Urban Parks and Sustainable City Planning

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Urban Parks and Sustainable City Planning - The Case of

Portimo, Portugal

LUIS LOURES, RAL SANTOS & THOMAS PANAGOPOULOSCentro de Investigao sobre o Espao e as Organizaes,Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Natural Resources

University of Algarve, 8005-139 FaroPORTUGAL

e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract: Urban growth creates challenges recognized by the global community. Sustainable development is awidely accepted strategic framework in city planning and urban parks play an important role in it. Nonetheless,it is argued, that urban parks and other open green spaces are important for the quality of life of an increasinglyurbanized society. Following the industrial revolution with its massive urbanisation in the 19th century and the

explosive growth of urban areas and nature degradation throughout the 20th century, the alienation betweenpeople and nature was increased. The urban park movement had objective to increase life quality in the moderncity. Sustainability and city regeneration strategies focus mainly on man-made and built components of theurban environment, although, in the last years is noticed an increasing interest for development of nature incities. In order to exemplify the importance of urban parks for sustainability and the future of the city this paperanalyses some emblematic projects that marked the urban park movement in their construction period - theCentral Park, the Park Amsterdamse Bos, the Park Andr-Citren and the City Park of Porto. The role thaturban green space play in ecological, social and economic sustainability will be discussed and the case study ofthe new City Park of Portimo will address the importance of urban green spaces for life quality and sustainablecity development.

Keywords: Industrial revolution, Urban park movement, Sustainability, City planning.

1 Introduction - The urban parkmovementThroughout the past century, the worlds populationhad been rapidly congregating in urban areas. Theurban population in the world was approximately 2.4billion in 1995 number that is expected to duplicateat about the year 2025 [2]. Increasing population andurbanization is recognized as one of the mostcomplex process at global scale. This massiveurbanization begun in the industrial revolution in the

nineteenth century and the decline of nature duringthe twentieth century increased public awareness tothe necessity of introducing natural assets andcomponents in urban contexts, what led to thecreation and development of the urban parkmovement with the objective of increasing lifequality in the modern city [32].

Urban parks are an important part of thecomplex urban ecosystem network and providesignificant ecosystem services. It benefits urbancommunities environmentally, aesthetically,recreationally, psychologically and economically [7,

11, 20, 22]. The urban park movement [10, 32] hadobjective to increase the city life quality of the

industrial revolution era (19th century) [31]. Theplanning of parks was closely related to urban andgarden design [17].

The movement started in England [1, 16],creating public city parks like the Victoria Parkwhich is considered the first urban park of history[31], while according to some authors theBirkenhead Park was the first urban park constructedexclusively with public money [37]. Public parkssupported by municipal governments date from the1840s in Britain and the 1850s in the United States

and Canada. Initially urban parks were not public,once they were used only by a privileged part of thepopulation [15, 23].

Following the industrial revolution with itsmassive urbanisation in the 19th century and thecontinued explosive growth of urban areas and thedecline of nature throughout the 20th century, thealienation between people and the nature wasincreased. Urban parks, open space and relatedhuman health issues are a critical component of anystate, regional and local infrastructure plan. Urbanparks promote the core values at stake in buildingpublic infrastructure: providing children the simple

joys of playing in the park; improving health and

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS onENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT

Luis Loures, Ral Santos & Thomas Panagopoulos

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recreation; equal access to public resources;democratic participation in deciding the future of thecommunity; economic vitality for all with increasedproperty values, local jobs, small business contracts,and affordable housing; spiritual values in protectingpeople and the earth; the environmental benefits ofclean air, water, and ground; and sustainableregional planning.

The last years we have seen a tide of interestsweeping across Europe in the development ofnature in cities, and an increasing amount oflandscape development in urban areas has involvedthe use of naturalistic styles. In the beginning ofthe urban park movement designers had as objectivethe representation of rural landscapes like in thecentral park in New York, but without any attempt tore-establish ecological functions [6, 13]. Later in

Amsterdamse Bos park design evolutes in a mode toadapt ecological functions [37] and afterwards,urban park design adopted the formal designprinciples taking into consideration ecologicalcriteria (Park Andr-Citren). Presently themovement adopted the environmental educationfunction like it is presented in the City Park of Porto.This principle is considered very important, once thedevelopment of proactive education and trainingpolicies not only on children but on any park usercan play an essential role in the sustainability of thecity by strengthening the importance of urban parks

and other natural areas of the contemporaneous city.The planning and management of urban parks ismeaningful to urban sustainable development [38].Urban Parks have significant ecological, social andeconomic functions, thus, the future socialimplications of new lifestyles, values, attitudes tonature and sustainability will lead to higher demandsfor urban parks [41]. Parks and other open spacesshould not be considered a luxury in the city. Parksare democratic commons that bring diverse peopletogether, fomenting a sense of community and socialvitality that has been progressively lost in the last

decades, by promoting human heath, environmentand economic strength.

