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Urban Municipal Growth and Landuse Change Monitoring Using High Resolution Satellite Imageries and Secondary Data A Geospatial Study on Kolkata Municipal Corporation, India Biswajit Nath1, Shukla Acharjee*2 1 Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh. 2 Department of Applied Geology, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, Assam, India 1nath.gis79@gmail.com; *2suklageo@yahoo.com Abstract

The Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) formerly renowned as Calcutta Municipal Corporation, established in 1876, is responsible for the civic maintenance and infrastructure of Kolkata. The KMC serves an area of 187.33 sq. km. The city is divided into 141 administrative wards that are grouped into 15 boroughs. The geographical extent of the KMC area falls between north latitudes of 22028/00//

and 22037/30// and east longitudes 88017/30// and 88025/00//.

Kolkata becomes a place to initiate improvements in several fields such as electric trams (1902), imtroduction of aeroplane (1910), Victoria Memorial(1929), Bengali Film (1931) and Howra Bridge (1941) and the maps prepared by National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organization (NATMO) in 1982 and 1984 clearly reflect the multifold increase of the population of the city.

Land use mapping of KMC carried out using NASA-GLCF provided free Landsat TM (GeoTIFF) imageries from 1990-2004. And landuse change in the KMC area has been detected using geospatial techniques and presented in the paper. The industrial growth was limited in the period between 1990-2004 due to political and other problems. The data indicates a negative trend but recently due to government initiatives industries have been set up and therefore the overall change shows an increasing trend (+) 0.34%. The overall change of the residential area (+) 27.89% and waterbodis (+) 1.01% as well shows positive increasing trend. The Multi-temporal Land use map of Kolkata Municipal Corporation prepared for this research work will be definitely helpful in generating tax property map in future as well as for the fruitful decision making in the development of Municipal Corporation.

Keywords

Landuse Change; Satellite Imagery; Geospatial; Kolkata Municipal Corporation

Introduction

Municipal Corporation of Kolkata was incorporated as

a local governing body by the British Government in the year 1690 in order to establish local trade. After independence the state government in order to reform the existing system and make it more efficient passed the KMC act of 1980 which redefined the functions of the municipality department and started working with the responsibility of improving various civic amenities throughout the city.

The rate of urban growth in the modern era is making it increasingly difficult to keep track of populations through traditional survey and census methodologies which are proved inadequate. As censuses are generally carried out every ten years, they are of limited use for monitoring populations. Satellite imagery is a vital source of global, frequently update and reliable information for producing and updating maps. This satellite data can be easily integrated into the Geographical Information System (GIS) platform and this is an ideal tool for change detection studies of urban municipal areas. The application of Remote sensing (RS) for extracting Land Use information has been exploited since the advent of optical satellite systems. Many change detection techniques have been developed and utilized by several research workers. Due to the importance of monitoring Land Use change, research of change detection techniques is an active field coupled with the availability of historical Remote sensing data, the reduction in data acquisition and processing as well as higher spatial, spectral and temporal resolution, in addition, the application of RS has great impact on growing development of change detection techniques (Rogan and Chen, 2004).

Change detection and monitoring involve the use of several multi-date images to evaluate the differences in Land Use due to various environmental conditions and human actions between the acquisition dates of

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images (Singh, 1989). Successful use of satellite Remote sensing for Land Use change detection depends upon an adequate understanding of landscape features, imaging systems, and methodology employed in relation to the aim of the analysis (Yang and Lo, 2002).

Kolkata is located in eastern India at 22°33′N 88°20′E in the Ganges Delta at an elevation ranging between 1.5 to 9 metres. It is spread linearly along the banks of the River Hooghly in a north-south direction. Much of the city was originally a vast wetland, reclaimed over the decades to accommodate the city's burgeoning population. The Sundarbans National Park separates the city from the Bay of Bengal, which is located about 154 km to the south. FIG. 1 shows the location map of Kolkata Municipal Corporation.

FIG. 1 LOCATION MAP OF KOLKATA MUNICIPAL

CORPORATION

The utility of the satellite imagery is enhanced when combined with other ancillary data. Multi-temporal satellite imagery is also best suited for urban municipal landuse change detection studies at interval of 5-10 years or even decade to decade. It becomes necessary to keep focus on changes what actually happened over decade and satellite derived changes data is the vital input for planners to monitor city land use changes.

Identification of different land use pattern and its analysis with regard to the major functional areas of city land use and how they change over the years, is the basis of urban growth and land use change monitoring.

