Urine Pretreatment for Wastewater Recovery SEI 2008-09 Engineers who solved Apollo 13’s problems.
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Transcript of Urine Pretreatment for Wastewater Recovery SEI 2008-09 Engineers who solved Apollo 13’s problems.
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Urine Pretreatmentfor Wastewater Recovery
SEI 2008-09Engineers who solved Apollo 13’s problems
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Overview• Background• Objectives• Laboratory Tests• Distillation Simulation• Results Summary• Team Accomplishments• Future Tasks• Acknowledgements
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Team Structure
Name Major Year Position
Moriah Thompson Biomedical Eng. 4 Project Lead
Sara Guest Chemical Eng. 4 Data and Simulation Lead
Elizabeth Joachim Biomedical Eng. 3 Lab Lead
David Moore Civil Eng. 1 Assistant Lab Lead
Sandhya Ramesh Biomedical Eng. 1 Logistics Lead and lab work
Marco Cienega Mechanical Eng. 3 Assistant Logistics Lead
Blesson John Biomedical Eng. 1 Webmaster
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Water Use and Recovery
Water currently resupplied via shuttle
Not economical or practical to re-supply water for long term missions
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ISS wastewater sources
Urination
Distribution
Consumption Hygiene
HumidityCondensate
PerspirationExhalation
Hygiene Waste
Urine pretreatment protects hardware and plumbing system form clogging
1. Solids precipitation
2. Biofilm formation
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Current Urine Pretreatment
“String of Pearls”
Urine and Fecal collection Unit
Not compatible with reclamation
system
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Problem Statement
The current pretreatment method utilizes a toxic chemical with little known
toxicological information that may be detrimental to astronaut health over time.
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Previous workSupernatant Characterization from urine MAP precipitation:
• TOC > EPA drinking water limit
• Organics and Inorganics removal is needed
• High pH buffer
• Need to optimize precipitation reaction
Chemical urine pretreatment:
• Sulfuric Acid
• Sodium Benzoate
• Acetic Acid
• Glycolic Acid
• Sodium Permangante
• Phosphoric Acid
Work presented in the 11th International Conference on Engineering, Science, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments (Earth & Space Conference)
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Cascade Distillation Subsystemcurrently used for water reclamation
Centrifugal vacuum distillation
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Project Objective
Identify a non-toxic pretreatment alternative that is compatible with a distillation based water reclamation
system.
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Project Tasks• Task 1- Laboratory tests
– Select pretreatment chemicals
• Toxicity data, HMIS, pKa, Volatility
– Test chemicals’ pretreatment ability• Task 2- Distillation simulation (Aspen)
– Research Cascade Distillation Subsystem– Determine simulation operation conditions– Simulate chemicals tested in Task 1
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Task 1-Laboratory Test
– Chemical: pH– Physical: TSS, Turbidity– Biological: Protein, Ammonia, DO
Objective: Compare pretreatment chemicals to sulfuric acid in stored urine (1g/L)
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Chemicals Selected• 1 g/L as active
ingredient • Chosen based on
solubilty, pKa, and toxicity
• Delivery system for solid chemicals depends on solubility
Sulfuric Acid
Fumaric Acid
Sorbic Acid
Boric Acid
Lactic Acid
Phthalic Acid
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Experimental Methods
Urine collected
Samples are taken at predetermined times
Urine collection carboy
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Analytical Methods
TSS
Turbidity
pH
Dissolved Oxygen
AmmoniaPhenate Method Protein Assay
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Chemical Test Results
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Physical Tests Results
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Biological Tests Results
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Biological Tests Results
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Task 2- SimulationObjectives:
– Determine % water recovery at proposed operating conditions
– Determine % acid recovery at proposed operating conditions
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FEED
VAPOR
LIQUID
FLASH
Feed ConditionsTemperature °C 40
Pressure psi 14.69Volume Fraction
Chemical 0.04Water 0.96
Flash Operating Conditions
Temperature °C 25-50Pressure psi 0
One stage flash (worst case scenario)
Simulation Conditions
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Simulation results• Sulfuric, fumaric, and boric are separable
from water in the flash operating range of 25-50°C
• Currently unable to simulate sorbic acid• Separation Efficiency:
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Results Summary• Laboratory tests results:
– Chemicals tested do meet pretreatment requirements for short term storage
– Chemicals tested do not meet pretreatment requirements for long term storage
• Distillation results:– Chemicals are separable from water in the flash
operating range of 25-50°C.– Preliminary simulations indicate that high % chemical
removal is possible
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Future Tasks• Laboratory tests
– Lactic acid– Phthalic acids
• Simulation– Separation efficiencies– Lactic acid– Phthalic acids
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Acknowledgements
Julianna Camacho
Dr. Autenreith
Dr. Pickering
Magda Lagoudas
Urine Video