Urban solid waste disposal site suitability analysis using ... solid waste disposal site suitability...

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 6, No 3, 2015

© Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.0

Research article ISSN 0976 – 4402

Received on July 2015 Published on November 2015 352

Urban solid waste disposal site suitability analysis using geospatial

technology: a case study of Gwalior city, Madhya Pradesh, India Monika Sharma1 Padmini Pani2, Mohapatra S. N1

1- Centre of Remote Sensing & GIS, SOS in Earth Science, Jiwaji University, Gwalior

474011, India

2- Centre for the Study of Regional Development, JNU, New Delhi 110067, India

[email protected]

doi: 10.6088/ijes.6040

ABSTRACT

Rapid Urban growth and development is one of the major causes for the solid waste disposal

which is assuming alarming proportions now a days. The Municipal solid waste produced by

our cities pose serious health problem in India as well as in the World. Most of the Indian

cities do not have proper arrangements for urban solid waste disposal. The main problem for

the in waste disposal management is to find out suitable sites for the urban solid waste

disposal. Gwalior, certainly is one of the leading commercially developed urban city of

northern Madhya Pradesh. The city has been expanded rapidly in the last few decades. In the

present study the urban solid waste disposal site selection for Gwalior city has been done

using geospatial technology. The multi criteria analysis has been considered for the present

site selection of solid waste disposals. The seven different criteria that are taken into

consideration have been grouped in to two categories as physical (lithology, geomorphology,

land use and land cover, slope) and socio-economical (population, distance to roads, distance

to drainage) and analysed for the site selection in a GIS environment by multi criteria

weighted overlay analysis method. Finally on the basis of degree of suitability a site

suitability map has been prepared showing very low, low, moderate, high and very high

suitable areas for the disposal of solid waste. The result shows that 6.20% and 10.22% of the

area are very highly and highly suitable for disposing of Municipal solid waste. These areas

are mostly confined to the north and south to south eastern part of the area. The paper

highlights the capability of geospatial technology in the urban waste disposal site suitability

analysis.

Keywords: Solid waste, geo-spatial, multi-criteria, weighted overlay, GIS

1. Introduction

Solid waste has become a major environmental issue in the present scenario of our country

and is increasing with that of the growth of urbanization. Improper management of solid

waste produced by our cities pose serious health problems in the surroundings. Indian cities

have a striking similarity when it comes to heaps of garbage and overflowing waste bins

(Salahuddin 2011 ). With the country’s population having crossed the 1 billion mark, coupled

with unplanned development and urbanization, an enormous amount of waste is going to be

generated The invasion of food packed in plastics, aluminum or thermocol; bottled water;

canned cold drinks; milk in sachets; chips in pouches; pilot pens; plastic ropes and poly bags

has not only led to an increase in the volume of garbage, but has also taken away easily the

manageable elements from our garbage. (www.vatavaran.org). Our country has witnessed a

bursting of urban population which has increased from 217 million to 377 million over the

Urban solid waste disposal site suitability analysis using geospatial technology: a case study of Gwalior city,

Madhya Pradesh, India

Monika Sharma et al.,

International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 6 No.3 2015 353

last two decades and is expected to touch 600 million by the end of 2031 as per the New

Climate Economy Report by The Global Commission on the Economy and Climate

(www.firstpost.com). It is estimated more than 55 million tons of municipal solid waste is

generated in India every year and the yearly increase is estimated to be about 5%. It is also

estimated that solid waste generated in small, medium, & large cities & towns in India is

about 0.1kg, 0.3-0.4kg & 0.5kg per person per day respectively (Energy Alternatives India).

Currently unscientific way of disposal of municipal solid waste is in practice for most of the

cities in our country. (Akolkar,.2005).

Today, Geospatial Technology play a major role in the solid waste management..

Advancement in remote sensing and GIS techniques has made waste disposal site selection

more accurate and convincing. (Kontos et al., 2005). The various factors such as socio-

economic , environmental and land use should be considered along with the peoples well

being for developing a waste disposal site.

GIS undoubtedly provides better data management, higher quality analysis and improves the

efficiency. The use of GIS reduces the time, cost and enhance accuracy (Akbari et al.,

2008). Since the planning and operations are highly dependent on spatial data hence GIS paly

a very crucial role in the decision making for the solid waste management site selection.