Social value is concerned with how placesencourage people to interact in ways which lead totrust, mutual understanding, shared values andsupportive behaviour. Social value arises whenpeople can connect to others with common interests.Citizens access parks for recreation and toexperience nature.

Green space offer significant ecosystemservices, which are defined as the benefits humanpopulation derives, directly or indirectly, fromecosystem functions [13]. It can sequester carbondioxide emissions and produce oxygen [24], purify

air and water, regulate micro-climate, reduce noise[6], protect soil and water [25], maintain biodiversity[33], and have recreational, cultural and socialvalues [44].

Additionally, public parks and green spaces canhave a statistically significant effect on the sale priceof houses in close proximity to those resources [5,27]. According to Ganz and Boland [15], urbangreen space contributes to ecological sustainability.A functional network of green space is important forthe maintenance of the ecological aspect of asustainable urban landscape. Landscape connectivityshould be promoted with the development ofgreenways and use of autochthonous species,adapted to local condition, with low maintenancecost, self-sufficient and sustainable [15].

To achieve these goals it is essential to follow all

dimensions of sustainable development(environmental, social and economic) at the sametime and with the same weight, following theprinciples presented in Florence in October 2000 inThe European Landscape Convention, where theCouncil of Europe quoted that to achievesustainability, development should be based on abalanced and harmonious relationship betweensocial needs, economic activity and theenvironment. Public open space that is welldesigned and well maintained can provide areas forappreciating nature, as well as for recreation and

sport. The benefits include improvements inpeoples physical and mental health, and theenvironmental value of biodiversity and improvedair quality.

In the present work it will be presented the casestudy of the Portimo City Park. The main objectiveof developing this park was to create a culturallandscape [3, 8, 9, 12, 39, 40] with potential to fulfilthe economic, social, and environmentalsustainability goals. Special attention was paid toenergy efficiency and careful use of naturalresources. Stakeholders were involved in the process

from the beginning, once active public involvementand a healthier dialogue between politicalrepresentatives, residents and economic actors isessential to find better solutions for sustainable cityplanning.

2 MethodologyThe methodology was developed for the Vale doBarranco do Rodrigo area, located in the peripheryof the Portimo city in south Portugal. Figure 1

shows the methodology diagram that is based in theholistic concept of landscape as a resource [21, 28,34, 44].



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In the first phase it was studied the origin ofurban parks, analysed the evolution of urban parkdesign by analysing significant urban parks whichmarked the period when they were constructed anddescribed the expected future of the movement.

In the second phase was collected and analysedinformation about the different components of thelandscape (geology, geomorphology, soil, relief,flora and cultural heritage). Then it was taken intoconsideration the existing territory constrains (urbanplans and administrative servitudes).

Figure 1- Methodology diagram

Afterwards, a synthesis of the above informationprovided the biophysical sensitivity, the visualquality and the opportunities and treats of the studyarea. The biophysical sensitivity was used to assessthe vulnerability degree of the landscape towardsimpacts of natural or anthropogenic origin. Visualquality was used to evaluate the scenic value,cultural character and the landscape capacity toabsorb change.

High quality landscapes usually present moresensitivity and low visual absorption capability [30].From the above information was created the ante-

project of the Portimo Urban Park as an attractiveand multifunctional space that promotes sustainabledevelopment.

3 Urban Parks analysed in theconception phaseBefore analysing the case study of Portimo, it willbe performed a short description of some urbanparks that marked the urban park movement in theirconstruction period and that influenced itsconception - the Central Park, the Park AmsterdamseBos, the Park Andr-Citren and the City Park ofPorto.

3.1 The Central Park.The Central Park (figure 2) is located in New York

City and has an area of approximately 341 hectares.It was designed by Frederick Olmsted and CalvertVaux. The area of the Central Park corresponds to6% of the Island of Manhattan. This area iscomposed by 136 hectares of forest, 200 hectares oflawns and meadows and 100 hectares of water.

The park contains roughly 26000 trees. With thisstructure Olmsted and Vaux intend to create a barrierto the exterior and to the buildings that eventuallywere proposed to the place. This vegetation was alsoused to develop new sceneries which intend torepresent rural and natural sceneries and its organicforms. Those landscape forms coupled with a smartcrop rotation played an important role in thedynamics of the Park. Open and closed spaces,provide to the visitors of the park a variety of places,turning the space into a varied and multifunctionalspace.

