Notchorpunchholesinametalcanorcardboardcartonatthebottomandsidesforventilation,andplacethiscoveroverthedelay.

0407.OVERFLOWa.Description.

Thisitemprovidesatimedelayinstartingafire.Itconsistsoftwotincans,withtopsremoved,anduseseitherwaterorglycerintoactivatetheignitermaterial.Ahole ispunched in theclosedendofonecan.Thiscan isplacedon topof theother can which is partially filled with the liquid. The top can is completelyfilledwiththeliquid.Whenthebottomcanfillsandoverflows,theoverflowedliquid will react with the ignitermaterial placed around the bottom can. Thisdeviceisusedforignitingthefollowingwateractuatedigniterslistedinchapter3: Sugar—Sodium Peroxide (0203), Aluminum Powder—Sodium Peroxide(0204),andSilverNitrate—MagnesiumPowder(0208).GlycerinisusedastheinitiatingliquidtoignitePotassiumPermanganateglycerin(0206).


Twotincans.Nailorpunch.Hammer.Waterorglycerin.Canopener.

c.Preparation.1. Removethetopsfromtwocans.2. Punchordrillasmallholeintheclosedendofoneofthecans.3. Partiallyfilltheothercanwitheitherwaterorglycerin.4. Placethecanwiththeholeinthebottomontopofthecanpartiallyfilled

with igniting fluid. Insert a twig or small stick between the two cans toallowtheliquidtooverflowfromthebottomcan.

5. Filltheuppercanwiththesameignitingfluidasthatpreviouslyplacedinthe bottom can and determine the time required for the fluid to overflowfromthebottomcan.Iftwocansofthesamesizeareused,eitheronemaybeusedforthetop.Ifdifferentsizecansareused,placethelargercanontop.Thedelayisvariableandadjustabledependingonthesizesofthecans,thequantityofliquidused,orthediameteroftheholeinthetopcan.

d.Application.1. Alwaystest theglycerindelayat thetemperatureatwhichitwillbeused.

Glycerin flows slowlywhen cold.Do not usewater in this delay near orbelowitsfreezingpoint,32°F.

2. Placethedelayinthetargetareaandfillbothupperandlowercanstothedesiredlevelwiththeappropriateliquid.

3. Pileignitermaterialaroundthebottomoftheoverflowcansotheactivatingliquidcaneasilymakecontactwiththeignitermaterialasitflowsdownthesideofthecan.

0408.TIPPINGDELAY-FILLEDTUBEa.Description.

1. This delay is composedof a hollowmetal rodor bamboo filledwithwetbeans,riceorpeas.Thetubeisinvertedandplacedinthecenterofaringof

ignitermaterialandasmallvialofwateroracidistiedtothetube.Whenthewetbeansexpand,theyliftandtopplethetube,therebyspillingtheacidorwaterontotheignitercausingcombustion.

2. This tippingdelaymaybeusedwithavarietyof igniters.Theyareeasilyprepared, and give fairly accurate delay times. This delay should not beused at temperatures near or below 32° F. when water is used as theinitiator due to freezing. The following water actuated igniters listed inchapter 3 can be used with this mechanism: Sugar—Sodium Peroxide(0203),AluminumPowder—SodiumPeroxide(0204)andSilverNitrate—Magnesium Powder (0208). The delay may be used with concentratedsulfuricacid to initiate theaboveignitersand thefollowingacidactivatedigniters: Sugar-Chlorate (0201), Fire Fudge (0202), and Match Head(0205). This delay may be used with the Glycerin—PotassiumPermanganateIgniter(0206).


Metaltube,pipeorpieceofbambooclosedatoneend,4to6incheslong and 1 inch inside diameter, or glass test tube of similardimensions.

Smallglassvialorbottlewithopenmouthof1fluidouncecapacity.

Stringorrubberbands.

Rice,peas,orbeans.

Water.

Concentratedsulfuricacid.

c. Preparation. The pipe or tubemay bemade of anymaterial. It must beclosedatoneendandflatattheotherinordertostandvertically.Alargeglasstesttubeisidealforthispurpose.1. Usingsomestringorrubberbands,attachthesmallvialtothelargertube.

Attach thevialnear the topwith theopenendof thevialpointingupandtheopenendofthetubedown.

2. This assembly should stand up without toppling over. If it appearsunsteady, move the vial downward slightly. A final adjustment may berequiredwhenthedelayisfilledwiththerequiredmaterials.

d.Application.1. Rice will usually give delays of about ten to twenty minutes. Peas and

beanswillusuallygivedelaytimesupto4or5hours.Whicheverisuseditmust be first tested to determine the delay time for the tube thatwill beused.

2. Tousethisdevice,tightlypackthepieceofpipeorbamboowithrice,peasorbeansdependingonwhatdelay time is required.Addenoughwater tocompletelymoistenthebeansandquicklypourofftheexcesswater.Placethepipeopenenddown,andimmediatelyfill thesmallvialwithwaterorconcentratedsulfuricacid,dependingonwhichigniterisbeingused.

3. Placeaquantityoftheignitermixtureinaringaroundthedelayassembly.Make the ringof suchdiameter thatwhen the tube fallsover, the acidorwaterfromthevialwillspillontotheignitermixture.

4. Place incendiary material where the flame from the igniter will start itburning.

5. Anotherwayinwhichthetippingdelaycanbeusedistofillthesmallvial

with glycerin instead of water or acid and then spread potassiumpermanganate crystals in a ring around the delay. When the glycerin isspilled onto the crystals, combustionwill occur and ignite the incendiarymaterial.Theglycerinigniterwillnotworkintemperaturesbelow50°F.

6. It is recommended that this device be tested at the same temperature atwhichitistobeused.

0409.TIPPINGDELAY-CORROSIVEORDISSOLVINGACTIONa.Description.

