LA-6400-MSInformal Report Special Distribution

Issued: August 1976

Uranium Concentrations in Natural WatersSouth Park, Colorado

by

Robert R. Sharp, Jr.Paul L. Aamodt

DO NOT CIRCULATE-

PERMANENT

REQUIREDBY

RETENTION

CONTRACT.- -.

(D+●10s alamosscientific laboratory

of the university of California

LOS AL AMOS, NEW MEXICO 87545

Ii

An Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer

uNITED sTATES

ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION

CONTRACT W-7405 -ENG. 36

This work supported by the US Energy Research and Development

Administration, Division of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Production.Program code B048.

Thi. wm,rt w.. prev.md . . . . account ur work .ponsorcdb} the (’. itrd Stale. (;.wr. me.1, Xeither Ihe [Inited StIIt.s. . . the l,nited StatcwEn..%, Res. ar,h a.d l).v.lopmc. t ad.mi. i.tmli.n. . . . . . . .f their crnp$vrm, . . ...> of tb. ir co.-,,..,.,s, s. be,,.lr..t. r.. ., lb,.,, F.wPI.,G+s, makm anywa.r.. I>, I-XP.. Wor implied, m nw. m.. .IIY I.R. I liahi lit> orrespon,, bilitv r!,. the .cc.rw, complet.. es.. w .4.1..., of

.n.v mkmn.tim, app. retu., product, .; process disclosed, orrep..-.eql. Ib.1 it. . . . would ..1 inIrmtx Priv. t.h .WIICdrinhl..

CONTENTS

Section

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

LIST OF TABLES

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCT

LOCATION,

GEOLOGY

URANIUM 0(

ON

PHYSIOGRAPHY, AND CLIMATE

CURRENCES IN ROCKS OF THE AREA

FIELD TREATMENTS GIVEN SAMPLES

ANALYTICAL METHODS

Fluorometric Method

Delayed-Neutron Counting Method

COMPARISON OF ANALYTICAL METHODS

EFFECT OF FIELD TREATMENT OF SAMPLES

RELATIONSHIP OF MEASURED URANIUM IN WATER TODRAINAGE AND GEOLOGY

Tarryall Creek Drainage AreaSurface Waters of the Tarryall Creek Drainage SystemGround Waters in the Tarryall Creek Drainage Area

South Platte Drainage Area

West

Surface Waters-of the South Platte Drainage SystemGround Waters in the South Platte Drainage Area

Fourmile Creek Drainage AreaSurface Waters of the-West Fourmile Creek Drainage

SystemGround Waters in the West Fourmile Creek Drainage Area

Currant Creek Drainage AreaSurface Waters of the Currant Creek Drainage SystemGround Waters in the Currant Creek Drainage Area

Badger Creek Drainage AreaSurface Waters of the Badger Creek Drainage SystemGround Waters in the Badger Creek Drainage Area

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES CITED

iv

iv

I

I

3

3

4

7

7

7

9

10

10

13

141616

177

8

9

90

202020

212121

22

23

24

iii

APPENDIX AListings of Field Data and Uranium Concentrations

for Filtered and Acidified Water Samples fromSouth Park, Colorado

APPENDIX BListings of Field Data and Uranium Concentrations

for Water Samples Treated by Methods Oth&r ThanCombined Filtration and Acidification fromSouth Park, Colorado

APPENDIX CCode to Data Listings and Sample Types Used by the 41

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in the NURE Hydro-geochemical and Stream Sediment Reconnaissance Survey

27

33

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure No.

1. Location map showing physiography and politicalsubdivisions, South Park area, Colorado. 2

Plate No.

1. Generalized geology, South Park, Colorado. po(:k~+

Il. Water sample locations, South Park, Colorado (overlay). Pocket

Ill. Graphic plot of uranium concentrations in water, SouthPark, Colorado (overlay). Pocket

LIST OF TABLES

Table No.

10 Climatic Data from Stations in South Park

Il. Table of Geologic Units Recognized in South Park

Ill. Analysis of Analytical Precision and Sample Treatment,South Park, Colorado, Samples Having UraniumDeterminations Made by Fluorometry

Iv. Results of Friedman’s Rank Statistics for SampleTreatment Effects Excluding Acidification Only

v. Results of k-Sample Sign Test for Sample TreatmentEffects Excluding Acidification Only

vi. Friedman’s Rank Statistics and k-Sample Sign Testfor All Sample Treatment Effects

VII, Some Observations and Definitions Concerning UraniumConcentrations in Natural Waters

3

5

8

II

12

12

15

tv

[j~ANILJM CONCENTRATIONS

SOUTH PARK,

by

IN NATURAL WATERS

COLORADO

Robert R. Sharp, Jr. and Paul L. Aamodt

ABSTRACT

During the summer of 1975, 464 water samp I es from 149 I oca-

tions in South Park, Colorado, were taken for the Los Alamos

Scientific Laboratory in order to test the field sampling andanalytical methodologies proposed for the NURE Hydrogeochemicaland Stream Sediment Reconnaissance for uranium in the Rocky Moun-tain states and Alaska. The study showed, in the South Park area,

that the analytical results do not vary significantly between

samples which were untreated, filtered and acidified, filtered

only, or acidified only. Furthermore, the analytical methods of

fluorometry and delayed-neutron counting, as developed at the LASLfor the reconnaissance work, provide fast, adequately precise, and

complementary procedures for analyzing a broad range of uraniumin natural waters. The data generated using this methodology do

appear to identify uraniferous areas, and when appl ied using soundgeochemical , geologica I , and hydrological principles, should provea va Iuable tool in reconnaissance surveying to del ineate new dis-tricts or areas of interest for uranium exploration.

1. INTRODUCTION

This report describes work done by the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory(LASL) for the United States Energy Research and Development Administration(US ERDA). The ERDA Grand Junction Office (GJO) in Grand Junction, Colorado,is responsible for administering a nationwide Hydrogeochemical and StreamSediment Reconnaissance (HSSR) as part of their National Uranium ResourceEvaluation (NURE) program. The LASL is responsible fcr completing the HSSRproject throughout the states of New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, andAlaska.1-4

Between July 29 and August 28, 1975, Lucius-Pitkin Corporation (LPC),then under contract to the ERDA GJO, collected 464 water samples from 149 lo-cations in the South Park area of Park County, Colorado (Figure l). Thesesamples were taken at the request of the LASL for use in planning future HSSRwork in adjacent parts of Colorado. The sample locations were chosen by LPCpersonnel as pat--l of a larger study they were carrying out in the area. How-ever, the specific treatments given the water samples from each location wereas directed by the LASL. These were aimed at testing the effects of suspendedsediment as wel I as at determining any need for acidification to retain theuranium in solution. Field data and uranium concentrations for the samplesfrom South Park are set forth in Appendixes A and B, and the parameters in-cluded there are defined and described in Appendix C.

I

BOUNDARY OF

-AREA SHOWN IN I [’

I STUDY=AREA 1/ I

( -J ,J ‘- ‘Jk Ji!k..’“i’u - I

L\\ CRIPPLEU+EEK

J

I \I

.-” .

Fimc+rr m ---1-1

Ii,//’/

GENERAL CUTLINE 0,. w.”,,W /

1 I

JSAMGRE n

—-—

LI --4” I

/ .,” —,,,,

)E CB,.-s 0 5 D 15 20

L. 0 $ w m mEam

KIL—

Figure I .

LOCATION MAP SHOWING

PHYSIOGRAPHY AND POLITICAL SUBDiVISIONSSOUTH PARK AREA , COLORADO

Il. LOCATION, PHYSIOGRAPHY, AND CLIMATE

The South Park area is located approximately 105 km southwest of Denverand 80 km west of Colorado Springs. It is a broad, north-trending, inter-montane val ley bounded by the Front Range on the east and the Mosquito Rangeon the west. The valley elevation ranges from 2600 m in the southeast to3000 m in the northwest. The land surface is nearly f!at and typically bar-ren, except near the surrounding mountains.

Physiographically, the valley can be subdivided into three provinces:the low pediments in the north and west, the rolling Elkhorn Upland in theeast, and the low volcanic hills in the southeast. s Black Mountain and Thirty-ninemi Ie Mountain of the Thirtyninemile volcanic center actual Iy form thesoutheast rim of South Park.6 However, for this study, the South Park areahas been extended to the southwest into the headwaters of Badger Creek, andto the south and southeast past the volcanic centers of Thirtyninemile Moun-tain and Black Mountain to the headwaters of Currant Creek and West FourmileCreek.

The climate of South Park is generally cool and dry. The surroundingmountains receive moderate snowfal I in winter, and the val Iey receives much

of its precipitation from summer thunderstorms. Table I lists climatic datafrom stations in the area.