The satellite remote sensing data has its high end capability to provide reliable and accurate data which

offers excellent possibilities to prepare map, monitor and measure the various facets of urban planning and development.

Objectives

The objectives of this study include: • To know the growth scenario of Kolkata Urban

Municipal Area (before 1793- 2008) • To know the Land uses status of Kolkata

Municipal Corporation (from 1990-2008) • To know the Spatio-temporal Land use Change

of KMC (from 1990-2008)

Database and Methodology

Geospatial product combines data sets acquired from one or several data sources and can be offered in various forms. In order to study the urban municipal growth and land use change monitoring using high resolution satellite imageries and secondary data, Google earth 4.5v high resolution satellite imagery based on 850 m eye altitude and LandsatTM data (GeotTIFFformat) from NASA-GLCF web archive for the year 1990, 2000 and 2004 were completely acquisition on a individual layer wise and later all the layer/band for that concerned year was mosaicked in a single platform by applying Layer stacking method and Subsetting was performed based on AOI (KMC Boundary) using ERDAS Imagine 10v software.

For recent image (year 2008) Google earth high resolution imagery (total 150 plus image) was acquired and for each individual image 4 Ground Control Points (GCPs) were marked in different corner’s of the imagery. Finally georeferencing was performed for all of these imageries using ArcGIS 9.2. All satellite imageries (Landsat TM sensor) have spatial resolution of 30 m. Details data characteristics of the Landsat TM and Google earth satellite imageries are given in TABLE 1.

TABLE 1 DATA CHARACTERISTICS OF SATELLITE IMAGERIES

Satellite Sensors

Bands (R,G,B)

Date of Acquisition

Spatial Resolution

LandsatTM (4,5,3) Nov. 14, 1990 30m LandsatTM (4,5,3) Nov. 17, 2000 30m LandsatTM (4,5,3) Nov. 04, 2004 30m

Google Earth (1,2,3) Mar. 20, 2008 800m (Eye Altitude) Source: NASA-GLCF (LandsatTM) archive and Google Earth

The main goal of this research is to reveal urban municipal growth study through secondary published and unpublished data sources and land use change monitoring using multi-temporal high resolution

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satellite data (Landsat TM) from 1990-2004, and Google earth imageries of the year 2008. Google earth 4.5v 150 plus images were georeferenced with GCPs (Ground control points) using ArcGIS 9.2 software and later image mosaicking was perfomed using ERDAS imagine 9.2 software. The 2008 map is generated from google earth imageries and digitization was done considering 2001 base map (Land Use) published by NATMO in 2006. Different categories of land use was generated using ArcGIS 9.2v software.

Next the focus on all the layer/band for the concerned year which was mosaicked in a single platform by applying Layer stacking method and Subsetting was performed based on AOI (KMC Boundary) using ERDAS Imagine 10v software and later required projection parameter was assigned before image processing.

FIG. 2 FLOW CHART DEPICTING METHODS AND

PROCEDURES USED IN THIS STUDY

The visual interpretation of the Landsat TM data of KMC led to the identification and delineation of land use categories by taking training set and using supervised image classification by applying Maximum Likelihood decision rules for the year 1990, 2000 and 2004 imageries respectively. For image classification, eight (8) categories were defined which are commercial area, industrial area, mixed-residential area, others, park/open area, public and semi-public, residential area and waterbodies. Calulations of Land use data and Land use (Thematic) map of three different years from 1990-2004 were generated using ERDAS imagine

10 (Remote sensing image processing software) and finally, all Land use map (1990-2008) generated statistics were compared with each other and used for change detection analysis.

An overview of the interlinked methods used in this study is presented and divided into some processes which are shown in the following flow diagram FIG. 2.

Idea on Kolkata Municipal Corporation

The Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) formerly renowned as Calcutta Municipal Corporation, established in 1876, is responsible for the civic maintenance and infrastructure of Kolkata. The KMC serves an area of 187.33 sq. km. The city is divided into 141 administrative wards that are grouped into 15 boroughs.

The geographical extent of the KMC area falls between north latitudes of 22028/00// and 22037/30// and east longitudes 88017/30// and 88025/00//. The east-to-west dimension of the proper city is narrow, stretching from the Hooghly River in the west to roughly the Eastern Metropolitan Bypass in the east, a span of roughly 5–6 km. The north-south expansion is roughly divided into North, Central and South Kolkata. North Kolkata locality is the oldest part of the city, with 19th century architecture and narrow alleyways. South Kolkata grew mostly after independence and consists of elite localities. The Salt Lake City (Bidhan Nagar) area to the northeast of the city is a planned section of Kolkata. Rajarhat, also called New Town, is the newest township developed on the north-eastern fringes of Kolkata city.

