Urban Spatial Structure of High density of Urban Village

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Urban Spatial Structure of High density o f Urban Village

(Assessments, Concept and Strategies towards Sustainable Settlement)

By : Beta ParamitaDepartment Architecture of Vocational Education

Universitas Pendidikan [email protected]

Bandung got the 4thrank as a populated city in Indonesia, and similar with many Indonesianbig cities, especially in Java Island face the complex of demographys problem on an urbanspatial structure associated with the population growth, such as land use, water supply,equipping settlement and its facilities. Bandung is clustered of urban village, which is spreadacross the city, formed in the strategic point of downtown. Tamansari is one of many urbanvillages in Bandung, that have a strong historical correlation with Bandung development,even to the present. This phenomena was made the environmental chaos of the central citybecame linked to the social problem of urban life.In addition, claims about higher densitiessuggest benefits in energy savings through combined heat and power (CHP) provision, butthat benefits might be outweighed by the loss of open space. (Moughtin, et al. 2005). Thisprovision of open an especially green space is included: reduced surface and airtemperature, due to daylighting, high humidity, effect of the wind tunnel.Physically, these villages even look like a slum area, and somehow this area is an easytarget to be displaced, mostly changed into commercial function, because its land value.However, it's just like changing a mask without solving the problems of a settlement area,kind a move the slum area to another place.The uncontrolled urban structure of high density urban villages due to the population growthmake the writer wanted to know about the environmental implications of urban form forparticular combinations of building types, urban forms and open spaces.

Keyword: Tamansari, Urban structure and form, urban village

A. INTRODUCTION

1. History of Cikapundung Taman Sari community around the river bank

The city history dates from 1488 when the first reference to Bandung exists, but from ancient

archeological finds, we know the city was home to Australopithecus, Java Man. These people

lived on the banks of the Cikapundung in north Bandung, and on the shores of the Great

Lake of Bandung. Flint artifacts can still be found in the Upper Dago area and the Geological

Museum has displays and fragments of skeletal remains and artifacts.

Since the early 20th

conservation ecology of Cikapundung River has been the priority through

the Committee of Van Leeuwen, who has compiled Cikapundung watershed conservation

program includes the following activities: Zoological Garden (Wildlife Park) and Mini

Botanical Garden (Botanical Garden "mini") greening the land on the banks of Cikapundung,

from Maribaya to Taman Sari. Tamansari then serves as the "Forest City", which

accommodates 1200 plant species. It was start from the rebellion of DI/TII in the early days of


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the revolution in Garut, Sumedang, and other outskirts of Bandung, which caused many

residents to flee to the city center. Then the many refugees who settled until now, and up to

now they claim native to this area.

Part of Cikapundung River is Tamansari area, and here is the high density of urban village in

Bandung. Tamansari right now has gradually changed from a green area of the city into a

dense residential. Its strategic location and lack of planning and control tools that anticipate

the development of the region, this is cause Tamansari decrease as physical quality,

environment and social. In addition, there is transfer of land use than they should be open

space and greenery that protect ecosystems along the river, has been transformed into

uncontrolled and an irregular residential which are very dense.

This history of Cikapundung and the community who live around Cikapundung then drive the

writer to know the urban structure of this area, since there are a big transformation from

Forest City become a high density of urban village

2. Problem Restriction and Formulation

The study of urban spatial structure will cover a very

broad spectrum of issues, this is refers to a cluster of concepts

concerned with the arrangement of urbanpublic space.The way

that urban public space is arranged affects many aspects of how

cities function and has implications for accessibility,

environmental sustainability,safety,social equity, social capital,

cultural creativity and economics.

The first limitation relates to the area of study, which is serially

north, south, west and east are bounded with Jl. Siliwangi, Jl.

Wastukencana, Jl. Cihampelas and Jl. Tamansari.

The second limitation, related to the problem. In the context of

architecture, this research is limited in characteristic of urban

structure physically which is influenced by the density of urban

built and architecturally to improve the quality of the city. This

aspect includes two things. First, the anatomy of the quality of

the city, which adopted an indicator of Shirvani (1985) and Urban

Design Compedium (2000). Second, the identity architecture, which adopts the concept

image of the city of Kevin Lynch (1981) and place of Mark Zanhd theory (2003).

Figure 1.Tamansari area (source :RTBL Tamansari, DirjenCipta Karya, 2008 )
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_equityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_capitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_capitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_equityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_space


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On that basis, the main problem then is formulated as follows: " To what extent and in what

ways does urban form contribute to the quality of city life and find the optimal approach in

addressing the problems of urban village

Based on these major issues, reduced to some sub-problems:

a. The description of physical characteristic of Tamansaris urban form such as

size, shape, scale, allocation and land use, type of building, layout of urban blocks, the

distribution of green space.

b. How to assess the physical condition of Tamansari in order to improve the quality of city

life?

