Urbanising Deltas of the World Programme · Urbanising Deltas of the World Programme, 2015 – 2nd...

Urbanising Deltas of the World Programme, 2015 – 2nd Call for proposals

Integrated Project - Form for full proposals

Urbanising Deltas of the World Programme

2014 – 2nd Call for proposals Integrated Project - Form for full application

3. Consortium and track record

a) Consortium: roles and added value Word count: 356

(Max. 400 words, please add word count)

Wageningen University and Van Lang University have almost 20 years of scientific collaboration on

environmental research and education, regarding solid waste, waste water, sustainable industrial de-

velopment and urban environmental management. In the course of the collaboration a number of

PhD’s and MSc’s have been delivered on topics such as greening industries as textile and industrial

zones. Both academic partners will be responsible for the academic quality of the research and the

training of young scientists.

KWR Watercycle Research Institute is a leading organisation for applied research on the field of on

water cycle assessment tools and strategies for closing (waste) water cycles. The relation with Wa-

geningen University is strong and quantified in various forms of collaboration.

ETM is a private spin off of Van Lang that brings technologies to application, with this expertise they

will contribute to the development of rainwater harvesting systems.

The consortium is extended with three Industrial zone authorities in Vietnam: the Ho Chi Minh City

Export Processing and Industrial Zone Authority (HEPZA), the Long An Economic Zone Authority

(LAEZA), and Tra Noc IZ Export Processing and Industrial Zone Authority (CEPIZA). They will provide

the case study areas (i.e. Hiep Phuoc, Long Hau and Tra Noc IZ respectively) and consequently are

actively involved in the governance structure of the research.

Next to the industrial zone authorities, three Industrial Park Companies are added to the consor-

tium, with two actively involved. These are amongst others responsible for the development of the

infrastructure including the actual water treatment facilities. Next to the industrial Parks the associ-

ated residential areas are developed by these companies and this directly and positively affects the

living conditions for the people living in these areas.

Through the connection with the Water Nexus project, various Dutch companies and institutions,

among others the Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment are involved. The case study of this

project in Terneuzen (Netherlands) will act as a “reference-case” for the ENTIRE project. The connec-

tion with the Water Nexus program will also be through the PhD’s participating in the water Nexus

Community of Knowledge and participating in the knowledge events (workshops, congresses etc) of

that project.

b) Consortium: track record

(Max. 5 per consortium member)

Agudelo, C.; Mels, A.; Keesman, K.J.; Rijnaarts, H.H.M. (2012). The Urban Harvest Approach as an

Aid for Sustainable Urban Resource Planning. Journal of Industrial Ecology 16 (6). - p. 839 - 850.

Faust L, M Szendy, CM Plugge, PFH van den Brink, H Temmink, Rijnaarts H.H.M. (2015). Charac-

terization of the bacterial community involved in the bioflocculation process of wastewater organic

matter in high-loaded MBRs. Applied microbiology & biotechnology, 1-11

Galama AH, M Saakes, H Bruning, Rijnaarts H.H.M., JW Post (2014): Seawater predesalination

with electrodialysis. Desalination 342, 61-69

Langenhoff A., Inderfurth, N., Veuskens, T., Schraa, G., Kujawa-Roeleveld, K., and Rijnaarts,

H.H.M. (2013), Microbial removal of the pharmaceutical compounds ibuprofen and diclofenac from

wastewater, BioMed Research International, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/325806.

http://edepot.wur.nl/244525


http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00253-015-6402-y



http://scholar.google.nl/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=2fAWD8gAAAAJ&sortby=pubdate&citation_for_view=2fAWD8gAAAAJ:dshw04ExmUIC


http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/325806



Racyte, J., Bernard, S., Paulitsch-Fuchs, A.H., Yntema, D.R., Bruning,H. Rijnaarts, H.H.M. (2013).

