US 1 - Monroe Doctrine to Jacksonian...

Monroe DoctrineBecoming The “World’s Police”

Patrick Sheehy Thursday, June 3, 2010 5:36:47 PM ET 00:23:df:aa:a2:be

Revolutions

Revolutions in Latin America

Revolts against Spain

Simon Bolivar of Venezuela = George Washington in Latin America

President Monroe wanted to secure Latin American independence

President Monroe... “We would view an interference [in Latin America] on the part of European powers as an attack on ourselves”


A Warning

December 2nd, 1823 = Monroe Doctrine speech

U.S. would not interfere in European colonies in Latin America

BUT if European powers try to reclaim countries who won independence, U.S. would consider it “dangerous to our peace and safety”

Mixed reaction from U.S. politicians and citizens


American EconomyFrom Nationalism to Revolution


Clay’s Ideas

Henry Clay -- Representative (KY) = “nationalist”

Wanted to increase federal involvement in economy

“American System”

National Bank - provide stable currency

Tariff (tax on imported goods) - to protect manufacturing industry

National transportation system - to unite west, south and north


Tariff of 1816

British goods were sold for cheap in U.S.

Tariff protected American Manufacturers

25% duty (tax) on imported factory goods

Northern Manufacturers supported tariff

Southern Planters opposed

North vs. South


Transportation Revolution

1817

“Let us bind the republic together with a perfect system of roads and canals” -- John C. Calhoun

Congress wanted Federal aid to build roads

President Madison vetoed bill -- Federal gov’t did not have constitutional power to build roads in states

New York built Erie Canal in 1817 -- connected Hudson River & Lake Erie



Canals & Steam Boats

Due to Erie Canal other states began building canals

Saved time & money in transportation

1840 -- Canals and waterways connected Illinois to Atlantic Ocean

1807 -- First steamboat used to carry heavy good upstream



Locomotives

Used commercially in U.S. around 1830

First steam locomotive LOST race against horse-drawn train

By 1840’s train problems were solved & 9,000 miles of train tracks were laid in U.S.


The Market Revolution

Easier to transport goods across country

Created first “national markets”

Farmers’ & manufacturers’ made more $$

Small towns no longer isolated

Increased size of many small towns


Industrial Revolution

New machines allowed for mass production

Eli Whitney

Created interchangeable parts in the manufacture of firearms

Created Cotton Gin which easily separates cotton fibers from seeds


Industrial Revolution

Economic Reversal

1818 -- all areas of country enjoying prosperity

Manufacturers borrowed $$ from banks

Banks lent $$ to anyone & everyone

Bank of U.S. ordered all banks to demand loan repayment & banks exchange their paper $$ for gold & silver

Few banks were able to do so = Panic of 1819 = bank failures, falling land prices & foreclosures. Led to Economic Depression

Ended “Era of Good Feelings”


Andrew Jackson¿Man of the People?: Political, Social and Economic Crises


Missouri Compromise

1819

Missouri territory applied for statehood

Missouri had 10,000 slaves

11 Slave States & 11 Free States

Henry Clay made compromise

Missouri = Slave State... Maine = Free State

Slavery banned in Louisiana Territory north of Missouri’s southern boundary


Election of 1824

Voting rights expanded

Majority of white men can vote

People did not want Congress electing President

Andrew Jackson (Tenn) vs Henry Clay (SC) vs. John Quincy Adams (Mass)


Election of 1824

Jackson received most popular votes

No candidate won a majority of Electoral Votes

House of Representative chooses President

Clay supported Adams -- Adams won election

Called “Corrupt Bargain” by Jackson


JQA Presidency

Very successful Secretary of State

Supported creation of canals, roads, national universities & system of weights and measures

Did not compromise with Congress = Unsuccessful President


Election of 1828

Andrew Jackson “Old Hickory” VS. John Quincy Adams

Election focused on candidates’ personalities not issues

JQA was a “snob” who wasted money on “gambling”

Jackson was a “murderer” for killing a man in a duel

Jackson’s wife & mother were defamed during election


Election of 1828

All white men could vote in 1828

Jackson swept popular vote and electoral vote

Jackson = “self made man” --- Social Elevation

Do not need to be born rich to be President


Government of the People

Jackson = President of the people

20,000 citizens went to White House to celebrate Jackson’s election

Citizens broke windows, and china; caused fights; got drunk; etc, etc

Big Block Of Cheese Day -- during party Jackson was given a 1400 pound block of cheese as a gift

