Urban Planning & Public Health - ITM · Po llu ta n t So u r c e H e a lth Im p a c ts Pa rticu la...

Clara IrazábalUniversity of Missouri- Kansas City

November 2017

Urban Planning & Public Health:Collaboration for Integral Urban Rehabilitation

OutlineIntroduction

• Context for Urgent Urban Intervention

Foci at the intersection ofurban planning & public health

• Air Quality• Accessibility/ Mobility• Open Space

Exploring collaborations between urban planning & public health

• What is Urban Planning?• Urban Planning & Public Health• Methods/ Case Studies• Environmental Justice• Medellín, Colombia¿Cómo Vamos?

Concluding Remarks• Where do we go from here?

Outline

Introduction• Context for Urgent Urban Intervention




• What is Urban Planning?• Urban Planning & Public Health• Methods/ Case Studies• Environmental Justice• Medellín/ Colombia ¿Cómo Vamos?


Breathing to live or breathing to die?

Cities: Problem or solution?

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Urban Population 1960-2016

LAC North AmericaEurope East Asia & PacificMiddle East World

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2016

Pe

rcen

tage

Year

7.6 billionOctober 2017

3,800,000,000+urban population

People exposed to out/indoor air pollution

Santiago, Chile

7,000,000 PD + 1,000,000 PND

7M premature + 1M pre-natal deaths/year

Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico

+ 15,000,000+ 10,000,000+ 7,000,000

30 largest urban agglomerations

*

*Largest: Guangzhou, China 48,6000,000

5% GDP in developing countries

+ 5,000,000

+ 1,000,000

- 1,000,000

Pollutants Exceeded Standards

Did Not Exceed Standards

No Information or Insufficient

No Monitoring

Air quality in LAC 2006

Over 100 million people in

Latin America and the

Caribbean were exposed

Impact of outdoor air

pollution in LAC:35,000 annual premature deaths

276,000 years of life lost

Standards vary between countries if present

Air quality in LAC 2016

OutlineIntroduction



• Air Quality• Mobility• Open Space




Fuel

Inefficiency

Industry

Air pollution and its causes

Transportation

Urbanization

Building CO2 Emissions

1970-2000-2030

http://www.unep.org/sbci/pdfs/SBCI-BCCSummary.pdf

http://www.unep.org/sbci/pdfs/SBCI-BCCSummary.pdf

Pollutant Source Health Impacts

Particulate Matter Transportation and industrial sources

Cardiovascular Disease; Asthma; Cancer; Premature Death; Brain Damage

Nitrogen Oxide Transportation and industrial sources

Premature Death; Heart Disease; Lung Disease; Biological Mutations

Carbon Dioxide Transportation and industrial sources

Global Warming

Carbon Monoxide Transportation and industrial sources

Premature Death; Prenatal Damage/Death

Hydrocarbons Transportation and industrial sources

Cardiovasculal Damage; Brain Damage; Premature Death

Sulfur Dioxide Transportation and industrial sources

Acid Rain; Respiratory Disease; Premature Death

Lead Industrial metal processing Damage to Kidneys, Liver, Nervous System, Brain; Mental Retardation

Air pollutants, sources & health impacts

Global deathsair pollutants, chemical exposure & natural disasters

Indoor air pollutants (2012) 4+ million

7.8 of annual deaths%

Outdoor air pollutants (2012) 3+ million / 6.7% ad

Chemicals 1.3 million / 2.6% ad

(single chemicals, occupational

exposures, and poisoning) (2004)

Contaminated drinking 1.7 million

water and poor sanitation/ 3.4% of annual deaths

diarrhea (2002)

Natural disasters 107,000

(global annual avg. 2002-2011) 0.2% ad

Technological disasters 8,735

(global annual avg. 2002-2012) 0.02% ad

Global deathsair pollutants, chemical exposure & natural disasters

Place exposures

Air quality Major roads with multiple lanes; smokestack industry;

wood, dung, or similar fuel sources

Disasters & Low elevation zones; flood plains; hazardous industries

climate change (nuclear power plants etc.); areas with substantial paved areas and

little vegetation; areas where people are close to locations with

disease vectors like mosquitoes; coastal areas

Noise Major roads; high speed roads; airports; entertainment districts

Toxics Problematic past, current, or proposed uses such as nuclear

facilities, heavy manufacturing, and busy traffic corridors; areas with

older housing with likely contaminants (chemicals, mold)

Water quality Un-sewered areas; areas without clean drinking water

Health concerns & place exposures

Global CO2 emissionscompared internationally

90%

Planning for accessibility & mobility

• over 90% of air pollution in

the cities of developing

countries is attributed to

vehicle emissions

• high number of older

vehicles, poor vehicle

maintenance, inadequate

infrastructure and low fuel

quality

• reduce dependency on

motorized, fossil-fueled

vehicles

Cartagena had it right the first time!