Alternating electric fields combined with activated carbon for disinfection of Gram negative and Gram

positive bacteria in fluidized bed electrode system; Water Research: 47-16, 6395-6405

Mol, A.P.J. and J.C.L. van Buuren (Eds.) (2003) Greening Industrialization in Asian Transitional Econ-

omies: China and Vietnam, Lanham: Lexington

Zhong, L. and A.P.J. Mol, (2010), Water price reforms in China: Policy-making and Implementation, Water Resources Management 24 (2): 377-396

He, G.Z., L. Zhang, A.P.J. Mol, T. Wang, Y. Lu (2014), Why the small and medium-sized chemical

companies continue to pose severe environmental risks in rural China, Environmental Pollution, 185:

158-167

Bush, S.R., B. Belton, D. Hall, P. Vandergeest, F.J. Murray, S. Ponte, P. Oosterveer, M.S. Islam,

A.P.J. Mol, M. Hatanaka, F. Kruijssen, T.T.T. Ha, D.C. Little and R. Kusumawati (2013), Certify sus-

tainable aquaculture? Science, 341 (6150): 1067-1068

Er, A.C., A.P.J. Mol and C.S.A. van Koppen (2012), Ecological Modernization in Selected Malaysian Industrial Sectors: Political Modernization and Sector Variations, Journal of Cleaner Production, 24 (1): 66-75

Kraan, M., Hendriksen, A., van Hoof, L., van Leeuwen, J., & Jouanneau, C. (2014). How to dance?

The tango of stakeholder involvement in marine governance research. Marine Policy, 50, Part B(0),

347-352.

Röckmann, C., van Leeuwen, J., Goldsborough, D., Kraan, M., & Piet, G. (2015). The interaction

triangle as a tool for understanding stakeholder interactions in marine ecosystem based manage-

ment. Marine Policy, 52(0), 155-162.

Wuisan, L.; Leeuwen, J. van; Koppen, C.S.A. van (2012) Greening International Shipping through

Private Governance A case study of the Clean Shipping Project. Marine Policy 36 (1): 165 - 173.

Van Leeuwen, J.; Raakjaer, J.; Hoof, L.J.W. van; Tatenhove, J.P.M. van; Long, R.; Ounanian, K. (2014), Implementing the Marine Strategy Framework Directive: A policy perspective on regulatory, institutional and stakeholder impediments to effective implementation, Marine Policy 50(2014)part B, p. 325-330.

A.M. Arsénio, E. J. Pieterse-Quirijns, J. Vreeburg, R. de Bont, and L. Rietveld, 'Failure Mechanisms

and Condition Assessment of Pvc Push-Fit Joints in Drinking Water Networks', Journal of Water

Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua, 62 (2013), 78-85.

R. Beuken, H. de Kater, and J. Vreeburg, 'Quantitatively Assessing Water Asset Reliability in the

Netherlands: 15 Years of Experience', in Securing Water and Wastewater Systems, ed. by R.M. Clark

and S. HakimSpringer, 2013), p. 398.

J.H.G. Vreeburg, E.J.M. Blokker, P. Horst, and J.C. van Dijk, 'Velocity Based Self Cleaning

Residential Drinking Water Distribution Systems', Water Science and Technology, 9 (2009), 635-41.

J.H.G. Vreeburg, and J.B. Boxall, 'Discolouration in Potable Water Distribution Systems: A Review',

Water Research, 41 (2007), 519-29.

Pham Thi Anh, Tran Thi My Dieu, Arthur P. J. Mol, Carolien Kroeze, Simon R. Bush (2011), To-

wards eco-agro industrial cluster in aquatic production: the case of shrimp processing industry in Vi-

etnam, Journal of cleaner production, 19(2011): 2107-2118.

Tran Thi My Dieu (2006), Greening Food Processing Industries in Vietnam: Opportunities and

Constraints, Environmental, Development and Sustainability (2006): 8: 229-249, Springer.

4. Summary of the project proposal Word count: 161


http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135413006313




Delta areas have a large economic importance; they form the connection between the resources of

the main land and those of the sea. Industrial, agricultural and residential sectors articulate a huge

demand for water resources to sustain and develop society and economy. A sustainable use of fresh

water resources is required to prevent it becoming a limiting factor for economic development.