Figure 2- Central Park - green areas and circulation.

3.2 The Amsterdamse Bos parkThe Amsterdamse Bos (figure 3) is located inAmsterdam in Holland. The park with an area of 935hectares was designed the Department of PublicWorks of Amsterdam, led by the architect Cornelis

Van Eesteren in association with the landscapearchitect Jacopa Mulder. However the design team



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was multidisciplinary, constituted by teachers,botanists, biologists, engineers, architects,sociologists and town planners.

Figure 3- Amsterdamse Bos Park green areas andcirculation.

The park is composed by 420 hectares of forests;215 hectares are of open spaces (meadows); 135hectares of water; 70 hectares of wet zones; 65hectares of roads, ways and parking lots and 30hectares for other different uses.

The green structure of the Amsterdamse Bos is

quite complex and was one of the major compositionelements, reason why the plantation plan was veryambitious, not only in dimension, but also inschedule.

3.3 The Parc Andr CitronThe Parc Andr Citron (figure 4) is located inParis, France, in the left margin of the River Seine.The park has an area of 14 hectares; the project wasdesigned by the teams of the Landscape ArchitectAlan Provost and of the Landscape Architect GillesClment.

Figure 4- Park Andr - Citron - green areas and

circulation.

The Park contains 2500 trees, 70.000 shrubs,250.000 lively plants, 25 fountains, 8 greenhousesand 1 hectare of water. The central element is amowed rectangle, with 300*100 meters, limited by achannel of water and crossed in the diagonal by along pass.

On the contrary of the Central Park, the createdstructure does not intend to represent the naturalsceneries and its organic forms, but to create aconnection with the River Seine.

3.4 The City Park of PortoThe Park of the city of Porto (figure 5) is the biggestgreen space of the city of Porto, Portugal. It occupiesan area of approximately 100 hectares. The projectwas designed by the Landscape Architect SidnioPardal.

The design strategy of this park was based uponseveral design strategies used in the construction ofrepresentative parks built from the seventeenthcentury till the twentieth century. This park hasseveral elements clearly inspired by the design of LeNtre, Kent, Repton, Paxton, Pckler, Olmsted,Alphand amog others. For this reason it is possibleto say that parks design contains characteristics thatwere developed during the evolution of the Urbanpark Movement.

Figure 5- Park of the city of Porto - green areas andcirculation.

Finishing the introduction of the urban parksanalysed during the conception phase it is interestingto notice that the first urban parks models were theresult of a public movement from citizens realisingthat they should do something about the high rates ofdisease, densities and growth. The main purpose



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during the beginning of the urban park movementwas a representation of rural landscapes and not theestablishment of ecological functions. Even ifecological functions were established that was notthe primordial objective, once the parks were usuallylocated on the periphery of cities [14]. The CentralPark case was to be located on the water front of theLower East Side, but for political and economicreasons that plan was abandoned in favour of alocation that was central to nothing except thegeographic center of an island. This fact is indicativeof the people beliefs. The park was not seen as anecological entity, but as a recreational and leisurefacility and its location in valuable lands was notworthy.

However, this reality changed and theconstruction of the Amsterdamse Bos Park started in

1934 with the development of the Bosbaan, showsthat park design had evolve in a mode to adaptecological functions. As Bijhouwer defended in1937 [4], the selection of the appropriate species, thecreation of appropriate slopes and the developmentof healthy environments were not only of visualimportance, but were also required to enable openareas to have both ecological and recreationalpurposes. Thus, a park was conceived according tofunctional constraints having minded the need fornatural areas with ecological and leisure andrecreation purposes inside the city.

After this change in perception regarding thecity green space functions and in order to minimizethe problems emphasised during the industrialrevolution, urban park design has adopted differentstyles taking ecological criteria into consideration.Presently several parks have introducedenvironmental education and social integrationfunctions which are normally attached to theecological one. Recycling resources and usingrenewable energy for park equipment is starting tobe considered.

4 The new Park of Portimo case studyThe park is located in Vale do Barranco doRodrigo is located in Portimo, Algarve, which ischaracterized from a Mediterranean climate andbeautiful landscapes. Algarve is the southern regionof Portugal with a 22% of land occupied by forestand 38% by uncultivated maquis and gariques. InAlgarve the main species are Citrus sp., Quercussuber, Quercus ilex, Seratonea siliqua, and Pinuspinaster.