Ill. GEOLOGY

An early account (1935) of the stratigraphy of the northeastern and east-central parts of the South Park area is provided by J. H. Johnson.8 The mostcomplete description of the geology of South Park is that by Stark and others,published in 1949.5 Much of the summary reported here is based on their work.More recent studies, emphasizing the southern part of South Park, have been pub-lished by D. L. Sawatzkyg and R. H. De Voto,10 both in 1964. Epis and Chapin,in 1968 and 1974, have provided substantial detail about the stratigraphy of theThirtyninemile volcanic center on the southern border of South Park.6/11 Themost recent geologic maps covering the South Park area are those of Epis andothers,lz and Bryant and Wobus, 13 both open-filed in 1975. V. R. Wilmarth, ina 1959 publication, reports on the geolo y of the Garo uranium-vanadium-copperdeposit, north of center in South Park, 1: whi Ie the geology and ore deposits ofthe Tallahassee Creek district, south of the Park, are described by B. A.McPherson in his 1959 report15 and those of Badger Flats on the east side aredealt with in the 1969 work by C. C. Hawley.]6

TABLE I

CLIMATIC DATA FROM STATIONS IN SOUTH PARK

Mean Monthly Precipitation (CM)5,7

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Ott Nov Dec ‘tea r

Como1886-94I 909-I o

1.27 1.80 2.44 3.48 4.24 2.06 9.04 6.81 2.62 1.52 2.46 1.90 39.6

Hartsel 1909-30 0.53 0.58 0.94 1.83 2.21 2.84 8.74 5.59 2.69 1.27 0.81 0.71 28.8

AnteroReservoir

I 975 0.56 1.19 0.58 1.19 1.17 2.97 2.72 1.96 2.29 0.38 1.73 0.33 17.I

Average Temperature (Degrees Ce I si us) 7

AnteroReservoi r I 975 -9.3 -10.6 -3.8 -0.3 5.2 9.2 14.3 12.4 8.2 3,7 -5.4 -7.1 1.4

3

The geology of the South Park area (as generalized from Refs. 12 and 13)is shown on Plate 1, in the pocket at rear. Included in the Explanation ofPlate I is a condensed list of the geologic units exposed in the area, and

these units are described in greater detail in Table Il.South Park is primarily a syncl inal structure bordered on the east by

the Elkhorn thrust fault which formed during Laramide time. Rocks underlyingthe area range in geologic age from Precambrian to Holocene, with only thoseof the Silurian and possibly the Triassic intervals missing. The Paleozoicsequence exposed in northwestern South Park is folded and faulted. The Nleso-zoic rocks of the Park are similar to the continental sedimentary sequenceeast of the Front Range. Together, the pre-Miocene sedimentary rock stratacomprise the principal southward-plunging syncl inal structure. On the south,the sync line is itself covered by Miocene and younger sedimentary and volcanicrocks.

The eastern limb of the structure is broken and covered by the Elkhornthrust fault, which brings Precambrian crystalline rocks of the Front Rangewestward over the early Tertiary rocks of the syncl inc. Post-Eocene volcanicflows and pyroclastics, primarily from the Thirtyninemile volcanic center,interbedded with torrential and “lake bed” sediments, accumulated unconform-ably on the older rocks. The present topography of the Park is the result ofpre-Pleistocene fluvial erosion which produced a series of generally south-sloping pediments or erosion surfaces. Uplift of the southern part of thearea in Pliocene or later time deflectednortheast. Moraine and outwash, spreadciation of the Mosquito Range, have beenstream erosion.

Iv. URANIUM OCCURRENCES IN ROCKS OF THE

the pre-Pleistocene drainage to thento the val Iey by Pleistocene gla-only partial Iy removed by recent

AREA

South Park exhibits the tectonic history and many of the structural char-acteristics and relationships favorable to the occurrence of uranium as setforth by Osterwald in his study of the relation of tectonic elements in Pre-cambrian rocks to uranium deposits in the Cordi I Ieran Foreland. ‘7 Among thesefavorable features are: a) fractured and refractured Precambrian granitic coresand stocks, including pegmatites and greisen pipes, surrounded by Precambriansedimentary metamorphic; b) the occurrence of carbonaceous shales and mud-stones interbedded with arkosic sandstones, a Itered red beds and other conti-nental sediments, with overlying tuffs and even some oi 1; c) highly sheared,fissured, flexured and en echelon faulted zones; and d) numerous regional andlocal surfaces of unconformity evidencing repeated deformations and cycles oferosion throughout geologic time. Such features, which can be seen and in-ferred from the map of Plate I and from Table 11, provide the sources and thenecessary host rocks for uranium ore, both in veins18$lg and terrestrial sedi-ments,zo as wel I as a number of the recognized ore controls in sandstone ura-nium deposits at diverse local ities.21

Indeed, uranium mineralization is reported in a remarkable number of therock units exposed in, underlying, or surrounding South Park. The Schwartz-walder Mine, in adjacent Jefferson County, produces uranium from Tertiary orescontaining pitchblende, torbernite, and autunite in the metasediments of thePrecambrian Idaho Springs formation.18 Uraninite in small amounts (mostly ofthe sooty pitchblende variety, all in ore deposits of Precambrian age) i~ re-ported from the Boomer, Redskin, and Black Prince Mines,]G in the Badger Flatsarea of South Park as included on Plates 1, I 1, and I Il. Part of the workings

4

%2cent

5 Iei stocene

aliocene (?)

Wiocene (?)

) I i gocene

III Eocene

~ Pa I eocene

\

Cretaceus

Jurassic

Permian

Pennsylvanian

Pre-Pennsy I van i an

Precambrian

TABLE I I

TABLE OF GEOLOGIC IJN ITS RECOGNIZED

Thlckne~s*

Forma t ion (meters )

Unconfonn ! ty

Wlsconsln

Unconformity

Illinoian (?)

Unconformity

Pre-llllnoian

Unconformity

Trump formt ion o- 150

Unconformity

Wagontongue 30-150

format Ion

Unconf2rmitv

Antero formation

(“Lake beds:’ )

Thlrtynlnemi Ieformation

Unconformity

Tal Iahassee Creek

tong Iomerate

Unconformity

Wal I Mountain tuff

I lq~~nfnrml t!,

South Park forma+ioa

Unconformity

Laramie formation

610

0-270

0-350

(?)

o- 180

0-2400(?)

0-!10

Unconformity (?)

Fox HI I Is sandstone o- 100

Pierre sha Ie 670-800

Niobrara formation [50- IEO

Unconformity

Benton sha Ie 125- 140

Dakota sandstone 75- 90

Unconformi +y

Morri son formati on 75-1oo

Unconforro I tyGaro sandstone o- 120

Unconformity

Maroon format ion 0-2400

Weber (?) 390-700

Unconformity

Und 1f ferent iated

Redskin granite

Pikes Peak granite

Silver Plume (?)granite

Idaho Springs

formaticn

IN SOUTH pARi5,8,10-13

Description

Stream gravels, etc.

Glacial, glacio-fluvial, and stream deposits.

Glacial, glacio-fluvial, and stream deposits.

Glacial, glacio-fluvia!, and stream deposits.

Sand, gravel, and poorly consol i dated

tong I cmerate.

Coarse sandstone, sandy clay, and tong !om-

erates. Large Iy reworked vo Icanics.

Upper: conglomerate and arkose.Middle: tuft and silicif ied Idcustrine

a Iga I I imestone.Lower: tong Iomerate and mudston~.

Andes itic flow brecci as, :ehars.

Igneous and volcanic pebbles, cobbles,

and boulders.

Welded tuff.

Conglomerate, arkose, and tuff.

Sandstone, shale, tuff, and coal.

Sand and sands+one.

Shale, some sandy shale.

Calcareous shale, I imestone.

B!ack shale wi+h bentonite, CXICareOLS shale,

Sandstone, some tong Iomerate and sha le.

Shale, calcareous and sandy shale, si Itstone.

Cress-bedded sandstone.

Red-beds, sandstone, and si Itstone.

Shale with I imestone, arkose above.

Sandstones and I imestznes.

fine- to medium-g rained, late phase of Pikes

Peak granite.

Coarse-gra i ned granite w i+h comgmatic mi norp[utons.

Metal gneous granite of vari~ble texture.

Gnelss, blotite gneiss, and schist.

*Max! mum thicknesses shown are not genera I I y exposed I n South Park.

5

of the Boomer Mine, where anomalous radioactivity was noted on the mine dumpin the early 1950’s, are in the Idaho Springs formation and the Silver Plume(?) granite. This mine, a beryllium producer from at least 1956 to 1965, islocated along the Badger Flats fault between Sites 96 and 98 as shown onPlate Il. At the Redskin and Black Prince Mines, the uranium mineralizationis in greisen pipes in the Redskin granite stock,16 about 1.6 to 1.8 km northof Site 100. Another local occurrence of radioactive mineralization in Pre-cambrian rocks is that of the Micanite-Guffey area, which spreads across Cur-rant Creek along and mostly north of the Fremont-Park County line (Plate 1 l).Here, the uranium bearing mineral, euxenite, and radioactive i Imenite are re-portedly found in small, zoned pegmatites.22

The Garo (or Shirley May) copper-vanadium-uranium deposit, in the PermianMaroon formation of South Park, is described by a number of workers,19-23but the most extensive account is that of Wilmarth.14 Located on the north-east flank of the Garo antic line, about 1.6 km south of Garo and I km west ofSite 91 on Plate 11, the deposit reportedly has tyuyamunite and carnotite asfracture fillto white to I

situated withMaroon formatfew thin bedsand shale. lq

ngs and disseminations in three beds of complexly faulted, redght buff, thin-bedded, medium- to coarse-grained sandstone, alln a stratigraphic interval of about 45 m. At this location theon, an eastern equivalent of the Cutler formation, 21 includes aof I imestone as wet I as beds of red sandstone, conglomerate,Abnormal radioactivity in,some of the cherty limestone beds per-

sists for several km to the northwest.14 Additional occurrences of carnotiteare reported in Permian, gray to brown, arkosic sandstone at the Perry DeLellis claim, and in sandstone of the Maroon (?) formation at the Armstronglocation.23 Both of these are in the southwest corner of Fremont County,southward from Badger creek and off the map of Plate I 1.