This research aims to develop, model, design and implement a technological and governance frame-

work for water and waste water services for sustainable development of industrial areas and their

associated residential areas, preserving fresh water resources for urban water functions and agricul-

tural production.

This objective will be met in two steps: first, by designing, piloting, and screening on existing indus-

trial zones in the Mekong delta (Phuoc Hiep IZ, Long Hau IZ and Tra Noc IZ); second, by building

and validating a more generalized heuristic-based, contextualized, decision support model for Water

use optimization in industrial zones and their associated residential areas in developing countries.

5. Reporting on proposal development workshop

a) Summary Word count: 498


A visit to Vietnam, organized by the Dutch-Vietnamese project team between July 6-10, 2015 was

aimed at several goals: (i) initiate the co-production process for this research by (ii) meeting various

groups of stakeholders, to tap into their knowledge, expectations and interests and to use that to

(iii) specify and elaborate the ENTIRE problem statement and research approach to line it up with

demands of these stakeholders.

The Dutch-Vietnamese project team paid visits to the three industrial zone authorities in Ho Chi

Minh City, Long An and Tra Noc IZ, to the three industrial zones and their industrial zone infrastruc-

ture companies, and to the Consulate-general of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. During these vis-

its, extended discussions with representatives and actual site visits provided rich information on the

local situation and challenges of water availability and use, water re-use, water shortage and stor-

age, water multi sourcing and treatment, water policy/regulation and management. It also revealed

that not only the industrial zones themselves, but also the supply of water and sanitation the associ-

ated residential areas are within the responsibilities of the infrastructure companies. That enabled

the project team to further specify the research needs of industries, industrial zones companies, and

industrial zone authorities and relate them to the needs of residential areas. These outcomes were

further presented and discussed in the workshop.

The workshop on July 9th brought together 30 Vietnamese representatives from Industrial zone com-

panies (Hiep Phuoc, Long Hau), industrial zone authorities (HEPZA, LAEZA, CEPIZA), environmental

policy makers (DONRE HCMC and Binh Duong, Climate Change Offices of HCMC and Can Tho), water

supply company (SAWACO), environmental companies (ETM, CENTEMA), Vietnamese universities

(Van Lang, Polytechnic), the consulate-general of the Netherlands as well as the Dutch project par-

ticipants. The main outcomes of the workshop were:

• The stress on water supply to industries and industrial zones is widely experienced by all stake-

holders in Ho Chi Minh City and Long An, and to a lesser extent Tra Noc IZ. Examples and quan-

tified data were given by the stakeholders; (e.g. in Long An one of the six groundwater extrac-

tion wells will be closed down because of salinization). Salt water intrusion, growing fresh water

needs by various users and restrictions on groundwater-use are recognised as serious chal-

lenges.

• There is major interest in innovative research on new sustainable water (re)use in industrial

zones in combination with institutional innovations. This relates to designing and assessing op-

tions as recycling/reuse of industrial effluent for various applications, storage and use of rain wa-

ter, use of brackish/salt water or recharging groundwater, policy/regulation and public/industrial

acceptability all recognised to be important in creating feasible options.

• All stakeholders were explicitly interrogated and highly committed in participating actively in the

project through data and knowledge sharing, providing access to facilities and staff, facilitating

trials on-site, in-kind/financial contributions, and dissemination of outcomes.



• The knowledge and experience of the Dutch and Vietnamese project members, and the close re-

lation to and collaboration with the international Water Nexus project, was seen as extremely

valuable for the ENTIRE project.

6. Description of the project Word count: 2858

(Max. 3,000 words excluding references, please add word count) a) Background and innovation opportunity

Delta areas have a large economic importance; they perform a major role in the world economy

through industrial development, agriculture, transport hubs and the location of metropoles. Because

of their geographical and climatological benefits, delta’s tend to be densely populated and are attrac-

tive for in-migration because of the employment possibilities in industry, agriculture and services.

