Urban mobility What Can We Learn from China

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Urban Mobility Urban Mobility What can we learn from China What can we learn from China January 21 January 21 st st 2014 2014

Transcript of Urban mobility What Can We Learn from China

Page 1: Urban mobility What Can We Learn from China

Urban MobilityUrban Mobility

What can we learn from ChinaWhat can we learn from China

January 21January 21stst 20142014

Page 2: Urban mobility What Can We Learn from China

Current challenges in China’s urban cities are similar to the concerns in

Europe

Poor air quality �

Smog

Increasing private car ownership and ridershipNoise

Fast growing urban

population

Decline in walking

and bicycle using

Cities combining

with suburbs to

form region

Insufficient public

transportation linking

cities and suburbs

Increasing

disposable

income

Rapid industrial

development

Better payment

terms to boost

car purchase

Increasing usage of

motorcycles

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Parking

- Beijing: 5.3 mn

vehicles vs. 2.7 mn

parking slots

-Shanghai: 2.6 million

vehicles vs. 780, 000

parking slots

Traffic congestion

80% of the roads and

90 % of the junction

have almost reached

capacity limit in Urban

Chinese cities with >1

million inhabitants

Road Safety

Road fatalities at

62,387 in 2011

- 28% are motorcycle

users

Pollution

According to the World

Bank, 16 of the world’s

20 cities with the worst

air are located in China

Increasing private car ownership and ridershipNoise car purchase

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Impact Trend

Fast growing urban population

Increased private car ownership and ridership

Rapid industrial development

Pollution � Centre of concern in everyday life of China’s growing urban population � Only 1% of China’s 560 urban cities reach WHO’s safety norms for air quality

Drivers

Beijing, January 2013, central district seen from above

in heavy smog

low high

3

• Vehicle emissions contribute 60% of air pollution in large cities

� 60% of particulate from heavy diesel-powered

� 22% of particulate from passenger vehicles

• PM 2.5 reaches 4 times norm limits in major urban cities:

� 2010, more than 7,770 premature deaths were directly linked to PM 2.5 pollution in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Xi’an

� 3 times as high as traffic casualties

in heavy smog

Source: Greenpeace and Beijing University, 2010Source: NASA

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Traffic CongestionThe imbalance between rapid growing private car ownership and the slower pace of road construction has caused severe traffic congestion in China’s urban cities

Impact Trend

Fast growing urban population

Increased private car ownership and ridership

Imbalance between the fast growing traffic and the pace of road construction

Insufficient public transportation both inside cities

Drivers

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• Private car ownership increased from 12 mn in 2003 to 93 mn in 2012

• Shanghai in the past decade:

� growth in private car ownership = 364 %

� increase in road capacity = 110%

• Guangzhou in the past 5 years: road capacity increased 2% while the number of motor vehicles has more than doubled

• Beijing: 21-23 km/h during rush hours

A 62-mile-long traffic jam on a highway

leading to Beijing on its ninth day, 2010

Insufficient public transportation both inside cities and linking cities and suburbs

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Road SafetyCombining insufficient traffic management with inexperienced drivers and lax driving habits, China has become one of the biggest contributors to world’s traffic fatalities

Impact Trend

Inefficient regulation/management on vehicles and circulation: scooters, motorcycles and cars

Inexperienced drivers due to loose execution on getting driving licenses

Lax driving habits

Inefficient public transportation

Drivers

Scooters & bicycles circulate between

passenger cars , going into different directions:

very likely to cause traffic jam and road accident

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• With only 3% of the world’s vehicles, China accounts for 24% of the world’s traffic fatalities

• Road fatalities at 62,387 in 2011: 28% are motorcycle users

• In 2011, the mortality rate from traffic accidents was 8.7 per 100,000 people in urban areas

• Traffic accidents cost the Chinese economy $21 billion a year.

Inefficient public transportation

Poor road conditions

very likely to cause traffic jam and road accident

Source: WTO

September 2012, Shanghai: north-south and

east-west traffic to each other and lack of traffic

police to ease. Source: Dong Fang Daily

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ParkingPrivate car ridership rise, along with the lack of regulations (on parking resources, prices, proper development) and lack of management have led to a nation wide parking shortage

Impact Trend

Insufficient laws on forcing property owners to provide adequate parking for cars, scooters, bicycles and delivery vehicles

Insufficient management on parking lots

Increased private car ownership and ridership

Drivers

An open-air car park in Tianjin City

with 90 parking slots, 2010

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• Severe parking shortage in large urban cities:

� Beijing:2.7 mn parking spaces (including 780 k in residential

areas) vs. 5.3 mn motor vehicles in the city

�Shanghai: 780 k parking slots vs. 2.6 mn vehicles

� Chongqing: short 190 k parking spaces and the deficit is

growing by 400 spaces / day

�Xi’an: a deficit of 400 k parking spaces

• Parking fees likely account for more than 1/3 of the annual costs of

owning a car for owners who must pay for parking.

with 90 parking slots, 2010

Crowded road side parking with car parking

inside a playground, Taiyuan city, 2010

Source: People’s Daily, Xinhua News

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7 major initiatives have been carried out by the Chinese government to on

one hand reduce car foot print and on the other hand promote public and green transportation

Reduce car

footprint

Quota on new car plate

license1

Restriction on circulation2

Transport

Increased parking fees3

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Innovation

Improved public

transportation4

Dedicated lanes for bus &

bikes5

Government push for car

electrification6

Small vehicles7

Transport

Management

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1 – Quota on new car plate license4 cities in China have now implemented quota on new car plate licensing, some through a plate lottery, some through auctions even bidding � resulted in the drop of car sales

Initiatives

Beijing

From 2011, new registration limited at 240,000 per year through license plate lottery

Beijing

By the end of 2017, total motor vehicle park at 6 mn (vs. 5.2 mn end of 2012)

Guangzhou

From 2012, new registration limited at 120,000 per year. (50% license plate lottery including 10% green vehicles + 50% plate auction)

Nationwide

8 new cities intent to implement quota on new registration in 2014

Transferability to European cities

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2011 2012 20172013 2014 2015 2016

Results

Pollution Congestion Road Safety Parking

Beijing

Car sales dropped 56% in 2012

Guangzhou

• Car sales dropped 30% in 2012

• 60% mobility using public transportation in 2012

Nationwide

Car sales expected to drop approximately 400,000, which accounts for 2% of national sales

Beijing

↓25% Total amount of pollutants emission from motor vehicle

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Harbin

ShenyangBeijing

TianjinDalian

UrumqiHohhot

Changchun

TaiyuanYinchuanBeijing

2 - Restriction on circulationMost tier 1 & 2 cities limited motorcycle use due to safety & environmental concerns. Some also limited car use � released the traffic and decreased the pollution level for short-term.

Motorcycle authorized

Motorcycle limited (by time period, areas and license)

Motorcycle banned in central areas and/or stopped releasing license

Electric Scooters banned or limited

Car circulation limited

Initiatives

Nationwide

Restriction of motorcycle circulation in most urban cities

Results

Foshan:

Beijing

Car Use Restriction based on odd and even-numbered license plates (during certain periods)

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Wenzhou

GuangdongGuangzhou

ShenzhenZhuhai

ShanghaiNanjing

Suzhou

Jiangsu

Hefei

Hangzhou

Fuzhou

Xiamen

JinanQingdaoShijiazhuang

Zhengzhou

Taiyuan

GuiyangChangsha

Nanchang

Wuhan

Haikou

Chengdu

Nanning

Chongqing

Lanzhou

Xi’an

Kunming

Xining

Beijing

During restriction period in 2009:

• Traffic volume ↓19.5%

• Average speed on road network ↑15%

• PM10 emission ↓7%

Pollution Congestion Road Safety Parking

Foshan: Weigh of motorcycle in urban mobility dropped from 38.6% to 19.7%

Guangzhou: • ↓20% accidents related to motorcycles,

• ↓8% related death

Kunming: ↓35% death related to motorcycles

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Beijing

Started in April 2011 charge higher parking fees in non-residential areas from 7am-9pm:

3 – Increased parking feesBeijing has tripled its parking price in 13 central districts through out a policy carried out in April 2011. � Reduced parking usage and traffic volume after first month of implementation.

Initiatives Results

Beijing

1st month of implementation:

• Traffic volume ↓12% on average

• ↓25-35 minutes traffic jam in central areasUnderground Parking

5 Before

Parking price in central areas (price/hr in yuan)

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� Parking fee paid per car / day raised to 100-150 yuan

Pollution Congestion Road Safety Parking

• Usage of car parking ↓23%

Roadside Parking

Open-air Ground Parking

Parking 6

5

5

8

15 (from the 2nd hour)

After

Before

After

Before

After

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4 – Improved public transportationThe initiatives to improve public transportation not only include building new infrastructures but also increasing convenience in links between different public transportation modes