Gave Block Of Cheese to citizens at party


Government of the People

Spoils System

Rewarding supporters with government jobs

“To the victor belong the spoils”

Rotation in Office

Periodic replacement of officeholders

To remind gov’t they worked for the people


Jackson’s Indian Policy

White farmers wanted Native lands in Southeast and West

Jackson called Natives a “barrier to the waves of population and civilization ... rolling westward”

Said Indian Removal was a “humanitarian” issue

Move them to area where “their white brothers will not bother them”



Indian Removal Act - 1830

Natives East of Mississippi will be moved to “Indian Territory” (now Oklahoma)

“For as long as grass grows and water runs ... [the land] will be yours forever” -- Jackson to Native Americans



Second Seminole War (1835-42)

Due to Indian Removal Act

U.S. Army captured/killed/removed 3,000 Natives

1,500 U.S. soldiers killed

Natives moved to Indian Territory



Worcester v. Georgia (1835)

Chief Justice John Marshall ruled in favor of Worcester & Natives

“State of Georgia had limited to no power over Native American tribes”

Native Americans were not considered U.S. citizens

President Jackson & Georgia ignored Supreme Court

Cherokee Indians signed land over to U.S. & given 3 years to move west



Trail of Tears

By 1838, Cherokee Indians did not move west

Federal troops forced Indians west

4,000 Cherokee died on the 800 mile trek


Nullification Crisis

1828 Congress doubled Tariff tax (50% tax on imported goods) -- Tariff of Abominations

Southern Planters outraged -- accused Congress of promoting Northern Manufacturing

Vice President John C. Calhoun wrote an anonymous letter outlining Southern position

Argued states had the right to nullify any act of congress they believe unconstitutional (Doctrine of Nullification)



November 1832

South Carolina declared the 1828 and 1832 tariffs null and void

Threatened to secede from U.S. if gov’t tried to collect tariffs within South Carolina

Siding with South Carolina, John Calhoun resigned as Vice President



Jackson threatened Civil War if South Carolina secedes

In 1833 Henry Clay proposed a compromise tariff that lowered rates over 10 years

Calhoun & SC accepted 1833 tariff

Civil War avoided.

WHEW!!!


Jackson V Bank

Jackson thought Bank of U.S. was a “dangerous monopoly” helping the rich and hurting the poor

Did not think rich should be able to control Bank

Election of 1832 ... Henry Clay vs. Andrew Jackson

Clay wanted to recharter Bank in 1832

Jackson vetoed the Bill

Voters agreed with Jackson... Jackson won 2nd term in office


Jackson V Bank

Jackson moved to shut down National Bank

Took deposits out of National Bank

Put deposits in State Banks loyal to Democratic Party

Pet Banks


Jackson V Bank

Nicholas Biddle = President of National Bank

Tightened credit to force financial crisis

Tried to show that the Bank was good for public

Jackson argued... National Bank can be used to harm public

American public agreed with Jackson

National Bank collapsed in 1836


Panic of 1837

State (Pet) Banks gave out more $$ than they had in gold

Too much $$ in circulation

Prices for land, food, goods,etc increased = INFLATION

Specie Circular = Treasury only accept gold or silver to buy land = land sales plunged

People demanded banks exchange paper $ for specie

Hundreds of Banks failed because they could not give out gold for $$


Rise of the Whigs

Whig Party created in 1834 by Jackson enemies

Martin Van Buren (Jacksonian Democrat) elected President in 1836

President during Panic of 1837

Whigs nominated William Henry Harrison in 1840

“Tippecanoe and Tyler too!!!” & “Van Van is a used up man!!”

Harrison (234 EVs) vs. Van Buren (60 EVs)


Fall of Tippecanoe

Harrison was a rich land owner, college graduate

Portrayed during Election of 1840 as a hardworking farmer who lived in a log cabin

Citizens thought he was “of the people” and “simple”

Wanted to prove citizens & political opponents wrong

Gave intellectual 3 hour long Inaugural speech in the cold and rain

Died of pneumonia 4 weeks into office. John Tyler took over as President


US 1 - Monroe Doctrine to Jacksonian...

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