Delta’s tend to be fertile areas and with their close connection to major markets and transport routes

agricultural development is usually intensive, targeting especially cash crops, fish and cattle for do-

mestic and foreign markets.

Industrial, agricultural and residential sectors articulate a huge demand for resources like water and

energy to sustain and develop society and economy. These sectors develop unplanned and organic,

resulting in an inefficient and linear use of resources, following the traditional model of “single use

and disposal”. Results are, among others, a rapid depletion of valuable resources, including fresh

surface and groundwater, pollution of the area, intrusion of salt water, ground subsidence and hence

limiting the possibilities for further economic development.

Delta areas, also those in Vietnam (Mol and van Buuren, 2003), experience a substantial demand for

fresh water resources and an unequal allocation of resources over time and place. Three groups of

delta stakeholders have competing claims on water services: a) industrial manufacturers, b) primary agricultural producers (crops, cattle, fish) c) urban residents.

Viable economic growth and societal development in Vietnamese delta’s requires sustainable use of

fresh water resources to prevent it becoming a limiting factor. This research aims to develop, model,

design and implement (pilot) water and waste water services for sustainable development of indus-

trial areas, preserving fresh water resources for urban water functions and agricultural production.

Optimisation of sectorial, spatial and temporal distribution/allocation of fresh water flows on the level

of an industrial zone entails technological and institutional/governance challenges. Three industrial

zones are chosen as experimental sites (i.e. Hiep Phuoc, Long Hau and Tra Noc). A strong consor-

tium of local academia, regulatory bodies and industrial zone partners is supporting water optimisa-

tion in these IZs. The limited size of an industrial area offers a perfect research environment to study

and experiment with innovations in a participatory interactive science-to-stakeholder model. The cy-

cle of developing technological-cum-institutional innovations, their application and study of the ef-

fects is relatively short compared to urban developments. The combined responsibility of the indus-

trial zone partners for the development of associated residential areas, makes the awareness of the

partners towards the urban water use very clear.

b) Research objective(s)

To enhance sustainable industrial development by optimizing industrial fresh water use in Vietnamese

delta areas through technological-cum-institutional innovations. This objective will be met in two

steps: first, by designing and piloting sustainable and optimized water services on an existing experi-

mental industrial zones in the Mekong delta (Hiep Phuoc, Long Hau and Tra Noc); second, by building

and validating a more generalized heuristic-based, contextualized, decision model for Water use opti-

mization in industrial zones in developing and developed delta countries.



c) Research outline

The main thesis underlying this research is that optimising fresh water use in industrial areas (i.e. by

waste water effluent reuse and inclusion of brackish water as resource) is only possible if technologi-

cal innovations go along with institutional innovations. Real breakthroughs are feasible if there is an

open and knowledge based interaction between these disciplines, transferring knowledge and re-

search results.

Presently, the knowledge base for a successful interaction is too small with respect to the technologi-

cal and institutional/governance possibilities for matching fresh water demand and supply in a broad

sense. On technological side this is partly due to unawareness of the fresh water stress, leading to

industries following a traditional approach in demanding for fresh and clean water ‘to be save’. For

another part it is caused by unawareness of pure technological solutions as actual volume-reduced

demand or more articulated quality demand, opening sources as brackish or re-usable water. Ana-

logue, on the institutional side unawareness of institutional possibilities is a cause of present inhibi-

tions and thresholds that hamper implementation of technological innovation.

Within the framework of the research the technological and institutional challenges are assessed in

two work packages addressing the particular stakeholders. The approach in both WP’s is similar: first

systematic data collection through semi-structured expert interviews, document review and focus

groups/workshops. Interviews are with selected stakeholders that can affect or are affected by the

optimization of fresh water use in the IZs. Contact with these stakeholders are initiated through the

project development workshop and based on the local network of the university and the institutions.