Planning for accessibility & mobility

Mobility planning

Accessibility planning

Urban parks

Recreational

facilities (other than parks)

All parks, including pocket

parks for different people and

uses

Playgrounds, beaches,

pools, community gardens and

centers, picnic areas, sports

fields, exercise equipment, etc.

• Protection from heat

• Psychological well-being

• Socializing

• Relaxation and

psychological well-being

• Physical activity

• Socializing

Green space type Health outcomes

Types of green space & health outcomes

Off-road trails,

paths, and

greenways

Landscaping &

gardens near

buildings

Tree canopies

• Access to community

resources

• Safety from traffic

• Storm water infiltration

• Protection from heat

• Buffer from traffic &noise

• Psych wellbeing through

personalization

• Climate change mitigation

(carbon dioxide removal)

• Protection from heat (urban

cooling)

• Buffers from traffic & noise

Linear parks that connect

people & places

Fauna migratory corridors

Especially for schools,

retirement homes, &

hospitals, etc.

Street trees, trees on

public & private property

Types of green space & health outcomes

Green space type Health outcomes

OutlineIntroduction



• Air Quality• Mobility• Open Space


• What is Urban Planning?• Urban Planning & Public Health• Methods• Environmental Justice• Medellín, Colombia


a multidisciplinary field in which professionals work

to improve the welfare of persons and communities

by creating more convenient, equitable, healthful, efficient, and attractive places

now and for the future

-American Planning Association

What is urban planning?

What is urban planning?

“no city is more healthy than the

highest death rate in any ward or block

and […] no city is more beautiful

than its most unsightly tenement”

- Benjamin Clarke Marsh, 1909: 27Social worker pioneer of planning in the US (1878-1952)

Urban planning & public health:Intertwined histories

• In 1854, British physician John

Snow used geographic

mapping of an outbreak of

cholera in London to identify a

public water pump as the

outbreak's source

• Geographic analysis is a key

planning tool shared by urban

planning and public health

Urban planning &public health:Intertwined histories

In the mid-1800s, planners such as Frederick

Law Olmsted bridged the gaps by:

• advancing the concept that community design

contributes to physical and mental health

• serving as Pres. Lincoln's U.S. Sanitary

Commission Secretary

• designing hundreds of places, e.g., NY's

Central Park

• By 1872, the disciplines

were very aligned

• two of the seven founders of

the American Public

Health Association were

urban designers, architects

and housing specialists


• In 1926, the U.S. Supreme

Court, in validating zoning and

land-use law as a legal

government authority cited the

protection of public health as

part of its justification

• Village of Euclid v. Ambler

Realty, the first significant

case regarding the relatively

new practice of zoning


• During the 1960s, pioneering

urbanist Jane Jacobs

• called for community design that

offered safe and convenient options

for walking, biking, and impromptu

social interaction


• During the 1980s the WHO Healthy

Cities project movement began in

Europe and the US

• it engages local governments in

health development through a

process of political commitment,

institutional change, capacity-

building, partnership-based

planning and innovative projects to

address inequality in health and

urban poverty.

• includes projects in A.1,000 cities

that highlight the role of health as

more than the presence of medical

care


Creation of green space to promote

physical activity, social integration,

and mental health

Prevention of infectious diseases

through community infrastructure,

such as drinking water and sewage

systems

Protection of persons from

hazardous industrial

exposures and injury risks

through land-use and zoning

ordinances.

Urban planning & public health:19th and 20th centuries

• Transportation planning to improve air quality, encourage

physical activity, prevent injuries, and promote wellness.

• Some original crossover ideas, such as the potential for

parks and recreational facilities to contribute to physical

activity and mental health, have reemerged.

Urban planning & public health:20th and 21st centuries

• Climate change (community design, energy use and

greenhouse gas emissions)

• Emergency preparedness (community infrastructure,

evacuation planning)

• Access to health care (accessibility and adequacy of facilities)

Urban planning & public health:20th and 21st centuries

Benefits of long-term collaboration

Public health professionals

engaging in the urban planning

arena, incorporating health into

urban planning decision-making

Urban planners engaging in the

public health arena, incorporating

planning/design into public health

decision-making

Cities synthesizingurban planning and public health, 2010

• 13 U.S. cities winners of the 2016 National Disaster Resilience Competition by:– the U.S. Dep. of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

– the Rockefeller Foundation

• 4 cities received $400 million-plus for resilience projects


NYC’s Lower Manhattan Protectand Connect Project ($176 million)