Commercial uranium occurrences in the Jurassic Morrison formation out-side the South park area are wel I known and uranium is found in at least twodeposits in the Cre+aceous Dakota formation in Fremont County, within andadjacent to the South Park area. One of these is at the Colexco location,where carnotite and uranophane (?) are associated with iron and manganeseConcretions in black Shalec The other is at the Jesus lode, where torberniteor metatorbernite is reported in sandstone.zs The first-mentioned localityis about 13 km south-southeast of the junction of Park, Fremont, and Teller

Counties, in the southeast corner of the map area of the Plates, while theother is off the map, approximately 20 km further southward and below Talla-hassee Creek. The Cretaceus Pierre shale - which is carbonaceous in SouthPark and has produced oil from a well north of Hartze15 - is uraniferous.24Likewise, uranium bearing coal, in nearly vertical beds of a hogback of theLate Cretaceus Laramie formation, has long been known to come from the OldLeyden Coal Mine, in Jefferson County, northwest of Denver.25 Coal with agrade from O.1 to 0.7 percent U308 is reported to have come from the LeydenMine, and the likely possibility of similar occurrences in the Laramie for-

,!

mation elsewhere is discussed by Boberg and Runnels.24Three uranium deposits are reported in what is known as the

Creek District of Fremont County. 15 This district covers aboutis centered along Tallahassee Creek, above the southern boundaryincluded in Plates 1, 11, and Ill. While inside the map area, i-to within about 15 km due south of the southernmost site sampled

Tal Iahassee00 sq km andof the area

extends onlyupstream on

Currant Creek (Site 55, Plate 11). At the Mary L Mine, carbonaceous uraniumore is concentrated in flat-lying lenticular bodies within Eocene (?) arkosicsediments. At both the Sunshine and Dickson-Snooper Mines, the uranium ore

6

(autini+e at the former and uraninite at the latter) occurs in Ienticularbodies of Oligocene-Miocene volcanic conglomerate. At each of these mines inthe Tallahassee Creek District the Ienticular ore deposits appear to be in

15 Although Finch indicates in his 1967 workpaleostream channels or basins.that uranium deposits are unknown in the Eocene Denver (?) formation (recentlymapped in the present area as the South Park formation12#13), he dates the host

23 He does, however, cite the occur-rock of the Mary L Mine simply as Tertiary.rence of autinite in gray, f!ne-grained, tuffaceous sandstones of the OligoceneAntero formation. This is in a prospect located along the county line in south-west Park County, west of Agate Creek and Site 63. Outside of South Park, ura-nium deposits occur in the Miocene (?) Browns Park formation and the Pliocene (?)North Park formation in Colorado,20 and uranium occurrences not mentioned aboveare reported from elsewhere in Park County as well as in the surrounding coun-ties of Teller, Chaffee, Clear Creek, Jefferson, and Fremont,1g~22~23

v. FIELD TREATMENTS GIVEN SAMPLES

[n order to test the effects of suspended sediment and acidification,an untreated water sample, a filtered and acidified water sample, and a fil-tered-only water sample were collected from each sample site for this study.Also, to test the effect of acidifying without filtering, one out of ten ofthe untreated samples was split and one-half of it was acidified, while theremainder was left untreated. Standard 0.45-P filters were used in all fil-tering, and 8 M reagent grade nitric acid was used for acidification to a pHof about I , wherever it was done. All LASL samples were placed in polyethy-lene containers (30 or 130 m!L in size) which were pre-washed in nitric acid,rinsed with distil led water, and capped before shipment to the field. The

treatment given each sample is specified by the number under “Sample Type”in the Data Listings of Appendices A and B, as described in the Code andNumerical Key of Appendix C.

V1. ANALYTICAL METHODS

The water samples were analyzed for uranium by one of two methods, fluoro-metry or delayed-neutron counting. The fluorometric technique used at theLASL is presently the most economic one available there and was developed formaximum sensitivity. Samples were initially analyzed by fluorometry and thosefound to contain a uranium concentration in excess of -10 ppb (the maximum thatcan be hand!ed by this method at the LASL without recalibration) were analyzedby delayed-neutron counting. Additional Iy, 47 of the samples having uraniumconcentrations generally in the range that could be adequately determined byboth methods were run by both to provide a basis for comparison.

Fluorometric MethodHere, after vigorous shaking of each sample by hand, 100-vL aliquots

were transferred in duplicate , without separation or concentration of theuranium, onto pel lets of 2 percent LiF and 98 percent NaF flux. These werethen dried and fused. The fluoride pellets were transferred to a Galvanek-Morrison fluorometer for excitation with ultraviolet radiation and measure-ment of the reflected fluorescence. The sensitivity of this method was found+0 be about 0.2 ppb of uranium. The samples were run in sets which consistedof two to seven pairs of duplicate aliquots, two duplicate standards (dupli-cates at 4.9 ppb for cal ibration, and duplicates at I.O ppb as a quality con-trol check), and two blanks. The analytical results were then calculated

7

using a computer program which provides an independent least-squares cali-bration line for each set based on the duplicate standards and blanks in-cluded in that set. Fluorometry results are listed in Tables A-1 and B-1 ofthe Appendixes.

The samples utilized in this study provided an opportunity to determinethe precision of the LASL fluorometric procedures. In each case where thefluorometric method was relied upon, duplicate analyses were made of eachsample, as mentioned. For nine of these samples, either one or both of theresults were measurable only as “less than 0.2 ppb.” Because the exact ura-nium concentration in these nine samples was not determinable, they wereomitted from the fol lowing statistical analysis. However, when calculatingthe average uranium concentrations obtained by fluorometry for the varioussamples as given in the Appendices, the nine individual values determinableonly as less than 0.2 ppb were included, but arbitrarily as having a valueof O.1 ppb in each case. For each pair of the remaining results (where theuranium concentration was 0.2 ppb or greater) the arithmetic mean and vari-ance were calculated. Because the precision of the analytical proceduresis known to vary according to the concentration of solution being analyzed,the results of the above calculations were grouped according to uranium con-centration. These Groups, along with the resulting standard deviations andrelative errors for each, are listed in Table Ill.- Here it is seen that for

TABLE Ill

ANALYSIS OF ANALYTICAL PRECISION AND SAMPLE TREATMENT

SOUTH F’PRK, COLORADO, SA~lPLES

HAV!NG URANIUM DETERMINATIONS MADE BY FLUORO\lETF?Y

(1)lhJTERVAL

(ppil u)

0.200 - 1.500

same

same

same

0.200 - 1.500

1.505 - 3.000

same

samesame

1.505 - 3.000

3.005 - 4.500

same

same~~-’~

3.005 - 4.500

4.505 - 6.OCO

same

same

same

4.505 - 6.000

6.005 - 9.090

same

samesame

6.005 - 9.990

(2)FIELD

TREATMENT

A

B

c

D

ail

A

B

c

D

all

A

B

cQ

all

A

B

c

D

all

,A

B

cD

311

(3) (4) (5) !6)

SAMPLE STPNDARD DEV AVERALE RELAT!VE EQROQ~o~td~ (ppb) (pJ)i) (percen+)

38

35

4

36

113

44

502

46

142

29

26

72Z

85

1016

2

II

39

105

0

10

25

0.436

0.447

0.6550.430

0.447

00573

0.6840.492

0.657

0.640

0.671

0.776

1.180I .025

0.858

0.78!I

0.392I .8290.822

0.765

I .048

1.251

0.0009.397

0.903

0.987[.o16

0.847

I .093

I .025

2.144

2.200

2.430

2.292

2.216

3.7!593.69A~. 54’9

i.7f17

3.627

5.!!505.2!9

4. ?05

5.035

5.131

E.8357.347

0.0007.082

7. (236

31.24

31.115d.68

??.82

30.84

18.S0

21.9814.32

2G.27

20.’42

!~.62

14.85

23.51i9+ji

16.73

10.:1

5.31

26.92]1,54

10.54

lo,~4

12.C14

0.003,9(5

5.08

the uranium concentration interval of 0.2 to 1.5 ppb there were 38 sampleswhich received field treatment A (acidified and fi Itered), 35 given treatmentB (no treatment), 4 which received treatment C (acidified but not filtered),and 36 given treatment D (filtered but not acidified). Hence, for the sub-group given treatment A, 38 variances, S2, were calculated. A pooled estimate

of the variance of a single fluorometric determination for each concentra-tion range was then calculated from the average of the individual variancesin each treatment subgroup, thusly

The square root of this is the best estimate of the standard devia~-ic~n of asingle determination in the given concentration range (e.g. - 0.436 ppb forconcentrations of 0.2 to 1.5 ppb given treatment A). The fifth column inthe table shows the average (arithmetic mean) of all the measurements in eachsubgroup. For the 38 samples which received treatment A and which had con-centrations between 0.2 and 1.5 ppb, the average concentration was 0.987 ppb.The relative error for a single measurement in each subgroup is tabulated incolumn (6). It was calculated as

Relative Error = ——————Standard Deviation

& x Average Concentrationx 100, in percent.

The factor of l/~ is required because the estimated standard deviation isderived from pairs of measurements.

The fifth line of each group of samples having the same concentrationrange shows the results derived when al I measurement pairs in the group are

averaged together regardless of field treatment. From this it can be seen

that the relative error, or precision, of the LASL fluorometric analyses isapproximately 30 percent for concentrations in the range 0.2 to 1.5, improvingto about 10 percent in the 4.5 to 6.0 ppb range, and remaining at about 10percent in the case of higher concentrations.

