Urban Spaces in Dystopian Science Fiction

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FERRERAS SAVOYE, Daniel (2011): "Urban Spaces in Dystpian Science Fictin" !en lnea#$ En: ÁnguloRecto. Revista de estudios sobre la ciudad como espacio plural, %l$ &, n'$ 2, pp$ 1&&1*+$ En:ttp:--...$/c$es-in-an/l-%l/en-Vl/en0&2-%aria02$t$ SS3: 1+4+*015ttp:--67$6i$r-10$520+-re%8A3RE$2011$%&$n2$&954&

1&&

Urban Spaces in Dystopian Science Fiction

Daniel FERRERAS SAVOYE

Departent Frein an/aes;est Virinia Uni%ersity6errera<.%/$e6/

Recibi6: & 6e ct/bre 6e 2011Acepta6: &0 6e ct/bre 6e 2011

Abstract=e analysis te /rban para6i all.s /s t 6istin/is te enre 6ystpian science ictin r neibrin, penly antirealistic enres,s/c as te Fantastic, te >ar%el/s an6 space pera$ =e city, as an

e7plicit an6 per%erte6 aniestatin pstenlitene6 i6eals?prress,cn .ealt, praatis an6 /ltiately, aterialis?seiticallycpleents te epistelical 6/bt p/t r.ar6 by 6ystpian scienceictin, .ic, /nli@e tat e7presse6 by te Fantastic, is base6 /pn tepre6ictable rater tan te /npre6ictable$ ;en it ces t te narrati%e/nctin te /rban space .itin te /ni%erse 6ystpian science ictin,illip B$ Dic@Cs Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? an6 ;illia ibsnCsNeuromancer cnstit/te a ily representati%e crp/s, r bt .r@s,eac crrespn6in t a %ery speciic an6 iprtant ent in tee%l/tin te enre, incrprate te city as a 6eterinin actr .itinte seitic ecny te narratin$Keywords: ibsn, Neuromancer, 6ystpia, Dic@, an6ri6s$

Título: Espacis /rbans en la ciencia iccin 6istpicaResumenEl anlisis 6el para6ia /rban ns perite 6istin/ir el Gner 6e laciencia iccin 6istpica 6e trs Gners abiertaente antirealistas, cp/e6en serl l antstic, l ara%ills el space-pera$ a ci/6a6, caniestacin e7plcita y per%erti6a 6e ls i6eales 6e la psil/stracin Hprres, bien c'n, praatis y, en 'ltia instancia, aterialisHcpleenta seiticaente la 6/6a epistelica e7presa6a pr laciencia iccin 6istpica, I/e, a 6ierencia 6e la 6/6a s/eri6a pr el/ni%ers antstic, n est basa6a en l ipre6ecible sin en l pre6ecible$Respect a la /ncin narrati%a 6el espaci /rban 6entr 6el /ni%ers 6e laciencia iccin 6istpica, !Sue"an los androides con ove#as el$ctricas? , 6eillip B$ Dic@, y Neuromancero, 6e ;illia ibsn, cnstit/yen /n crp/saltaente siniicati%, p/es abas n%elas, I/e crrespn6en ca6a /na a/n ent 6ecisi% en la e%l/cin 6el Gner, incrpran la ci/6a6 cactr 6eterinante 6entr 6e la ecna seitica 6e la narracin$Palabras clave: ibsn, Neuromante, 6istpa, Dic@, an6ri6es$

Table of contents1$ Fantastic J/ntrysi6es1$1$ =e Or6inary pssible

1$2$ =e =reat Fr =e O/tsi6e




1&*

2$ Science Fictinal Jities2$1$ =e Aressin Ratinality2$2$ laces an6 Spaces&$ Urban Dystpia

&$1$ er%erte6 Enlitenent&$2$ =e En6 te An6ri6Cs Drea&$&$ Statin t Statin*$ ast stK/anity

0$0$ ;en it ces t its 6ieetic /nctin .itin 6ystpian scienceictin, te /rban para6i pr%es rear@ably inrati%e, btstr/ct/rally, as a rec/rrent narrati%e ti, an6 seitically, r itcpleents ne te enreCs ain ten6encies, tat is te

e7pressin an epistelical 6/bt rear6in te relatinsipbet.een te K/an an6 rress as cncei%e6 by pstenlitenent cnsci/sness$ Fr a siple narrati%e pint %ie.,te city als all.s /s t rally 6istin/is science ictin rneibrin, penly antirealistic enres, s/c as te Fantastic an6te >ar%el/s, as .ell as t islate Ltr/eM science ictin r itsre 6irect e/latin, tat is space pera an6 e%en re s r anarp/s, /n6eine6 catery s/c as antasy$1

0$1$ eneric 6istinctins a%e s/ere6 reatly r pststr/ct/ralistappraces an6 tere is a 6einite analy t be 6ra.n bet.een tebl/rrin narrati%e enres an6 tat 6isciplinary br6ers in teK/anities, as st pst6ern criticis systeatically brr.steretical apparat/ses r neibrin 6isciplines$2 =e s/ccess tis %a/ely 6eine6 ntin inter-/lti6isciplinarity as enerate6a certain /neasiness rear6in te necessity r a str/ct/ral6istinctin bet.een 6ierent narrati%e cateries, r pst6ernt/t tri%es t artic/late an allencpassin teretical teplatetat bt incl/6es an6 transcen6s its riinal crp/s st/6y, be itliterat/re r narratin in eneral$& =is 6eci6e6ly pst6ern re

1 Alt/ te ntin Ltr/eM science ictin reains pen r 6isc/ssin (>ren2010: N4110), te act reains tat Star %ars r &alactica 6 nt e7press tesae type cncerns as 'ohnn( )nemonic r as *he )atri+ , nr 6 tey elicit tesae type respnse r te recei%er$2 3at/rally, se intersectins are t be e7pecte6 bet.een literary st/6ies an6, rinstance, istry r scily .e%er, literary st/6ies cannt be cnsi6ere6 as as/bsectin istry nr scily, an6 tis applies all te re t 6isciplineste bPects .ic .ere ne%er te st/6y literat/re in te irst place, s/c aspsycanalysis r pilspy$& =ere lies peraps te st cnseI/ential la. pst6ern appraces, .icten6 t pri%ilee a i%en epistelical r i6elical aen6a (seties bt, as