3. Hypotheses

This research is built around the hypothesis that urban spatial structure has strong correlation

with the quality of city life. The increase of population in Bandung has give occasion to createthe growth of uncontrolled settlement. Taman sari as one of urban village in Bandung has

fulfill demand of land use, economical requirement, and shape the unique social community.

The lack of government surveillance of house construction has create many clustered slum

urban village. It signed with unorganized urban spatial structure, such as : building

orientation, height and width of building, and street width.

B. RATIONALE AND STATE OF RESEARCH

The major research question addressed is: To what extent and in what ways does urbanform contribute to the quality of city life and find the optimal approach in addressing the

problems of urban village ? This question derives from the aim purpose of this research

which is finding the implication of urban spatial structure for particular combination of building

types, urban structure and open space to the quality of city life. It is important to tackle and

addresses several gaps in knowledge identified from analysis and review of research in the

field. The sections below indicate some of the key problems that led to this research

question.

1. Urban spatial structure the physical aspect of city life

The term urban form can be used simply to describe a citys physical characteristics.

However, urban form is closely related to scale and has been described as the

morphological attributes of an urban area at all scales (Williams et al., 2000)1

1In Jenks, Mike, 2010

. Urban form


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generally encompasses a number of physical features and nonphysical characteristics

including size, shape, scale, density, land uses, building types, urban block layout and

distribution of green space.

Buildings are the most pronounced elements of urban design - they shape and articulate

space by forming the streetwalls of the city. Well designed buildings and groups of

buildings work together to create a sense of place. In contrary, urban high density and

unorganized building form could generate the lost space. It applies equally to all places - to

the centre and the suburb and everything in-between and to the city, town and the village.

Urban structure is important because it provides the foundations for the detailed design of

individual developments enabling (Shirvani, 1985) :

Integration with surrounding area

Individual elements to function efficiently together

Environmental harmony

A sense of place

Commercial viability

Thus, when we talk about the shape of the city then we are indeed talking about the quality

of the city in accommodating the quality of life of its citizens. Respect of this,

Shirvani (1985) states that the quality of most cities at least is determined by three

factors. First, functional quality, in the sense that the quality of a good city if the

spaces between buildings, a liaison system between the buildings, as well as liaison

with other city systems, work well too. Second, visual quality, including aesthetic

environment, namely the appearance of architecture on the scale of urban areas and

not visible from the building unit.

2. The Identity of Place

The shape of city as mentioned above by Jecnk, showing a good connectivity between

spatial and social order. More clearly, Ardrey in Lawson (2001), shows that the need

for stimulation, security, and identity that shape social life, is determined by the spatial

layout, such as shape, size and scale that is perceived by the user.

The concept of architectural identity is adopting the concept of "image of the city"

from Kevin Linch (1981) and the theory of "place" from Mark Zanhd (1999),

which states that the architectural identity of meaning and feelings associated with the

user about the place (sense of place) and the image of architecture, where a person know


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and understand their environment, because it has a special character, uniqueness, or

a certain clarity.

Variable identity of architecture consists of three indicators: (1) indicators of identity itself, in

the form of understanding based on the identification of objects, typical of places / regions,

and differences between objects, with the criteria of historical context, cultural, and social,

(2) indicators of the structure vision of patterns, relationships between objects, and inter-

subject-object, with criteria: path, edge, district/sub regions, node, and landmarks,

(3) Indicators of meaning, the form of experience on the meaning of the object, subject-object

meanings, feelings about the place, precedent / events / functions / activities that occur.

In connection with the second indicator, namely the structure of the vision of patterns,

relationships between objects, and inter-subject-object, further Lynch (1991) reveals that

there are five elements to reveal the image of the city, namely the path, edge, district

(area), node, and landmark.

C. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

In order to facilitate assessment in the area,

then the object of study is divided into

neighborhood units, as shown in the picture on

the side :

Figure 2.Object study area

source : RPKPP Cikapundung, 2010


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UL 1DESCRIPTIONUL-1 is located in the administrative area ofLebaksiliwangi, RW-08 with an area of4.40 hectares and a building density of 582 per ha.PROBLEMHigh density population areas, Illegal building along

Cikapundung River bank, no infrastructure forwaste water, it doesnt meet health standard, backpart of building orientation to the river, no septictank for wash, bath and toilet activity.URBAN STRUCTUREPhysical building condition as follows:(a) accretion of illegal building in medium level,(b) Building density 70%,(e) 1.5 to 3m distance between buildings.Demographic characteristics :(a) level of density < 400 people/ha and(b) population growth 50%(d) Building Coverage > 70%, (e)distance between buildings 500 people / haand (b) population growth> 2.0%POTENTIAL OF AREA(a) Near the education facilities (ITB)(b) There are en existing street in 3-5width(c) Have a open space to be used asgreenbelt and septic tank.