Delayed-Neutron Counting MethodThe 41-mL reactor vials used to contain the water for irradiation and

counting were injection molded of ethylene butene copolymer by the LASL Plas-tics Section. These vials contain no detectable uranium, and were stored insealed cardboard boxes until shortly before use. Transfer of field water tothe reactor vials was carried out in a chemistry laboratory, taking precau-tions against sample contamination. Prior to making the transfer, each of

the vials and their caps were rinsed twice with distilled water. Each ofthe selected field samples was shaken vigorously, uncapped, and poured intoa reactor vial until the latter was about 95 percent ful 1, if sufficientsample existed. The reactor vial was then capped, numbered, and weighed witha digital balance, the tare weight being automatically subtracted. The netsample weight and number were then logged and the reactor vial containing thesample was placed in a plastic sample loader clip having a capacity of 25such vials.

Delayed-neutron countin[Omega West Reactor (OWR) hastively constant neutron fluxcontaining 7.5, 15, 75, and

measurements are not carried out until the LASLbeen at full power for >! hr, insuring a rela-of 1.2 x IOIS n/cmz sec. Standard water samples,50 ppb uranium, are assayed at the beginning of

9

a data run to calibrate the counting system and to establish the system back-ground count rate. At least one of these standards is remeasured every 2 hrsand at the end of the day’s run.

An automatic loader, which accepts the sample loader clips, is used tofeed the individual samples into the pneumatic rabbit system. Various timingcycles may be used. Sample movements are controlled by a master timer accurate

to f 0.03 sec. The cycle used for most s.emples is a reactor irradiation timeof 60 see, a delay of 30 see, and a c~unting time of 60 sec. The counting isdone with delayed-neutron detectors designed and built at the LASL specificallyfor the HSSR project. 26 The 30-sec delay is necessary to avoid background neu-tron counts from “17N.

In the case of a 60-30-60 sec cycle, the net integrated neutron countis *1000 for a 40-g sample containing 10 ppb uranium. Two scaler readingsare recorded for each sample. The first scaler reading is the integrated de-tector count in the peak region of the pulse-height spectrum, and the secondis the integrated count in a window of similar width below the peak (valley).If the peak/valley scaler rat~o is less than 10, caused by y-ray pile[jp inthe counter, the sample is remeasured in a 3-ink vial in the 1.27-cm pneumaticsystem, which has greater y-ray discrimination. None of the samples fromSouth Park required this type of remeasurement.

The uranium assay (expressed in ppb) is calculated for each sample fromthe net neutron counts in the “peak” scaler reading. Using the 60-30-60 sectiming cycle, the lower limit of detection in the method utilized for deter-mination by delayed-neutron counting is about 0.5 ppb uranium, and the pre-cision at 10 ppb uranium is 4.5 percent. This precision is governed largelyby the statistical uncertainty of 4.3 percent (1000 net counts above a 210 t25 count background). At higher uranium concentrations, better precision isof course obtained. Results obtained by delayed-neutron counting, excludingthose from the 47 samples run simply for comparison with the values obtainedby fluorometry, are given in Tables A-2 and B-2 of the !,ppendices.

VI!. COMPARISON OF ANALYTICAL METHODS

As mentioned earlier, 47 water samples were selected to compare the re-sults of fluorometry and delayed-neutron counting on the uranium determina-tions. Results of the repeat analyses by delayed-neutron counting are notincluded herein. However, using the nonparametric statistical “sign test,~’2724 out of the 47 results from the delayed-neutron counting were larger and23 were less than those obtained by fluorometry. Hence no significant dif-ference was indicated between the two methods by this test.

If it is assumed that the differences of the paired observations fromfluorometry and delayed-neutron counting are normally distributed, the ~’t-test” for paired differences is also applicable.27 When the uranium deter-minations from both of the two analytical methods were given this test, theresults again showed no significant difference between data obtained on cutsof the same samples by the different methods.

VIII, EFFECT OF FIELD TREATMENT OF SAMPLES

The primary reason for requesting the collection of multiple sampleswas to determine the effect of different treatments on the detectable uranium

10

TABLE I V

RESULTS OF FRIEDMAN’S RANK STATISTICS FOR SAMPLE TREATVENT EFFECTSEXCLUDIPJG ACIDIFICATION ONLY

Treatment All Data Streams Springs Wells_—

Number of Sites I 50* I 04* 33 13

Filtered and Acidified Sum of Ranks .284 202 63 18

Filtered Only Sum of Ranks 313 218 68 27

No Treatment Sum of Ranks 303 203 68 33

TValue 3.02 1.59 0.41 8.77

95$ chi-Square Value 5.99 5.99 5.s9 5.99

*While only 149 different locations are involved, data for a repl~cate set of

stream samples carrying the LASL No. 100149 were included here.

in the water. Friedmants rank statistics test was used to analyze the data.28Because no significant difference was found between the two methods used forthe uranium determinations, data from all the samples listed in Appendices Aand B - except the 15 which were acidified only - were included in thesetests. The average uranium determinations for each of the 3 treatments given

samples from each of the sites, then, ~rere ranked 1> 2, and 3 in order of in-creasing uranium concentration. The ranks for each different treatment werethen summed for all sites. If there are no differences due to treatment,the sums for each treatment set will be nearly equal. Friedman’s test statis-tic, T,29 is calculated from the sums of the ranks. Because the number ofsites is considerable, the distribution of this test statistic general Iy ap-proaches the chi-square distribution, thus it is used to test the significanceof the T values. The chance of obtaining a T value greater than the 95 per-

cent chi-square value, if there is no treatment effect, is 5 percent.

First, treatments from all sites were tested collectively. Then those fromeach individual source catego,ry (streams, springs, or wet Is) were treatedseparately. Table IV shows that the T values are less than the 95 percentchi-square values, or therefore not significant, for al I except the wellwater samples. For the well samples, the number of sites is small enough

that chi-square is possibly a poor approximation of T, and therefore thetest result for this source category is inconclusive.

To provide another test for treatment differences which requires nochi-square approximation, the “k-sample sign test” can be used.2$ For thistest, specific differences between measured uranium concentrations at eachsite are given a value of one if positive or zero if negative. The assigned

values are then summed over al I locations for al I specific differences toobtain the maximum sum when al I data are included. Then, each source cate-gory is examined in like manner. The results for the South Park data areshown in Table V. The critical value, also shown in Table V, is the valueexpected to be exceeded only 5 percent of the time if there are no differ-ences due to treatments. As can be seen in Table V, in all cases the ob-

served maximum sum is less than the critical value, therefore again indi-cating no significant differences due to the different sample treatments.

II

TA9LE V

RESULTS OF k-SAMPLE SIG}I TEST FOR SAMPLE TREATMENT EFFECTS

EXCLULIl)dG AC!CIIFICPTICN ONLY

Treatment All Data Streams—. -u

Number of SiTes \ JO* I 04* 33 13

Maximum sum, Smax 84 58 18 II

Critical Value, Sc 90 65 24 12

None Significant

*While only 149 d!fferert Iocaticns are involved, data for a repl ica+e set 5:

stream samples carryirg the LJSL No. 100149 were iocluded there.

As mentioned, from each tenth sample site, an unfiltered but acidifiedsample was also cot Iected so that four differently treated samples ratherthan three were available from 15 sites. In order to examine the effect ofacidification only, both Friedmanfs rank statistics and the k-sample signtests were applied to data from these sites only. These results are givenin Table VI , where it is again seen that there is no significant differencebetween the sample treatments even when all four are considered.

Therefore , when it is taken into account that some of the water sampleswere acidified and fi Itered, some were filtered only, others were acidifiedonly, and sti I I others underwent no field treatment, no significant differencein results was found between either the two uranium determination methods usedor among the four different treatments given the samples from South Park.For this reason, the following descriptions and discussions can be limitedto the uranium concentrations as reported for the filtered and acidifiedsamples only.

TABLE Vi

FRIEOMANIS RANK STATISTICS AND k-SAMPLE SIGN TEST

FOR ALL SAMPLE TREATMENT EFFECTS

Friedmanrs Rank Statistics

Treatmen+ All Data Streams Cnly

Number of Sites 15 14

Filtered and Acidified Sum of Ranks 42 40

Acidified Only Sum of Ranks 38 37

Filtered Only Sum of Ranks 32 ~g

No Treatment Sum of Ranks 38 34

T Value 2.04 2.83

95% chi-Square Value 7.31 7.81

k- Sem~l e Siqn Te+—— —

smax = Maximum Sum of Differences 10 !0

s= = ~ritical sun 13 13

12

lx. RELATIONSHIP OF MEASURED URANIUM IN WATER TO DRAINAGE AND GEOLOGY

While there are a number of excellent contributions on the subject ofhydrogeochemical reconnaissance surveying for uranium,24~30-36 among the mostthorough, straightforward, practical and concise are the 1968 report ofA. Grimbert and R. Loriod of France, ‘0 the 1973 publication of H. Fauth ofthe Federal Republic of Germany,31 and the 1975 paper of W. Dyck of Canada.szSome of the others, however, provide accounts of work in Colorado as well asbackground data perhaps more applicable to the South Park area.24*33-35Among these latter ones, that by Boberg and Runnells in 1971 deals with ura-nium in the South Platte River, Colorado,24 although the nearest point alongit sampled by them was near the town of Waterton, about 35 km downstream andnorth-northeast beyond the confluence of Tarryall Creek (as shown on Plate I l),and outside the area reported upon here. Although they found the uranium con-centrations in the South Platte River between Waterton and Sterl ing, Colorado,to range between 5 and 67 ppb, the three sample points near Waterton (as farupstream as they sampled) had only from 5 to 6 ppb. Their sampling was donein the winter of 1969-70, and their samples were filtered through an 8-Pmembrane fi Iter prior to analysis. At the +hree sites near Waterton, theyfound the total dissolved solids to fall between 233 and 238 parts per mil-lion (ppm), and the pH at the two of these sites for which it is given was8.25 and 8.19.