DISSOLVINGTIPPINGDELAY

CORROSIVETIPPINGDELAY

1. Thisdeviceconsistsofavialofinitiatingliquidsupportedbyatripod.Oneof the legswhich supports the vial of liquid is dissolved by a fluid. Thecenter of gravity of the structure changes and the structure topples over.The contents of the vial spill onto an appropriate igniter mixture and

combustionoccurs.2. This corrosive or dissolving tipping delaymay be usedwith a variety of

igniters.However,itshouldnotbeusedattemperaturesnearorbelow32°F.whenwaterisusedastheinitiatorduetofreezingofthewater.

3. Thefollowingwateractuated igniters listed inchapter3canbeusedwiththismechanism:Sugar—Sodium Peroxide (0203), Aluminum Powder—Sodium Peroxide(0204)andSilverNitrate—MagnesiumPowder (0208).Thedelaymaybeusedwith concentrated sulfuric acid to initiate the above igniters and thefollowingacidactivatedigniters:Sugar-Chlorate(0201),FireFudge(0202),and Match Head (0205). This delay may be used with the Glycerin—PotassiumPermanganateIgniter(0206)‘


Three wooden sticks or wooden pencils (approximately 6 incheslongby¼inchdiameter).

Glassvial(1fluidouncecapacity).

String,tapeorrubberbands.

Any one of the igniter mixtures mentioned above. One of thefollowingcombinationofitems:1. Longsticksofhardcandyandwater.2. Lengthsofbarecopperwireandconcentratednitricacid.3. Ironnailsorwireapproximately inchdiameterby4 inches

longandconcentratedhydrochloricacid.4. Ironnailsorwireandsaturatedcupricchloridesolution.

2glasscontainerswithglassstoppersforcarryingacid.

Shallowglassorporcelainbowlsuchassoupbowlorinkbottle.

c.Preparation.1. Makeatripodoutofthreesticks,tapingthemtogetheratthetop.Twolegs

shouldbethesamelength;thethirdshouldbeabout2—3inchesshorter.2. Tape to the short leg, either a stick of hard candy, piece of heavy bare

copperwire, steelnail,or steelwire, adjusting the length so that thewirelegstandsalmostvertically.

3. The finished tripod shouldhave a distanceof about 4—5 inches betweenanytwolegs.

4. To the top of the tripod, on the short leg, firmly tape or tie the small 1-fluideounce capacityvial, open endup.Make certain that the tripod stillstandsuprightafterattachingthevial.Thedistancebetweenlegsmayhavetobevariedtokeepthetripodbarelystandingupright.

d.Application.1. Touse thedelaydevice, insert the legof the tripodwhichhas thecandy,

wire,ornails intoaglassorporcelainbowl.Fill thevialat the topof thetripodwitheitherwater,concentratedsulfuricacid,orglycerin,dependingon which igniter is being used. Spread a quantity of the proper ignitermaterial ina ringaround the tripod,placing itwhere the spilled initiatingliquid is certain to contact it. Fill the glass or porcelain bowl with theprescribedliquidfordissolvingthelegof thetripodinthebowl.Forhardcandy the liquid iswater; forcopperwire the liquid isconcentratednitricacid;forsteelnailstheliquidmaybeeitherconcentratedhydrochloricacid,orasaturatedsolutionofcupricchloride.

2. No definite delay times can be established for these delays because offactors such as temperature, solution concentration, and imperfections in

thelegofthetripod.Priortouse,testthedeviceunderconditionsexpectedat the target.The following tableshouldbeusedmerelyasaguidelineofexpecteddelaytimesforthevariousmaterials.

Delaymaterial Delay t ime

Hardcandypluswater 5—10minutes

Copperwireplusconcentratednitricacid 2—5minutes

Copperwireplusnitricaciddilutedwithanequalvolumeofwater.

45—60minutes

Steelwireornailsplusconcentratedhydrochloricacid. 24hoursto7days

Steelwireornailspluscupricchloride10minutestosolution. 5—6hours.

3. The delay time will vary greatly with only moderate changes intemperature.Donotusethistypeofdelaymechanismwhereaccuratedelaytimesarerequired.

0410.BALANCINGSTICKa.Description.

1. Thisdelaydeviceconsistsofapieceofwoodorstick,asmallvial,anail,apiece of string, and a long strip of cloth. A hole is drilled through themiddleofthestick.Thevialisfastenedtooneend,andthestripofclothtotheother.Thelengthoftheclothisadjustedsothattherodjustbalancesonanailpassingthroughtheholewhenthevialis¾full.Theclothiswettedwithsolventtomakeitheavyandthevialisfilledwithinitiatingliquidtomaintain balance. As the solvent evaporates, the end of the stick whichsupports the vial of initiating liquid becomes heavier than the endsupporting the cloth.Theunbalanced stick rotates about thenail until theinitiatingliquidspillsontotheignitermixtureandcombustionoccurs.Firethenspreadstoandignitesincendiarymaterial.

2. Thisdevicemaybeusedwithavarietyofigniters.However,itshouldnotbe used at temperatures near or below 32° F. whenwater is used as theinitiatorduetofreezingofthewater.Thefollowingwateractuatedigniterslisted in chapter 3 can be used with this mechanism: Sugar—SodiumPeroxide (0203),AluminumPowder—SodiumPeroxide (0204)andSilverNitrate—Magnesium Powder (0208). The device may be used withconcentrated sulfuric acid to initiate the above igniters and the followingacid activated igniters: Sugar-Chlorate (0201), Fire Fudge (0202), andMatch Head (0205). It may also be used with the Glycerin—PotassiumPermanganateIgniter(0206).


Pieceofwood⅞by⅞by16inches).2Nails.String.Stripofcloth.2glassvials(1fluidounce)withstoppers.

c.Preparation.1. Drillaholethroughthemiddleofthestickasshownbelow.

2. Insertanailthroughthehole.Thenailshouldpermitthesticktoturnfreely.Tieapieceofstring(4-6inchesinlength)tobothendsofthenail,formingaloop.Itisnotimportantthatthestickbalanceexactly.