UL 2


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DESCRIPTIONUL-4 is located in the Tamansari administrativearea and contain of RW-07, RW-15 with an area of9.38 hectares, a building density of 652/ ha.PROBLEMBack part of building orientation to the river, noseptic tank for individual building/ communal, thereare many semi-permanent home with a narrowrange of buildings.URBAN STRUCTUREPhysical condition of the building as follows: (a)accretion of illegal building in high level, (b) thebuilding density 50%, (d) Building coverage > 70%, (e)distance between buildings 500 people / ha and (b) population growth> 2.0%POTENTIAL OF AREANearby the commercial area (Cihampelas), thereare historical sites with Cikapundung inscription,could be developed as a conservation area

UL 4

DESCRIPTIONUL-3 is located in the Tamansari administrativearea and RW-05 RW-04 with an area of6.15 hectares and a building densityof 402 per ha.PROBLEM

High density population areas, there asettlement on government land, lack of openspace.URBAN STRUCTUREPhysical condition of buildings as follows:(a) accretion of illegal building in high level(b) the building density < 80 units/ha, (c)Temporary Buildings 25-50%, (d) BuildingCoverage > 70%,(e) distance between buildings


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DESCRIPTIONUL-5 is located in the Tamansari administrative area,contain of RW-10 with an area of 4.37 ha and abuilding density of 225 per ha.PROBLEMIn the pathways, there is unused culverts, a blackwater flood, semi-permanent and illegal house with

back part facing along the river.URBAN STRUCTUREPhysical condition of buildings as follows:(a) accretion of illegal building in high level, (b) 80-100unit/ha building density, (c) temporary buildings25-50%, (d) BC > 70%, (e) distance betweenbuildings 500 people / ha and (b) populationgrowth


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settlement 1.5-2.5m DESCRIPTIONUL-7 is located in the Lebaksiliwangi administrative area,contain of RW-16 with an area of 4.5 hectares and a buildingdensity of 308 per ha.PROBLEMFlooding due to river overflow, no septic tank for individualbuilding/communal in the settlement area

URBAN STRUCTUREPhysical condition of the building as follows: (a) accretion ofillegal building in low level, (b) the building density


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Model 1 Model 2 Model 3

D. RESEARCH PLAN

This research is conducted as the diagram shown below :

1st

assessment

2nd

Conceptand Plan

3rd

Strategies +measurement

4th

Modelling

ALTERNATIVEAPPROACH

URBAN FORM- Size- Shape- Scale- Density- Land use- Building type- Urban block layout- Green space

SUSTAINABLE

FEEDBACK

CLUSTEREDAREA

URBAN CATALYST

Diagram 1Concept and Plan of Tamansari

Source : analysis, 2011

DESCRIPTIONUL-9 is located in the Tamansari administrative areaof RW-14 and RW-20 with an area of 5.28 hectaresand a building density of 357 per ha.PROBLEMThere is an orderly settlement on government land,

no septic tank for individual building / communal,illegal building and back part facing alongCikapundung River bankURBAN STRUCTUREPhysical condition of the building as follows: (a)accretion of illegal building in low level , (b) thebuilding density 50%, (d) BC 50 -70%, (e) 1.5 to 3 mdistance between buildings, as well as demographiccharacteristics (a) level of density


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To achieve the aims as mentioned above, these activities was done into 4 phases, that were:

1. Assessment

This assessment is used to decide the priorities of urban village management which is used

criteria that are grouped in : 2

a. Non Economic Vitality

b. Vitality of Economic Sphere

c. Infrastructure and Facilities of Tamansari

d. Government commitment

Assessment of Tamansari was done by gravimetric analysis on each of the above criteria,

and based on Slum Area Identification Guidelines Buffer Area Metropolitan City, Distarcip,

2006

The variations of treatment action for urban village:

No Criteria

Urban village scoring

Property Dev Communi ty Based Dev Guided Land Dev

high avrg low high avrg low high avrg low

A Non Economic Vitality 275-400 200-274 160-199 275-400 200-274 160-199 275-400 200-274 160-199

B Economic Vitality 120-150 90-119 60-89 120-150 90-119 60-89 120-150 90-119 60-89

C Infrastructure+Facilities 200-250 150-199 100-149 200-250 150-199 100-149 200-250 150-199 100-149

D Gov. commitment 200-250 150-199 100-149 200-250 150-199 100-149 200-250 150-199 100-149

Source : Slum Area Identification Guidelines Buffer Area Metropolitan City, Distarcip, 2006