Central Kolkata houses the central business district around the B. B. D. Bagh area. The government secretariat, General Post Office, High Court, Lalbazar Police HQs and several other government and private offices are located here. The Maidan is a large open field in the heart of the city where several sporting events and public meetings are held. Several companies have set up their offices around the area south of Park Street which has become a secondary Central Business District.

Results and Discussion

Urban Growth Scenario of KMC

Kolkata’s growth has been very rapid. Only in last 300 years, it became one of the biggest cities of the world. Probably, no other city has a record of such a rapid growth. Still it is considered as a ‘Dying City’ or the

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‘most punished city’. Its journey from a place of commerce to the seat of administration and then to centre of social, cultural and educational activities will be matter of interest to the people who are concerened with Kolkata. Indian scholar (Munsi, 1989) has pointed out that Kolkata, one of the finest example of India’s colonial port city shows remarkable variation in urban growth across the city core (old city) and the periphery (new city). Kolkata was slowly acquiring the characteristics of a regional town and a place for attracting more development, hence clearing of forest around the city become necessary.

1) Intermediate Growth(1793-1856)

The development up to 1793 A.D. definitely laid the foundation of the firm British rule in India. The period witnessed the growth of Kolkata as an administrative centre. The first half of the 19th century had relatively been well mapped. The map of the suburbs of Kolkata between Barabazar, Salt Water Lake and Garden reach was prepared in 1817. There is no information of the proper town in this map. The pattern of development of the suburban areas indicates the socio-economic characteristics of that time. Few important roads like Camac Street, Theatre road, Strand road, etc. came to stay. Besides these roads, some squares were developed i.e. Wellington Square, College Square, etc. The town was full of tanks. Some Bustees were also found in the town. The townscape developed during this period has a lot of similarity with London. The grid iron pattern of roads, squares, the strand along the river, open space like Esplanade have certain ressemlance with the capital of British Empire. The Dhakuria Lake in south Kolkata did not exist then.

2) Recent Growth (After 1856)

Under the direct administration of the crown, laws or act were passed which left their impression on Kolkata. Important univeristy and colleges were established in between 1859-1862. Few important market, i.e. New market was inaugurated in 1874. By the end of the century, electricity was generated in Kolkata for the first time. Kolkata become a place to initiate improvements in several fields such as-electric trams (1902), imtroduction of aeroplane (1910), Victoria Memorial(1929), Bengali Film (1931) and Howra Bridge (1941).

The maps of Kolkata available for this period are very rare. Though, it is presumed that a lot of maps were prepared which were never used for any

study. Nevertheless, two maps related to this city included the atlas vol (xxvi) of the Imperial Gazetter of India published in 1931. The other map of proper Kolkata (including Howrah) showed the extension of the town during the year 1931. Though the map was small but it provided interesting details. The main road was inside the conventional city having grid iron pattern, but the lands continued to be irregular. The city has extension of the built up area in several directions.

The partition of the country and later liberation of Bangladesh led to the mass migration to Kolkata. Unfortunately, the flow continued. The second maps prepared by National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organization (NATMO) in 1982 and 1984 clearly reflected the multifold increase of the population of the city. First map was prepared on urban landuse of Calcutta Metropolitan District at 1: 100,000 scale. The land use features mapped are urban residential, industrial, commercial, open space, orchard, transport, rural residential and arable land. In that period, the EM Bypass was also under construction. The growth of Kolkata has been restricted in the eastern side due to water bodies and marshy lands.

National Atlas of India shows urban land use of Kolkata city in 1982 as well as the land use details at 1: 25,000 scale. The land use categories mapped are industrial, administrative, educational and cultural, transport and storage, hospital, burial and cremation grounds and water bodies.

3) The Limits of Kolkata

It is probably correct to say that the boundaries of Kolkata remained officially undefined tills 6th Feb. 1779. The city limits fixed by Justice Hude in 1779 remained unaltered till 1847. Act of exclusion from and inclusion into Kolkata cities limits varied in the 20th century as well. The tract known as garden Reach was brought into Kolkata in 1931. In 1989 the sub urban area of Kolkata was split into five units to form the North suburban municipality of Kashipur and Chitpur, the East suburban municipality of Maniktala, the suburban municipality of Garden Reach, the South suburban municipality of the Tollygonge and a residual part, which was merged with the city of Kolkata. The demand for changing the form of municipal government of Kolkata has come from the Principal Government as well as from the citizens since 1726. The years in which changes were made in the form of the municipal

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government in Kolkata are 1726, 1753, 1793, 1803, 1833, 1840, 1847, 1848, 1850, 1852, 1854, 1856, 1863, 1865-1867, 1870-1872, 1874, 1876, 1881, 1888, 1889, 1923, 1926, 1930-1932, 1934-1935, 1939, 1951 and 1981-Thirty five times in 256 years are shown in FIG. 3 indicating the growth scenario of Kolkata Municipal Corporation Area (from 1793 to Present).