New stakeholders will be identified during the research through the snowball method as was already

the case in the preparation of the project development workshop. Secondly, based on synthesis of

the data and insights, innovations in water reuse and multisourcing brackish water are identified, de-

veloped and tested in practise in pilots at two industrial zones (WP1). During these two phases there

is contact between the WP’s and associated stakeholders through workshops, focus groups, feedback

sessions and other more individual meetings. This is a vital part of the research to guarantee the

needed interaction and trans-disciplinary exchange of (new) knowledge and (new) insights. Ulti-

mately both WP’s result in models and frameworks in which the technological innovations are com-

bined with the institutional ones.

Next to these two WP’s there is a third WP, also shaped in the rhythm of systematic data collection,

synthesis leading to innovation followed by the construction of a context-dependent decision support

model. The goal of this WP is to make a universal model that integrates the findings of WP 1 and 2,

but also connects to the primarily technological findings of the associated Water Nexus project, im-

porting this knowledge into ENTIRE. The unique feature of the heuristic model constructed is the

technological-cum-institutional approach that is not a part of the Water Nexus project. The two mu-

tual gaps in knowledge that are addressed in this way makes the interaction with, and added value

for the Water Nexus project, and vice versa ENTIRE, explicit and valuable.

The methodology can be characterised as a Living Lab approach, where technological and institu-

tional innovations are designed in close collaboration/participation with stakeholders. We adopt an in-

situ experimental and participatory methodology in which the optimization of fresh water flows is

achieved in interaction between scientific research and public and private stakeholders involved in

three industrial zones in the Mekong/Dong Nai Delta in Vietnam. As such knowledge will be gener-

ated in an iterative process in which stakeholders play a key role. The case studies will concentrate

on the Industrial Zones of Hiep Phuoc, Long Hau and Tra Noc IZ in which both the Industrial Zone

Authorities as the Industrial Parks are involved.

As risks the amount of stakeholders and the interdependency of the WP’s are identified, next to the

‘usual’ risks of PhD research. Both risks are liabilities as much as strong points. Awareness is one of

the major outcomes of the project which is enhanced by a large exposure and many stakeholders.



Management of expectations in combination with the relative long research period will be of immi-

nent importance to keep the stakeholders interested and committed. The interdependency of the

WP’s can become critical when developments in WP’s do not keep up. The planned trans-disciplinary

workshops, however, are fixed points in time that enforce the rhythm onto the planning. The experi-

ence and seniority of the project staff will be a crucial factor in managing these risks.

d) Planning & division of tasks

The work is divided into three work packages that each contain a PhD research project.

1. Technology and infrastructural innovations

The quality standards that the water has to meet for use in industrial zones is generally very divers

and varies from “distilled” and “ultra-clear” to “As long as it is wet”. The objective of this work pack-

age is to develop a model that dynamically matches the various water demands, -discharges and -

sources taking into account quantity, quality and temporal aspects. The model works as an analytical

and design instrument at the individual company level and on industrial zone level. The aim is to op-

timise the intake and discharge following the three Urban/Industrial Harvest principles: Demand Min-

imisation, Cascading/Recycling and Multi-sourcing (including stored rain water and brackish surface

water) (Agudelo et al., 2012).

The first phase focuses on analysing and mapping the natural water resources and water uses of the

industries within the industrial zone in quantity, quality and time. For each industry the intake of

fresh water and the production of waste water is analysed through semi structured interviews, docu-

ment analysis and local assessment. Based on these data, a set of relevant water quality parameters

is determined defining the demand side for industrial water quality and quantities.

The second phase focusses on various treatment and storage processes dealing with the relevant wa-

ter parameters for quality, flows and storage. The range of input and output levels for the various

parameters are systematically listed, based on the information gathered from the first phase and in-

sights in the various industrial processes. Treatment processes include both (green) natural infra-

structure systems like wetlands, lakes and ponds, etc. and (grey) engineered systems, from simple

settling tanks to complicated processes like electro-dialysis, reverse osmosis, advanced oxidation,

and biotechnological removal and cleansing (Faust et al, 2015; Langenhoff et al. 2013; Galama et

al., 2014; Racyte et al. 2013). Here, technological input from the 17 PhD/Postdoc researchers large

and running Water Nexus program in the Netherlands will also be of great value in a proper selection

of technologies to be used for testing in practise.