• a community-focused resilience plan for a coastal protection

system

• also use the money to protect public housing projects vulnerable

to storm surge and flooding


The Gentilly Neighborhood: New Orleans ($141M)

• “resilience district”

• coastal restoration, workforce

development and parks

• Gentilly will become a national

model of a resilient community in

terms of everything from safety to

economic opportunity


Methods: APA

845 encuestas, 2010

Integrating public health into planning

Methods: Interdisciplinary collaboration• professionals drawing on tools and processes developed by the other field:

– geographic information systems

– health impact assessments, such as the Protocol for Assessing Community Excellence in Environmental Health (PACE-EC)

• National Association of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO)

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

The indicators are organized under their respective

Community Health Objective within 8 elements:

San Francisco Indicator Project

1) Environment

2) Transportation

3) Community

4) Public Realm

5) Education

6) Housing

7) Economy

8) Health Systems

Create a resource-efficient, equitable transportation system• Motor vehicle access

• Trips by non-auto mode

• Time spent walking or biking

• Transit subsidy utilization

• Public transit score

• Bike shares

Ensure the safety of the transportation system• Severe/fatal traffic injuries

• Pedestrian environmental quality index

• Bike lanes and paths

• Speed limit compliance

• Curb ramps

Reduce adverse environmental health impacts of the

transportation system• Distance traveled in automobiles

• Traffic density

• Truck routes

SF Indicator Project: Transportation

Indicator: Transportation accessibility

Indicator: Serious and fatal accidents

Indicator: Pedestrian environmental quality

SF Indicator Project: Housing

Preserve and construct housing in proportion to

demand with regards to size, affordability, and tenure• Housing production and affordability

• Excessive rent burden

• Housing purchasing capacity

• Home ownership

• Overcrowding

• Housing wage & minimum wage

• Residential density

Protect residents from involuntary displacement• Market rate rent affordability

• No-fault evictions

• Affordable rental housing stock

Decrease concentrated poverty• Ethnic diversity

• Low-income households

Assure access to healthy quality housing• Housing health & safety violations

Indicator: Housing safety and habitability

Indicator: Violation rate housing and habitability

Environmental justice

Planning for environmental justice

Huachipa

Peru

Particular groups

disproportionately affected by

the location of polluting

sources

Poor and etnoracial minorities

Disproportionate Environmental Impacts on Minorities: Top Ten Metropolitan Areas

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Minority Share of thePopulation

Minority Share ofToxic Score

Planning for environmental justice

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Metropolitan Area

Low-Income Discrepancy to Minority Discrepancy:

Top Ten Metropolitan Areas

Low-Income Discrepancy

Minority Discrepancy

Planning for Environmental Justice

Vulnerable populations and place-related health issues

Place-related health issues

Air quality

Climate/ Heat-illnesses

Disasters

Housing

Noise

Toxics

Water quality

Access to community resources

Social capital

Mobility/ Universal design

Access to healthy food

Physical activity

Safety

Planning for Environmental Justice

Vulnerable populations

Low-Income

Ethnic/racial minoritized

Children

Older adults

Chronically iII

Disabled

Women

City dwellers

Rural populations

Heavy labor employees

Those socially isolated

Redistribution

, reconception

of

industry

Urban farming,

green roofs,

River bank

restoration

Community

planning and

ownership

Environmental justice: Trends

Training for

Green jobs

River

naturalization

Open space planning: Trends

Reuse of

outmoded

infrastructure

Temporary reuse

of roads

Landfill

remediation

Green roofs

Urban agriculture

Colombia/Medellín: ¿Cómo vamos?

• Social Urbanism

• Metropolitan greenbelt

• Metrocable

• Kindergardens

• Health facilities

Mobility Planning

Community gardens

Belen outdoor GymsJoaquín Antonio Uribe Botanical Gardens

Rio Cali Park


OutlineIntroduction







Reckoning: Where are we?

It's already too late

cap and trade is a scam,

only the few will survive…?

• solar thermal and wind power as

substitutes for burning fossil fuels

• emergency global geo-engineering

projects might cool the planet

• no voluntary act can slow climate

change

• democracy may need to be abandoned?

• few safe havens from the drought that

will overtake most of the Earth—the far

north and south

Puerto Rico

September 26, 2017

• Resilience

• Redundancy

• Emergency preparedness,

response, reconstruction

systems

Reckoning: Where are we?

Economic crises and climate change are opportunities to improve!

We must invest in:

• education

• planning & public health

• green jobs

• environmental research

• evaluating and monitoring

• daring projects

Where do we go from here?

Sustainable development?

Just & sustainable development

Breathing to live, not breathing to die!

Urban Planning & Public Health - ITM · Po llu ta n t So u r c e H e a lth Im p a c ts Pa rticu la...

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