FIG. 3 GROWTH SCENARIO OF KOLKATA MUNICIPALITY

(BEFORE 1793 TO PRESENT)

4) Trends of Kolkata

FIG. 4 141 WARDS OF KOLKATA MUNICIPAL CORPORATION

The growth of Kolkata, one of the biggest cities of the world with functional category of service-cum-industry, One of the major contributing factors to the growth of the city is its ever increasing population. From 1901 the census data has been availale for Kolkata metropolitan area, i.e. area under Kolkata Corporation and of Kolkata urban agglomeration. The Kolkata Municipal Corporation was formed in 1961. The growth of polulation in Kolkata metropolitan area and its suburbs provides an interesting trend. In Kolkata metropolitan area, the number of wards has increased from 101 to 141 during the period from 1971-81 as shown in FIG. 4.

Each of these wards has a different trend growth but ultimately becomes part of Kolkata metropolitan area or of the urban agglomeration i.e. Greater Kolkata; Cossipore-Chitpur and Maniktala in 1931 and Tollygunge in 1961 were merged with Kolkata Corporation. (S.P.B., 1990 and NATMO, 1990).

Landuse Change Monitoring Using Satellite Imageries and Secondary Data

The historical satellite imageries are free and downloaded from NASA-GLCF Landsat archive where required path and row (P 138 R 44) have been given to capture the archive Landsat TM data. From the archive 1990, 2000 and 2004 year, images were considered for land use change monitoring. Besides these Landsat TM data, Google earth high resolution satellite imagery of 2008 is also considered for this change detection. Based on KMC Boundary AOI was used to capture the image according to 800 meter Eye altitude. Over 140 tiles images were saved in JPEG format along with 600 GCPs, where each image was set by 4 GCPs in 4 different corner points which were later georeferenced. Finally particular projection parameter was assigned and ERDAS Imagine 10v software was used for single mosaicked image preparation.

For preparation of land use map of KMC, researcher used previously prepared land use map by NATMO, India, in the year 2001, reprinted in 2006, as the base level reference map. These reference maps ultimately help to categorize different land use types for the preparation of present land use map of KMC using Google earth satellite imageries. By the creation of land use layer and digitization to extract features ArcGIS 9.2 software was used for identification of each category land use and later land use map of 2008 was prepared.

Land Use Status of Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC)

It is high time to study the land use status of Kolkata Municipal Corporation. As the world is changing very rapidly, it is also our duty to observe or monitor the land use changes occurring in the particular Municipal area or in a city over the decades. Due to ever increasing trends of population over the decades, land uses of the Municipal Corporation have been changed gradually. Preparation of land use map for the Kolkata Municipal Corporation to know the present land use status is really vital at present context and also to monitor the changes occurring from previous period

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to present time, which has been mapped in the digital format rather than its conventional methods (aerial photographs, surveys, etc.).

1) Land Use in KMC Based on Secondary Data

Land Use in KMC (1963)

It is difficult to answer in a straight way why Kolkata is not functioning properly as a metropolitan city. One of the reasons seems to be the fact that the appointment of city land under different uses is rather unbalanced. In terms of the secondary recorded data about how land space in the city is utilised, it is found from per survey carried out by Calcutta Metropolitan Planning Organization (C.M.P.O) that a major share of land (42.7%) is used as residential areas (C.M.P.O, 1963).

The main reason why such a large chunk goes for living space only, is that Kolkata is still a low-rise city. In many areas some land could be saved for other purposes if more living space has been made available in more valuable residential areas by building upward. Some 11.8% of land space in the city was used for carrying on transportation. Kolkata streets are getting so clogged up everyday with heavy traffic that is imperative to have more land for this purpose to keep on the circulation system functioning properly. At that time, valuable urban land (7.5%) has been used up by industry.