3. Tooneendofthesticktapeasmallglassvial.Tiltthevialwhenattachingitsothatwhenthisendofthestickisabout8inchesabovetheotherend,thevialwillbeverticallyupright.Ontheotherendofthesticktieastripofcloth, rag, or rope.This strip shouldbeheavy enough so that the stick isbalancedwhenthevialisabout¾fullofinitiatingfluid.

d.Application.1. Tousethisdelay,driveanail(approximately4incheslong)intoawallor

woodenboxabout8inchesabovethefloor,leavingatleast2inchesofthenailprojecting.Placetheloopofstringonthenailneartheheadofthenail.Thestickshouldnottouchtheboxorwall,butmustswingfreely.Theragshouldtouchthefloor.Pourenoughsolventontheragtosoakitthoroughly(approximately1fluidounce).Workingquickly,fillthevialwithinitiatingliquid and balance the rod by shifting the cloth. Spread a quantity ofappropriateignitermixtureonthefloorwheretheinitiatingliquidwillspillwhenthesolventontheclothevaporates.Inafewminutesthesolventwillevaporate, causing the stick tobecomeunbalanced.Thevialwill tiltwiththe stick and, the liquid in the vial will pour out and initiate the ignitermixture.

2. Wherenosolvent isavailableorwhere theodorofsolventmaymake thedevice easy to detect, do not use cloth soaked with solvent. Use a wirebasketcontainingiceasshownbelow.

3. Wheniceisused,thedelaytimewillbeamatterofminutes,dependingontheambienttemperature.Icecannotbeusedattemperaturesnear32°F.Besure that the drippings from the melting ice does not wet the igniter orinterferewithinitialcombustionofflammablematerial.

0411.STRETCHEDRUBBERBANDa.Description.

This itemutilizesa rubberband,whichhasbeen soaked ingasolineorcarbon

disulfideuntil it has considerably expanded.After removal of the rubberbandfromthesolvent,therubberbandisattachedtoawallandtoabottlecontainingigniterfluid.Astherubberbandcontractsduetosolventevaporation,thebottleis tipped and initiator liquid comes in contact with an appropriate ignitermaterial.Thisstretchedrubberbanddelaymaybeusedwithavarietyofigniters.However,itshouldnotbeusedattemperaturesnearorbelow32°F.whenwaterisusedas the initiatorbecausethewaterfreezes.Thefollowingwateractuatedigniters listed in chapter 3 can be usedwith thismechanism: Sugar—SodiumPeroxide (0203), Aluminum Powder—Sodium Peroxide (0204), and SilverNitrate—MagnesiumPowder(0208).Thedelaymaybeusedwithconcentratedsulfuric acid to initiate the above igniters and the following acid activatedigniters: Sugar-Chlorate (0201), Fire Fudge (0202), and Match Head (0205).ThisdelaymaybeusedwithGlycerin—PotassiumPermanganateIgniter(0206).


Bottleorjar(1to2fluidouncecapacity).

Rubberbands.

Gasolineorcarbondisulfide.

Airtightcontainerforcarryingthegasolineorcarbondisulfide.

Nails.

Igniter.

c.Preparation.1. Fill a bottle (1 to 2 fluid ounce capacity) with water, acid, or glycerin,

dependingonwhichigniteristobeused.2. Soak the rubberbands ingasolineorcarbondisulfide foraboutonehour.

Donotsoaktoolongortheywillbecomeexcessivelyweakened.

d.Application.1. Attheplacewherethedelayistobeused,drivealargeheadednailintothe

wall,leavingabout2to2½inchesexposed.Looptherubberbandsoverthehead of the nail. Place the bottle two bottle heights away from the nail.Quickly loopthefreeendof therubberbandsover theneckof thebottle.Move the bottle back and forth until there is just enough tension in therubberbandstoholdthebottlewithoutittopplingwhenapencilortwigis

placedunderthefarend.Thestickundertheendofthebottleisusedasatiltdevice tomakesure that thebottle topplesoverwhen the rubberbandcontracts.

2. Place some incendiarymaterial close to the bottle. Sprinkle a quantity ofignitermixture about the area inwhich the liquidwill be spilled.As thesolvent evaporates, the rubber bands will shrink, tip the bottle, spill theliquid,andinitiatetheignitermaterial.Note.Alwayssetupthebottlebeforespreadingtheignitermixture.

0412.ALARMCLOCKa.Description.

1. This device is used for ignitingmaterials after a definite delay time.Thedevice employs a manually-wound alarm clock, with the alarm bellremoved,asthetimingmechanism.Apieceofstringisfastenedtothekeyusedtowindthealarm.Theotherendofthestringisfastenedtoabottleofappropriate initiating liquid. When the modified alarm mechanism istripped, thewinding keywill reel in the string and overturn the bottle ofinitiatingliquidandstartafire.

2. Thisalarmclockdelaymaybeusedwithavarietyofigniters.However,itshouldnotbeusedattemperaturesnearorbelow32°F.whenwaterisusedas the initiator because the water freezes. The following water actuatedigniters listed in chapter 3 can be used with this mechanism: Sugar—Sodium Peroxide (0203), Aluminum Powder—Sodium Peroxide (0204),and Silver Nitrate—Magnesium Powder (0208). The delay may be usedwith concentrated sulfuric acid to initiate the above igniters and thefollowingacidactivatedigniters:Sugar-Chlorate(0201),FireFudge(0202),andMatchHead(0205).ThisdelaymaybeusedwithGlycerin—PotassiumPermanganate(0206).

3. This device will produce fairly accurate delay times between one andelevenhours.Caution:The tickingsoundof theclockmayreveal thepresenceof

thedevice.


Alarmclock,manuallywound(withoutbell,ifpossible).

Bottle.

String.

Initiatorliquid.