City Suburbs

Travel distance

Intercity

•Bus

•Metro

•Tramway•Bicycle

•Bicycle

•Suburb buses

•Suburb trains

•Intercity Trains

•Intercity Buses

Initiatives Results

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Initiatives Results

Beijing

•7 new subway lines between 2009-2012

•153 new bus lines between 2009-2012

• 16 subway lines in 2012 covering 397 km (+50% compared to 2009)

• Metro + Bus accounts for 39.7% of mobility methods in 2012, compared to 29.8% in 2005

Hangzhou

Bicycle stands next to subway entrances & bus stops � to ease commute between residence and the closest public transportation

• Number of bicycle rent has doubled in 4 years

�2009 (3.5 mn / year) vs. 2012 (7 mn / year)

• Bicycle rent helped reduce CO2 emission

�370 k tonne saving from 2009-2012 if compared with private car ride

Pollution Congestion Road Safety Parking

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5 – Dedicated lanes for buses & bikesTraffic management has been improved by prioritising buses with dedicated lanes and by separating motor vehicles from non-motor vehicles.

Bus Lane

Bikes and

Scooters

BRT in Kunming City

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Initiatives ResultsTransferability to European cities

• Installed dedicated lane for buses to � prioritise public transportation �ease traffic management

• 14 urban cities in China now havedeveloped BRT systems

• 5 on the plan

Kunming (first Chinese city to install dedicated bus lane, in 1999)

�Public transit mode share increased from 6% (1999) to 24% (2010).

�Average waiting time for bus ↓59%

�The bus lane increased capacity from 2,000 passengers/h per direction to 7,500

Pollution Congestion Road Safety Parking

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6 – Government push for car electrificationGreen vehicles have been promoted by the government through subsidiaries & tax reductions � However, it hasn’t been effective to push the individual purchase of EVs

Initiatives ResultsTransferability to European cities

Governmental objective in the develop of EVs

�By 2015, the sales of electric & hybrid vehicles reaches 500,000

(5-year-plan 2011-2015)

• By 2012, 80% of bus are electric

• Sales of green vehicles the first half of 2013

�12,791 (with 11,375 electric)

� less than 1% of total vehicle sales

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(5-year-plan 2011-2015) � less than 1% of total vehicle sales

Incentives and tax reductions

�To promote EV sales

�To ease R&D of EV industry and industries supporting this matter (such as battery suppliers)

Incentives on purchase of green vehicle are implemented in urban cities (Shanghai, Changchun, Shenzhen, Hefei, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, etc)

� Up to 60,000 yuan per vehicle for 100% electric passenger cars

Pollution Congestion Road Safety Parking

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7 – Small vehiclesMany automotive constructors see opportunities in small vehicles in China due to severe pollution, congestion and parking shortage

Initiatives

Governmental

3000 yuan state subsidy to owners of 1.6L and below passenger cars that consume 20% less energy than the current standard

Governmental

2-year-long tax reduction program for purchase of 1.6L and below passenger cars � Vehicle purchasing tax at 5% (2009) and 7.5% (2010) instead of 10%

Industrial

• Vehicle constructors see rising opportunities in small vehicles in China due to high level of pollution and congestion, as well as increasing parking shortage

• Toyota, Dongfeng, Ford, Nissan, VW etc intend to increase proportion of small vehicles in their product portfolio in China to reduce emission and promote energy saving

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Results

Pollution Congestion Road Safety Parking

Increased sales of 1.6L and below passenger cars in 2009-2010:

�In 2009, ↑71% sales volume, reaching 7.2 mn units

�=70% of total passenger car sales, reaching its highest market share in history

10% energy saving

2009 2010 20152011 2012 2013 2014

Toyota China released in 2013 a small car strategy:

�A New VIOS and Toyota YARIS was released

GAC Toyota plans to sell 500,000 units in 2015, of which 40% are small & medium cars

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Conclusion

European CountriesSolutions from China

Currently exists

Good idea?

TransferablePollution Congestion Road Safety Parking

Quota on new

vehicle purchase1 xPollution Congestion

Road

SafetyParking

Restriction on

circulation2 xPollution Congestion

Road

SafetyParking

Increased parking

fees3 √√√√Pollution Congestion

Road

SafetyParking

15

fees√√√√Pollution Congestion

SafetyParking

Improve public

transportation4 √√√√Pollution Congestion

Road

SafetyParking

Dedicated lane for

bus & bikes5 √√√√Pollution Congestion

Road

SafetyParking

Government push

for car electrification6 √√√√Pollution Congestion

Road

SafetyParking

Small vehicles7 Pollution CongestionRoad

SafetyParking √√√√