Se6.ic@ 6es in er Epistemolog( of the loset ) %er te riinal bPect st/6y /r 6iscipline as a 6irect cnseI/ence, /r iel6 as been prressi%ely lsin




1&5

cni/ratin te 6ierent cateries c/lt/ral e7pressin asin6ee6 yiel6e6 psiti%e res/lts, r it as all.e6 pp/lar c/lt/rest/6ies t attain se type aca6eic leitiacy$ K.e%er, i tereis n 6/bt tat entire narrati%e cateries, rerly?an6 tens/arily?6isisse6 as belnin t LinerirM, Ll.br.M c/lt/re,tat is artistically callene6 an6 c/lt/rally insiniicant, a%ebeneite6 r te instincti%e, typically pst6ern s/spicin allpreestablise6 classiicatins, tis sae s/spicin as als aniie6te eneral cn/sin rear6in 6ierent narrati%e instances, /n6in in se .ay .at tra6itinal str/ct/ralis a6 acie%e6, tatis a lical, bPecti%e anner t 6istin/is 6ierent narrati%eten6encies .itin te cncept enre$ Kence, science ictin asbece an increasinly .i6e enre, .ic is enerally cnsi6ere6 tincl/6e a air a/nt 6i%erse, re r less antirealisticnarratins?in partic/lar space pera an6 antasy?.ic, r ateretical stan6pint, presents a %ery seri/s prble .en itces t te 6einitin /r crp/s st/6y, as .ell as t tecritical e%al/atin in6i%i6/al .r@s$

0$2$ As e7presse6 else.ere (Ferreras 2011a), t6ayCs c/lt/ralsclar is cnrnte6 .it te 6iic/lt tas@ establisin a cann a/trs, .r@s an6 enres /t 6ierent narrati%e 6ains tata%e precisely al.ays been recniQe6 as anticannical, tat is /n.rty cannical cnsi6eratin$ K.e%er, i it is a i%en tat

pp/lar c/lt/re s/l6 nt be seen erely as te pr6/ct seerescapis an6 cercial ti%atins, it cannt be inerre6 tat allpp/lar c/lt/ral artiact are siniicant, rear6less teir pp/larity$eca/se its /ltiple cnntatins an6 aestetic pssibilities, teti te city cntrib/tes t te seitic .eit any pp/larnarratins, ence t teir pssible c/lt/ral an6 artistic %al/es$* n tecase t. ain, /n6eniably cannical .r@s 6ern scienceictin, naely illip B$ Dic@Cs Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? an6 ;illia ibsnCs Neuromancer , te city as a narrati%e ti

6einitin t bece a %a/e an6 cn/sin cl/ster i6elical an6 pilspicalspec/latins since pst6ern t/t is nt as intereste6 in literary te7ts r innarratins as it is in etatery, te necessity 6istin/isin bet.een ra6icallyppse6 types narratin as bece a %ery secn6ary pririty$* See te ar6 bile6 6etecti%e enre, .ic e7ibits a /c ier scialcnsci/sness tan te a6%ent/res Serlc@ Kles r Kerc/les irtalt/ n6n is /n6eniably present in te ictinal 6iensin Serlc@Kles, te presence te city barely aects te narrati%e synta, an6 canseties be alteter absent r te narratin, as s.n by ne Serlc@KlesC st a/s a6%ent/res, naely *he ound of the as/ervilles Jnan

DyleCs sle/t resl%es enias in clse6 spaces .ereas te ar6bile6 6etecti%e/st na%iate te city an6 interact .it its creat/res in r6er t reac te tr/t$




1&N

represents te ratinal si6e te epistelical 6/bt tat ise7presse6 tr/ te irr/ptin irratinality in te Fantastic enre$

=e analysis te /rban para6i in te enre scienceictin can ence be /se6 as a str/ct/ral tl, irst t islate6ystpian science ictin r anter catery .it .ic it is tencn/se6, tat is te Fantastic, an6 secn6ly, peraps resiniicantly, in r6er t 6eepen /r /n6erstan6in teepistelical iplicatins 6ern science ictin$

! Fantastic "ountrysides!! T#e $rdinary %mpossible=e assciatin bet.een t. ra6ically 6ierent narrati%e ten6enciess/c as te Fantastic an6 science ictin relies in part /pn tepresence an epistelical 6/bt in bt enres, .e%er, tis6/bt is nt e7presse6 in te sae anner in eiter enre, nr 6esit crrespn6 t te sae cncern$ =e 6/bt e7presse6 by teFantastic is irratinal .ile tat p/t r.ar6 by 6ystpian scienceictin is ratinal, an6 .e in6 tis ppsitin relecte6 in te cice narrati%e tis, an6 partic/larly in tat a st /n6aentaleleent t all narratins, tat is bac@r/n6 r settin$5 =eFantastic can be 6eine6 as te irr/ptin te /ne7plainable?an6nt te /ne7plaine6 as Jaste7 ./l6 a%e itN?in a ily realistic/ni%erse, tat is a 6iensin in space an6 tie tat crrespn6s t.at .e percei%e as reality$9 =e typical prtanists te antastic

narratin 6 nt present any rear@able caracteristics, I/ite t tecntrary, tey ten6 t be e7treely r6inary, as are teir sit/atins,bt scial an6 tprapical, .ic eases te prcess i6entiicatin .it te recipient in r6er t a%r te narrati%e tensin

5 See n tterCs classic 6escriptin te ictinal /ni%erse in Elements of0iterature (1+N9), .ic presents caracters, cnlict an6 settin as te tree/n6aental artic/latins any narrati%e r$N =e eleent tat 6isr/pts te abric reality in te antastic narratin cannt bere6/ce6 t any type ratinal e7planatin .it/t ie6iately alterin tenarrati%e str/ct/re: s/c narratin ./l6 ten lea%e te antastic real an6 enter.at =6r% calls te Uncanny (=6r% 1+90)$ .e .ere t accept Jaste7Cs%ie., any 6etecti%e stry c/l6 ten be cnsi6ere6 as belnin t te Fantastic,.ic is ina6issible in ters eneric classiicatin$9 ;e are liitin /r analysis t te 6ern Occi6ental antastic an6 t itscrrespn6in receptin it es .it/t sayin tat te pstin6/strial re%l/tinE/rpean perceptin te .rl6 is speciic t its cnte7t an6 6iers r tse ter c/lt/res, as any perceptin reality is nat/rally e6iate6 by c/lt/ral an6istrical 6eterinatins$ =e 6ern Occi6ental antastic is stly represente6 byE/rpean an6 nrt Aerican a/trs an6 6es nt crrespn6 r instance t