The population is characterized by a decreasingand scattered distribution in the mountainous areasand concentrated in costal zones. Tourism is the

main activity and farmer population is continuouslyaging. Algarve boasts a rich and diversified naturalheritage. Phoenicians, Greeks and Romans left inAlgarve the most enduring signs of an importanthuman presence predating the Arab conquests. Thefive centuries of Muslim presence left its legacy inthe landscape, but the 1249 Christian conquestconfirmed the identity of the region and founded thedeparture point for the discoveries of the new waysto India.

The Portimo city park represents an exceptionalopportunity to establish a best practice example ofsustainable urban development. The objective of theurban park project was to create an economicallysustainable project that will take into considerationthe environment and cultural heritage, and the spiritof the place (genius loci) [18, 29, 35, 42] and will be

socially acceptable and valuable.Thus, we respected the exigencies imposed fromthe local authorities, we created interest points thatattract and serve the population; we useautochthonous plants and materials adapted to thesurrounding landscape and we ask the people whatthey expect to see in that space.

Social value was measured by indicators usingsurveys before and after the project. Examples ofindicators used in social survey were the following:

the percentage of people who feel there is a goodcommunity spirit where they live. the percentage of people who are proud of theircity,

the decrease in the number of people sufferingfrom mental health problems,

the number of people taking regular exercise.As a result the design and Project concept assent

in the idea of Urban Nature Symbiosis (figure 6).From one side the park needs the city to exist andthe city needs the ecological and social benefitsarising from the park. The park was designed as a

place of pedagogic and leisure activities and as anecological space that the introduction of animal andvegetation species permit micro-climaticregularization and atmospheric purification.

The idea of symbiosis was based in the fact thatthe urban park movement was created as a solutionfor the industrial city environmental problems,which was represented as a tree (park) emergingfrom the city structure.

Taking into consideration the pretendeddevelopment, the tree roots represent the cyclingnetwork which is the principal formation of theproject, following the secondary configuration oftrails and walkways represented from the branches.



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Purpose of the above structures was also to giveaccess and to connect the functional areas like theconstructed elements and vegetation.

Figure 6- Representation of the present study concept ofpark and the modern city.

The development of this approach was based in thefact that if a design is not based in ideals and ifdesigners do not have a clear idea of what problemsthey are solving and what goals they intent to

achieve, program and form become extremely banal.It was based in this idea that the design team startedto develop the master plan to the urban park ofPortimo.

Although the analysis phase was developedmutually, in order to develop the Master plan we[design team], opted to apply a strategy relativelysimilar to the one presented by Bernard Tschumi forParc de La Villette [43]. The strategy, denominatedsuperimposition is one that enables the creation ofa design in which the benefits of each one of thedifferent systems are maximized, and where the

changes introduced to design are based in theaccomplishment of the proposed objectives.

In this sense, the master plan was based in threedifferent systems, developed independently, whichafter designed were superimposed: (1) circulation;(2) green structure, and; (3) functional areas.

This idea applied to the Master plan was the firststep in realising the long-term vision for the park.We had as objective to establish functionalconnections with the surrounding area in a way tofacilitate access to the park by different means (foot,bicycle or car) and connect it in a coherent mode tothe city. In this way the strategy allowed the creationof the best design possible to each one of the three

systems, once no one was narrowed by thedevelopment of the other. After the superimpositionof the different systems the existing conflicts wereanalysed and discussed by the design team, in orderto define which of the conflicting features was themore important to the overall design and to achievethe proposed objectives.

In terms of structure and form we opted to usenaturalized lines in similarity with the AmsterdamseBos Park of the modern period, once organic formsare proven to be more connected with the naturalenvironment than rectilinear ones, and the objectivewas to integrate the proposed landscape in theexisting one, reason why organic forms were themost appropriate ones.

The circulation plan constitutes the principalstructure which systematizes the whole park andcreating its skeleton (figure 7). This structure iscomposed by cycle and walk ways, which areorganized according to a specific hierarchyevidenced in their width. Those ways have fivemeters width (enabling both the use by cyclists andwalkers) and have several exercise stationsassociated to them along the park. The exclusivelywalkable structure is associated with the previousone, and allows its connection with the inner spacesof the park. It is important to mention regarding thedesign strategy that this network is also linked to thecity network through neighbouring suburbs,expanding the limits of the park throughout the city.

Accessibility was analysed during the circulationplan development and is a very important issuebecause high quality public spaces should be utilized

by each and everyone. Besides this, it is alsoacknowledged that on average, 20% of the totalPortuguese population has a disability (Portuguese

Figure 7- Circulation plan



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Institute of Statistics 2003) which means that theyhave specific requirements to access events andfacilities. This percentage is similar in manycountries. A disability can affect a person's capacityto communicate, interact with others, learn or moveabout independently. In this way it is the designersobligation to mitigate those limitations, promotingdifferent kinds of access.