Finally a dynamic model is developed for designing multi-source and circular based water systems

that match the quantitative, qualitative and temporal needs of the industries, taking into account the

economy of scales for the various processes for green/grey treatment and storage. This model is ex-

tended with a novel element adding the actual connecting infrastructure, tailor made for the local -

tropical monsoon and sea water intrusion dominated- circumstances. Result is a spatial relevant solu-

tion for the specific IZ, but through the model a scalable and repetitive character for other sites in

Vietnamese regions is available (Agudelo, 2012, 2013). Optimisation is done in close combination

with the results of WP 2 and 3. A need for technological innovations emerges from the optimisation,

together with the potential to enhance the sustainability or economic viability of industrial zone.

The innovation of this work-package is that the water flow is considered as a main production factor

for the development of an IZ and treated as such. By considering the IZ as an entity of its own, it

becomes clear which knowledge gaps still exist in technology development that enhances the sus-

tainability of the area, but does not necessarily benefit a single stakeholder. Local circumstances play

an important role (WP3) as will the regulatory framework which is analysed in WP 2.



2. Governing the transition towards sustainable water supply

Developing and implementing technological innovations to increase multi sourcing for fresh water in

industrial processes within an industrial zone requires close collaboration among public and private

actors, as well as an enabling and sometimes ‘enforcing’ legal and institutional system to facilitate or

trigger the implementation of technological innovations (e.g. Zhong et al., 2008&2010). New rela-

tionships have to develop at different levels: between companies, the industrial zone infrastructure

company (IZIC), public water-related institutions, industrial zone actors and the communities living

around the zone (Phuong and Mol, 2004). A participatory approach will allow for inclusion of distinct

interests and knowledge as well as the design and implementation of legal and institutional systems

to support the development of a sustainable water supply system.

The objective of this work package is therefore to analyse the potential for and the design of an inno-

vative institutional and governance structure for a sustainable water supply system for Hiep Phuoc,

Long Hau and Tra Noc industrial zones in Vietnam via a participatory network approach. This work

package is divided in three phases.

The first phase, with a duration of one year, will focus on analysing and mapping the existing rela-

tions and collaboration between the main stakeholders as well as their interests and resources in re-

lation to (sustainable) water use in the selected IZs. Focus will be on different interaction patterns

between industry-industry, industry-IZIC, industry/IZIC-public authority, and industry/IZIC-

community relations. The mapping of existing stakeholder networks will include a gap-analysis to

identify future improvements in the stakeholder network and will be based on expert interviews and

document and literature review.

The second phase, starting in month six of the project and ending at the end of the second year, will

consist of an evaluation of the institutional bottlenecks in the current water governance structures in

the selected IZs. Existing policy instruments, monitoring & enforcement mechanisms, dominant dis-

courses and existing responsibilities & procedures will be analysed with the use of expert interviews

ad document and literature review. Based on this analysis, governance factors that hamper or fail to

facilitate new ways of water supply and use will be identified. This will also provide heuristics on the

industrial relations, institutional lay-out and policies for sustainable water supply, to be used in WP3.

While the focus will be on the three IZs identified for this project, in cooperation with WP3 other (in-

ternational) zones will be included to assess the diversity in IZ network relations, institutional lay-out

and provincial policies.

To conclude phase 1 and 2, a workshop will be organized to present the result to the various stake-

holder groups. This workshop will be combined with WP1 and aims to disseminate and validation the

results of the first phases of the project. It allows for co-creation of knowledge and awareness on the

existing institutional bottlenecks that define the options for technological innovation and the need for

governance innovations.

The third phase will identify innovative governance mechanisms and institutions to facilitate, stimu-

late and ‘help enforce’ technological innovation to increase water efficiency in the selected IZs. In

collaboration with WP3, insights and experiences of best practices in Vietnamese and international IZ

will be used as input (van Koppen and Mol, 2002; Dieu, Mol and Rulkens, 2004). The insights of

other best practices and the data collected will be used as input for the participatory design work-

shop (Hendriksen etal., 2012). This workshop will be organized in close collaboration with the experi-

mental/technology oriented study in WP1 and will include the main actors involved in the industrial

water supply and (re)use.