Kolkata being basically a service-oriented city, has as much as 7.12% of land devoted to public and semi-public uses needed for administrative, educational buildings, hospitals and public utilities. Kolkata has constructed open recreational areas to the extent of 4.43% of the city land, which was inadequate. The city was regarded as the commercial metropolis of eastern India, but only 3.77% of land was developed to carry out the volume of commerce. As a result, much of commercial activities in Kolkata had to be performed on residential houses to the detriment of good urban living (Mitra, 1979).

Contrary to the usual impression of Kolkata, a lot of land in the city was still derelict, vacant, or put to agricultural uses. Such undeveloped areas cover as much as 16.9% of the city, spread over some 1600 hectares of valuable metropolitan land. Most of these derelict lands are located in the eastern and southern fringes of Kolkata and still await more careful identification, demarcation and mapping.

Land Use in KMC (1981)

Lately, the Calcutta Metropolitan Development

Authority (1980) and the National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organization (1982) brought out landuse maps of Kolkata which threw light on the manner in which the urban space in this city was organized (Dasgupta, 1990 and NATMO, 1990) (FIG. 5).

FIG. 5 KOLKATA LANDUSE-1981

As for the structure of Calcutta’s built up areas in terms of occupied residential houses as recorded in 1971 census, it is found that ward wise distribution varies significantly from as few as 688 houses per sq km in Paikpara (ward-4) near the northern end of the city to more than 39,140 houses per sq km in the densely populated Burrabazar-Jorasanko area (ward-23), which was the central business district of Calcutta. Obviously, the old native part of Calcutta crystallized and grew up around this commercial nucleus over the last 300 years. This tract, which may be called north Calcutta, was bounded by B.B. Ganguly Street of Bowbazar, starts highly mixed locality of central Calcutta with concentrations of Anglo-Indians, Muslims and native Christian communities. In other parts of central Calcutta, north of Park Street, the density was fairly high. Especially in the residential block bounded by Lenin Sarani, Ripon Street and Free School Street inhabited by muslims and anglo-indians, the density actually comes to 19,700 houses per sq km. Further down the South Calcutta, the block bounded by lower circular road, Hazra Road, and Gariahat Road, Ashutosh Mukherjee Road, inhabited by richer sections of Bengali and Non-Bengali communities the density falls (3600 to 6900 per sq km). In the south of Rashbehari Avenue, mainly developed in the twenties of this century, there are still a lot open grounds (Nag, 1987). On the west of Tolly’s Nala the old semi-urban

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character is still visible with a density of hardly 2200 houses per sq km. Again further west of Diamond Harbour road was kidderpore, mainly inhabited by dockworkers, having a higher density of 10,000 houses per sq km. Likewise, on the eastern periphery of Calcutta, in the belt beyond the Circular Canal to the eastern most limit of the municipal area was a vast low laying tract, more of an industrial area, and comparatively a low density of houses 2000 to 6000 per sq km (Munsi, 1988). Similarly, the southern extremity of Calcutta; known as Tollygunge, is also low-lying and has a lot of open spaces with a density of 3300 houses per sq km (Kundu, and Nag, 1989). Consequently, the southern semi-urban fringes of Calcutta and Tollygunge still offer possibilities of further infilling in the future by residential and other structures (Munsi,1990).

2) Land Use in KMC Based on Multi-Temporal Landsat TM Data (from 1990-2004)

Land use mapping of KMC was carried out using NASA-GLCF providing free Landsat TM (GeoTIFF) imageries from 1990-2004. The single individual Band/layer for each year was completely combined through Remote Sensing (ERDAS Imagine 10v) software by applying Layer Stacking method then the required projection was assigned before image processing. The visual interpretation of the Landsat TM data led to the identification and delineation of land use categories through supervised image classification by applying Maximum likelihood decision rules for the entire KMC Area in the year 1990, 2000 and 2004 imageries respectively as shown in FIG. 6 (A, B, & C).

Through visual interpretation the following categories of land use were identified at the preliminary stage compared with NATMO pulished map (2001, printed in 2006) and also followed the same categories of 2008 land use map, which was prepared based on high resolution Google earth imageries. As in the multi-fold increase of availability of free Landsat TM data worldwide authors are highly interested to focus on this historical data to monitor decadal land use change of KMC. After supervised image classification, area was extracted in hectare unit and those area statistics are shown in TABLE 2 and FIG. 8 and category wise land use explanation is given in the following manner.