Some of the key planning decisions where GIS is essentially required are planning routes for

vehicle transportation, finding optimal locations for transfer of stations. Locating new

landfill sites and for monitoring of all sites.GIS is a tool that not only reduces time and cost

of the site selection, but also provide a digital database for future monitoring program of the

sites (Yagoub et al. 2008 ). Hence, GIS has become an essential tool now a days because of

the above mentioned capabilitities, Moreover, the data accuracy significantly affects the

result. The issue of solid waste disposal had been successfully handled through implementing

proper effective management process such as waste reduction, reuse of recycle, proper

disposal etc. by the developed countries. However, in the developing countries, municipal

solid waste management system is either not efficient or still at the elimentary stage and as

such solid waste generated has become a threat to the environment. It has been observed that

there is a tendency to dispose wastes indiscriminately and in an uncoordinated manner,

thereby resulting in unhealthy environment, which is adversely affecting natural resources

and human health. Many researchers have applied GIS successfully for the waste disposal site

selection and associated problems (Ghosh et al 2006, Chang et al. 2008, Chen and Kao

2008,Zamorono 2008 et al. 2008, Nishanth et al. 2010, Sener et al. 2011, Kanchanabhan et

al. 2011, Katpatal and Rao 2011, Pandey et al. 2012, Paul 2012, Kumar and Hassan 2013,

Yesilanacar et al. 2015, Shukla et al. 2015).

2. Study Area

The present study aims to extract the suitable sites for disposing the municipal urban solid

waste for Gwalior city of Madhya Pradesh. Geospatial technology in the form of Remote

sensing and GIS have been integrated with the field survey to find out the suitable waste

disposal sites. The historical city of Gwalior is now the major commercially developed city of

northern part of Madhya Pradesh which between 260.13’ to 260.29’ N latitudes and 780.10

to 780.25’ E longitudes. The city is located 319 kilometers south of Delhi. The average

summer and winter temperatures are 310C and 15.10C respectively. Gwalior district is 9th

most populous district out of total 50 districts in Madhya Pradesh The population density of

Gwalior is 5,478/km2. The total Municipal ward area covers 130.11 km2. and consists of 60

wards .A 5 km buffer area from the Municipal ward has been considered for the present





study which covers 68 villages apart from the municipal area (Fig.1). The total municipal

ward and surroundings area considered for the study covers 494.73 km2. Collection of the

urban disposed waste is the major problem of the municipality authority of Gwalior. For this

reason, municipality authority is being used the storage bins (Fig. 2a) for collecting all type

of solid wastes. The storage bins were placed at various key points of the city by the

municipality authority. Some of the notable ones are at

Figure 1: The Municipal ward area of Gwalior and its surroundings

Railway station, City center, Girls college-Morar, DD Nagar, Bijli-ghar, Lakshmi-bai colony,

Maheshwary hospital etc. However, one can easily find at few places the wastes are being

thrown on the streets open spaces and drains (CPCB, Bhopal 2010-2011). The allotted

vehicles (Fig. 2b) are being used for collecting this waste and dumping in the very large open

space at Sagar tal and Laxshmiganj ( Fig.3a. and 3b.) and are not suitable for the City

environment. The Solid waste of the Lakshmiganj and Sagar tal are being segregated between

decomposable and non-decomposable wastes. Municipality has developed solid waste

treatment and processing plant at Shivpuri link-road, gram Kedarpur, Gwalior which spreads

around 25 hectares are and is, operated by M/s AKC developers ltd where the decomposable

waste are again transported. (Fig 4a) The remaining non-decomposable waste is being used

for very large open space land filling area along Morena National Highway 92 (Fig. 4b.)

