Urbanization: 1870-1900. Gilded Age Urbanization ■From 1870 to 1900, American cities grew 700% due...
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Transcript of Urbanization: 1870-1900. Gilded Age Urbanization ■From 1870 to 1900, American cities grew 700% due...
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Urbanization: 1870-1900
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Gilded Age Urbanization■From 1870 to 1900, American
cities grew 700% due to new job opportunities in factories:–European, Latin American, &
Asian immigrants flooded cities–Blacks migrated into the North–Rural farmers moved from the
countryside to cities
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The Lure of the City
By 1920, for the 1st time in U.S. history, more than 50% of the American
population lived in cities
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Skyscrapers and Suburbs■By the 1880s, steel allowed cities
to build skyscrapers■The Chicago fire of 1871 allowed
for rebuilding with new designs: –John Root & Louis Sullivan
were the “fathers of modern urban architecture”
–Elisha Otis’ safety elevator
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Louis Sullivan “Form follows function”John Root “Simple & Dignified”
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Grand Central Station in NYCWestern Union Building, NYC
Wadsworth Building, NYC
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Skyscrapers and Suburbs
■Cities developed distinct zones: –Central business district with
working- & upper-class residents –Middle-class in the suburbs
■Electric streetcars & elevated rapid transit made travel easy
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Tenements & Overcrowding■½ of NYC’s buildings were
tenements which housed the poor working class –“Dumbbell” tenements were
popular but were cramped & plagued by firetraps
–Slums had poor sanitation, polluted water & air, tuberculosis
– Homicide, suicide, & alcoholism rates all increased in U.S. cities
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Jacob Riis’ “How the Other Half Lives” (1890) exposed the poverty of the urban poor
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Strangers in a New Land■From 1880-1920, 23 million
immigrants came looking for jobs:–These “new” immigrants were
from eastern & southern Europe; Catholics & Jews, not Protestant
–Kept their language & religion; created ethnic newspapers, schools, & social associations
–Led to a resurgence in Nativism & attempts to limit immigration
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Immigration to the U.S., 1870-1900
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Foreign-born Population, 1890The influx of ethnic nationalities led to a new “melting pot” (“salad bowl”?) national image
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Urban Political Machines■Urban “political machines” were
loose networks of party precinct captains led by a “boss”–Tammany Hall was the most
famous machine; Boss Tweed led the corrupt “Tweed Ring”
–Political machines were not all corrupt (“honest graft”); helped the urban poor & built public works like the Brooklyn Bridge
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Boss Tweed
Tweed Courthouse—NY County Courthouse was supposed to cost $250,000 but cost $13 million.
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Social Changes in the Gilded Age■Urbanization changed society:
–The U.S. saw an increase in self-sufficient female workers
–Most states had compulsory education laws & kindergartens
–150 new public & private colleges were formed
–Cities set aside land for parks & American workers found time for vaudeville & baseball
People of all races married later & had fewer children
“Family time” disappeared for working class
Women made up 40% of university students
Private philanthropy led to Stanford, Tulane, Vanderbilt, Cornell, & the Univ of Chicago
Land Grant Act (1862) led to the Universities of WI, CA, MN, IL
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American Industrialization■Benefits of rapid industrialization:
– The U.S. became the world’s #1 industrial power
– Per capita wealth doubled – Improving standard of living
■Human cost of industrialization:– Exploitation of workers; growing
gap between rich & poor– Rise of giant monopolies