Clothorabsorbentpaper.

c.Preparation.1. Removethebellorstrikerfromtheclock.2. Fullywindtimeandalarmsprings.3. Setdesiredtimeonalarm.4. Tie the string to the alarm key so that it will be pulled when the alarm

mechanismis tripped. Ifnecessary, tiea twigorstick to thealarmkey toobtainalongerlevel.

d.Application.1. Tiethestringtothealarmkeyorstick.Settheclockinplaceandanchorit

ifnecessary.Muffle theclockwith rags,makingsure that the ragsdonotinterferewiththereelingactionofthealarmmechanism.Tiethefreeendofthestringtothebottleofactivatingliquid.Thebottleshouldbetiltedinthedirectionof the fall by a pencil or twig.When this device is placedon asmooth surface, the clock should be taped, tied, or weighted down toprevent it from slidingwhen the tension in the string is taken up by therevolvingkey.

2. Adjust thespacingso that thestring is taut.Placeaclothoranabsorbentpapertowelwherethecontentsofthebottlewillbespilled.Placeaquantityofignitermixtureontheclothorpapertowel.Partiallyoverlaptheignitermixturewithaflammablematerialsoastoassistcombustion.

CHAPTER6

SPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTION

0501.SPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTIONa.Description.1. Spontaneouscombustionistheoutbreakoffireincombustiblematerialthat

occurswithoutapplicationofdirectflameorspark.Acombustiblematerialsuch as cotton waste, sawdust, or cotton batting is impregnated with amixture of a vegetable oil and specific drying oils known as driers. Thisimpregnatedcombustiblematerial isplaced inacontainerwhichprovidesconfinementaround thesidesandbottom.Heatproducedby thechemicalaction of the driers in the oil is transferred to the confined combustiblematerialwith resultantoutbreakof fire.Prepared ignitermaterials suchasFire Fudge (0202) or initiatormaterial such as Fuse Cord (0101) can beusedwith the impregnatedcombustiblematerial to increasereliabilityanddecreaseignitiondelaytime.

2. The chemical reaction that supplies heat in the spontaneous combustiondevicebecomesfasterasthesurroundingtemperaturerises.Conversely,asthe temperature drops ignition delay time increases. In addition, ignitiondelaytimevariessomewhatwithtypeofvegetableoil,typeofdrier,typeofcombustible material, confinement, density of the oil impregnatedcombustiblematerial, and ventilation.Devices planned for use should betriedinadvancetoestablishdelaytime.

3. Thesedevicesoperatewithanaturaldelaycausedbythechemicalreactiontimeofthedryingprocessintheoil.Theuserplacesthedeviceandisawayfromthescenewhenthefirestarts.Spontaneouscombustiondeviceshavetheaddedadvantageofusingitemsseendailyaroundshop,plant,oroffice.Containersforconfiningtheimpregnatedcombustiblematerialcanbesmallwastepaperbaskets,packingboxes, icecreamcontainers,paperbagsandother itemscommontoaparticularoperation.Combustiblematerialssuchas cotton waste, cotton batting, or sawdust are also common in many

manufacturing plants. For these reasons, spontaneous combustion devicesareusefulandcleversabotageitems.

4. It is recommended that these devices be covertly used to ignite readilyflammablematerialsuchasrags,drypaper,dryhay,woodenandcardboardboxes,woodenstructures,andothersimilartargets.


Ingredient Used for Commonsource

VegetableOils

Boiledlinseedoil Paintmanufacture Hardwarestores

Rawlinseedoil Paintmanufacture Hardwarestores

Saffloweroil Food Drugandfoodstores

Tungoil(Chinawood).

Paintmanufacture Paintmanufacturers

Driers

Cobalt(6%) Paintmanufacture Paintmanufacturers

Lead(24%) Paintmanufacture Paintmanufacturers

Manganese(canbesubstitutedforcobalt).

Leadoxide(canbesubstitutedforlead).

CombustibleMaterials

Cottonwaste Machineshops,maintenanceshops.

By-productoftextilemanufacture.

Cottonbating Furnituremanufacture.

Felt&textilemanufacturers.

manufacture.

Sawdust Water-oil-greaseabsorbent.

By-productoffoodworking.

Kapok Lifejackets,furniturepadding,bedding.

Furnituremanufacturers,foodproductsmanufacturers.

MiscellaneousItems

Cardboardorpapercontainer.

General Commonlyavailable

Stickapproximately1½inchesindiameter.


Sharpknife General Commonlyavailable

Onepintwidemouthjar.


Teaspoon General Commonlyavailable

FireFudgeIgniter(optional).

Igniter Seeparagraph0202

FuseCord(optional). Initiator Seeparagraph0101

ProportionsofMixture

Note. The above quantities for each system are approximatelycorrectforuseina1gallonconfinementcontainer.Theimpregnatedcombustiblematerialshouldfillthecontainertoapproximately⅓to½thevolumeforbestresults.Differentsizecontainerscanbeusedwith properly adjusted quantities of impregnated combustiblematerial.Atapproximately70°F.,delaytimetoignitionisroughly1to2hours.WithFireFudgeorFuseCordaddedtotheimpregnated

combustiblematerial,delaytimeisreducedtoroughly½to1hour.The exception to this is System 8where delay time to ignition isabout2to3hours.WithFireFudgeorFuseCordadded,delaytimeisshortenedto1to2hours.

c.Preparation.1. Generalinstructions.

(a)Measurethecombustiblematerialbytightlypackingituptothetopofthe one pint measuring jar. The material should puff out of themeasuringjarwhenfirmhandpressureisremoved.

(b)Transfer the combustible material from the measuring jar to thecontainerinwhichitistobeconfined.

(c)Pourthevegetableoilintotheonepintmeasuringjartoone-thirdjarvolume.

(d)Using a teaspoon, add the specified quantity of Cobalt Drier to thevegetable oil in the one pintmeasuring jar.Wipe the spoon dry andaddthespecifiedquantityofLeadDriertotheVegetableOil—CobaltDriermixture.

(e)Thoroughlymixthecombinationofvegetableoilanddriersbystirringwiththeteaspoonforapproximatelyoneminute.

Note.Vegetableoilanddriercanbemixedandstoredinan air-tight container for one week before use. Longerstorageisnotrecommended.

(f)Pour the oil mixture from the one pint measuring jar over thecombustible material in the container. Saturate the combustiblematerialbykneading,pullingandballingwiththehands.Thiscanbeaccomplishedeitherinsideoroutsideofthecontainer.