The innovation of this work-package is the analysis of governance and institutions for fresh water in-

novation in an developing country industrial zone setting. It will contribute to understanding the ena-



bling and enforcing factors in fostering circular water (economy) approaches. The real-time participa-

tory design and monitoring of the transition towards a circular water supply system in IZs in Vietnam

is methodologically also innovative: it offers an in-situ validation instead of the conventional ex-post

analysis.

3. A context-dependent decision-support model for sustainable industrial water supply

Designing sustainable industrial water supply systems are strongly dependent on the specific local

conditions, such as local environmental conditions, physical lay-out of the industrial area, technologi-

cal options available, social network relations, etc. Different local conditions will result in different

technological-cum-institutional designs and lay-outs.

This work-package aims to develop a heuristic-based, contextualised decision-making model for de-

signing sustainable industrial water supply and use system, to be applied for identifying the most ap-

propriate water system for industrial zones under specific local conditions and consists of three

phases.

The first phase involves data collection and building heuristics. Data, findings and insights from WP1

and WP2 and from the linked Water NEXUS program will be used. In addition, expert interviews will

be done to provide additional information. The data collected will be analysed to build heuristics on

the relation between specific local condition variables and variables for sustainable water systems for

industrial zones, resulting in a set of heuristics.

In the second phase a model will be constructed on how the various independent variables influence

the lay-out of a sustainable water supply system for an industrial area. The outcome of this study will

be a decision-support model for designing sustainable water supply systems for industrial zones.

Subsequently, in the third phase this model will be tested, calibrated and further optimised by apply-

ing it to case studies in the Mekong Delta resulting in a validated decision-support model enabling

industrial zone authorities to make a first selection of design parameters for a sustainable water sup-

ply model.

This work package is innovative in that it makes technological options and design for sustainable wa-

ter supply and use in industrial zones dependent on the specific local conditions of the industrial zone

(in physical, regulatory/governance, climatic, socio-economic terms). Another innovative element is

that it combines research and findings from different studies into one applied model that can be used

in various delta regions.



Planning

Graphically the planning of the three work packages is presented in the following picture. The base

for each WP is years. The end of each phase marks a moment for an integral workshop and dissemi-

nation point, as indicated in the Research Impact Pathway in the extra column Dissemination.

WP 1 Technology and infrastructural innovations

WP 2 Governing the transition towards sustainable water supply

WP 3: Context-dependent decision-support model for sustainable industrial water supply

e) References

(Max. 2 A4)

Agudelo-Vera,C.M. WRWA Leduc, AR Mels, HHM Rijnaarts, (2012), Harvesting urban resources to-

wards more resilient cities, Resources, Conservation and Recycling 64, 3-12

Agudelo-Vera, C.M., KJ Keesman, AR Mels, HHM Rijnaarts, (2013), Evaluating the potential of improv-

ing residential water balance at building scale, Water research 47 (20), 7287-7299

Arsénio,A.M., E. J. Pieterse-Quirijns, J. Vreeburg, R. de Bont, and L. Rietveld, 'Failure Mechanisms

and Condition Assessment of Pvc Push-Fit Joints in Drinking Water Networks', Journal of Water

Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua, 62 (2013), 78-85.

Beuken, R H. de Kater, and J. Vreeburg, 'Quantitatively Assessing Water Asset Reliability in the

Netherlands: 15 Years of Experience', in Securing Water and Wastewater Systems, ed. by R.M.

Clark and S. HakimSpringer, 2013), p. 398.