atin Aerican >aic Realis nr t lo real maravilloso in ters narrati%estr/ct/res$




1&9

tat .e in6 at te cre te Fantastic$4 n seitic ters, tenarrati%e synta te 6ern antastic narratin is artic/late6/pn a siple binary ppsitin bet.een te r6inary?caracters,settins an6 sit/atins?an6 te e7trar6inary, tat is an eleent,eiter a ti r an e%ent, .ic cannt be ratinaliQe6 accr6in tte accepte6, icial epistely$ Kence, .e in6 a /n6aental6/bt rear6in /r ability t /n6erstan6 an6 cntrl reality at tecre st 6ern Fantastic narratins, .ic rein6s /s te/ncertainties rear6in te nat/re reality s/este6 by 6ystpianscience ictin, r al/yeCs Simulacron 1 an6 Dic@Cs *he *hreeStigmata of 2almer Eldritch t JrnenberCs e3isten4 an6 te;ac.s@i brtersC *he )atri+ $ K.e%er, te epistelical 6/bte7presse6 by te Fantastic is nt r/n6e6 /pn te sae cnceptin reality as tat p/t r.ar6 by science ictin, an6 tis 6ierencebeces %ery tanible .en .e cnsi6er te /rban space as btnarrati%e ti an6 seitic ar@er$

!&! T#e T#reat from T#e $utsideUnli@e te epistelical crisis 6ystpian science ictin, teirratinal treat tat rips te abric reality an6 cnstit/tes te %eryenine te Fantastic narratin is /n6aentally e7ternal t te/an cn6itin, an6 it is n s/rprise i it ten ta@es te sape as/pernat/ral cc/rrence, tat is an e%ent tat s/perse6es te la.s nat/re an6 .se ere presence nt nly I/estins /r

@n.le6e reality b/t als te eans by .ic .e a%e acie%e6it$ =ypical tis te Fantastic, s/c as %apires an6 sts,represent te intr/sin Oterness in /r nrati%e %ie. realityte /an eleent?enerally te prtanist(s)?is ne%errespnsible te epistelical crisis create6 by te Fantastic, b/trater s/ers its cnseI/ences in a enerally islate6, an6, reten tan nt, r/ral en%irnent$ te city 6es appear in cannical6ern antastic narratins, as is te case .it n6n in Dracula,te cnlict is nneteless li%e6 t.ar6s te insi6e te city is a erebac@r/n6 rater tan a siniicant settin, an6 nly inter%enes

in6irectly in te prressin te narrati%e synta$ Fr>a/passantCs c/ntry es .ners . all prey t te irratinal t%ecrat an6 BinCs inabitants sall, 3e. Enlan6 pr%incial

4 =bin SiebersC ntin te LRantic Fantastic,M .ic assciates te Fantastic.it te E/rpean rantic %eent is terere prbleatic r t. ainreasns: irst, te rantic er is by 6einitin an e7ceptinal in6i%i6/al, .sea6%ent/res are all b/t r6inary secn6ly, te actins rantic caracters areti%ate6 by eelins rater tan reasn an6 ence, teir perceptin reality 6esnt crrespn6 t te praatic, ne6iensinal %ie. reality tat spa.ns te

6ern Fantastic$ (Fr a /nctinal 6einitin te 6ern Fantastic, vid. Ferreras1++5$)




1&4

t.ns . /st cnrnt te ipssible?r L0e orlaM r L5uiSait? M t L=e Jl/r O/t SpaceM an6 Needful things?tes/pernat/ral treat a%rs r/ral en%irnents an6 6es nt care r/rban space$ n te narrati%e ecny te Fantastic, /nli@e in tat 6ern 6ystpian science ictin, te city is nt nee6e6 as seitic%eicle, r te %al/es it represents, s/c as cllecti%ity, prress,in6/strialiQatin r tecnly, are irrele%ant .en nt c/nterpr6/cti%e .en it ces t create te antastic eect$ =eprtanist te antastic a6%ent/re is ie6iately alienate6 rte cllecti%ity an6 lically, ne is-er aPr 6iic/lties cnsistsin cn%incin ters t belie%e te /nbelie%able, tat is te irr/ptin te irratinal in /r reality$ =is str/le is an interal part tenarrati%e tensin an6 .e in6, an te basic binary ppsitinstat caracteriQe te Fantastic, tat te prtanist aainst terest te .rl6 te latter siply cannt accept te e7istence te/ne7plainable, r it ./l6 ean te irree6iable 6eeat tenrati%e epistelical apparat/s, te [email protected] allcertainties$ n cparisn, te prtanist 6ystpian scienceictin is /s/ally part a nrati%e s/perstr/ct/re an6 li%es is-era6%ent/res at te sae cniti%e le%el as tse ar/n6 i-ers/bseI/ently, te city, as an e7pressin cllecti%e i6entity,acI/ires a 6ierent, re /nctinal seitic rle, r it bt6c/ents an6 cpleents te narrati%e cnlict$

&! Science Fictional "ities&!! T#e A''ression of Rationality te c/ntrysi6e is prpiti/s t sts, specters an6 ter sp@s,6ystpian science ictin n te ter an6 tri%es .itin an /rbanspace, r te cnlict it presents, .ic als s/ests a seri/s .ennt terinal epistelical crisis, is brn /t a internal prPectin a pssible /t/re an6 6es nt ste r te ear anincpreensible eleent cin r te /tsi6e$ O/r/n6erstan6in reality is n lner treatene6 by an e7ternal actrb/t rater by /r .n acie%eents, an6 .ereas, in te Fantastic,

te cnlict is brn /t te ppsitin bet.een a %ery li%able,r/tine riente6 reality an6 an irratinal, ence ina6issible eleent,tat 6ystpian science ictin relies ainly /pn te cnstanttreats enerate6 by reality itsel bere te irr/ptin teirratinal, te /ni%erse te prtanist te antastic tale iscrtably brin, .ile tat te 6ystpian science ictin ercnstit/te an aressin r te %ery beinnin$ =e presence science an6 tecnly?.eter 6irectly assciate6 t te city rnt?can in tesel%es 6eterine eneric nat/re, t/s, >arySelleyCs 6ran/enstein r K$$ ;ellsC *he 7nvisible )an beln t

priiti%e science ictin rater tan t te 6ern antastic r teyare str/ct/re6 ar/n6 te pssibility alterin reality r te insi6e