The following Assessment Criteria Environment Unit is shown below :

No.Gravimetric Item UL

1UL2

UL3

UL4

UL5

UL6

UL7

UL8

UL9

A. Non Economic Vitality

1. Conformity with spatial planning 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

2. Building physic

a. The accretion of illegal building 30 50 50 50 50 50 20 50 30

b. Building density 20 20 20 30 20 20 20 50 20

c. Temporary building 30 50 30 30 50 30 20 50 50

d. Building coverage 50 50 50 50 50 50 30 50 30

e. The distance between buildings 30 50 50 50 50 30 20 50 30

3. Demography

a. Demography density 20 30 30 50 20 30 20 50 20

b. Pertumbuhan 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20SUB TOTAL 220 290 270 300 280 250 170 340 220

B. Economic Vitality

1. Strategic location 50 50 50 50 50 50 30 50 50

2. The distance to workplace/activity 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

3. Land use of surrounding area 50 50 50 30 30 30 20 50 50

2Pedoman Identifikasi Kawasan Permukiman Kumuh Daerah Penyangga Kota Metropolitan, Distarcip, 2006.


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SUB TOTAL 120 120 120 100 100 100 70 120 120

D. Infrastructure and Facilities

1. Street/pathways 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

2. Drainage 50 50 30 50 30 30 20 50 30

3. Water supply 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

4. Waste water 50 50 50 50 50 50 30 50 50

5. Waste disposal 50 50 30 50 50 50 30 30 30SUB TOTAL 190 190 150 190 170 170 120 170 150

E. Government Commitment

1. Indication of desirability

a. Financing 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

b. Public institution/organization 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

2. Effort of handling

a. Disaster 20 20 50 20 20 20 50 50 20

b. Improving Physical 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

c. Improving of urban area 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20SUB TOTAL 160 160 190 160 160 160 190 190 160Source : Analysis, 2011

2. Concept and Plan of Tamansari development

The priority of Tamansari treatment based on assessment :

No Kind of treatment UL 1 UL 2 UL 3 UL 4 UL 5 UL 6 UL 7 UL 8 UL 9

1 Land use handling CBD PD GLD GLD CBD PD GLD PD GLD

2 Priority to handling I IV III I,IV I, III II I IV II

River Cikapundung defined as urban catalyst in the planning area, with a turn on green space

and planned as a core activity areas with functions of recreation and tourism under the theme

of culture and environment. The development of this area is associated with the development

of commercial areas that are expected to spur growth in the region behind the commercial

area. The function of this urban area as a center of activity directed environment and culture

that is strengthened by the character of the village settlements.

The concept of macro-region arrangement is done by Urban Catalyst Concept which is

expected to further turn the region planning. In the area of Tamansari-Cihampelas, one way

to improve the quality of the Cikapundung River is restructuring the river bank to restore the

lingkage areas and open space.

The face of the residential community which is overlooking the Cikapundung River become a

pedestrian circulation path, and part of Cikapundung River become more organized with a

regular border with residential zone. Supporting the pedestrian path at the front of the

dwelling then began to grow micro-scale commercial functions that serve the community and

tourist who walk there. So this could be of economic value for the region.


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PLANNING OF CIKAPUNDUNG AREA, BASED ON CULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT

URBAN CATALIST :

a. Water front resident and green belt alongriver bank

b. Using the open space under the flyover tomake a node as a activity support

c. Build the Tamansari mansions as atrigger to restore the slum settlement

d. Restructuring the Pulosari as green beltof region

Urbanheritage

ENCLAVE SETTLEMENT

Point as pilot of the

arrangement of river frontsettlement

Potential as a gateto the area

RESETTLEMENT(Property Dev)

- High density settlement> 100 unit /ha

- Low quality ofinfrastructure and

h sical buildin

Potential as a gate tothe region

Balubur Mall as a landmark

REDEVELOPMENT (CBD)

- Medium density settlement >100 unit/ha

- medium quality of infrastructureand physical building

Potential as a gate to the

area

GUIDED LAND DEV.- Under control high

density- Pilot project as urban

villa e

UNISBA as a landmark

MIXED USED DEVELOPMENT

-Low rise Settlement-High rise settlement-Open space-Commercial

GUIDED LAND DEV.- Under control high density- Pilot project as urban village

RESETTLEMENT(Property Dev)

- High density settlement >100 unit bgn/ha

- Low quality ofinfrastructure and physical

buildin

Potential as a gate to the area

REDEVELOPMENT (CBD)

- Medium density settlement> 100 unit/ha

- medium quality ofinfrastructure and physical

building

GUIDED LAND DEV.

- Under control density- Pilot project as water

river settlement

Urban Spatial Structure of High density of Urban Village

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