Along with some other parameters, the water temperature, the specificconductance, and the pH (as mea:ured in the field with pH paper) are givenwith the uranium concentrations for each of the South Park water samples inthe listings of Appendices A and B, at rear. Except for portions of theSouth Platte River, and some of the ground waters, the total dissolved solidsin the waters of the South Park study area (as approximated from the measured

specific conductance) do not general Iy vary radical Iy from those reportednear Waterton. The pH measurements from the South Park area, however, areconsistently lower in al I cases, seldom reaching 6.5 or higher. Furthermore,the considerable number of pH measurements from Tarryall Creek are all re-corded as 5.0, which is highly unlikely. Attempts to rectify or understandthese consistently low pH values resulted in the conclusion, on the part ofal 1 concerned, that the pH paper used was probably old.

For the above reasons, all of the pH values recorded in the data listingsof the Appendices are suspected of being low, and this is particularly trueof those for the sites in the Tarryall Creek drainage area. While this hasresulted in the general use of pH meters for field measurements in al I morerecent work conducted directly by the LASL, it is not likely to be of any greatconcern to the results of this study. This is supported by both H. Fauth andM. Dan ’aglio, who, in discussing similar work involving at least 15 000 watersamples from various locations around the world, with pH values from 5 to 9,have stated outright that careful study of their data showed no significantcorrelation between uranium concentrations and pH values.36 This does notmean, however, that accurate pH values cannot be useful for other purposes.

Among the additional data included in the listings of the Appendices areobservations concerning known or suspected local features near a sample sitethat may influence analytical results. These, for sites where they were appar-

ent, are to be found under the heading of “Contaminants,” where they are de-signated by code numbers. An explanation of the code is given in Appendix C.One such feature found to be fairly common in the vicinity of sample sitesin the study area is agricultural development, indicated simply by the code

13

numberI atedas 100nat ionmi ssed,metric

for “agriculture.” The possible significance of this feature is re-argely to the fact that some phosphate ferti Iizers may contain as muchppm uranium. And while the possibility that such a source of contami-might exist in almost any agricultural area cannot be totally dis-

it is worthy of note that Boberg and Runnells found that only 341tons were used in the entire state of Colorado during 1970. Further-

more, they concluded that the total amount could hardly be a significant con-tributor of uranium to the South Platte River alone.24 It is unlikely thatthe quantity of phosphate fertilizer used in Colorado has increased manyfoldover the last few years.

Nearly all of the works referred to in the first paragraph of this sec-tion give some definition of what the respective authors consider to consti-tute an anomalously high content or “anomaly threshold” for uranium in surfaceor ground water, and these definitions are set forth in Table V1l. This, inturn, should aid the reader in the determination of any unreported areas ofinterest. Average values for natural waters cited in the literature aregenerally between O.1 and 3.0 ppb uranium for freshwater streams, and about0.5 to perhaps 10 ppb uranium for non-saline ground waters (see Table Vll).These values are for thousands of analyses of samples taken in all kinds ofgeologic/hydrologic regimes, and do not necessarily reflect the expectedbackground levels for any small geographic area. However, it is wel I recog-nized that the uranium concentrations in both surface and ground waters aregeneral Iy higher in uraniferous areas, and the South Park area has long beenconsidered to be in a uraniferous province. 17,19,37

In the following subsections, the uranium concentrations measured in the

water samples are related to both the drainage systems and !ocal geology of

the various drainage areas with the purpose of testing the general method of

water- sampl ing for correlations with reported occurrences of uranium. All ofthe interpretations are based entirely on published literature and fieldnotes provided by the LPC samplers. Consequently, they should be viewed cri-tically and with caution. At the present time all water samples being col-

lected for the LASL elsewhere in Colorado are being filtered and acidified,and for the sake of consistency the analytical results referred to hence-forth and shown on the overlays of Plates II and Ill in the rear pocket arefor filtered and acidified samples only, as set forth in Appendix A. Notethat all of the site numbers referred to below and given on Plate II relateto the LASL Sample Numbers in the dafa listings of the Appendices, but with100 000 subtracted from each of the numbers as given in the listing~fiethere was no sianif~t~f~e~ found befiefie~a~us treatments ofthe South Park ~ater samples, the relationships shown will generally applyto all samples regardless of treatment.

The uranium concentrations of stream waters from 103 locations in theSouth Park study area range from <0.2to 8.9 ppb and average 2.5 ppb.Ground water values were considerably higher, with samples from 46 locations

ranging from a low of 0.2 ppb uranium up to 292 ppb uranium for a springsample taken northeast of Hartsel. The actual uranium concentrations deter-

mined in the waters from streams, springs, and wel Is within the area areshown with the drainage system on the overlay of Plate 11, while the relativevalues are shown as a graphic computer plot on the overlay of Plate Ill.

Tarryall Creek Drainage AreaTarryall Creek flows from the northwest corner of the study area toward

the southeast, where it joins the South Platte River near the intersection

14

TABLF Vll

SC)i4E OBSERVATICJ}JS AND DEFINI”[IC!NS CO14CERIIIIG URANIIJV CCJNCENTRAIICPI$ IN ){ATUR~l. VIArtRS

Ref.

No.

;

31

32

33

34

35

—Ln

P

No.—

21

22

215

215

42

“/90

753

754

I 53

Defini-tion of Anomalolls Uraniuin Co:dent of klater, or “Anomaly

_,__&O- tlydrOg(’C)C ilenlica I t?econrlai Sst;n( e i or [Jran i up-Thres!mld”

It . . . you must slmp worryirlg about hunting for the anomaly threshold,

wtlich has nothing tc do with realit~.!~IIrhe fact i,; th~t ther~ is n(> ideal dividing I ine hetwecn normal b~ck-

grcund content and truly abnormal content. ‘... tile higter a content,

‘the gre~ter Ihe prob~,bility that ih is affec}ed hy -Ihe ;resence of a

minerdl corjcentral ion.ll

11. . . method is a relatively sensitive a~-ld certain way tc indicate

uraoium errrichments.lv

“In al I cases, only a qualitative, and not quan-ti’rative, evaluatiorl

of the general recu!ls is pcrssiblc since, as a rule, thfre is no

relatio:l between tlv? height of the uranium water anomaly and the

size or degree of ent-ichment of the corresponding urar!ilm deposit.’!

11. . . criteria . . . \’hich will help in deciding on Ihe significance

of radioactive anomalies in grounciwa’ter: . . . A threefold or greater

increase in the content corn~ared to the background of a ragion. . ..11

“The threshold of ancmily (a ro[iqh guide to waters requiring furt!ler

investigation) is about 1.0 ppb lJ, or ICI ‘limes the r’egicnal backgroundil> the western tlnited States general Iy. In tq~ tufface(us rocks of the

Gr,;et Plains it is about 2 ppb in surface waters and 5 Fpb in grolJndwaters. In i’he Colorado Platea,u, it is about 4 ppb in surface waters

and at least 5 ppb in ground water~. . . . Sllrface waters in most urani-

ferous areas ordinarily contain from I to If) Dpb r_i. . . . Ground waters

Remarkq

The form, extent and homogeneity of ananomalous zone, as weil as relation~ togeology, topography, vegetation, climate and

weaiher are al I important-, Considers 0.1 10

10 ppb normal for U in water, with ground

watcrr usual Iy higher than surface.

Reports on work in Black Forest; rrerltions e>:-

tensive work elsewhere. Avoids eq,dating ab-

solute U content in water with ,workabie de-

posits. Considers water sampling good, firstof all, as a relatively certain negative indi-

cator, when used for L! o~er broad areas.

Reports work in Canada, mme in lakes. Deals

with Rn, Ra, He,and iJ. Says nigh radioacti-vity in springs at base of mountains can be

misleading, as can hot springs.

Reports work in Colorado, other western states,

and elsewhere in U.S. Describes effects of

cl imate, seasons, geology, recent miningactivity, etc. Indicates U fluctuations inground waters to ordinarily be much less than

in strea~s. States that waters with as I it-t Ieas d.g Dtrb U are known from mines that prOdL,C(?d

in most uraniferous areas ordinari Iy contain from I to ahoul 120 Dpb U.ft U. ‘whi Ie non-uroduc?rs are known with !waters,,

ll~,lost grol~~d Wat,?r contains less than 2 ppb uranium and water frOm~vol-

canic and tuffaceous sedimenls consid~red favmable for uranium depos-

its may contain 10 to 250 ppb. . . . measurement . . . in slreams indicates

that the uranium . . . dec,s.~ses downstream by dilution and . . . large

Stf-cams traversing uranifercus area~ commrlly con-tair I to 10 ~pb~ Thethreshold of significance is 3 tc, 10 times background, deoending upon

geological factors.” on Colorado Plateau, ‘r... streams have a back-groun:i of about 9.5 to 3.G ppb and a threshold of significance of about

4 ppb in the major streams. Anomalies in or near uraniferous areas

range from 5 to 12 ppb for s-tre.vns free of cc)ntarni naticri.il

Reporting on ground waters collected by regions, ‘l... fl’om most major

and some minor aquifers throughout the United States from 1953 to1957,” they state, “The uranium . . . concentrations . . . ilere reasonablyconsistent with log-normal frequency distributions.” They later say,!!The anomaly threshold is that value Iyinq tWO standard deviations

above the median of a smoothed log-normal-frequency cur,~e fitted to

the data. Statistical Iy, it represents the lower limit of values . . .likely to have come from a different population than di(l the bulk of

samples making up the frequency distribution.!!

having 100 ppb.