1&+

rater tan te /tsi6e an6 te @n.le6e bt Dr$ Fran@ensteinan6 riin ces r te aca6eic .rl6, it is terere entirelyana6e an6 s/ppses n inter%entin r s/pernat/ral,/n6aentally e7ternal rces$ =e treat tat .ill e%ent/ally 6e%elpint epistelical /ncertainty is nt, as is te case .it teFantastic, base6 /pn te irratinal, b/t rater n te cntrary /pnte ratinal: bt Fran@enstein an6 riin are scientists, an6 btare slely respnsible r teir creatins$ ;e are ar r te s/66enappearance an e7ternal, irratinal eleent .ic 6isr/pts /rperceptin reality, r bt Fran@enstein an6 riin a%e 6e6icate6ln years t perectin teir respecti%e in%entins$ As 6ystpianscience ictin 6e%elpe6, te city lically becae increasinlyiprtant, nt nly as a reasnable anticipatin te /t/re base6/pn recent pstin6/strial istry, b/t als as a nat/ral en%irnentr te representatin 6ern tecnlical eats an6 teir6.nall$ Scientiic prress an6 its prbleatic res/lts is in6ee6 acnstant para6i in te enre, an6 tere is a little Fran@ensteinCsnster in te 3e7/sN an6ri6s tat Dec@ar6 /st LretireM in Do

Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? as .ell as in ;inter/te, teArtiicial ntellience 6/le .it .ic Jase /st str/le inNeuromancer $+

&!&! Places and SpacesAt te beinnin ;arren Ellis an6 ary RbertsnCs n/ental

*ransmetropolitain, te Ker, Spi6er er/sale, . as been li%inin recl/sin se.ere L/p a 66an /ntainM, /st ret/rn tte city in r6er t cply .it is b@ cntract ater e recei%es atreatnin pne call r is e6itr:

D y/ @n. la.s/itT D y/ @n. s/e y/r ass i .e 6nCt et/r b@sT ;e i/re tat y/ c/l6 et te bt 6ne .itin ayear$ One n plitics, ne y/r cice as per te cntractareeent$ An6 .e bt @n. y/ c/l6 ne%er .rite ab/t pliticsr a 6istance, s /ess .eCll be seein y/ in te ice sn, eT(*5)

+ =is is nt eant t iner tat te /rban an6 tecnlical para6is are6eterinin narrati%e tis in rear6 t eneric classiicatin t/s, ryatCs ilDar/ it( c/l6 be 6eee6 t beln t te Fantastic in spite te nipresence te /rban ti tr//t te narratin, r te treat at te cre tenarrati%e tensin, represente6 by ysteri/s beins apprpriately nae6 L=eStraners,M is 6eci6e6ly e7ternal$ y te sae t@en, te representatin tetecnlical para6i in any narratin 6es nt necessarily iply its belnin tscience ictin, 6ystpian r nt, as s.n by JaernCs il Avatar , .ic, in spite

relyin ea%ily /pn scientiic an6 tecnlical tis, respn6s t te narrati%esynta space pera$




1*0

=e city is terere presente6 as in6ispensable nt nly .itinte ecny te narratin, r te %ery beinnin *ransmetropolitainCs synta is te 6epart/re Spi6er er/salet.ar6s te city, b/t als as te sle pssible s/rce inspiratin$=e /rban space is presente6 as te nly en%irnent s/sceptible ts/pprt 6ern an6 pst6ern c/nicatin, te nly place.ere real actin can ta@e place$ t is als a 6isplaycase r teininite an6 6aner/s pssibilities te /t/re an6 teircrrespn6in eects, bt psiti%e an6 neati%e, /pn /rperceptin reality$ =e title itsel in6icates clearly tenipresence te /rban space .itin te narrati%e /ni%erse an6in6ee6, any paes *ransmetropolitain are ainly 6escripti%e,bt te7t/ally an6 %is/ally, as te city is treate6 as a representati%eicrstr/ct/re te entire scial an6 c/lt/ral spectr/$ n*ransmetropolitain, te /rban space rs a parallel narrati%e tatcpleents te ain 6ieetic a7is an6 /nctins seitically ratertan seantically, r it is s/este6 rater tan clearly artic/late6,an6 its e7plratin is as siniicant as te prressin te ainnarrati%e cnlict$ Fr a eneric pint %ie., te presence te/rban para6i by ppsitin t 6isplaceent as a seiticcpleent t te ain narrati%e synta all.s /s t islate6ystpian science ictin r space pera r antasy, P/st as it as%is%is te Fantastic$ =e narrati%e str/ct/res Star %ars rattlestar &alactica, .ic are representati%e te space pera

enre, crrespn6 t tse te tra6itinal Epic, an6 btnarratinCs ain tis as .ell as teir syntaatic raniQatin are/p6ate6 %ersins tse .e in6 in %ery tra6itinal tales, s/c as*he 8d(sse( r *he Adventures of Simbad $10 3at/rally, neiter Star%ars nr &alactica?nr Star *re/ r tis atter?cnce6es anyseitically siniicant space t te city$ Aln te lines teyQantine n%el, space pera a%rs tra%el an6 6isplaceent, an66es nt 6eepen any type relatinsip bet.een te in6i%i6/al an6te city, .ic is cncei%e6 as a prPectin a cllecti%e i6entityany i%en /rban space is b/t ne stp in te erCs itinerary an6 te

narrati%e tensin 6es nt 6e%elp in an /rban en%irnent b/t tte cntrary .itin te eptiness 6eep space$ =e sae can besai6 rear6in antasy, as ill/strate6 by 0ord of the Rings, .ere te

P/rney an6 its perils cnstit/te te ain a7is narratin an6 .erecities are ere tprapic in6icatrs rater tan seiticallycare6 ar@ers$ Alt/ Dec@ar6, te prtanist Do AndroidsDream of Electric Sheep? an6 Jase, tat Neuromancer , 6 tra%el,teir 6isplaceents .itin pysical space 6 nt cnstit/te te ain

