Urban Forest Urban Forest Hurricane Recovery Hurricane Recovery

ProgramProgramhttp://treesandhurricanes.ifas.ufl.edu

Selecting Tropical and Subtropical

Tree Species for

Wind Resistance

Eliana KampfMary Duryea

• Study• Methodology• Results• Lists of wind resistance• Recommendations for a healthy urban forest

Andrew165 mph1992

Georges

110 mph1998

Katrina125 mph2005Rita

120 mph2005

Ivan130 mph2004

Opal125 mph

1995

Erin85 mph

1995

Dennis120 mph

2005Charley145 mph

2004Puerto Rico

Louisiana

Mississippi

Alabama

Florida

Georgia

Hurricanes Measured in StudyFunding: FL DOT and DOF, USDA Forest Service

Jeanne120 mph

2004

• SE Coastal Plain

• Subtropical & Tropical

• Urban neighborhoods randomly chosen at point of landfall

• All trees along streets were measured• Standing, leaning or fallen• Measured dbh, height for palms• Defoliation, branch damage

Methodology

• Surveyed 240 arborists, urban foresters, forest scientists• Asked them to rank 160 tree species for wind resistance

Wind and Trees Survey

Hurricane Charley (145 mph)

* Invasive, not recommended by IFAS** Prohibited in Florida*** Caution: manage to prevent escape

black

olive

longle

af pi

ne

0102030405060708090

100 Seneg

al

date*ar

eca p

alm

bald cy

press

manila

palm

washington

ia

sabal

palm

royal

palm

laurel

oak

sea g

rape

SFL sl

ash pi

ne

live o

ak

coco

nut p

alm

stran

gler fig

Surv

ival

(%)

Tree species

LSD=30%

citru

s

pigmy date

camphor

* gumbo lim

bo

Austra

lia

n pine

**

melaleu

ca**

Norfol

k I. p

ine

quee

n palm

***

Results

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

live o

ak

camphor

*

Bran

ches

Los

t (M

ean

%)

LSD=32%

laurel

oak

longleaf p

ine

Australi

an pine**

Norfolk

Is. p

inemela

leuca

**

gumbo lim

bo

sea g

rape

S.FL sl

ash pine

black o

live

bald

cypr

ess

citru

s

* Invasive, not recommended by IFAS** Prohibited in Florida

Tree species

Hurricane Charley (145 mph)

stran

gler fig

Results

Surv

ival

(Rec

alcu

late

d) (%

)

0102030405060708090

100

Tree species

pigmy

date

manila

pa

lmsa

bal

palmbald

cypr

ess

washi

ngto

n

ia roy

al pa

lmqu

een

palm

***

cam

pho

r*Norfo

lk Is.

pin

e

laure

l oak

live

oak

blac

k oli

veAu

stra

lian

pine

**

long

leaf

pi

ne

gumbo

lim

bose

a gra

peS.

FL sl

ash

pine

stra

ngle

r

figm

elal

euca

**

LSD=20%

Sene

gal d

ate*

coco

nut p

alm

citru

s

arec

a pa

lm

* Invasive, not recommended by IFAS** Prohibited in Florida*** Caution: manage to prevent escape

ResultsHurricane Charley (145 mph)

Dicots

57% survival in Charley68% survival in Andrew

89% survival in Charley84% survival in Andrew

Black olive

Gumbo Limbo

Oaks in North FL

Sand live oak Live oak Laurel

Surv

ival

(%)

0

Erin (85 mph)

Dennis (120 mph)

Opal (125 mph)

Ivan (130 mph)

20

40

60

80

100

P<0.001

Dicots

survival branch loss re-calculated survival

No statistical difference for Jeanne and Charley:

Oaks in South FLDicots

Charley: 88% palms vs. 77% othersJeanne: 86% palms vs. 76% othersSabal, Manila, areca and pigmy date palms had ≥ 89% survival after hurricanes Charley, Jeanne, Georges and Andrew

Usually more resistant to winds than dicots

Palms

Palms

110 120 145 165Wind Speed

(mph)

Sur

viva

l (%

)

0

20

40

60

80

100

Sabal Royal Washington

Coconut

Queen

Charley: 95% survival

Bald cypres

s Sand pine

Jeanne: only 4% survival Erin: 61% survival Opal: 58% survival

Conifers

Jeanne: 90% survivalCharley: 79% survivalAndrew: 73% survival

ConifersS. FL slash pine

Charley: 57% survivalIvan: 59% survivalErin: 90% survivalOpal: 94% survival

Longleafpine

Conifers Continue to die after hurricanes

S. FL slash: lost an additional 27%Longleaf: lost an additional 48%

****

****

NS

0

20

40

60

80

100

Jeanne Andrew Charley Georges

****

Native speciesExotic species

Hurricane

Surv

ival

(%

)

****

**** NS

Native vs. Exotic Trees

• 85 surveys (35%) were returned• Combining:

• our study results• survey• scientific literature

Lists of Wind Resistance

Scientific Name Common

Name

Wind Resistance

HighMediu

m Low

n % n % n % Total nChrysobalanus icaco cocoplum 18 78 5 22 0 0 23Magnolia grandiflora SE magnolia 45 82 9 16 1 2 55Quercus geminata sand live oak 36 92 2 5 1 3 39Quercus laurifolia laurel oak 3 4 27 39 39 57 69Quercus virginiana live oak 64 89 8 11 0 0 72Tabebuia chrysotrica golden

trumpet 2 7 5 18 21 71 28Taxodium ascendens pond cypress 41 91 4 9 0 0 41Taxodium distichum bald cypress 59 91 6 9 0 0 65Roystonea elata royal palm 19 56 10 29 5 15 34Sabal palmetto cabbage palm 71 99 1 1 0 0 72Syagrus romanzoffiana

queen palm5 10 17 33 29 57 51

* statistically significant

Wind and Trees Survey – Results

Highest Wind Resistance

DicotsBursera simaruba, gumbo limboCarya floridana, FL scrub hickoryConocarpus erectus, buttonwoodChrysobalanus icaco, cocoplumCordia sebestena, geiger treeEugenia axillaris, white stopperEugenia confusa, redberryEugenia foetida, boxleaf stopperIlex cassine, dahoon hollyKrugiodendron ferreum, ironwoodLagerstroemia indica, crape myrtlePodocarpus spp, podocarpusGuaiacum sanctum, lignum vitaeMagnolia grandiflora, southern magnoliaQuercus virginiana, live oakQuercus geminata, sand live oakConifersTaxodium distichum, baldcypressTaxodium ascendens, pondcypressPalmsButia capitata, pindoDypsis lutescens, arecaCoccothrinax argentata, FL silverHyophorbe lagenicaulis, bottleHyophorbe verschaffeltii, spindleLatania loddigesii, blue latanLivistona chinensis, Chinese fanc

Phoenix canariensis, Canary Island date

Medium-High Wind Resistance

DicotsAnnona glabra, pond appleCalophyllum calaba, Brazilian beautyleafc

Chrysophyllum oliviforme, satinleafCoccoloba uvifera, sea grapeCoccoloba diversifolia, pigeon plumLiquidambar styraciflua, sweetgumLysiloma latsiliquum, wild tamarindMagnolia virginiana, sweetbay magnoliaNyssa sylvatica, black tupeloSideroxylon foetidissimum, masticSimarouba glauca, paradise treeSwietenia mahagoni, mahoganyPalmsCaryota mitis, fishtailCocos nucifera, coconutDypsis decaryi, triangleRoystonea elata, royal Fruit TreesLitchi chinensis, lycheePhoenix dactylifera, date

Phoenix reclinata, Senegal date

b

Phoenix roebelenii, pygmy date

Ptychosperma elegans, Alexander

Sabal palmetto, cabbageThrinax morrisii, key thatchThrinax radiata, Florida thatchAdonidia merrillii, Manila

a Prohibited in Floridab Invasive and not recommended in Floridac Caution: may be used but must be managed to prevent escape in Florida (Fox et al. 2005)

Lowest Wind ResistanceDicotsCasuarina equisetifolia, Australian pinea

Cassia fistula, golden showerChorisia speciosa, floss-silk treeFicus benjamina, weeping banyanGrevillea robusta, silk oakJacaranda mimosifolia, jacarandaMelaleuca quinquenervia, melaleucaa

Quercus nigra, water oakPeltophorum pterocarpa, yellow poinciana Prunus caroliniana, Carolina laurelcherrySapium sebiferum, Chinese tallowa

Spathodea campanulata, African tuliptreeTabebuia caraiba, silver trumpet treeUlmus parvifolia, Chinese elmConifersAraucaria heterophylla, Norfolk Island pinexCupressocyparis leylandii, leyland cypressJuniperus silicicola, southern red cedarPinus clausa, sand pinePalmsSyagrus romanzoffiana, queenc

Washingtonia robusta, Washington fanFruit TreesPersea americana, avocado

Medium-Low Wind Resistance

Dicots Acer rubrum, red maple Bauhinia blakeana, Hong-Kong orchidBucidas buceras, black oliveCallistemon spp, bottlebrushCinnamomum camphora, camphorb

Delonix regia, royal poincianac

Enterolobium cyclocarpum, ear treeEriobotrya japonica, loquatc

Ficus aurea, strangler figKigelia pinnata, sausage treeEucalyptus cinera, silverdollar eucalyptus Quercus laurifolia, laurel oakMyrica cerifera, wax myrtlePersea borbonia, redbayPlatanus occidentalis, sycamoreTabebuia heterophylla, pink trumpet treeTerminalia catappa, tropical almondc

ConifersPinus elliottii var. densa, slash pinePinus palustris, longleaf pineFruit TreesAverrhoa carambola, star-fruit, carambolaCitrus spp, oranges, limes, grapefruitMangifera indica, mango

a Prohibited in Floridab Invasive and not recommended in Floridac Caution: may be used but must be managed to prevent escape in Florida (Fox et al. 2005)

Recommendations for a healthy urban forest

• Consider soil depth, water depth and compaction

When Establishing New Trees:

• Plant a mixture of species, ages and layers

• Plant trees from the highest and medium-high WR lists

• Give trees adequate rooting space: • small trees - at least 3 x 3 m• large trees - at least 10 x 10 m

• Plant trees in groups as opposed to individually

• Establish a structural pruning program early on

• Plant high quality trees

with good structure

• Give trees adequate aerial space when mature

• Consult with a certified arborist or urban forester

When Managing Older Trees:

• Remove hazard trees • Consider removing trees on the lowest WR list

• Know the life span of your tree

• Prune trees regularly• Be aware of root damage during construction

• Have tree health evaluated

Recommendations for a healthy urban forest