States that sampling of both ground water andsurface streams shows favorable U formations

and districts can be outlined by method, andthat sampling of ground water and measurement

of U content has indicated areas favorable tor

U t?jat have subsequently been fourid to containcommercial deposils.

Indicate that ratios of U to diss(jlved srjlidscontent of water are useful. For 84 groundwaters from the Rocky Mountain Cretaceous-

Cenozoic Orogenic Belt (a region straddling

the Colorado Plateau and spreading beyond it

to the north and south), a range of <0.1 - 37

ppb U, a median of 1.6 ppb, and an “anomalythreshold!! of 28 ppb are given.

of the Park, Jefferson, and Teller County lines (Plate II). The drainage en-compasses roughly one-third of the South Park area, but includes over one-half of all the surface water locations sampled.

The average uranium concentration in the 53 surface waters sampled inthe area is 1.48 ppb, and the samples range from <0.2 ppb at Site 127 to 3.95ppb at Site 130. Ground water samples were taken from a total of nine springs,two near the drainage divide in the headwaters of Ruby Gulch and seven in theBadger Flats area near the terminus of Tarryall Creek. The average uraniumconcentration in the waters of the nine springs sampled is 41.59 ppb, and thevalues range from 5.94 ppb at Site 35 to 106 ppb at Site 108.

In general, the uranium concentrations in the ground waters of the areaare somewhat higher than in the surface waters, as might be anticipated fromsome of the references cited in Table Vll (e.g. - Refs. 27 and 30). For thisreason, ground waters must be treated separately in any evaluation or correla-tion to known uranium occurrences. There are no well water samples from with-in the Tarryal I Creek drainage area.

In the extreme northwest, Tarryall Creek crosses a small area of Paleo-zoic sedimentary rocks before entering a region mapped as Quaternary al Iuvialdeposits (overlay Plate I with Plate 11). At the junction of Park Gulch, thecreek flows across Precambrian granites and metamorphic) fol lowing general Iyalong their contact to its confluence with the South Platte River. The onlyuranium mineralization found to be reported within the Tarryal I Creek drain-age area is in the Badger Flats District mentioned above and described inSection IV of this report.

Surface Waters of the Tarryall Creek Drainage System. In general, theuranium concentrations in surface waters sampled along Tarryal I Creek showonly minor variation. Taken in conjunction with the measured temperature, pH(all of which are low and questionable, as mentioned), specific conductance,and field notes available, there appear to be only a few locations worthy ofinterest. Water from Site 130, upstream on Tarryall Creek from the confluenceof Ruby Gulch, has a uranium concentration of 4.0 ppb, or about three timesthe concentration of samples taken immediately upstream (at Site 131, 1.3 ppb)and downstream (at Site 129, 1.1 ppb). Site 130, like several others alongTarryall Creek, is located on or near the contact between the Precambriangranites and metamorphic, but there is no apparent relationship between thecontact and the uranium concentration at this site. A ranch is located up-stream, but no contamination from this source is specifically recorded.

The slightly higher uranium concentrations in waters from Sites 100, 101,and 102, downstream in the Badger Flats area, may be a reflection of themineral ization reported to the west. 13 However, these concentrations (2.9 ppb,

2.3 ppb, and 1.8 ppb, respectively) are not markedly different from locationsfarther upstream, so any direct correlation would be tenuous at best.

Ground Waters in the Tarryail Creek Drainage Area. TWO springs weresampied in the upper reaches of Ruby Guich. One, at Site 34, apparently ema-nates from Precambrian granitics (undifferentiated plutonics and metamorphic),

whi ie the other, at Site 35, is iocated within the Tertiary Antero formation

(see Plates in roar pocket).The uranium concentration measured in the water from Site 34, 13 ppb, is

comparable to the uranium concentratenating in the Precambrian bedrock inusuai if these granitic rocks were s

16

ons found in other spring waters origi-this general area. it wouid not be un-ightiy mineralized due to the active

geochemical nature of circulating ground waters along faults and fissureswhere springs might discharge. Additional information about the subsurfaceenvironment at Site 34 would be required before an adequate evaluation couldbe made of the measured uranium concentration.

The uranium concentration measured in the water from Site 35 was 5.9 ppb.This concentration general Iy compares to the uranium measured in other groundwater samples mapped within the Antero formation in the South Park area (seePlates I and II).

The group of springs located in the Badger Flats District, where uraniumhas been reported,16 al I have waters with relatively high uranium concentra-tions (Sites 94-99 and Site 108). All of these springs emanate from the Pre-cambrian granites known to contain radioactive minerals in greisen pipes,

stocks, and fault zones, as described in Section IV. On the basis of the re-ported mineralization, and the analytical results, it appears quite reason-able to conclude that the uranium concentrations measured in these springwaters are a reflection of the uranium in the Badger Flats District.

South Platte Drainage AreaThe Platte River drainage system in South Park includes nearly all of

the streams in the central part of the area covered (Plate 11). The averageuranium concentration of the 35 surface waters sampled within it is 3.3 ppb,and the values range from a low of 0.9 ppb to a high of 6.5 ppb. Again, theuranium levels in the ground waters are general Iy higher than those in thestreams. Samples from 16 springs in the drainage area average 22.61 ppburanium and range between 0.21 and 292 ppb (with the maximum being from awarm spring, and the only one above 15.7 ppb), while those from II wellshave an average value of 505 ppb and a range of from 0.29 to 17.4 ppb.

Within this drainage area, uranium is known to occur in the Maroon for-mation south of Garo,14 and in the Antero (?) formation23 south of AnteroReservoir and west of Site 63. The Pierre shale, which is exposed in a nar-row band trending northwest, general Iy along Trout Creek, is known to beuraniferous in at least some local ities.24 Additionally, other formationsexposed within this drainage are known to be uraniferous elsewhere (see Sec-tion IV).

Surface Waters of the South Platte Drainage System. While the numberand spacing of sample locations on tributaries of the South Platte may betoo few or too far apart to allow a positive correlation between uranium con-centrations in the surface waters and the known uranium occurrences, there issome evidence to imply such a correlation in the vicinity of the Garo deposit. lqSite 91, southeast of Garo and just below the confluence of the Piddle Forkand Trout Creek, has a uranium concentration of 5.1 ppb, which is three timesas great as that found for a sample taken upstream at Garo (Site 88), andtwice the concentration at the next location sampled downstream (Site 92).Although it is possible that the higher uranium concentration at Site 91 isdue to a contribution from Trout Creek, which drains across the Pierre shalefor much of its length, or due to some extraneous cause, it is I ikewise pos-sible that the higher concentration is a result of contribution from theuraniferous Maroon formation. The Maroon sandstones are the host rocks forthe small uranium deposits mined in the early 1950!s about 1.6 km west of Site91. The surface drainage in the vicinity of the Garo Mine is generally to thesouth, toward Fourmile Creek. However, the mineralized beds dip to the north-east and are cut by many north-trending faults;14 thus it is conceivable that

17

some ground water could migrate from the uraniferous area into the MiddleFork near Site 91.

Additional evidence for a correlation between surface water and theGaro deposit may exist at Site 78, on Fourmile Creek, just upstream from itsjunction with the South Fork. Site 78 is the only location sampled on Four-mi Ie Creek. However, it is only about 9 km downstream from the Garo depositand does show a higher than average uranium concentration, at 6.5 ppb. Infact, this is the highest uranium concentration in any surface water sampletaken from the Platte River drainage system in South Park. Downstream, atthe confluence of the South Fork, the uranium concentration at Site 69 de-creases to 4.0 ppb, which may be attributed to dilution by less uraniferousSouth Fork water.

Surface waters sampled near the headwater of Agate Creek, but below aspring feeding the drainage at Site 44, are al I slightly above the averageuranium concentrations seen in the portion of the Platte River system takenunder study. It is probable that the spring water from Site 44, which has auranium concentration of 5.0 ppb, is being reflected in the concentrations

at Sites 40 through 43 (4.2, 4.66, 4.3, and 3.81 ppb). Above the sPrin9~ Sites60 and 68 have lower uranium concentrations, at 2.7 and 3.3 ppb, respectively.

The uranium concentrations seen elsewhere in the Platte River drainagefluctuate irregularly, but are generally close to the average concentrationfor the entire system. One exception is Site 90, which has a uranium con-centration of 6.[ ppb. This site is located just downstream from the town ofFairplay on the Middle Fork of the South Platte River. The higher than aver-

age uranium concentration at this site might be related to known fissure-typeuranium occurrences further upstream to the northwest, 19 though this cannot beverified on the basis of available data.