10 Fr a re 6etaile6 6escriptin te analies bet.een te ain narrati%e

i/res tra6itinal Epic an6 tse space pera, vid. Ferreras an6 >ren(2011)$




1*1

a7is te narratin, in%ersely t .at .e a%e bser%e6 in tenarrati%e str/ct/res space pera r antasy, .ere te P/rney initsel is at te cre te cnlict, an6 c/l6 be cnsi6ere6 as teain %ectr 6ieetic tensin as ill/strate6 by Star *re/ , te

P/rney in space pera acilitates te enc/nters .it s/ccessi%eantanists an6 ence can be cnsi6ere6 as te %ery enine tenarratin$ n 6ystpian science ictin, te P/rney ten6s t /nctinas a siple cane scenery an6 6es nt s/pprt by itsel te.eit te narrati%e synta$11

As .e can see, at te str/ct/ral le%el, te /nctin te /rbanpara6i pr%es rear@ably /se/l in r6er t islate te enre 6ystpian science ictin r its st ie6iate narrati%eneibrs$ Rater tan a siple s/ccessin d$cors tat p/nct/atesan epic P/rney, science ictinal 6ystpian cities are an interal part te %erall reerent te enre an6 /st be cnsi6ere6 asetnyical representatins an entire narrati%e /ni%erse$

(! Urban Dystopia(!! Perverted )nli'#tenment;e in6 in 6ystpian science ictin st te %al/es p/t r.ar6 byte Enlitenent cent/ry, te ae reasn par e+cellence, albeitper%erte6 in r6er t create a per%asi%e 6/bt rear6in /r ability ttr/ly /n6erstan6 an6 anip/late reality$ Rec/rrent narrati%e tiss/c as 6eep space e7plratins an6 te clniQatin 6istant

planets ec te reat e7pe6itins /ain%ille r J@, an6 tetri/p te city %er te r/ral space is te lical 6e%elpent te prein6/strial 6erapic cni/ratin$ Far r tetri/palist %ie. space e7plratins .e in6 in space pera, spacetra%el in 6ystpian science ictin is prbleatic an6 /ncertain, an6,/nli@e te cities ille6 .it .n6ers tat te prtanist antasyepic narrati%e enc/nters aln te .ay, te 6ystpian scienceictinal city beces te /ltiate e7pressin epistelicalail/re precisely beca/se it .as riinally cncei%e6 accr6in t teprecepts te Enlitenent$ ;ereas te r/ral Fantastic /n6erlines

te [email protected] reasn, 6ystpian science ictin pints t its%ictry, an6 pr%es all te re 6ist/rbin tat te treat at tecenter te narrati%e synta is internal rater tan e7ternal: it iste %ery reality .e a%e create6 accr6in t ratinal iperati%estat t/rns aainst /s an6 nt se /ne7plainable /tsi6e rce tats/66enly appears .it/t lical e7planatin, as i te en6 res/lt enlitene6 i6eals eant 6 P/st as s/rely as i .e .ere %ictis an incpreensible s/pernat/ral pre6atr$ n te 6ystpian science

11 Anter e7aple antasy-space pera can be /n6 in te Adventures of 6lash

&ordon, .ic, li@e Star %ars, attlestar &alactica r Dune, in%l%es te saetis as tra6itinal Epic$




1*2

ictin /ni%erse, ratinality is nt /n6er attac@, I/ite te cntrary, itis ratinality in all its eartless lry tat attac@s /s tr/ /r .nscientiic an6 tecnlical acie%eents, an6 beca/se it is te stprpiti/s en%irnent r te 6e%elpent enlitene6 i6eals, tecity acI/ires a essential /nctin in te narratin$ ;ereas te city.as t represent te st %al/able acie%eents reasn an6prress, it as bece an inescapable prisn, as /ans all %ictist teir .n, ily ratinal acie%eents$12 ;e in6 te /rbanpara6i as 6ystpian aent in te ;ac.s@i brtersC *he )atri+ ,alt/ se.at .atere66.n t better ser%e te iperati%es cercial cinea,1& r te .rl6 tat te acines a%e enerate6is e7cl/si%ely /rban an6 e7cl/6es any reerence t nat/re: it is a citycncei%e6 as ratinally as can be, tat is an inescapable prisn %irt/al e7istence$ n spite its .ea@nesses, 6/e ainly t ar@etriente6 6ecisins, *he )atri+ s/ests te epistelical crisis tatcaracteriQes 6ystpian science ictin, as te lical en%irnent /an ratinality, te city, as been iPac@e6 by /anCs stipressi%e acie%eents, te acines$ K.e%er, yet aain liite6by its cercial abitins, *he )atri+ resc/es te /rban space atte en6 te narratin, el/6in te 6ystpian cnseI/ences itsinitial preise$ As .e .ill see n., tis is nt te case Dic@C Do

Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? nr tat ibsnCs Neuromancer ,.ic cerently 6e%elp te /rban ti .itin te narrati%estr/ct/re, cnerrin it an essential seitic .eit$

(!&! T#e )nd of t#e Android*s Dream=e ters te st basic binary ppsitin ar/n6 .ic Dic@Cs Do

Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? is centere6, an an6 rbt, canbe rea6 as te str/le an aainst isel, aainst is .nratinal acie%eents, r nt nly are te 3e7/sN an6ri6s a/an creatin b/t tey are als %irt/ally /n6istin/isable r real/an beins: an as create6 a nearperect 6/ble . asbece a 6irect treat$ =e /an eleent is cnrnte6 r te%ery beinnin te narratin t te cnseI/ences is st

spectac/lar, reasn riente6, scientiic eat, tat is an an6ri6 tat

12 ;e in6 te cncept te city intricately assciate6 .it tat a prisn inJarpenterCs Escape from Ne9 :or/ an6 Escape from 0A: te st c/lt/rally %isiblean6 s/ccess/l /rban entities in te Unite6 States a%e bece iantic traps.ere .e cnine .at .e re/se t [email protected], tat is te ail/re 6ern,ratinal /an raniQatin$1& a reerrin slely t te irst installent te trily, r bt *he )atri+Reloaded an6 *he )atri+; Revolutions, ar t 6eterine6 by inancial pririties,appear ar less eanin/l an6 /c re siilar, in ters narrati%e str/ct/re,t space pera r antasy, as te cnlict tat ppses reasn t itsel an6