FIG. A

FIG. B

FIG. C

FIG. 6 (A,B &C) LANDUSE OF KOLKATA MUNICIPAL CORPORATION (FROM 1990-2004)

Commercial Area

From the Multi-temporal Landsat TM data of Kolkata Municipal Corporation, commercial area was found 1180.53 hectare (6.10%) in the year 2004, whereas it was 13.86% in 2000 and 2.78% in 1990 (TABLE 2). This increasing to decreasing trends indicated that municipal area did not properly function in the their allocated space as a commercial area.

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Industrial Area

TABLE-1 statistics on Industrial Area shows that the city has suffered a lot due to shutdown of important industry in different time periods resulting from multifarious problems (most importantly social and political unrest to purchase land for industrial development) created by government and other organizations. In the year of 2004, it was found only 2.90%, whereas it was more in the year 2000 (3.24%) and in 1990, 6.43% of city’s land was set by industry.

Mixed Residential Area

According to NATMO, in Kolkata Municipal Corporation areas mixed type residential area was also found. In the year 1990 mixed residential area was 35.43% whereas in 2000 and 2004 it was 2.69% and 24.16% respectively (TABLE 2).

Others

Due to multifold increase of population, city suffered a lot due to intense pressure in the different sectors. Others categories shared 25.40% in the year 2004, whearas it was 20.21% and 9.76% in 2000 and 1990 respectively.

Park/Open Area

The city currently is lack of park and open space. In the year 1990, 15.23% of land was used as park/open space for the recreation of citizen’s of KMC.

Public and Semi-Public

The city corporation land allocated for the public and semi-pulic benefit was ideally not sufficient for their use. It was 3.02% in 1990, 13.11% and 8.19% in the year 2000 and 2004 respectively.

Residential Area

The multi-temporal Landsat TM data gave us clear picturesque about residential area which was 23.40% in 1990, 39.13% in 2000 and 25.80% in the year 2004. The total land of residential area was in increasing trend in between year 1990-2000 whereas it was in decresing trend in the year 2004 due to conversion of residential area into mixed resident.

Waterbody

The most worst condition which is currently faced by city corporation is shortage of waterbodies. In the year 1990 only 3.95% of land was identified as waterbody whereas it was 3.58% in 2000. TABLE-1 statistics shows waterbodies in decreasing trend. The KMC has taken few initiatives during that time

to increase the number of waterbodies. After slight improvement and exacavation of dying waterbodies, in 2004 the waterbody was found as 5.50% indicating an increase from its earlier times as shown in FIG. 8.

3) Land Use in KMC Based on Google Earth Satellite Data (2008)

To know the present land use status of Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC), a digital map has been prepared on the basis of Google earth high resolution satellite data. The land use categories were identified on the basis of prepared and published map done by NATMO’s in 2001 and reprinted in 2006 respectively, used as the base reference map. Present land uses in the Municipal Corporation areas will give clear idea for the city planners who can directly involve in the decision making process in the future for KMC’s development.

Total area calculated from the extracted features in KMC is 19411.08 hectares or 194.11 sq. km, where each land use category has been identified and percentage share has been also calculated for the whole municipal area. The previous area was found from different published records of NATMO and KMC and the total area is 187.33 sq. km. or 18733.00 hectare. The NASA-GLCF providing Landsat TM data in 1990, 2000 and 2004 shows three different records of KMC area which are 19337.24, 19264.22 and 19343.88 hectares respectively and these extracted data are little bit lower than 2008 data, and fails to match with the published data. The present data shows an increasing trend of KMC area.

FIG. 7 LANDUSE OF KMC-2008

From the extracted records, it is found that water bodies are significantly reduced from its previous status. Only 4.96% of land consists of the water

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bodies. Whereas the residential areas share the highest percentage (59.29%) of land shown with pink color in the map (FIG. 7). Due to increase in urban population, the major land has been used in residential purpose.

FIG. 8 LANDUSE STATUS OF OF KMC (FROM 1990-2008)

Land Use Change Detection of Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) (from 1990-2008)

Out of all three (3) LandsatTM Imageries (1990-2008) and Google earth imageries (2008), the land use data wise are presented in the TABLE 3. The percentage of land use changes from 2004-2008 (B-A), 2000-2004(C-B), 1990-2000 (D-C) and the overall changes in between 1990-2008 (D-A) have been calculated. From the identified category, it is clearly noticed that commercial area decreased to 4.56% in year 2008 compared to 2004. It was 7.76% decrement in 2004 against 2000. Whereas it positively increased (11.08%) in the the year 2000 compared to the year 1990. But the overall trends of commercial area indicate a decreasing trend scenario (-) 1.24% in between 1990-2008 (TABLE 3). In the industrial category, it is clearly noticed that this KMC area previously faced shortage of land for the industrial growth. The industrial growth was limited in the period between 1990-2004 due to political and other problems. The data indicate a negative trend but due to recent initiatives by government to set up more industry in the city and its adjoining areas, overall change data show an increasing trend (+) 0.34%. In the mixed residential area and other categories, the overall change was decreasing which is (-) 24.91% and (-) 2.96% respectively in between year 1990-2008. With respect to over park/open area, a decreasing trend (-) 5.59% is indicated. The public and semi-public land also show an decreasing trend (-) 2.51%. Besides these categories,