Ground Waters in the South Platte Drainage Area. The range of uranium con-centrations in springs within the South Platte drainage system is 0.21 ppb atSite 87 in lower Chase Gulch to 292 ppb at Site 33 in the headwaters of theGulch. Of the 16 springs sampled within the Platte River drainage area, onlySite 33 had a uranium concentration higher than 15.7 ppb. This site is mappednear the contact of undivided Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks andthe South Park formation (Plate l).

The measure of water temperature at Site 33 was 14”C, which indicates amoderately warm spring, thus the uranium concentration might be suspected ofbeing misleading (see Remarks for Ref. 32, Table Vll). In addition, the lo-cation is described in the data listings of the Appendices as being in the vi-cinity of agricultural activity, thus subject to possible contamination fromfertilizers. As indicated earlier, many phosphate fertilizers are slightlyuraniferous, although there is no specific report to indicate they were usedin this area. A more detailed evaluation using the temperature, pH, and totaldissolved solids (as approximated from the conductance), plus a field inspec-tion of the site, would probably aid in determining if the measured uraniumconcentration at this site in fact represents a truly significant anomaly.

Approximately 5 km southeast of Site 33 is Site 1, which has a measureduranium concentration of 14.8 ppb. This spring is also within the area gen-erally mapped as Precambrian igneous and metamorphic, and is downstream fromSite 33. Although considerably lower in dissolved uran’rected at Site 33 might also be pertinent for this loca-perature, pH, and specific conductance are all lower atAppendix A), although the pH may be questioned and shou

18

urn, the comments di-ion. The water tem-Site I (see Table A-11,d be rechecked.

Northeast of Site 33, on an unnamed intermittent stream channel, a springat Site 13 has a measured uranium concentration of 15.6 ppb. This site isshown within the Tertiary South Park formation of Plate 1, which is descf-ibedbriefly in Table Il. Here also there is an unconfirmed possibility of agri-cultural contamination. The water temperature measured 7“C, the pH 5.0 (ques-tionable), and the specific conductance 600 pmhos/cm. The cause of the some-what higher uranium concentration in this spring water, relative to that inother springs nearby, is uncertain, but it may be related to the volcanictuffs within the South Park formation (see Refs. 33,34, Table Vll).

Eleven wells were sampled within the Platte River drainage in centralSouth Park. Uranium concentrations ranged from 0.29 ppb at Site 15 to 17.4 ppbat Site 63, southeast of Antero Reservoir. No information was provided as tothe well depths, water depths, or producing aquifers; therefore, the followingcomments are made without benefit of these pertinent data.

Only the wel I water sampled at Site 63 had a uranium concentration in ex-cess of 10 ppb, which is considered by some to be the lower level of signifi-cance for ground water in volcanic and tuffaceous areas favorable for uraniummineralization (Ref. 34, Table Vll). The surface geology at this site ismapped on Plate I as Miocene fluvial material (Wagontongue formation) composedlargely of volcanic sand, ash, and pebbles. The Wagontongue formation uncon-formably overlies the Oligocene Antero formation described in Table Il. Ura-nium mineral ization is known to occur in the Antero formation several km south-west of Site 63, although the extent of mineral ization is unknown.23 It ispossible that the measured uranium concentration at Site 63 (17.4 ppb) is areflection of this nearby mineralization. The uranium concentration in a wellwater sample from Site 62 (8.7 ppb), which is located northeast of Site 63 andis seen to be drilled in the Antero formation on Plate 1, might also be re-flecting mineralization elsewhere in that Iacustrine deposit. The well at Site62 is separated from Site 63 by the Agate Creek drainage, but if the Antero

formation dips to the east or northeast as would be expected of sediment de-posited on the west limb of a north-trending syncline, 5 it appears possible

that ground water could migrate from the mineralized area toward these twowells.

West Fourmile Creek Drainage AreaThis area is located in extreme southeastern Park County and its drain-

age is to the southeast into Teller County (Plate II). Fourmile Creek drainsa region of Tertiary volcanics, while its tributaries entering from the northflow over Precambrian granites (Plate l). Within this area there are fourstream sample locations and four springs which were sampled.

Surface Waters of the West Fourmile Creek Drainage System. The averageuranium concentration of the four stream samples analyzed from this system is2.88whattrathave24 (aread uctc

ppb, and they range from 1.1 to 4.92 ppb. The four samples show a some-marked variation, with those from Sites 24 and 26 having uranium concen-ons of I.1 and 1.25 ppb, respectively, whi Ie those from Sites 25 and 47values of 4.23 and 4.92 ppb. Site 25 (4.2 ppb) is located between Sites. I ppb) and 26 (1.2 ppb). Each of these three locations is within themapped as Tertiary volcanics. The temperature, pH, and specific con-nce of al I are nearly the same, although the pH (if accurate) and speci-

fic conductance do decrease ~lightly downstream. Two tributaries enter WestFourmile Creek between Sites 24 and 25, one from the northwest and the otherfrom the southwest. The southwest tributary may extend into an area of known

19

mineralization, the Micanite-Guffey pegmatite area,22 although this was notverified and appears doubtful on the basis of avai Iable geologic and hydro-logic information. All three locations are in an agricultural area, thoughno information is avai Iable concerning the local use of phosphate ferti I izers.

The stream sample from Site 47 shows an increase to 4.9 ppb uranium.This site is shown as being within a small exposure of Tallahassee Creek con-glomerate, which is composed largely of tuffaceous ma-terial. Similar conglom-eratic beds some 35 km to the southwest, in the Tal Iahassee Creek area, arekrlown to contain uranium mineralization. 15 However, no specific reports werefound-of uranium mineralization in the region of the West Fourmile Creek drain-age area that was sampled.

Ground Waters in the West Fourmile Creek Drainage Area. Of the foursprings sampled in the area of the West Fourmi Ie Creek drainacre svstem. onlvthe one at Site 22 showed a uranium concentration greater tha~ 1.9 ppb~ Thissite is located some 5 km north of stream Site 47, in Tel Ier County. The siteis in an area shown on Plate I as undifferentiated Precambrian granites andrelated roci<s. The measured physical and chemical parameters at Site 22 arenot greatly different from those at the three other springs in the area of theWest Fourmile drainage system, and no specific reports of uranium mineral iza-tion in this area were found. However, the Lady Stith uraniferous fluorite-bearing veins are in the general vicinity,lg and simi Iar rocks in the BadgerFlats area, some 25 to 30 km to the northwest, are known to possess s~me ura-nium miner-al ization in fault zones and greisen pipes.lb

Curran+ Creek Drainage AreaThe Currant Creek area is in southcentral Park County and its drainage

is generally to the southeast into Fremont County (Plate 11). Headwater tri-

butaries in the north and west drain a region of Tertiary volcanics in theThirtyninemile volcanic field. Except in the northernmost reaches, the main

channel of Currant Creek flows across an area of Precambrian granites, schists,and gneisses (Plate l). It tends to follow the course of a fault along the

eastern edge of a northwest-trending graben. 6

An area of abnorrlally high radioactivity is reported in the Currant Creekdrainage system north of the Fremont-Park County line, in the Micanite-Guffeyarea.22 This area is shown on Plate I as having Precambrian granite and re-lated rocks exposed. Some additional information concerning it has been pro-

vided in Section IV.

Surface Waters of the Currant Creek Drainage System. Eight locations

were samDled alona the main channel of Currant Creek. The average uranium

concentration for the samples from these eight locations is 4.9 ppb, andtheir values range from 2.69 to 8.88 ppb. In general, the uranium concen-

trations tend to increase downstream. However, the increased levels at Sites

54 and 55 are probably a result of uranium introduced by spring water enteringfrom Site 32. The more general increase in uranium in the creek water may

simply be a reflection of the bedrock mineralization in the area.

Ground Waters in the Currant Creek Drainage Area. Four springs were

sampled within the Currant Creek drainage area. Three are in the volcanic

rocks in the northwest, and one is in Precambrian granitics north of Site 54.

The uranium concentrations in samples from these springs range from 0.71 ppbat Site 30 to 32.8 ppb at Site 32 on Currant Creek. Of the three springs in

20

the volcanic area} only that of Site 109, with water having a uranium concen-tration of 7.1 ppb (as compared to 0.7 ppb at Site 30 and 1.5 ppb at Site 31),seems to warrant attention. The water temperature at Site 109 (IO”C) is from2 to 4°C higher than at the other two springs, and the pH (6.0 - if it can berelied upon) is 0.5 pH units higher. The specific conductance at Site 109 is320 pmhos/cm, 45 pmhos/cm higher than at Site 30, but the same as at Site 31.On the basis of these data and the other available information about the area,it is not evident why the uranium concentration is higher (though not neces-sarily anomalous) at Site 109.

Site 32 must be treated separately, since it is in a different geologicarea, is apparently the only spring in that area, and possesses some unusualcharacteristics. Known locally as Yellow Soda Spring, it is in, or very near,the Micanite-Guffey mineralized area.22 In fact, a mine (of which nothing moreis known) is noted in the data listings as a possible source of contaminationat this location. The Yellow Soda Spring apparently emanates from Tertiaryvolcanics neat- their contact with Precambrian metamorphic and is situated ona northwest-trending graben fault.6 The water temperature is recorded as 13°C,making it another moderately warm spring. The pH of 7.2 measured at the siteis higher than that for any other water of any type sampled in South Park, and

the specific conductance at 8000 mhos/cm is also considerably higher than forany other water sampled. The uranium concentration of 32.8 ppb at Site 32,whi Ie apparently high for the particular drainage area, should be evaluated onthe basis of both the geochemical parameters provided (along with their remeas-urement as a check) and a more detai led examination of the geology, mineral i-zation, and hydrology near the site than is possible from any of the literaturefound to be available.

