Urbanization in China: Population and Land
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Transcript of Urbanization in China: Population and Land
Urbanization in China:Population and Land
Di Chengfeng
Beijing Normal University
2013.6.14-15 Budapest
Urbanization…… the physical growth of urban areas as a result of rural
migration and even suburban concentration into citiesThe urbanization of population
increase of urban populationproportion of urban population in total population
The urbanization of landexpansion of urban land
Overview of China’s Urbanization
Rate of Urbanization in China (1949-2010) (%)
Before economic reform(1949-1979) : Crawling under 20% After economic reform(since 1980): Running by small steps, up to 49.70% in
2010 and 51.3% in 2011
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Year
Overview of China’s Urbanization
Overview of China’s Urbanization
Process of China’s Urbanization
1950-1978: Counter-urbanization
Major factorsDevelopment strategy of industrialization with priority of
heavy-industry with limited resources under system of planned economy
Institutional arrangements on Chinese urban-rural segregation including the household registration (Hukou) system
Political arrangement of sending urban youth to countryside to do farm works
Process of China’s Urbanization
1979-2002: Urbanization based on industrialization in rural area and development of small cities and towns
Major factorsEconomic reform to market economyRelease of rural surplus laborPolicy of giving priority to development of small cities and
towns with development of medium and big cities as supplement
Development of rural enterprisesEmerging of small cities and towns (See the table)
Process of China’s Urbanization
Year Amount Year Amount
1981 2678 1993 15806
1982 2664 1994 16702
1983 2968 1995 17532
1984 7186 1996 18171
1985 9140 1997 18925
1986 10718 1998 19216
1987 11103 1999 19756
1988 11481 2000 20312
1989 11873 2001 20374
1990 12084 2002 20601
1991 12455 2003 20226
1992 14539 2004 19883
2005 19522
Quantity of small cities and towns in China since 1981
Process of China’s Urbanization
Since 2002: Transforming to urbanization based on coordinated development of towns and cities of various scale
Major factorsIncreased demand for cheap rural labors due to deepening of
economic reform and industrializationLoosening of the household registration system in some citiesNeed for scale of economy and market resulting from
evolving of industrialization
Imbalance between urbanization of land and urbanization of population
Imbalance between urbanization of population and farmers’ citizenization
Some Problems of China’s Urbanization
Statistics from different sourcesThe build-up areas in cities has increased by 7.2%, while the
population in the areas increased only by 4% during 1999-2007. - The National Development and Reform Commission
The build-up areas above prefecture level expanded 70.1% but population absorbed in the areas increased only by 30% from 2001 to 2007. - China Urban Development Report 2009
More data - China Statistical Yearbook & China Statistical Yearbook of Urban Construction
Imbalance between land and population urbanization
Change of built-up area and population density in Chinese cities since the 1980s
YearBuild-up area of
city(km2)
Population in cities and towns
(million)
urbanization Rate (%)
Population density in build-up area(persons/km2)
1981 7438 199.70 20.12 26849
1985 9386 250.94 23.71 26736
1990 12856 301.91 26.41 23484
1995 19264 351.74 29.04 18259
2000 22439 459.06 36.22 20458
2005 32521 562.12 42.99 17285
2006 33660 577.06 43.90 17144
2007 35470 593.79 44.94 16741
2008 36295 606.67 45.68 16715Source: China Statistical Yearbook , China Statistical Yearbook of Urban Construction
Problem implied in the statistics Low efficiency of urban construction land utilization
Status of land endowment Arable land per capita < 0.1 hectare
< ½ of the world average < ¼ of the developed countriesResult of the imbalance of urbanization
Per capita urban land available > 120 m2
> 82.4 m2 for developed countries averagely > 83.3 m2 for developing countries
averagely
Imbalance between land and population urbanization
Measuring urban populationPermanent urban residents (with hukou), andRural population living in cities or towns over 6 months but
without identity of citizenship (urban hukou) – the floating population
Gap between urban population and citizens300 million of nonresident migrants in cities and townsReal rate of urbanization is about 35% in 2010 after deducting
the 300 million (compared with 49.7% of the rate of registered urban population in 2010) -- peri-urbanization
Imbalance between urbanization of population and rural-urban migrants’ citizenization
Migrant rural workers is the largest challenge to urbanizationLess access to sufficient housing, health services within social security
and compulsory education for their children because of their nonresidential identity
Separation with their family, esp. children
Age of Migrant Rural Worker in 2007
Imbalance between urbanization of population and rural-urban migrants’ citizenization
Age Population in total migrant rural workers
< 30 52.6%
30-40 29.5%
> 40 17.9%
Slow population urbanization resulting mainly from Household Registration System
Fast land urbanization resulting mainly from the Land Supply SystemLand acquisition and land leasing – right to useLocal government’s tax revenue
Institutional reasons for the imbalances
YearArea of land
leasing(hm2)
Revenue of land leasing
(billion Yuan )
National financial income
(billion Yuan)
Proportion of land leasing revenue to financial income
(%)1993 57338 40.53 434.9 9.32
1994 49432 35.92 521.8 6.88
2000 161190 62.50 1339.5 4.67
2001 90394 129.59 1637.1 7.92
2002 124230 241.68 1891.4 12.78
2005 165586 218.40 3164.9 6.90
2007 234961 454.14 5132.2 8.85
Institutional reasons for the imbalancesLand leasing and revenue in China since the 1990s
Source: China Statistical Yearbook, China Statistical Yearbook of Urban Construction
Some conclusions
Extensive urbanization focusing on expanding urban area is unsustainable, while intensive urbanization focusing on improving land utilization is necessary
Reform of house registration system will be crucial for effective population urbanization
Institutional reform of farmland transfer should benefit farmers with more choice and compensation