I/estins te nat/re /r perceptin reality ten6s t 6isappear bein6 a>anicean ppsitin bet.een te /ans an6 te creatins te >atri7$




1*&

c/l6 act/ally pass r /an, r te ain narrati%e synta starts.en Dec@ar6 sets t case te 3e7/sN Replicants . a%eilleally entere6 Eart$ =is case ta@es place in a 6ecayin city tatrepresents te ail/re scientiic prress, P/st as te cnlictcreate6 by ana6e pse/6/ans s/ests te errrs an6/ltiately te 6eeat tecnlical prress:1* it is in6ee6 te strear@able all /an tecnlical acie%eents tat Dec@ar6, a%/lar b/nty /nter, /st eliinate$ =e city, .ic .as t be tecra6le /r a6%anceent, as siply bece /nli%able an6 isrsa@en by te a/trities tesel%es, tat is t say te allee6plitical an6 scial elite, as citiQens are strnly a6%ise6 t eiratetr/ an aressi%e prtin capain re%l%in ar/n6 teslan: LEirate r 6eenerate =e cice is y/rsM$ Fr tse. cannt eirate, te city, paran c/lt/re an6 ci%iliQatin, asbece a prisn, siniyin te ail/re te enlitene6 6rea as.ell as its cn6enatin, r te /rban space in Do Androids Dreamof Electric Sheep? is in act/ality te anter 6eat, 6/e t tera6iacti%e 6/st tat as c%ere6 te planet an6 .se riinreains /ncertain?.e nly @n. tat it is se.at crnlicallyrelate6 t L;rl6 ;ar =erin/sM:

n a66itin, n ne t6ay reebere6 .y te .ar a6 ce ab/tr ., i anyne, a6 .n$ =e 6/st .ic a6 cntainate6 st te planetCs s/race a6 riinate6 in n c/ntry an6 n ne, e%en

te .artie eney, a6 planne6 n it$ (12)

t can be inerre6 tat te 6/st is ence a bypr6/ct te last.rl6 .ar, a 6isastr/s si6eeect tecnlical prress applie6t .eapnry, te cnseI/ences .ic are st %isible an6palpable in te city: L=e rnin air, spillin %er .it ra6iacti%etes, ray an6 s/nbecl/6in, belce6 ab/t i !Dec@ar6#,a/ntin is nse e snie6 in%l/ntarily te taint 6eat$M (5) 3ne sees apt t s/r%i%e .at te city?te tri/p ratinal/an raniQatin?as bece, r /an ci%iliQatin as

elabrate6 its .n 6ea6ly trap, all te re inescapable tat it isratinally cncei%e6, yet anter /n6aental 6ierence %is%is teantastic, .ic in tis rear6 appears se.at re ptiistic$ na antastic narrati%e /ni%erse, ne can pe t eliinate te e7ternaleleent tat treatens te epistelical balance an6 terere

1* t is in6ee6 ily siniicant tat, in spite te n/er/s liberties it ta@es %is%is te riinal te7t, Ri6ley ScttCs cineatrapic a6aptatin Do AndroidsDream of Electric Sheep? , lade Runner , as respecte6 te seitic presence te/rban para6i, as s.n by te %ery penin seI/ence te il?an aerial %ie.

a nitaris, actryli@e city?.ic c/l6 be cnsi6ere6 as an initial seiticicrstr/ct/re te entire narrati%e /ni%erse$




1**

ret/rn t nrality 6ystpian science ictin, n te ter an6,ers n pssibility r a psiti%e resl/tin te narrati%e cnlict?te treat as bece /rsel%es, an6 its eliinatin iplies /r .n6eise$ n te n%el, /rban 6ecay is etnyically lin@e6 t /an6eeneratin tr/ te caracter $R$ si6re, a Lcic@enea6,Mtat is an in6i%i6/al .se $W$ is t l. t be eliible r eiratinan6 . is terere cn6ene6 t reain n eart, .aitin rcertain 6eat:

Ke li%e6 alne in tis 6eteriratin, blin6, b/il6in a t/san6/ninabite6 apartents, .ic li@e all its c/nterparts, ell, 6ay by6ay, int reater entrpic r/in$ E%ent/ally e%erytin .itin teb/il6in ./l6 ere, ./l6 be aceless an6 i6entical, ere p/66inli@e @ipple pile6 t te ceilin eac apartent$ An6, ater tat,

/ncare6r b/il6in itsel ./l6 settle int sapelessness, b/rie6/n6er te /biI/ity te 6/st$ y ten, nat/rally, e isel ./l6be 6ea6 !X#$ (19)

si6re li%es in a 6eserte6 apartent b/il6in tat is sl.lyallin a parts an6 .r@s as a 6ri%er r an artiicial anial clinic,terere is tprapic sit/atin as .ell as is cc/patin relectte 6eenerate6 artiiciality is en%irnent, P/st as is .nental 6eiciencies ec te ail/re ratinal, enlitene6epistely: e is isel L@ipple,M tat is r/bbis c%ere6 by te6/st tat as ca/se6 /anity t aban6n its enlitene6 center?te city?an6 t eirate t.ar6s 6istant planetary clnies$ si6reappears t be te st L/anM caracter in te n%el, r e iscapable enersity as s.n by is attepts t berien6 tean6ri6 . as /n6 re/e in ne te aban6ne6 apartentsnat/rally, e is als te st entally callene6 caracter, a li%inpr tat te 6rea te Enlitenent as t/rne6 int tenitare bt, /ans an6 an6ri6s$ %e, aectin, tr/st a%en lner any r in te /rban space 6ystpian science ictinan6 can nly be represente6 by a entally an6icappe6 in6i%i6/al$ Ass.n by Dec@ar6Cs ily prbleatic relatinsip .it is .ie,

e%en te st basic eleent /an raniQatin, te aily cell,is 6isinteratin at te sae tie as te s/rr/n6in b/il6ins$ =ecity as bre6 a 6eep, allencpassin lneliness tat ca/ses [email protected] /an c/nicatin aln .it te 6ecay /rbaninrastr/ct/res in te en6, Dec@ar6 appears t be as islate6 as tean6ri6s e as Lretire6M an6 as /c as a prisner te city assi6re$

n te 6ystpian science ictinal city, e%eryne is re r lessa Lcic@enea6M, an6 pr%es increasinly incapable tellin te6ierence bet.een .at is real an6 .at is nt, be it te attracti%e

y/n la6y tat si6re in6s sI/attin in an apartent bel., r te




1*5

ta6 tat Dec@ar6 enc/nters in te i66le te 6esert an6 tat isnly re%eale6 as artiicial .en Dec@ar6 brins it bac@ int te cityan6 s.s it t is .ie, as i te city a6 te p.er t t/rne%erytin?incl/6in an incnspic//s ta6?int a lie$ y its6ecayin, peless presence, te city eb6ies te reat liespr6/ce6 by /r ratinal cn%ictins, .ic, rater tan brinin /sclser t te tr/t, a%e enerate6 alseness an6 /ncertainty as .ellas seer /an isery$