Purpose of the park was to assist people withmobility, vision, hearing or intellectual disabilities tomake use of the environment. The purpose of thepark access strategy was to provide an understandingof the range of disabilities that need to be addressedto allow people with disabilities to be appropriatelyassisted to operate independently, equitably and withdignity.

In functional terms the park presents a great

diversity of spaces many of which equipped,generally termed as functional areas (figure 8). Thesuperimposition strategy enabled that the location ofthese areas was only limited by the existingconstrains and the proposed objectives and not byother design components. For this reason thedifferent functional areas were strategically locatedto obtain a symbiosis between form and function.

Furthermore with the objective to create amultifunctional space we introduced three distincttypologies for functional areas: leisure, educationand ecology. Each one these were carefully locatedboth according to the community needs and desiresand to landscape features as it is the case of pleasantvistas.

Another objective was to preserve the natural

environment enhance biodiversity and protectecosystems that could serve as refugee for many

species threatened from urban expansion andintensive agriculture activities. Thus, we opted topreserve large, bio-diverse and relatively untouchedecosystems and to use minimum number ofinfrastructures and constructed elements. In thismode only small structures associated with the parkfunctions were introduced. The construction of anorganic recycling unit for park leftovers that will beused at the park as bio-composts will result inreduced soil contamination from greenspacemaintenance and favour sustainability.

The selected species and densities were alsoutilized in order to create different experiencesinside the park, enhancing and celebrating the mergebetween ecology, leisure and recreation.

For the green structure (figure 9) it was chosen acontrast between filled and unfilled space usingsmall stands and disperse vegetation. Autochthonousspecies was chosen because they are well adapted tothe region and provide a Mediterranean image to thespace which permits better adjustment with thesurrounding landscape.

Finally, the economic sustainability of theproject focused on formation of a rise onsurrounding property values (taking as an examplethe case of the Central Park where the land valuerose so quickly that made land developers and real-state interests became the chief promoters of thesetype of spaces) and growth of businesses and jobs,contributing to the state and local economies. As itwas expected, Parks create a high quality of life thatattracts tax-paying businesses and residents tocommunities [26]. We looked to ensure that theseeconomic benefits will be distributed equitably,through local jobs for local workers and affordablehousing to avoid gentrification.

Figure 9- Green structure

Figure 8- Functional areas



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The vision, guiding the park's futuredevelopment, is to transform the park into a vibrant,diverse and multi-functional community. The parkenvironmental education area will be a concept for aleisure, living, working and learning community inwhich student life and learning processes are part of

the structure of the community. As the strategy willbe implemented the park will become progressivelya centre for education and training, receivingstudents from all schools and universities of theregion.

Figure 10- Master Plan of the Portimo City Park.

5 ConclusionsThe role of urban parks as provider of social servicesand their importance for city sustainability has beenaddressed. The Master Plan of Portimo City Parkencourages a broad range of recreational, leisure andpublic uses that utilise the available facilities andinfrastructure and add to the unique qualities of thepark for visitors, workers and residents. Cultural,educational and environmentally orientated uses are

also envisaged.

In our approach to sustainability we strive tobalance economic, environmental and social factorsin a way that will ensure resource conservation andprotection of the environment now and for futuregenerations. Compared with other parks, theproposal for the park of Portimo is more conceptualand multifunctional, and it tries to struggle the factthat work is still the dominant fact of human life.

The Urban Park of Portimo is planned at the

regional, city and neighbourhood levels, taking intoaccount ecological principles but also the needs ofpeople for green space and recreation. Park will



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serve the diverse interests of different users in abalanced system that includes places for physicalactivity to improve health, active recreation, passiverecreation, and wilderness areas. Rising propertyvalues on surrounding areas and the number ofbusinesses and jobs grow contributing to theregional and local economies should be distributedequitably. Furthermore, environmental values likeclean air, water, and ground, and habitat protection,should be promoted.

However, there are still some limitations in ourstudy. The park plan is conceptual and notelaborated in detail. Species selection andmanagement measures still need to be studied anddesigned. The use of renewable energy for parkequipments should be considered.

AcknowledgmentsWe thank the Landscape Architecture atelier ofFausto Hidalgo Nascimento for advice and guidanceon landscape analysis and the City of Portimo.Financial support to Lus Loures from thePortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology- SFRH/BD/27900/2006 doctoral grant.

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