Urine Separation - Opportunities for developing countries 1.
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Transcript of Urine Separation - Opportunities for developing countries 1.
UNESCO-IHE
Institute for Water Education Owned by all UNESCO member states Every year 200 MSc degrees Currently 100 PhD students Tailor made training, online courses, curriculum
development Research
2
Distribution volume and concentrations
COD
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
greywater urine faeces
Volum
e (L/
cap/
year
)
WATER
Vol
ume
(L/c
ap.
yea
r)
0123456
greywater urine faeces
kg/c
ap/y
ear
KPN
NUTRIENTS
Motivations for urine separation
Increase capacity of existing WWTPs Reduction water demand Prevention discharge large part of micropollutants Enable recycling before treatment Prevention pathogen mobilisation in onsite
systems
5
Problem Opportunity
Nitrogen eutrophication
Phosphorus complete fertiliser
Potassium
Sulphur
Calcium
Magnesium
Micronutrients benefit over artificial fertiliser
Nutrients in urine
6
Oil of the future
Technologies available
7
Depends on goal!
Nutrient removal Nutrient recovery Hygienisation Stabilisation; volume reduction
Before storage Na opslag
urea mg/l 7600 0
ammonium mg/l 480 8000
phosphate mg/l 740 540
magnesium mg/l 100 0
calcium mg/l 180 0
bicarbonate mg/l 0 3200
alkalinity mg/l 22 490
pH - 6.2 9.1
Urine change during storage
Before storage After storage
urea mg/l 7600 0
ammonium mg/l 480 8000
phosphate mg/l 740 540
magnesium mg/l 100 0
calcium mg/l 180 0
bicarbonate mg/l 0 3200
alkalinity mg/l 22 490
pH - 6.2 9.1
Urine change during storage
Hygienisation
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Storage! High pH High ammonia concentration Temperature best kept > 20°C
Prevent dilution
Nutrient removal
11
Standard removal techniques can be applied Nitrification / denitrification Phosphate removal
Struvite precipitation applied full scale
Japan, Canada, USA (Ostara) Netherlands: industrial WWT (potato) Nepal: with urine from UDD toilets CrystalGreenTM
Several possibilities for SMEs
STUN Project, Nepal – www.sandec.ch
Direct benefits, even without treatment
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Prevention leakage nutrients + pathogens to groundwater -> helps drinking water treatment!
Makes urine available for clean and easy transport
Enabling safe handling (dried faecal matter 80% volume reduction)
Reduction pit emptying frequency
Conclusion
16
Urine separation: benefits for centralised and decentralised systems
Treatment urine: with standard techniques After hygienisation: direct use as fertiliser Direct benefits, even without treatment
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Chemical contaminants in urine
Heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd)
Hormones (endocrine disrupters) and pharmaceuticals: Average of 64% of a substance ingested is excreted in the
urine (Escher, 2007, p. 24)
Better to recycle urine to arable land than to flush into recipient waters because:• Hormones and pharmaceuticals are degraded in natural
environments with a diverse microbial activity• Urine is mixed into the active topsoil and retained for
months (see Course 3 “Reuse of ecosan products in agriculture”)
20
Values are country-specific or diet-specific (treat as guideline only!)
cap = capita = person
What you excrete vs what you need