(!(! Station to Station

L3it Jity .as li@e a 6erane6 e7perient in scial Dar.inis,6esine6 by a bre6 researcer . @ept ne t/b peranently nte astr.ar6 b/ttn$M

(;$ ibsn, Neuromancer )

;illia ibsnCs Neuromancer ers anter %ersin te 6ystpiancity artic/late6 in aln te sae lines as Dic@Cs n%el in ters tebasic binary ppsitin tat str/ct/res te narratin: P/st as Dec@ar6/st it aainst an6ri6s, Jase, te prtanist 3e/rancer,as t str/le .it ;inter/te, an Artiicial ntellience 6/le,terere bt caracters are cnrnte6 .it te pr6/ct /anscientiic prress$ /st as in Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? ,te city is te ine%itable settin r te actin, an6 alt/

Neuromancer appens stly in cyberspace, /rban space isintrinsically relate6 t te 6e%elpent te narrati%e synta$ Atte beinnin te n%el, .e in6 Jase in te apanese eaplisJiba, .ere e is 6esperately tryin t in6 sene t restre tene/rnal cnnectins tat all. i t na%iate tr/ cyberspace,an6 tat a%e been se%ere6 by is rer eplyer$ As /s/al, tecity appears as te center scientiic an6 tecnlicala6%anceents an6, nce aain, science an6 tecnly betray, rJase is /nable t lcate anyne capable repairin te 6aae6ne t is brain: Ln Jiba, eC6 .atce6 is 3e. Yen %anis in a

t.nt r/n6 e7ainatins an6 cns/ltatins$ =e en in teblac@ clinics, is last pe, a6 a6ire6 te e7pertise .it .ic eC6been aie6, an6 ten sl.ly sa@en teir ea6s$M (N) Jase ise%ent/ally recr/ite6 by Aritae, a p/ppet te artiicial intellienceentity @n.n as ;inter/te, . @n.s te .ay t reestablis issynaptic cnnectins, .ic iplies tat an Artiicial ntellience /nitis s/perir t K/an ntellience an6 tat te city, te epite prress an6 tecnly, as aile6, r it is n lner able t ins/recare r e%en s/r%i%al$ =e /rban para6i as bece te pysicalspace .ere LbiQM is cn6/cte6, ntin re tan te l.er strata capitalistic e7cane, nt.itstan6in its clai t arbr te inesttat ratinal, scientiic prress an6 tecnly as t er:




1*N

LSynny/s .it iplants, ner%esplicin, an6 icrbinics, Jiba.as a anet r te Spra.l tecncriinal s/bc/lt/resM (N)$ All tecaracters .it . Jase interact in Jiba are /tla.s in ne .ayr anter, as i s/r%i%al in te city 6epen6e6 n neCs capacity ttransress etical %al/es, .ic is reiniscent Dec@ar6Cs .netical 6ileas rear6in is cc/patin, an6 s/ests teper%ersin anter /n6aental %al/e r te enlitenent,tat cn.ealt$ n te streets Jiba, it is in6ee6 e%ery anr isel, an6 tis eneral lac@ sli6arity is present tr//tst te n%el, r te ail/re ratinal i6eals als iplies telss any ill/sin ipr%in te /an cn6itin an6 a cllecti%ereressin t instincti%e, reptilian rele7es$ n Neuromancer , Jiba iste cncrete res/lt ratinality an6 scientiic prress ne .rnan6, /nli@e Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? , it 6es nt erte pssibility eiratin t a 6istant planet: re tan e%er, te6ystpian science ictinal city is a prisn, an6, P/st as $R$ si6re isre r less a.aitin sl. 6eat in is 6eserte6 apartent b/il6inin Dic@Cs n%el, Jase bea%es in a s/ici6al anner .en cnine6 tte liits te city:

Jase @ne. tat at se pint eC6 starte6 t play a ae .itisel, a %ery ancient ne tat as nt nae, a inal slitaire$ Ke nlner carrie6 a .eapn, n lner t@ te basic preca/tins$ Ke rante astest, lsest 6eals n te street, an6 e a6 a rep/tatin r

bein able t et .ate%er y/ .ante6$ A part i @ne. tat tearc is sel6estr/ctin .as larinly b%i/s t is c/sters, .re. stea6ily e.er, b/t tat sae part i bas@e6 in [email protected] tat is .as nly a atter tie$ (9)

=e Jase tat .e eet at te beinnin te n%el is as%ictiiQe6 by te /rban en%irnent as si6re, an6 P/st as entally6eicient, .en .e cnsi6er tat te ict7ins is rer eplyeras inPecte6 int is ne/rnal net a%e ren6ere6 i incapable tra%elin tr/ te atri7, t/s 6epri%e6 i r is /niI/etalent an6 t/rne6 i int a cn /stler li%in n brr.e6 tie$

Jiba, P/st as San Francisc tat aniQes /n6er te 6/st in Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? , is %erl.in .it /an @ipple,an6 JaseCs rec%ery cinci6es precisely .it is 6epart/re r tecity, as i lea%in te /rban en%irnent cpleente6 te reainin is /an .rt$

