Urban Geology Spring 2011brooklyncollegegeology.com/urban/gowanus_sust.pdf · 1609: Henry Hudson...
Transcript of Urban Geology Spring 2011brooklyncollegegeology.com/urban/gowanus_sust.pdf · 1609: Henry Hudson...
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Urban GeologySpring 2011
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Gowanus Canal
Historical use
New York City
Water pollution
Sewage treatment plants
Eutrophication
Combined sewage outflows (CSO)
Remediation
Sustainability
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Gowanus Canal todayhttp://www.achildgrowsinbrooklyn.com/a_child_grows_in_brooklyn/images/2008/05/29/gowanuscanal.jpg
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Sunset at Gowanus Bay in the Bay New York (1851) by Henry Gritten
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1609: Henry Hudson “discovered” this area Gowanus Creek originally a navigable tidal inlet with marshes
and meadows▪ Abundant fish and wildlife, particularly clams and oysters
1600’s – 1800’s: Mills built and people began to settle the area Population grew, need for larger navigational creek and docking
area Around 1867, creek dredged to create larger canal and
surrounding marshes drained Became hub for Brooklyn’s commercial shipping activity Factories, warehouses, tanneries, coal stores, and
manufactured gas refineries Raw sewage drained into canal
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1900: very polluted and smelled awful Mid 1900’s: economy changing and area
declined 1975: NYC established Gowanus Industrial
Renewal Plan for area Throughout 1900’s, attempts to flush and lessen
pollution, particularly the smell 2009: EPA declared canal superfund site. Sediments laden with heavy metals, PCBs, coal tar,
other
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1929 study revealed that 10 million people dumping over 1 billion gallons of raw sewage daily between 1914 and 1926
Industries: petroleum, chemical plants, kerosene, other
Oil spills Ocean dumping
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Sewerage commission started in 1903 Treatment plants greatly helped to restore life in
river and estuary by 1970s Industrial big problem: PCBs, nuclear power
plant, landfills, other chemicals 1969: National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) set up procedural requirements for all federal
government agencies to prepare Environmental Assessments (EAs) and Environmental Impact Statements (EISs)
Clean water act in 1974 Ocean dumping banned in 1988 and 1991
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1.4 billion gallons of wastewater discharged by eight million residents and workers in New York City each day
over 6,000 miles of sewer pipes; 135,000 sewer catch basins; over 494 permitted outfalls for the discharge of
combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and stormwater;
93 wastewater pumping stations that transport it to 14 wastewater treatment plants located throughout the five boroughs.
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secondary effluent to flow into large ponds where algae grows and uses up the ammonia and nitrates in the water.
slow process requires very large holding ponds. algal growth is harvested and used as a
nitrogen-rich organic fertilizer
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http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/images/legacy_images/controlplants.gif
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Nutrients in sewage and runoff: Nitrogen and phosphorus
Microorganisms decompose the organic matter
Generates high BOD Removes dissolved
oxygen in water BOD measures how fast
microorganisms remove oxygen
p. 256
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Scheme_eutrophication-en.svg/800px-Scheme_eutrophication-en.svg.png
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Anoxia: near or no oxygen available Hypoxia: less than 2 ppm Many organisms need above 5 ppm
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http://www.noaa.gov/features/earthobs_0508/images/deadfish.jpg
http://www.whoi.edu/cms/images/lstokey/2005/1/v43n1-sengco2en_5571.jpg
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Gowanus Canal
Historical use
New York City
Water pollution
Sewage treatment plants
Eutrophication
Combined sewage outflows (CSO)
Remediation
Sustainability
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Source: http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/hydrosphere/hydrologic_cycle.html
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are real property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant. (EPA, http://epa.gov/brownfields/)
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http://www.gowanusbydesign.com/GbD_site/Clean_Up.html
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Combined Sewer System. During dry weather (and small storms), all flows are handled by the publicly owned treatment works (POTW). During large storms, the relief structure allows some of the combined stormwater and sewage to be discharged untreated to an adjacent water body.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_sewer
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Source: PlaNYC 2030, 2007
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Communities may implement low impact development techniques to reduce flows of stormwater into the collection system. This includes: constructing new and renovated streets, parking lots and
sidewalks with permeable paving and pervious concrete installing green roofs on buildings installing bioretention systems, also called rain gardens, in
landscaped areas Rainwater harvesting equipment collects runoff from
building roofs during wet weather for irrigating landscapes and gardens during dry weather
Graywater collection and use on site reduces sewage discharges at all times
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Gowanus Canal
Historical use
New York City
Water pollution
Sewage treatment plants
Eutrophication
Combined sewage outflows (CSO)
Remediation
Sustainability
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The ability to meet humanity’s current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
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Densely populated, with needs
Water supply – quality and quantity
Waste removal
Energy
Food
Building materials
Transportation
Cultural and aesthetic considerations
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Air quality
Ozone and soot
Asthma rates
Water quality
Streams and surrounding waters
Brownfields Urban heat island Rising sea level Intensifying storms
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Clean air and water Cycles and reservoirs Hazard protection Erosion control
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Restore to what? Manhattan to 1609? Which ecosystem services? Create framework – hydrology, soil and rock
and vegetation (Big three)
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http://www.cskills.org/focus/futureskillsoftheindustry.aspx