the overall change of the remaining two categories i.e. residential area and waterbodis change data show positive increasing trend scenarios which is (+) 27.89% and (+) 1.01% respectively as shown in TABLE 3. A complete picture of the Land Use change of the study area (Kolkata Municipal Corporation) is given in TABLE 3. The plus (+) value indicates Positive Change in area while Minus (-) value indicates Negative Land use change of the study area.

Recommendations

It is always required to develop and monitor the changes of Municipal area through mapping techniques. For that, some recommendations are necessary which will ultimately help for future progress, and as a whole for the development of Kolkata Municipal Corporation Area. The following list of recommendations should be given attention to ensure further success of the GIS and Remote Sensing System:

• The techniques used in this research will certainly help to build web interactive map;

• With web mapping, freely available mapping technologies and geo-data, allow and help skilled person to produce web maps;

• Need to develop awareness and expertise at the monitoring level regarding the digital mapping (Remote Sensing Image Processing and GIS Mapping) application;

• To disseminate mapping knowledge and related software operation techniques for preparation of digital map;

• Need to disseminate idea to those people who are really interested to take the upcoming challenge in the mapping arena.

• The Web is fundamentally different from the desktop environment and to make Web based mapping systems accessible and usable, developers must take into account the unique characteristics of this environment,

• Need to render GIS Vector maps onto the Internet, using SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) technology to define and render vector-based 2D graphics and graphical applications on the Web which is an open, HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) compatible standard format that allows fully interactive mapping applications.

• Finally, there is a need to develop Online GIS developers for creation of interactive digital mapping.

0102030405060

Land use Status of KMC (from 1990-2008)

2008 2004 2000 1990

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TABLE 2 YEAR WISE LAND USE OF KOLKATA MUNICIPALCORPORATION

Year wise Landuse of Kolkata Municipal Corporation (Category wise Area shows in Hectares and its share of percentage)

SL.No Land use Category Area

(Hecatres) %

Area (Hecatres)

% Area

(Hecatres) %

Area (Hecatres)

%

2008 2004 2000 1990 1 Commercial Area 298.93 1.54 1180.53 6.10 2670.89 13.86 537.38 2.78 2 Industrial Area 1314.83 6.77 558.90 2.90 624.30 3.24 1244.04 6.43 3 Mixed Residential Area 2035.98 10.49 4672.80 24.16 518.50 2.69 6851.41 35.43 4 Others 1319.95 6.80 4914.18 25.40 3892.49 20.21 1887.18 9.76 5 Park/Open Area 1871.53 9.64 377.01 1.95 805.37 4.18 2945.22 15.23 6 Public and Semi Public 98.36 0.51 1583.73 8.19 2525.60 13.11 583.20 3.02 7 Residential Area 11509.46 51.29 4991.76 25.80 7537.86 39.13 4524.07 23.40 8 Water body 962.03 4.96 1064.97 5.50 689.22 3.58 764.73 3.95 TOTAL 19411.08 100 19343.88 100 19264.22 100 19337.24 100 Note: Area computed by Author Source: Landsat TM Imagery and ERDAS Imagine-10v

TABLE 3 TEMPORAL LAND USE CHANGE DETECTION OF KMC

Temporal Landuse Change Detection of Kolkata Municipal Corporation (Showing Category wise share of Percentage Change)

SL.No Land use Category

% of Landuse

(A)

% of Landuse

(B)

% of Landuse Change (B-A)

% of Landuse

(C)

% of Landuse Change (C-B)

% of Landuse

(D)

% of Landuse Change (D-C)

% of Overall Landuse

Change (D-A) 2008 2004 2004-2008 2000 2000-2004 1990 1990-2000 (1990-2008) 1 Commercial Area 1.54 6.10 (-) 4.56 13.86 (-) 7.76 2.78 (+) 11.08 (-) 1.24 2 Industrial Area 6.77 2.90 (+) 3.87 3.24 (-) 0.34 6.43 (-) 3.19 (+) 0.34