(g)Removesaturatedcombustiblematerialfromthecontainer.(h)Cutaholewithaknife,onetotwoinchesindiameter,inthebottomcenterofthecontainer.

(i)Place thecontainerona flatsurface,hold the1½-inchdiameterstickvertically over the hole in the bottom of the container and pack thesaturatedcombustiblematerialaroundthestickcompressingitsothatitfills⅓to½ofthecontainervolumeafterhandpressureisremoved.

(j)Removethestick.Thisleavesaventilationholethroughthecenterofthecombustiblematerial.Thespontaneouscombustiondeviceisnowreadyforuseunlessthefollowingoptionalstepistaken.

(k)Thisstep isoptional.Either takeapieceofFireFudge (0202)aboutthe size of awalnut and crush it into pieces about the size of peas.Sprinkle thepieces of crushedFireFudgeon topof the combustiblematerial.OrcutapieceofFuseCord(0101)toalengthofaboutfourinches.Sincesafetyfuseburnsinsidethewrapping,itisslicedinhalfto expose the black powder. (Lacquer coated fuse (nonsafety type)burnscompletelyandmaybeusedwithoutslicing.)Insertoneormorepieces of fuse vertically in the combustible materiel near the centerventhole, leavingaboutone inchextendingoutof the topsurfaceofthecombustiblematerial.

2. Preparationofimproviseddriers.Ifthecommercialdriers(cobaltandlead)specified under Material and Equipment above are not available, thefollowingimproviseddrierscanbemadeusingeitherflashlightbatteriesorpowderedleadoxide(Pb3O4).Theseimproviseddriersareusedinthesamemannerasthecommercialdriers.(a)Manganesedrier.

1. Breakopenthreeflashlightbatteries(sizeD)andcollectthepastymaterialsurroundingthecentralcarbonrod.

2. Put this material in a one-pint widemouth jar and fill jar withwater.

3. Slowly stir contents of jar for approximately two minutes andallow contents to settle.The contentswill usually settle in one-halfhour.

4. Pouroffwaterstandingontopofsettledcontents.5. Remove wet contents from jar, spread it on a paper towel and

allowtodry.6. Drythejar.7. Pourrawlinseedoil into theone-pintmeasuring jar toone-third

jarvolume.8. Combine themeasuredquantityof raw linseedoiland thedried

batterycontentsfrom5aboveinapotandboilforone-halfhour.9. Shut off heat, remove pot from the heat source, and allow the

mixturetocooltoroomtemperature.10. Separate the liquidfromthesolidmaterialsettledon thebottom

bycarefullypouring the liquid intoastoragebottle.Discard thesolidmaterial.Theliquidisthedrier.

11. Themanganesedrierisreadyforuse.12. If manganese dioxide powder is available, flashlight batteries

need not be used. Place one heaping teaspoonful ofmanganesedioxidepowderintotherawlinseedoilandboilthemixtureina

potforone-halfhour.Thenfollow9,10,and11above.

(b)Leadoxidedrier.1. Pourrawlinseedoil into theone-pintmeasuring jar toone-third

jarvolume.2. Combine the measured quantity of raw linseed oil and two

heaping teaspoonfuls of lead oxide in a pot and boil gently forone-half hour. The mixture must be stirred constantly to avoidfoamingover.

3. Shut off heat, remove pot from the heat source, and allow themixturetocooltoroomtemperature.

4. Pourtheliquidintoastoragebottleandcapthebottle.5. Theleadoxidedrierisreadyforuse.

d.Application.1. Thespontaneouscombustiondeviceisplacedatthetargetonaflatsurface

with one edge propped up to allow ventilation through the impregnatedcombustiblematerial.

Since flames normally shoot up from the open top of the container,combustible targetmaterialshouldbepositionedfromthree tofive inchesdirectlyoverthetopofthedeviceforsatisfactoryignitionofthetarget.DONOTCOVEROPENTOPOFCONTAINER.

2. Temperatureoftheenvironmentinwhichthesedevicesareusedaffect,theignitiontimethesedevicesareusedaffectstheignitiontime.Thefollowingtablegivesapproximatetimetoignitionatdifferenttemperatures.However,

itisrecommendedthatignitiontimebedeterminedbyadvancetrial.

Temperature (°F. ) Time to igni t ion (hours )

60-70 1-2

40-60 2-4

30-40 4-10

3. Spontaneous combustion devices can also be improvised by stuffingimpregnatedcombustiblematerialintoapocketofanyoneofthefollowinggarments:coat, laboratoryjacket,pants,orsimilar items.Thecombustiblematerial stuffed in the pocket should be below the top of the pocket andshouldnotbepackedtootight.

INDEX

Alarmclockdelay0412Alcohol:

Incendiary0308Lyethickenersforgasoline0303.1to0303.3Soapthickenerforgasoline0303.4

Aluminumpowderignitermixes0204,0207Animalbloodthickenerforgasoline0303.8

Balancingstickdelay0410Balsam-lyethickenerforgasoline0303.3Bariumperoxide—magnesiumpowderigniter.0210Blastingtimefuse0101Brick,incendiary0309

Candledelay0406Chemicalhazards0303Chemicalmaterials.(Seespecificmaterials,thickeners.)Cigarettedelay0401Cobaltdrier0501Combustiblematerials0501Corrosiveactiondelay0409

Definitions0002Delaymechanisms.(Seealsospecificitem.)0306,0401to0412Diaphragmdelays0403,0404Dissolvingactiondelay0409

Eggthickenerforgasoline0303.5

Fire:Bottles0305,0306Fudgeigniter0202Hazards0003

Flammableliquids0308Fuse:

Cords0101,0102Lighter,M20101Lighter,M600101

Gasolineincendiaries0302,0303,0308Gelatincapsuledelay0402Gelledgasolineincendiaries0302,0303

Glycerindelays0405,0407Glycerin—potassiumpermanganateigniter.0206

Igniters.(Seealsospecificitem.)0201to0211Incendiary:

Brick0309Materials.(Seealsospecificitem.)0301to0309Systems0001

Initiators.(Seealsospecificitem.)0101to0104

Latexthickenerforgasoline0303.6Leaddrier0501Linseedoil0501Lyethickenersforgasoline0303.1to0303.3

Magnesiumpowderignitermixes0208,0210Matchheadigniter0205

Napalmincendiary0301

Oilofvitriolinitiator0103Overflowdelay0407

Paperdiaphragmdelays0404,0405Paraffin-sawdustincendiary0304Potassium:

Chlorate-sugarigniter0201Permanganatecrystalsdelay0405Permanganate—glycerinigniter0206

Rubberbanddelay0411Rubberdiaphragmdelay0403

SafetyFuse,M7000101Saffloweroil0501Silvernitrate—magnesiumpowderigniter.0208Soap-alcoholthickenerforgasoline0303.4Sodium:

Chlorate-sugarigniter0201Peroxide—aluminumpowderigniter.0204Peroxide—sugarigniter0203

Spontaneouscombustion0501Stringfuse0102Subigniterforthermite0211Sugarignitermixes0201,0203Sulfurpellets—aluminumpowderigniter.0207Sulfuricaciddelays0402to0404Sulfuricacidinitiator0103

Thermiteigniter0211Thermiteincendiary0307

Thickenersforgasoline.(Seealsospecificmaterial.)0302,0303Tippingdelays0408to0410Toolsandtechniques.(Seealso0003specificdevice.)Tungoil0501

Waterdelays0402,0407to0409Waterinitiator0104Waxthickenerforgasoline0303.7Whitephosphorusigniter0209

ByOrderoftheSecretaryoftheArmy:

HAROLDK.JOHNSON,General,UnitedStatesArmy,

ChiefofStaff.

Official:

J.C.LAMBERT,MajorGeneral,UnitedStatesArmy,TheAdjutantGeneral.

*U.S.GOVERNMENTPRINTINGOFFICE:1967O-300-528(7016C)

IMPROVISEDINCENDIARIES

GeneralGood incendiaries can be improvised more easily than explosives and the

materialsaremoreeasilyobtained.Onapoundforpoundbasis,incendiariescando more damage than explosives against many type targets if properly used.Thereisatimelag,however,betweenthestartofafireandthedestructionofthetarget.Duringthisperiodthefiremaybediscoveredandcontrolledorputout.Anexplosiveoncedetonatedhasdoneitswork.

Incendiaries are cheap and little training is needed for their preparation anduse. Used in very carefully excuted operations, the act of sabotage may beconcealedintheashesofan“accidental”fire.

Fires may be started quickly and have reasonable chance of success if thefollowingfewsimpleprinciplesareobserved:

1.Seethatthereisplentyofairandfueltofeedthefire.

2.Useanincendiarythatsuppliesaprolongedandpersistentheat.

3.Startthefirelowinthetargetstructureandletitspreadnaturallyupwards.

4.Usereflectingsurfaces,suchascorners,boxes,shelves,toconcentratetheheat.

5.Usedraftstospreadthefirerapidly—nearstairways,elevatorshafts.

6. Protect the fire from discovery during the first few minutes by goodconcealmentandtiming.

Inpreparingimprovisedincendiariesobservebasicrulesofsafety.Chemicalsthat must be powered should be ground separately with clean tools and thenmixedintheindicatedproportions.Chemicalsormixturesshouldbekepttightlysealedinjarsorcanstoprotectthemfrommoisture.Dampmaterialswillworkpoorlyifatall.

Sulfuricacid,whichisusefulforchemicaldelaysandtoigniteincendiariesor

explosivedetonators,canbeobtainedbyconcentratingbatteryacid.Thiscanbedonebyboilingoff thewater in thebattery acid in aglassorporcelainedpanuntildensewhite fumesbegin toappear.Thisoperationshouldbedoneoutofdoorsandtheresultingconcentratedacidshouldbehandledcarefully.

Theparagraphswhich followwilldescribe thepreparationof several igniter(or“first fire”) incendiarymixes,somebasic incendiarymixes,anda thermatemetal-destroyingincendiary.

Thesubjectofincendiarieshasbeentreatedmuchmoreexhaustivelyinotherpublications.Theintentofthishandbookistoprovideonlyafewtechniques.

PotassiumChlorateandSugarIgniterChlorate-sugarisoneofthebestofthefirstfireorignitermixes.Itburnsvery

rapidly, with a yellow-white flame, and generates sufficient heat to ignite allhomemadeincendiariesmentionedinthishandbook.

MATERIALS:Potassiumchlorate(preferred)orsodiumchlorate,sugar.

PREPARATION:

1. Grind the chlorate separately in a clean, nonsparking (glass or wooden)bowlwithawoodenpestle. theresultinggranulesshouldapproximate thoseofordinarytablesugar.

2.Mixequalvolumesofthegranulatedchlorateandsugarbyplacingbothonalargesheetofpaperandthenliftingthecornersalternately.

CAUTION: Thismixture is extremely spark sensitive andmust be handledaccordingly.

3.Wrap4to6tablespoonfulsofthemixtureinthinpapersoastoformatightpacket.Keepthemixtureasdryaspossible.Ifitistobestoredinadampareabeforeusing,thepacketmaybecoatedwithparaffinwax.

Chlorate-sugar is easily ignited by the flame of a match, the spit of apercussioncaportimefuse,withconcentratedsulfuricacid.

If ignited when under confinement it will explode like gunpowder. If it iscontainedinawaxedpacket,therefore,thelattershouldbepunchedthroughinseveralplacesbeforeitisusedwithabasicincendiaryandignited.

FlakeAluminum-SulfurIgniterThis simple igniter burns extremely hot and will ignite even the metal-

destroyingthermate,describedlateron.Themixtureitselfcanbelitbychlorate-sugar.

MATERIALS:Flakealuminum,finelypowderedsulfur.

PREPARATION:

1.Mix4partsbyvolumeoffinelypowderedsulfurwith1partofaluminumpowder.

