David Kong HugAJEI - Seminar Public Policies

February 2009

Urban growth and environmental decay: Urban growth and environmental decay: SuratSurat

1. Introduction1. Introduction1.1 Theory & Methodology1.1 Theory & Methodology

2. Environmental urban governance2. Environmental urban governance2.1) what governance have influenced on the 2.1) what governance have influenced on the environmental decisions?environmental decisions? 2.2)2.2) how did different actors participate? how did different actors participate?2.3) which links exist between the actors of the 2.3) which links exist between the actors of the economic growth, the citizens and the public economic growth, the citizens and the public policies?policies?

3) Conclusion3) Conclusion

PLANPLAN

In the urban context, natural and In the urban context, natural and environmental risk is not a mere threat to environmental risk is not a mere threat to

the city and its dwellers, rather a the city and its dwellers, rather a fundamentalfundamental component of its structure component of its structure

and its urbanizationand its urbanization (November, 1994) (November, 1994)

ObjectiveObjective: to examine Surat public : to examine Surat public policies regarding man and nature policies regarding man and nature

made environmental risks :made environmental risks :

••Plague 1994Plague 1994

••Floods 1968-94-98-2006Floods 1968-94-98-2006

••Air, water and soil pollutionAir, water and soil pollution

1) Introduction1) Introduction

Urban governance is:Urban governance is:……the means by which political, the means by which political,

administrative and responsive processes administrative and responsive processes are delivered within a city (Bhushan, are delivered within a city (Bhushan, 2001)2001)

……consists of norms, laws and regulations consists of norms, laws and regulations and the institutions in charge of and the institutions in charge of implementing them, determines the implementing them, determines the mechanisms through which the diverse mechanisms through which the diverse actors - interested in or affected by actors - interested in or affected by problems – administer progressive problems – administer progressive improvements and assure the improvements and assure the sustainability of the functionalities (IADB, sustainability of the functionalities (IADB, 2007)2007)

……with two dimensions (Friedmann, 2001) :with two dimensions (Friedmann, 2001) :1.1. Vertical coordination and its implications; Vertical coordination and its implications; 2.2. Horizontal coordination and the role of Horizontal coordination and the role of

the different actorsthe different actors

1.2 Theory & Methodology

« Scalar Paradox »« Scalar Paradox »(Preteceille, 1990)(Preteceille, 1990)

The global economy is The global economy is wielding forces that wielding forces that

shape local governance shape local governance under the mould of under the mould of

public-private public-private partnershipspartnerships, urban , urban

entrepreneurial entrepreneurial strategies and strategies and

mercantile initiatives mercantile initiatives between private between private

commercial actors and commercial actors and public sector public sector

organisations (Savitch, organisations (Savitch, 2007)2007)

2.1) What governance have influenced on 2.1) What governance have influenced on the environmental decisions?the environmental decisions?

A direction of mixed governance with proper A direction of mixed governance with proper administrative means while preserving administrative means while preserving economic interests economic interests ((S. R. Rao, ex Commissioner, S. R. Rao, ex Commissioner, SuratSurat))WithWithAttempts to incorporate into the urban Attempts to incorporate into the urban structure risk prevention (environnemental, structure risk prevention (environnemental, social, industrial) social, industrial) ButButGovernance still led by a political and Governance still led by a political and economic hierarchy with little continuity. economic hierarchy with little continuity.

2.2)2.2) How did the different actors How did the different actors participate?participate?

Environmental public policies have been Environmental public policies have been hijacked by the bureaucratie, the hijacked by the bureaucratie, the commercial elite and the the “experts”, commercial elite and the the “experts”, leaving little public space to the leaving little public space to the activists et intellectuals activists et intellectuals ((SheikhSheikh 2008) 2008).. ThereforeThereforeCitizens’ participation citoyenne is Citizens’ participation citoyenne is confined to an advisory role without confined to an advisory role without much control over the decision makingmuch control over the decision making..

2.3) 2.3) Which links exist between the actors of Which links exist between the actors of the economic growth, the citizens and the the economic growth, the citizens and the

public policiespublic policies??

•A link between middle class citizens’ Eco-A link between middle class citizens’ Eco-City and the public private promoted City and the public private promoted economy can be stated. economy can be stated. HoweverHowever•Economic interests and other informal Economic interests and other informal advantages prevail over ecological advantages prevail over ecological considerations and risk prevention; considerations and risk prevention; •Urban public policies rely more on private Urban public policies rely more on private than the Statethan the State•Information on environmental measures is Information on environmental measures is nebulous;nebulous;•Privatization of environmental services Privatization of environmental services neglected slum dwellers.neglected slum dwellers.

3) CONCLUSION3) CONCLUSION

•Administrators’ environmental strategy is Administrators’ environmental strategy is short termshort term

•Environmental management has become a Environmental management has become a political toolpolitical tool

•Successful political and economic Successful political and economic decentralization decentralization

•Citizens and community participation remains Citizens and community participation remains in principlein principle

•Efficient privatization of environmental Efficient privatization of environmental servicesservices

•Continuous migration and economic growthContinuous migration and economic growth

•In spite of natural and man made risks In spite of natural and man made risks unproperly tackledunproperly tackled

David Kong HugIHEID - Séminaire Gouvernance urbaine

Mai 2008

MERCI!MERCI!