Figure 2a: Storage Bins Figure 3: Vehicle collecting waste





Figure 3a: Solid waste disposal site Figure 3b: Solid waste disposal site

at Sagar Tal at Laxmiganj

Figure 4a: Landfill site along Figure 4b: MSW processing plant at

National Highway 92 Shivpuri link road, gram,

Kedarpur, Gwalior

3. Materials and Methodology

In the present study Landsat 8-OLI sensor data of 15m spatial resolution

(http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov), Survey of India topographic sheets 54J/4 & 54J/3 and

Gwalior municipal area ward map have been used. A 5 km buffer zone has been created

around the Municipal ward are for finding a suitable site of Municipal solid waste. A total of

68 villages fall under this buffer zone having population of 8902 while the 60 municipal

wards have population of 1054420 as per the Census 2011. The evaluation of waste disposal

site suitability based on multi-criteria analysis in GIS has been done as per the methodology

adopted by Abessi and Saeedi 2009. These criteria are grouped into two main categories

including physical (lithology, geomorphology, land use and land cover, slope) and socio-

economical information (population, distance to roads, distance to drainage). Individual

criteria based thematic maps covering both the categories were prepared using Arc GIS 10

software. Various scores have been assigned to all the attributes of input data on logical basis.

The scores ranges from 0 to 8 which represent land constraints for solid waste sites..Based on

their relative importance weights were assigned to the thematic maps of both categories

mentioned above. To get the output,ap to be meaningful and consistent the total weights have

been added up to 100%.. All input maps were created from various spatial data sets. Various

datasets that has been used for the preparation of corresponding thematic maps have been

tabulated in Table 1. All the prepared thematic maps have been assigned different

weightages (Table 2.) .Multi criteria based weightage overlay analysis has been performed

using the spatial analyst tool of ARC MAP 10 to derive the suitability map. The methodology

adopted for the present study has been graphically represented in Fig.5.





Table 1: Data sets used for preparation of various thematic maps

Table 2: Weightage assigned for various themes

Figure 5: Flowchart showing methodology adopted for present study

4. Results and Discussion

4.1 Lithology

Lithology forms one of the important considerations for such kind of investigation as waste

disposal sites are directly over the bedrock and soil cover. In the study are three distinct types

of lithology have been grouped as consolidated sediments (compact ferruginous shales) ,

intrusive rocks (quartz reefs/quartzites) and un-consolidated sediments ( sand and silt with

clay). These areas are identified from Landsat 8 satellite image with the help of Survey of

India Topographic sheets and ground survey of the area. The consolidated sediments are

Data Sets Themes

Survey of India Topo sheet

(54J/4 & 54J/3) Lithology, Geomorphology, Land use and Land cover,

Distance to Drainage, Distance to Roads Landsat 8 (Path/Row-

145/42)

Google Earth

Aster Digital Elevation

Model (30m) Slope

Municipal Ward Map Population zone

Themes Weightage

Geomorphology 16

Lithology 16

Land use and Land cover 16

Slope 14

Drainage 13

Population 12

Roads 13





exposed mostly in the northern southern eastern and western side of the area whereas the

intrusive rocks occupies mostly in the south west portion of the area. However, the

unconsolidated sediments dominantly covers the central as well as northwestern portion

(Fig.6). In order to prevent the solid waste disposal sites from the groundwater pollution the

impermeable and thick rocks are considered as best sites. Hence for the study area the

intrusive rocks and consolidated sediments are thought to be highly suitable and un-

consolidated sediments are considered as less suitable for waste disposal. The major

lithological features, their suitability score and area have been tabulated in Table 3.

Figure 6: Lithological Map

Table 3: Suitability scores and the areal coverage for lithology

‘

4.2 Geomorphology

The major geomorphic units that have been mapped using Landsat 8 satellite image with the

help of SOI topographic sheets are Alluvial plains (older and younger), denudational hills

(large and small), pediment-inselberg complex, buried pediplain, residual hills and

structural hills (Fig. 7). The denudational hills (large), denudational hills (small) are high,

pediment-inselberg complex, buried pediplain, residual hill and structural hills are moderate

and alluvial plain older, alluvial plain younger are less suitable for waste disposal. The major

geomorphological features and their suitability score, area has been given in Table 4.

Lithology Suitability

score

Area in

km2

Consolidated Sediments 5 93.01

Intrusive Rocks 7 52.25

Un-Consolidated Sediments 1 349.47

Total 494.73





Figure 7: Geomorphological map

Table 4: Suitability scores and areal coverage for geomorphology

4.3 Land use and land cover

The major land use/land cover classes mapped are crop land, crop land in forest, deciduous,

fallow land, gullied/ravenous land, institute/ industry/park/plantation, lakes/pond, land with

scrub, land without scrub, mining/industrial waste, reservoirs, rivers, town-city, villages (Fig.

