Urinary System
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Urinary System
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Contents
1 kidney
2 ureter and urinary bladder
3 key points
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kidneycortex , medulla , hilum , renal pelvis , pyramid ,medullary ray , renal column , major (minor) calyx,cortical labyrinth
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General structure of kidney
capsule
kidney
parenchyma
cortex
medulla
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Medulla Cortex
cortex
medulla
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nephron
renal corpuscle
renal tubule
glomerulus
renal capsule (Bowman’s capsule)
Proximal tubule
Distal tubule
Thin segment
Proximal convoluted tubule
Proximal straight tubule
Distal convoluted tubule
Distal straight tubule
uriniferoustubule
Cortical collecting tubuleCollecting tubule
Medullary collecting tubule
Arched collecting tubule
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1. nephron
Definition: It is the structural and functional unit of kidney.
It consists of renal corpuscle and renal tubule.Function: producing urine.
Classification: cortical nephron juxtamedullary nephron
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Cortical nephron
Juxtamedullary nephron
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Composition of nephron
nephron
renal corpuscle
renal tubule
glomerulus
renal capsule (Bowman’s capsule)
Proximal tubule
Distal tubule
Thin segment
Proximal convoluted tubule
Proximal straight tubule
Distal convoluted tubule
Distal straight tubule
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1) renal corpuscle
Consisting of renal capsule (bowman’s capsule)and glomerulus. Each renal corpuscle has one vascular pole and one urinary pole.
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(1) glomerulusA tuft of arterial capillary, belongs to fenestrated capillary,Mesansium can be found between capillaries.Mesansium is composed of mesangial cells and matrix
Mesangial cell
phagocytosis ;
Secretion of IL-1,etc ;
Contraction ;
Structural support
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(2) renal capsule
Renal capsule
Parietal layer:Made up of Simple squmous epithelium
Visceral layer:Made up of podocytes
Formation: the blind end of renal tubule invaginates and surrounds the glomerulus.
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podocyte large cell with many processes (primary processes and secondary
processes)
filtration slits between secondary processes is covered by filtration sl
it membrane.
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(3) Filtration membrane
Filtration membrane
Fenestratedendothelium
Basement lamina
Filtration slit membrane
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Fenestrated endothelial cell Secondary process primary process cell body of podocyte
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Primary process
Secondary (foot) process
Filtration slit membrane
Basement lamina
EndotheliumFiltration membrane
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2) Renal tubule
renal tubule
Proximal tubule
Distal tubule
Thin segment
Proximal convoluted tubule
Proximal straight tubule
Distal convoluted tubule
Distal straight tubule
Loop of
Henle
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(1) proximal convoluted tubule
(PCT)Its lumen is irregular.
LM:PCT is lined with simple epithelium.Cell are large , cuboidal or cone in shape and stained intensely.The boundary between adjacent cells is obscure,with brush border on the free surface and basal striations on the basal surface.
EM: Lateral 相邻细胞有侧突相嵌合,Microvilli on the free surface;Basal interdigitations on the basal surface.
Function : main site for reabsorption of glomerular filtrate. secretion and excretion :H+、 NH4 +
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Microvilli and basal interdigitation
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Basal interdigitation
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(2) thin segment
Its wall is made up of simple squamous epithelium.
Without brush border
H2O and ions are easier to transmit.
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(3) distal convoluted tubuleDCT
DCT : with regular ,larger lumen.
LM: PCT is lined with simple cuboidal epithelium.Cells are small and stained intensely.The boundary between adjacent cells is clear,without brush border on the free surface, with obvious basal striations on the basal surface
EM: short microvilli on free surface. basal interdigitations are more developed.
Function : main site for ions exchange.
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Distal convoluted tubule
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Distal convoluted tubule
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Renal tubules
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2 collecting tubule
Function : further reabsorption of H2O and exchange of ions, making urine more concentrated. 1~2L/h glomerular filtrate
Cortical collecting tubuleCollecting tubule
Medullary collecting tubule
Arched collecting tubule
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Collecting tubule
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Collecting tubule
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3. juxtaglomerular complex
It consists of juxtaglomeru
lar cell, macula densa, extr
aglomerular mesangial cel
l and peripolar cell at vasc
ular pole.
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1) juxtaglomerular cell
It is the modified smooth muscle fiber in the tunica media
of afferent arteriole at vascular pole.
Function : producing renin.
angiotensinogen-------angiotensinⅠ--------angiotensinⅡ
secreting erythropoietin
ACE
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2) macula densa• Epithelial cells of DCT become taller and narrower and
arranged compactly near juxtaglomerular cells.
•Function : sensing the concentration change of Na+ ion in distal tubules.
macula densa
[Na+ ] in distal tubule -------- juxtaglomerular cell secreting renin--
-- reabsorption of Na+ in distal tubule and collecting tubule--- blood [Na+ ]
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3) extraglomerular mesangial cell
In the triangle area between afferent and efferent arterioles,
similar to intraglomerular mesangial cells and continuous with them.
Function: similar to that of intraglomerular mesangial cells.
4) peripolar cell
at the site where visceral layer and parietal layer of renal capsule joint.
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juxtaglomerular complex
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nephron
renal corpuscle
renal tubule
glomerulus
renal capsule (Bowman’s capsule)
Proximal tubule
Distal tubule
Thin segment
Proximal convoluted tubule
Proximal straight tubule
Distal convoluted tubule
Distal straight tubule
uriniferoustubule
Cortical collecting tubuleCollecting tubule
Medullary collecting tubule
Arched collecting tubule
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Ureter and urinary bladder They both have 3 layers:mucosa,muscle layer and adventitia.Their luminal surfaces are covered by transitional epithelium.
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Key points
1 the structure of nephron
2 the structure of PCT and DCT under LM and EM
3 the composition of juxtaglomerular complex and their functions
4 the type of epithelium covering the luminal surface of ureter and urinary bladder