Touse,placeseveralspoonfulsofthemixtureonthematerialtobelitandaddaspoonfulofchlorate-sugarontop.Besurethesafety(time)fuseorotherspark-producingdelaysystemisplacedsoitwillactuponthechlorate-sugarmixturefirst.

HomemadeBlackPowderIgniterBlackpowdermaybeused for ignitingnapalm, flammablesolvents inopen

containers,paper,looserags,straw,excelsiorandothertindertypematerials.Ifitisnotavailablealreadymixed,itcanbepreparedasfollows:

MATERIALS:Potassium (or sodium)nitrate, powdered charcoal. powderedsulfur,powder

PREPARATION:

1.Intoaclean,dryjarorcanput7spoonfulsofpotassiumorsodiumnitrate,2spoonfuls of powdered charcoal, and 1 spoonful of powdered sulfur. Theingredientsmustbeatleastasfineasgranulatedsugar.Iftheymustbeground,GRINDEACHSEPATATELY.Nevergrind themixed ingredients—theymayigniteorexplode.

2.Capthecanorjartightlyandshakeandtumbleituntiltheingredientsarecompletelymixed.

The mixture will be effective for months if kept tightly sealed and dry.Sodiumnitrateinparticularhasatendencytoabsorbmoisture.

Touse thegunpowder,pile2or3 spoonfulson topof any solid incendiarymaterialwhichistobeignited.Forignitingliquidsinopencontainers,wrap2or3spoonfulsinapieceofpaperandsuspenditjustabovetheliquid.

Gunpowder is best ignited by safety fuse. It burns very quickly andwith agreat deal ofheat, so allow sufficient timedelay for safewithdrawal from thevicinity.

MatchHeadIgniterAgood ignitionmaterial for incendiariescanbeobtained from theheadsof

safetymatches,whichareavailablealmostanyplace.Thecompositionmustberemovedfromtheheadsofmanyofthemtogetasufficientquantityof ignitermaterial.Itwillignitenapalm,waxandsawdust,paper,andotherflammables.

MATERIALS:Safetymatches.

PREPARATION:

Remove the match head composition by scraping with a knife or crushingwithpliers.Collectseveralspoonfulsofitandstoreinamoisture-tightcontainer.

Putatleast2spoonfulsonthematerialtobeignited.Toigniteliquids,suchassolventsornapalm,wrapseveralspoonfulsinapieceofpaperandhangthisjustoverthefluid,orplacenearby.Iffluidsdampenthemixtureitmaynotignite.

Ignitioncanbebytimefuse,fircrackerfuse,aspark,orconcentratedsulfuricacid.

TimeFuseFireStarterSeveral ignitersor first firemixescanbe setoffbya spark from time fuse.

Others require a stronger flame.Time fuse, plusmatches, canbe combined toimprovethismoreintenseinitialflame.

MATERIALS:Time(safety)fuse,safetymatches,stringortape.

PREPARATION:

1.About¼inchfromtheendofapieceoftimefusecutanotchwithasharpknifesothatthepowdertrainisexposed.

2.Aroundthefuseatthispointtapeortieseveralmatchessothattheirheadsare incontactwitheachother andat leastonematchhead isdirectlyover thenotch.SeeFigure59.

Whenthefuseburnsdown,asparkfromthenotchignitestheonematchhead,whichflaresandignitestheothers.thisfirestartercanbeinsertedintoanignitermix or used alone to light crumped paper or excelsior. Another application,nonelectricfiringofthe3.5”rocket,isdescribedearlier.

HomemadeNapalmNapalm is thebest incendiary touseagainstmost flammable targets. Itwill

readilyignitepaper,straw,flammablesolvents,orwoodenstructures.

MATERIALS: Gasoline or fuel oil, nondetergent soap (bar, flakes, orpowder).

PREPARATION:

1.Useaboutequalpartsofsoapandoil.Ifbarsoapisused,sliceitintosmallchips.Ifbothgasolineandfueloilareavailable,usebothinequalparts.

2. Heat the fuel in an open container, preferably onewith a handle, out ofdoors.Trytoavoidcreatingsparksorhavingahighopenflame,butifthefuelshould catch on fire extinguish it by placing a board or piece of tin over thecontainer.

3.Gasoline, in particular,will begin to bubble very quickly.When it does,removefromthefireandgraduallyaddthesoap,stirringcontinuously,untilthesoapiscompletelydissolvedanda thinpasty liquidresults. Ifnecessaryreturnthemixture to the fire, but as a safetymeasure it is best not to stirwhile thecontainerisonthefire.

4.Whenthedesiredconsistencyisreachedallowthemixturetocool.

5.Napalmalsocanbemixedbyacoldmethod,althoughitmaytakehourstothicken.Thisshouldbedonebyalternatelyaddingverysmallamountsofsoapchipsorpowderandgasolineorfueloilandstirringuntilthemixturereachesathinjelly-likeconsistency.Itisbesttostartwithaboutacupfulofsoap,addpartof a cup of solvent and stir that until smooth before gradually adding theremainingingredients.Continuousstirringisnotrequired.Infact,itisadvisablejusttoletthemixtureandthemixerrestfromtimetotimeandgivethesoapachancetodissolve.

Fig.59—TimeFuseFireStarter

Fig.60—MolotovCocktail

Napalmwillkeepwellifstoredinatightlysealedcontainer.Itcanbeignitedwithamatchoranyofthefirstfiremixturesdescribedpreviously.Theignitionpacket should be placed adjacent to or just over the napalm, otherwise thepetroleummaysoakitandpreventitsburning.

When napalm is used on easily ignitible materials (such as loosely piledpaper,rags,orhay)itshouldbespreadoutsoitwillstartalargeareaburningatonce.Tightlybaledpaperorragsshouldbeloosenedfirst,becausetheydonotburnwell.Ifuseddirectlyagainstwoodenstructuresorotherlargearticleswhich

arediffculttoignite,thenapalmshouldbeconcentratedinsufficientquantitytoprovideahot,longlastingblaze.Ifaboutahalfdozenpiecesofcharcoalareputintoandaroundthenapalmtheheatoutputisconsiderablyincreased.