8). It was analysed that the fallow land , gullied/ravenous land, land without scrub,

mining/industrial waste, deciduous are highly suitable , where as land with scrub is

moderate and crop land, crop land in forest, institute/ industry/park/plantation, lakes/ponds,

reservoirs, rivers, town-city, villages are less suitable for waste disposal. The land use and

land cover features and their suitability score, area are given in Table 5.

Geomorphology Suitability score Area in km2

Alluvial plain older/upper 1 328.60

Alluvial plain younger/low 1 4.52

Denudational hills (large) 7 124.30

Denudational hills (small) 7 1.74

Pediment-inselbergcomple 5 23.11

Pediplain weathered/buried 5 9.81

Residual hill 3 1.53

Structural hills (large) 3 1.12

Total 494.73





Figure 8: Land use/Land cover map

Table 5: Suitability scores and areal coverage for land use and land cover

4.4 Slope

For the slope map creation first slope raster has been prepared in percentage, then

reclassified into different percentage of slope categories as (0-1%), (1-3%), (3-5%), (5-10%),

(10-15%), (15-35%), (35-50%), (50-70%) and (greater than 70%) respectively with the help

of ASTER DEM.(Fig. 9). The slope of the area has been classified in to different classes

based on the percentages of slope. Those areas where slope (15 – 35 % %), were considered

as high, (5-10%), (10-15%) were moderate and that of (0-1%), (1-3%), (3-5%), (35-50%),

Land use and Land cover Suitability score Area in km2

Crop Land 1 191.87

Crop Land in Forest 1 13.26

Deciduous 4 101.44

Fallow Land 5 53.27

Gullied/Ravenous Land 5 5.05

Institute/ Industry/Park/Plantation 1 11.18

Lakes/Ponds 0 0.32

Land with Scrub 2 5.75

Land without Scrub 5 25.16

Mining/Industrial waste 5 3.47

Reservoirs 0 1.73

Rivers 0 1.69

Town-city 1 69.12

Villages 1 11.42

Total 494.73





(50-70%) and (greater than 70%) were considered as less suitable for waste disposal. Slope

codes and their suitability score, area has been given in Table 6.

Figure 9: Slope map

Table 6: Suitability scores and areal coverage for slope

4.5 Distances to drainage

For distance to drainage map creation first all drainages within the 5 m buffer zone and the

municipal ward area has been digitized .Secondly a multi ring buffers zone of all drainages

with 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 5000 meters distance have been prepared (Fig.10).The 5000,

3000 meter buffer zones are highly suitable, 2000 meter buffer zone is moderate and 1000,

500 meter buffer zones are less suitable for waste disposal. Distance to drainages buffer

zones and their suitability score, has been delineated in Table 7.

Slope codes Suitability score Area in km2

1 (0-1%) 0 24.51

2 (1-3%) 0 62.32

3 (3-5%) 1 80.63

4 (5-10%) 2 167.05

5 (10-15%) 3 84.12

6 (15-35%) 7 69.52

7 (35-50%) 0 2.86

8 (50-70%) 0 0.39

9 (Greater than 70%) 0 3.33

Total 494.73





Figure 10: Distance to drainage map

Table 7: Suitability scores and areal coverage for distance to drainage

4.6 Distances to roads

Multi ring buffers zone of all roads with 1000, 2000, 3500, 5000 and 7000 meters were

created (Fig. 11). The buffer zone of 5000, 3500 meter were high, 7000 meter buffer zone

was moderate and 2000, 1000 meter buffer zones were less suitable for waste disposal. (Table

8).

4.7 Population zone

For the population zone map creation first the 5km buffer zone of municipal ward area has

been divided and then , population of villages or wards in each zone have been computed

and the zones are classified as per the population majority with help of municipal ward map,

SOI topographic sheets and Google Earth (Fig. 12). Population buffer zones and their

suitability score, area has been given in Table 9.