3 Mixed Residential

Area 10.49 24.16 (-) 13.67 2.69 (+) 21.47 35.43 (-) 32.74 (-) 24.94

4 Others 6.80 25.40 (-) 18.60 20.21 (+) 5.19 9.76 (+) 10.45 (-) 2.96 5 Park/Open Area 9.64 1.95 (+) 7.69 4.18 (-) 2.23 15.23 (-) 11.05 (-) 5.59

6 Public and Semi

Public 0.51

8.19 (-) 7.68 13.11 (-) 4.92 3.02 (+) 10.09 (-) 2.51

7 Residential Area 51.29 25.80 (+) 25.49 39.13 (-) 13.33 23.40 (+) 15.73 (+) 27.89 8 Water body 4.96 5.50 (-) 0.54 3.58 (+) 1.92 3.95 (-) 0.37 (+) 1.01 TOTAL 100 100 100 100

Where plus (+) sign indicate Positive Change and Minus (-) sign denotes Negative Land use change Note: Area computed by Author Source: Landsat TM Imagery and ERDAS Imagine-10v

Conclusions

Geo-spatial technologies play a key role in generating timely and reliable information for planning and decision making at all the levels from macro to micro. Even though it is widely recognized that Remote Sensing and GIS is a modern technological tool to analyze both spatial and non-spatial data including temporal aspects in a cost-effective and efficacious manner.

The KMC is responsible for administering and providing basic infrastructures to the city including Water purification and supply, Sewage treatment and disposal, Garbage disposal and street cleanliness, Solid waste management, Building and maintenance of roads, streets and flyovers, Street lighting, Maintenance of parks and open spaces, Cemeteries and Crematoriums, Registering of births and deaths, Conservation of

heritage sites, Disease control, including immunization Public municipal schools etc. Here the authors express some concluding remarks of this research work including:

• A GIS based spatial data infrastructure has been developed for the whole Kolkata Municipal Corporation Area (141 wards) in the present work for planners and decision-maker for making more informed decisions about future development projects;

• The spatial data infrastructure can be updated to accommodate additional information about the Municipal area in the form of new thematic layers in future so as to make it more comprehensive;

• This type of integrated approach using LandsatTM data and Google Earth satellite

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images for Kolkata Municipal Corporation is really a new idea in the mapping arena. Government, private and several other organizations definitely will be benefited from it;

• This new concept will definitely help to make decision in the planning purpose. It is indicated that all the 100% final decision will not be taken on the basis of this study, it will be helpful for 85-90%. For that, there is a need to collect more detailed information regarding decision making and developmental purposes;

• The Multi-temporal Land use map of Kolkata Municipal Corporation prepared for this research work will definitely help to generate land use map in future and finally it will help for the fruitful decision making in the development of Municipal Corporation.

• The digital mapping application in KMC will further be displayed in the internet arena as an interactive map, because interactive mapping gives more customized facility to the users. Stand alone map only displayed in a single workstation, is not distributed and dynamically performed. On the contrary, due to ever increasing trends of internet users in the world wide, interactive map will gives the full facilities to produce customized map according ot each user’s requirements. As well it can be used by several users at a time, in different corners of the world where internet is available.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors highly acknowledge Dr. P. Nag, Director of NATMO, Kolkata, India for his kind help, valuable advice and giving library facilities for one year during research work for secondary data collection.

In addition, great appreciation should be paid of to NASA-GLCF and Google earth corporation for the freely available downloadable world wide Landsat Data.

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Author’s Biographies

Biswajit Nath was born in Bangladesh on 28 August, 1980 and received Master degree in Geoinformatics from Sikkim Manipal University of Health, Medical and Technological Sciences, Gangtok, India, in 2009, P.G. Diploma in Applied GIS and Remote Sensing from CAD

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Centre, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India in 2007 and Bachelor degree (4 years-Hons.) from University of Chittagong, Bangladesh in Geography and Environmental Studies in the year 2006. Recently he is promoted to Assistant Professor from Lecturer under the Dept. of Geography and Environmental Studies. He joined there in the April 2011.His research areas are mainly based in the field of Geoinformatics (GIS, Remote Sensing Applications and Digital Photogrammetry). He has participated,

presented research paper in the national and international level and published research papers in the reputed international journal. Mr. Nath, Assistant Professor may be reached at nath.gis79@gmail.com.

Miss Shukla Acharjee got her Ph.D. in the year 2010 and she has published a few research papers in refered journals.