Faust L, M Szendy, CM Plugge, PFH van den Brink, H Temmink, Rijnaarts H.H.M. (2015). Characteri-

zation of the bacterial community involved in the bioflocculation process of wastewater organic

matter in high-loaded MBRs. Applied microbiology & biotechnology, 1-11 Frijns, J., Phung Thuy Phuong and A.P.J. Mol (2000), The Ecological Modernization of Developing Coun-

tries. The case of Vietnam, Environmental Politics 9 (1): 257-292

Galama AH, M Saakes, H Bruning, Rijnaarts H.H.M., JW Post (2014): Seawater predesalination with

electrodialysis Desalination 342, 61-69

Hendriksen A, J Tukahirwa,, PJM Oosterveer, APJ Mol (2012), Participatory Decision Making for Sani-

tation Improvements in Unplanned Urban Settlements in East Africa, The Journal of Environment

& Development 21 (1), 98 – 119

Koppen, C.S.A. van, and A.P.J. Mol (2002), Ecological Modernization of Industrial Ecosystems. In: P.

Lens, L. Hulshof Pol, P. Wilderer and T. Asano (Eds.), Water Recycling and Resource Recovery in

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8. Research Impact Pathway & Theory of Change a) Research Impact Pathway



b) Theory of Change

(Max. 1 A4)

There are four assumptions underlying the design of the impact pathway of the project in effec-

tively addressing the current situation of unsustainable industrial water availability and use:

There is currently a widely felt and recognized problem in securing sufficient fresh water for

ongoing and future industrial development in the Mekong delta.

Addressing this problem currently faces three main challenges:

o Lack of knowledge on reliable and tested cost-effective technological options to secure

sustainable industrial water use, including clear criteria for waste water effluent re-use,

energy efficient technological options for brackish water desalinization, and green infra-

structure based water storage

o Existing institutional and governance barriers that hinder the application of technological

alternatives for sustainable industrial water use

o Poor acceptability by stakeholders of some of these technological alternatives

Illustrating the possibility to overcome these challenges can be done via a few case studies

in industrial zones that:

o Show the technological feasibility of options for ensuring sustainable industrial water use

o Identifying the necessary institutional and governance changes that take away barriers

and thus facilitate implementation of options

o Bring together private and public stakeholders to enhance acceptability of socio-techno-

logical changes

A decision support model will widen the applicability of these case study results for different

economic, social, environmental and technological contexts

All relevant private and public stakeholders need to be included in all phases of the research

project to

o Develop solutions that are (perceived as) feasible

o Maximize the likelihood of future implementation through wide support

o Facilitate and maximize research uptake beyond the case studies

These assumptions have guided our participatory research design to achieve the stated output,

outcome and impact objectives. Data collection methods such as interviews, document and liter-

ature review, observations as well as raw data on water use and supply from stakeholders will

provide input for creating the following outputs and outcomes: understanding of the quantity and

quality of water demand in the selected IZs and the surrounding communities (WP1), tech-

nical/infrastructural possibilities for water treatment and storage (WP1), established stakeholder

networks (WP2), existing regulatory instruments and governance structures (WP2), and relevant

contextual factors that influence potential for technological-cum-institutional innovations (WP3).

Each of these outputs will be in the form of a report and/or an article in a peer reviewed journal.

Dissemination of the new understanding generated to the stakeholders will take place in a series

of workshops. Each year at least one integral workshop will be held with all three WP’s. These

workshops aim to facilitate collaboration and creation of shared understanding between regional

environmental authorities and industrial zone companies on the context in which technological-

cum-institutional innovations have to be implemented. Feedback generated during the work-

shops will in turn validate and further increase the results.

In a next step a dynamic model will be developed to identify feasible technological (WP1), gov-

ernance options to address institutional bottlenecks will be designed (WP2) and a decision sup-

port model (WP3. In another series of workshops the decision support model is presented and

preliminary tested for the three IZs. Testing the decision support model in an interactive process

will not only allow for improvement of the decision support model itself, but will also create

stronger support and uptake of the model by stakeholders. In addition, the general workshops

will allow stakeholders from the three IZs to learn and collaborate across IZs.

The workshops mentioned will be a series of at least six within the topics listed in the column

‘Dissemination’ in the Research Impact Pathway, taking place at the ending of the phases of the

WP’s in the planning picture. One of the workshops also serves the mid-term review.

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