Drainage distance ( in meter) Suitability score Area in km2

500 0 123.31

1000 1 92.86

2000 2 147.50

4000 4 84.33

5000 5 46.73

Total 494.73





Figure 11: Distance to road map

Table 8: Suitability scores and areal coverage for distance to roads

Figure 12: Population zone map

Road distance ( in meter) Suitability score Area in km2

1000 0 180.35

2000 1 76.13

3500 3 114.74

5000 4 113.45

7000 2 10.05

Total 494.73





Table 9: Suitability scores and areal coverage for population (based on 2011 Census data)

4.8 Weightage overlay analysis

The weightage overlay analysis has been done on the basis of overlaying the various thematic

raster maps described above and multiplying each by their given weight and summing them

together. The weights were assigned to various thematic raster on the basis of their influences

to the surroundings for finding site suitability. The decision rule of suitable site selection are

given in Table10. The final output was reclassified for highlighting the different classes of

suitable waste dumping sites (Fig. 13). . The final result suggests that 134.14 km2 of the area

is very low suitable, 206.35 km2 is low suitable, 72.95 km2 is moderately suitable, 50.61 km2

is high suitable and 30.68 km2 is very high suitable for discarding urban municipal solid

waste. Suitable area observed in the study is shown in the Table11. Fig. 14 shows the existing

waste disposal sites along with the ward boundary has been overlaid with the final suitability

map.

Table 10: Decision rule used for suitable site selection

Criteria

Suitability class

Highly suitable Moderately

suitable Less suitable

Lithology Intrusive Rocks Consolidated

Sediments

Un-Consolidated

Sediments

Geomorphology

Denudational

hills (large),

Denudational

hills (small)

Pediment-

inselbergcomplex,

Buried pediplain,

Residual hill,

Structural hills

(large)

Alluvial plain older,

Alluvial plain younger

Land use and

land cover

Fallow land ,

Gullied/Ravenous

land, Land

without scrub,

Mining/Industrial

waste, Deciduous

land with scrub

Crop land, Crop land in

forest, Institute/

Industry/Park/Plantation,

Lakes/Ponds,

Reservoirs, Rivers,

Town-city, Villages

Slope (15-35%), (5-10%), (10-15%) (0-1%), (1-3%), (3-5%),

(35-50%), (50-70%)

Distance to

drainage (in 5000, 3000 2000 1000, 500

Location Population zone (Number of

Person)

Suitability

score

Area in

km2

Akbarpur 4068 8 62.51

Sonsa 9144 7 36.28

Naugaon 9229 7 69.43

Baragaon 12629 6 47.60

Bhadroli 14869 5 36.74

Girwai 16280 4 54.31

PuraniChhawani 22843 3 57.76

Gwalior 1054420 1 130.11

Total 494.73





meters)

Distance to road

(in meters)

5000, 3500

7000

2000, 1000

Population 4068, 9144,

9229, 12629

14869, 16280,

22843 1054420

Figure 13: Site suitability map for solid waste

Table 11: Waste disposal suitability area coverage and their distribution

5. Conclusion

This paper has attempted to summarize the methodology to select suitable waste disposal site

and demonstrates the importance of Remote Sensing and GIS technology, as an information

tool for solving the environmental problems particularly for the selection of suitable sites for

the disposal of solid wastes. Remote sensing and GIS techniques are also very capable and

can be effectively used for the management of waste collection. The proper understanding

Suitability

class Area in km2 Area %

Very low 134.14 27.11

Low 206.35 41.71

Moderate 72.95 14.75

High 50.61 10.23

Very high 30.68 6.20

Total 494.73 100.00





and back ground knowledge of the physical aspects of an area such as geology, slope

geomorphology topography drainage are necessary for giving proper weightage for the

overlay analysis in GIS.

Figure 14: Present waste disposal sites overlaid with suitability map

As per the weighted overlay analysis of the present study only 6.20% of the area was found

very high suitable and 10.22% area is highly suitable for the solid waste disposal sites which

means a total of about 16.42% area is suitable as per the present scenario. It is very clear from

observing Fig 13 and Fig 14 that out of four existing waste disposal sites three falls in very

low and one in low suitable categories whereas it should have been either in the high or very

high suitable zone. However it has to be mentioned here that the various criteria considered

here are case specific and may vary from area to area depending upon the population. Thus

the management of municipal solid waste can be effectively done with the use of geospatial

technologies which will certainly be a great relief for the city administrators..

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