Napalmmakesanexcellent“Molotovcocktail.”Justfillanyglassbottlewithasmallneckwiththenapalmandcramatwistedstripofclothintothemouthofthe bottle as a stopper. See Figure 60.When ready to use, pull about 4 to 6inchesof theragstopperoutof thebottle.Light thenapalm-soakedragwithamatchand,whentheragisburningwell,throwthebottleatthetarget.Whenthebottlebreaksnapalmspashesoverthetargetandisignitedbytheburningrag.

Paraffin-SawdustIncendiaryParaffin-sawdustisalmostaseffectiveasnapalmagainstcombustibletargets,

butitisslowerinstarting.Itissolidwhencoolandthusismoreeasilycarriedand used than liquid napalm. In addition, it can be stored indefinitelywithoutspecialcare.

MATERIALS:Drysawdust,paraffin,beeswax,orcandlewax.

PREPARATION:

1.Meltthewax,removethecontainerfromthefireandstirinaroughlyequalamountofsawdust.

2. Continue to stir the cooling mixture until it becomes almost solid, thenremovefromthecontainerandletitcoolandsolidifyfurther.

Lumpsofthemixturethesizeofafistareeasiesttomanage.Thechunksofincendiarymay be carried to the target in a paper bag or otherwrapper.Anyigniterthatwillsetfiretothepaperwrapperwillignitethewaxandsawdust.

Asimilarincendiarycanbemadebydippingsheetsofnewspaperintomeltedwaxandallowingthemtocool.Thesepapersmaythenbecrumpledupandusedinthesamemanneras theparaffin-sawdust,althoughtheywillnotburnashotandpersistently.

Sawdust,MothFlakes,andOilIncendiaryThis incendiary isverygood foruse against all kindsofwooden structures,

including heavy beams and timbers. It alsoworkswell on paper, rags, straw,excelsior,andothertindertypematerials.Itwillstartfiresinopencontainersofflammableliquids,pilesofcoal,coke,orlumber,andonbaledragsandpaper.Itisnoteffectiveagainstmetal.

MATERIALS:Drysawdust,mothflakes(naphthalene),fueloil(keroseneordieseloil).

PREPARATION:

1.Placeequalpartsofsawdust,mothflakes,andoilintoacontainerandstiruntilthemixtureistheconsistencyofmush.

2.Storeitinanycontainerthatwillretaintheoilfumes.

An easy, effectiveway to use thismixture is to put about a quart of it in apaper bag and place the bag on the targetmaterial. The bag can be litwith amatchandthemixturewillignitequitereadily.Itburnsaswellasnapalm.Ifalongerdelaytimeisrequired,useoneoftheignitermixesdescribedearlieralongwith time fuse or other delay device. The time fuse alone, however, will notignitetheincendiarymix.

Whereverylargewoodbeamsaretobeburned,anadditionalamountoftheincendiarywillberequired.Twoorthreequartsisenoughtodestroyalmostanytargetagainstwhichthetechniquewouldbeeffective.

Forthegreatesteffectonwoodenstructures,themixtureshouldbeinapile,neverspreadoutinathinlayer.Itshouldbeplacedbeneaththetargetmaterial,ifpossible,sotheflameswillspreadupward.Inapackingboxorroom,acornerisagoodplacetostartthefire.

ThermateIncendiaryThermateissimilartocommercialthermit,usedinwelding,exceptthatitalso

containsanoxidizer,makingiteasiertoignite.Thermatewillreadilyburnpaper,rags,excelsior,straw,andothertindertypematerials.However,itsmainuseinsabotage operations is againstmotors, gears, lathes, or othermetal targets—toweldmovingpartstogether,warpprecisionmachinedsurfaces,andsoon.Sinceitburnswithabrief,almostexplosiveaction,itisnotrecommendedforburningwoodenstructuresorothermaterialswherepersistentheatisrequired.

A good source of ready-made thermate is the U.S. military AN M-14Incendiary Grenade. To remove the thermate, first pry out the fuse assemblywith crimpers or other nonsparking implement. See Figure 61. The reddish-brown caked substance on top of the contents of the grenade is a first firemixture and it is spark sensitive. This should be broken up and the grayishpowderbeneath,whichisthethermate,canbepouredout.

Thermate also can be made from aluminum or magnesium powder and a

chemicaloxidizingagent,asdescribedbelow:

MATERIALS:Aluminumfilings,powderorflakes,ormagnesiumfilingsorpowder, plus any one of the following chemicals: potassium nitrate, sodiumnitrate,bariumnitrate,potassiumdichromate,sodiumdichromate,orpotassiumpermanganate. Although aluminum and magnesium are equally effective,thermatemadefrommagnesiumiseasiertoignite.Flakealuminum,whichistheextremely fine variety used in paints, is excellent. In any case, both themetalandchemicalingredientsshouldbenocoarserthangranulatedsugar.

PREPARATION:

1. Fill a quart size (or larger) container about 2/3 full of equal parts of themetalpowderandtheoxidizingagent.

2.Coverwithatightlid,thenrollandtumblethecontaineruntilthecontentsarecompletelymixed.

3. If flake aluminum is the metal used, fill the container ½ full of thealuminum then add oxidizing agent until the container is ¾ full. Mix asdescribedabove.

Thermate inasealedcontainercanbestored formonths.Touse,put1or2poundsofthemixtureinapaperbagandplaceitonthetargetinsuchawaythatwhen it burns the red hot moltenmaterial will run down and attack the vitalparts.

Chlorate-sugarandaluminum-sulfurignitersarebestforsettingoffthermate,particularlyifthethermatecontainsaluminumpowder,whichismoredifficulttoignite.

Thermate also is used in the improviseddust initiator and the externalPOLchargesdescribedlater.

Fig.61—DefusingThermateGrenade

US Army Special Forces Guide to Unconventional Warfare

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