=e ter /rban space represente6 in Neuromancer is testn Atlanta >etrplitan A7is (A>A), @n.n as te Spra.l, an6alt/ it is s/este6 rater tan precisely 6escribe6 an6 cc/piesa relati%ely re6/ce6 place in te te7t/al ecny, it cpleents te%erall reerent te n%el at a seitic le%el, an6 /nctins as a

ar@er te 6ystpian /t/re cncei%e6 by 6ern science ictin$




1*9

n te .rl6 trr., crprate interests cncentrate p.er,15 asa nat/ral 6e%elpent te ti%atins p/t r.ar6 by tein6/strial re%l/tin, an6 te city, as te riinal %eicle scientiican6 tecnlical prress an6 te nat/ral cra6le crpratins, asr.n /t prprtins, i nly tprapically, ll.in te stbasic %eent capitalistic e7pansin$ =e Spra.l is te /rbancncretiQatin liberal capitalistic ten6encies r/nnin .il6, as tecreatins reasn a%e bece st /nreasnable:

rra a ap t 6isplay reI/ency 6ata e7cane, e%eryt/san6 eabytes a sinle pi7el n a %ery lare screen$ >anattanan6 Atlanta b/rn sli6 .ite$ =en tey start t p/lse, te rate traic treatenin t %erla6 y/r si/latin$ Y/r ap is ab/t t n%a$ Jl it 6.n$ Up y/r scale$ Eac pi7el a illin eabytes$

At a /n6re6 illin eabytes per secn6, y/ bein t a@e /tcertain blc@s in i6t.n >anattan, /tlines /n6re6yearl6in6/strial par@s rinin te l6 cre AtlantaX (*&)

=e 6einiti%e /rban space is ence 6escribe6 in ters anincessant, p/lsatin traic, .ic cannt be appreen6e6 as a .le.it/t te ris@ r/nnin int %erla6$ =is %er.elin traic 6ata e7cane is at te sae tie inratinal an6 /an, an6sares is riin as .ell as is aniestatins .it te Artiicialntellience 6/le, ;inter/te$ t, te Spra.l an6 ;inter/tea%e been create6 by /an reasn an6 bt a%e r.n beyn6reasn t bece an %irt/ally inescapable treat$1N19 =e city,riinally 6esine6 t a6inister te iest le%el inratinalan6 /an e7cane, as bece an entity in itsel tat as ta@encntrl %er te entire e7cane prcess, 6ispssessin /ans rteir ree .ill an6 cn6enin te t an en6less, accelerate6 race,reiniscent te ar6line iperati%es liberal capitalis, .ictri%es e7cl/si%ely n a7i/ e7pansin an6 pr6/ctin: teSpra.l is literally an assebly line tat an/act/res /an li%es,/sin .r@ers an6 acines at a %ertiin/s spee6, as i it .ere.ritin te inal capter pstin6/strial c/lt/re$

+! Past Post,-umanity=e 6ystpian city brins teter se te st a/ntin ntinsp/t rt by cnteprary science ictin, s/c as e7plitatin,alienatin, 6e/aniQatin r te tri/p te acines,

15 Jristper 3lanCs recent il, 7nception, e7plits tis crrespn6ence bet.eencities an6 crpratins, a ntin .e alrea6y in6 in te cineatrapic a6aptatin ibsnCs srt stry Lnny >nenic,M te script .ic .as penne6 by tea/tr isel$1N E%en t/ te te7t 6es nt 6.ell int te prble /t/re %erpp/latin, its/ests it tr/ tis 6escriptin an incntrllable l. 6ata$




1*4

s/estin te pssibility a ttal [email protected] /r Enlitenentbase6 epistely$ =e %ictry reasn an6 tecnly a%e cet ean te 6eeat /anity an6 te crr/ptin its /rban space,.ic as t/rne6 int te cr/cible prress ne .rn$ =ere isin6ee6 little pe .en te nsters tat 6e%/r /r /anity are/r .n creatins, /anli@e an6ri6s an6 artiicial intellience6/les, perect en/ replicas t a@e /s 6/bt /r .n/se/lness an6 .se %ery e7istence pints t te eliinatin teriinal$

Jybrs an6 te pst/an a%e recently bece tren6ycncepts in pst6ern criticis, as tery attepts t incl/6e seeleents r pp/lar c/lt/re int its iel6 inI/iry, an66enstrates para67ically its I/estinable tiin as .ell as itsse.at /ncertain rasp /pn a partic/lar crp/s st/6y$ =eepistelical cncerns enerate6 by te nipresence tecnly in e%ery6ay lie an6 its eect /pn /an cnsci/snessare ab/n6antly an6 6i%ersely e7presse6 in 6ern 6ystpian scienceictin, an6 it sees nly nat/ral t reclai te /n6aentaliprtance t. ebleatic .r@s an any, s/c as Do

Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (1+N4) an6 Neuromancer (1+4*),.ic 6i6 nt .ait r pst6ern tery t prPect te city te/t/re, in all its cl6, reasnable an6 aestetically cn%incin rrr$

.iblio'rap#y

JAS=E, ierreere (1+51): 0e onte fantasti<ue en 6rance de Nodier =)aupassant $ aris: $ Jrti$

JO3A3 DOYE, Art/r (2000): *he ound of the as/ervilles. 3rtRiclan6 Kills: Ala66in$

DJB, illip B$ (1+N4): Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? 3e. Yr@:allantine @s$

? (1++1): *he *hree Stigmata of 2almer Eldritch$ 3e. Yr@: Vintae$ES, ;arren an6 ROER=SO3, Darric@ (1+44200*): *ransmetropolitan$

3e. Yr@: DJ, Verti, 10 %ls$FERRERAS SAVOYE, Daniel (1++5): 0o 6ant>stico en la literatura ( en el

cine$ >a6ri6: Vsa$

? (2001): LJic @s an6 te 3e. iterat/reM$ 2opular ulture Revie9, 22$1 (;inter), pp$ 25&N$FERRERAS SAVOYE, Daniel y >ORE3O, Fernan6 Znel (2011): Lp/lar

J/lt/re an6 Epistelical D/bt: =e iits Reality inst6ern Science FictinM$ 2opular ulture Revie9 , 22$ 2(S/er), pp$ 51*$

AOUYE, D$ (1+N*): Simulacron 1$ 3e. Yr@: anta @s$SO3, ;illia (1+4*): Neuromancer $ 3e. Yr@: Ace @s$? (1+4N): Lnny >nenicM, in urning hrome, pp$ 122$ 3e. Yr@:

Ace @s$KERER=, Fran@ (1++1): Dune$ 3e. Yr@: Ace @s$

B3, Stepen (1++1): Needful *hings$ 3e. Yr@: Vi@in$




1*+

OVEJRAF=, K.ar6 illip (1+29): L=e Jl/r O/t SpaceM$ AmaingStories, %l$ 2, n$ N, pp$ 5595N9$

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Urban Spaces in Dystopian Science Fiction

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