Badger Creek Drainage Area

‘~h~ Badger Creek area is located in the southwest corner of Park Countyand the drainage is southward into northwestern Fremont County (Plate I l).Within this drainage area samples were taken from three stream locations andtwo wells. Badger Creek and its tributaries drain an assortment of geologicformations including Tertiary lake beds in the north, Precambrian granitesin the west, Tertiary volcanics in the east, and several Paleozoic unitsalong the main stream (Plate l). The closest reported uranium mineralizationoccurs to the northwes-t, in the tuffaceous sandstones of the Antero (?) for-mation as mentioned earl ier.20

Surface Waters of the Badger Creek Drainage System. The average uranium

concentration of the three stream samples is 5. 16 ppb and they range from4.41 to 6.59 ppb, increasing downstream. It is worthy of note tha~ the ura-nium concentrations at sites on Agate Creek, which drains roughly equivalentgeologic units to the north, are quite comparable. The temperature and PHvary slightly from location to location. However, the specific conductanceincreases downstream from 320 umhos/cm at Site 66 to 440 llmhos/cm at Site 64.

Ground Waters in the Badger Creek Drainage Area. TWO wel I water SamPleS

were taken in the Badaer Creek drainaqe area. One, at Site 45, had a measured

uranium concentration of 1.5 ppb and ;S shown on Plate I as being located withinthe Tertiary Antero lake beds. The other, at Site 67, has a uranium concentra-tion of 4.0 ppb, and is shown within the Wagontongue formation near its contactwith the Antero formation. Both wells provide stock water from windmills, but

it is unknown if the samples were taken whi Ie they were pumping or were from

21

adjacent holding tanks. Site 45 is described as subject to metallic contamina-tion. The water temperature and specific conductance at Site 67 are slightlyhigher than at Site 45, whi Ie the recorded pH is the same. The difference inthe uranium concentrations of these well waters, although perhaps not signifi-cant, cannot be explained on the basis of available data.

x. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

During the summer of 1975, 464 samples of natural waters were COI Iectedfrom 149 locations in South Park, Colorado. These samples, taken at the re-quest of the LASL, were acquired specifically to test the effects of varioussample treatments on the levels of uranium, to assess the newly developed LASLanalytical methods for uranium in waters , and to general Iy evaluate the methodof water sampling as a tool for del ineating areas of possible interest forfurther uranium exploration by the private sector.

South Park, located in southcentral Colorado, is a high, north-trending,intermountain basin, formed by diastrophism during Laramide time. Exposed bed-rock in the Park ranges in age from Precambrian to Cenozoic and includes anextensive volcanic sequence in the south. The Park is generally described asbeing in an uraniferous province, and radioactive mineralization is known tooccur at least at four local ities in the report area as wet I as at severalothers just outside the area boundaries.

The sensitivity of the LASL fluorometric analysis was found to be 0.2 ppburanium, and the precision ranged from about 30 percent in the low ppb range

to about 10 percent above 4.5 ppb uranium. Samples above or near 10 ppb ura-nium were run by delayed-neutron counting after activation in a reactor-generated neutron flux. The sensitivity of this method, as used, was foundto be 0.5 ppb uranium. The precision at IO ppb is about 4.5 percent and im-proves at higher concentrations.

Water samples collected were of three distinct types: surface streamwaters, spring waters, and wel I waters. Multiple samples taken from each lo-cation were treated in three or four different ways: given no treatment;filtered and acidified; filtered only; or acidified only (this was done atonly one out of every ten locations). No significant variance was evidentbetween the samples given different treatments, and the filtered and acidi-fied values were therefore used for evaluation to be consistent with ongoingLASL HSSR work. The analytical results for all treatments are included inthe Appendices.

Using the field and analytical methodology designed by the LASL, a defi-nite correlation is seen between the uranium concentrations in ground watersand the reported uranium mineralization in the Badger Flats area of east-central Park County. More subtle or suspected correlations show up in theground waters of the Micanite-Guffey mineralized area, reported near the Parkand Fremont County I ine, and an unnamed prospect in the Antero formation, re-ported south of Antero Reservoir. The single area where uranium concentra-tions in surface waters appear to subtly reflect reported uranium mineraliza-tion is that of the Garo deposit. Here, higher than average uranium concen-trations are found at two different stream sites, on two different drainages,both apparently downstream from the deposit. In addition to these less de-finite correlations, there were a few higher than average uranium concentra-tions which could not be explained on the basis of available information.

22

The results of the study show the method of water sampling, in general,and the LASL procedures for both field treatment of samples and laboratoryanalysis, in particular, to provide viable tools for locating areas possessinghigher than normal uranium mineralization.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This report would not have been possible without the careful and competentcooperation of the LPC, especial Iy their field personnel, and the support ofthe US ERDA GJO. The planning, coordination , and administration of the work re-ported was done by the Applied Earth Sciences Group, J-5, of the LASL. F I uoro-metric analysis of the samples was done by the LASL Analytical Chemistry Group,CMB-1, of the Chemistry-Materials Science Division. The samples having theiruranium determined by delayed-neutron counting were analyzed by the ResearchReactor Group, P-2, of the LASL Physics Division , and the LASL Statistical Ser-vices Group, C-5, of the Computer Science Division did the statistical analyses.The illustrations were drawn by John E. Tubb and the manuscript was typed byPatricia O~Rourke, both of Group J-5.

23

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

II.

12.

REFERENCES CITED

Sharp, R.R., Jr., 1976, Hydrogeochemical and stream sediment survey ofthe National Uranium Resource Evaluation program, April-June, 1975,Progress Report LA-6299-PR, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los AlamosNM, 48 p.

Sharp, R.R., Jr. and Morris, W.A., 1976, Hydrogeochemical and streamsediment survey of the National Uranium Resource Evaluation program,July-September, 1975, Progress Report LA-6319-PR, Los Alamos ScientificLaboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 47 p.

Sharp, R.R., Jr. and Aamodt, P.L., 1976, Hydrogeochemical and streamsediment survey of the National Uranium Resource Evaluation program,October-December, 1975, Progress Report LA-6346-PR, Los Alamos ScientificLaboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 88 p.

Sharp, R.R., Jr., Morris, W.A. and Aamodt, P.L., 1976, Hydrogeochemical

and stream sediment survey of the National Uranium Resource Evaluationprogram, January-March, 1976, Progress Report LA-6369-PR, Los AlamosScientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 56 p.

Stark, J.T., Johnson, J.H., Behre, C.H. Jr., et al, 1949, Geology andorigin of South Park, Colorado, Geol. Sot. America Mere. 33, 188 P.

Epis, R.C. and Chapin, C.E., 1968, Geologic history of the Thirtynine-mile volcanic field, central Colorado, Colorado School of Mines Quar-terly, v. 63, no. 3 (July), pp. 51-84.

U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 1976, Climatological data, annual summary 1975,NOAA, Environmental Data Service, v. 80, no. 13, pp. Z and 4.

Johnson, J.H., [935, Stratigraphy of northeastern and east-central partsof South Park, Colorado, Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bul l., v. 19, no. 9,

PP~ [339-1356.

Sawatzky, D.L., 1964, Structural geology of southeastern South Park,Park County, Colorado, The Mountain Geologist, v. l., no. 3, pp. 133-139.

De Veto, R. H., 1964, Stratigraphy and structure of Tertiary rocks insouthwestern South Park, The Mountain Geologist, v. 1, no. 3, pp. I 17-126.

Epis, R.C. and Chapin, C.E., 1974, Stratigraphic nomenclature of theThirtynine Mile volcanic field, central Colorado, U.S. Geol. Survey Bull.1395-C, pp. Cl - C23.

Epis, R.C., Wobus, R.A., Wrucke, C.T., Scott, G.R. and Taylor, R.B., !975,Geologic map of the northwestern part of the Pueblo 1“ x 2° quadrangle,Colorado (1:187 500 scale), U.S. Geol. Survey Open-file Rept. 75-339,map plus 5 p. description of map units.

24

13.

14.

15.

lb.

17.

18.

19.

20,

21.

22*

23.

24.

Bryant, B. and Wobus, R.A., 1975, Preliminary geologic map of the south-western quarter of the Denver 1° x 2° quadrangle, Colorado (I:Z50 000scale), U.S. Geol. Survey Open-file Rept. 75-340, map plus 5 p. list ofmap units with index showing sources of data.

Wilmarth, V.R., 1959, Geology of the Garo uranium-vanadium-copper deposit,Park County, Colorado, U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1087-A, pp. 1-21.

McPherson, B.A., 1959, Geology and uranium deposits of the TallahasseeCreek district, Fremont County, Colorado, U.S. AEC GJO Report RME-1083,47 p.

Hawley, C.C., !969, Geology and beryllium deposits of the Lake George(or Badger Flats) beryllium area, Park and Jefferson Counties, Colorado,U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 608-A, 44 p.

Osterwald, F.W., 1956, Relation of tectonic elements in Precambrian rocksto uranium deposits in the Cordilleran Foreland of the western UnitedStates, U.N. Int. Conf. on Atomic Energy, 1955, v. 6, pp. 293-298.

Everhart, D.L., 1956, Uranium-bearing vein deposits in the United States,U.N. Int. Conf. on Atomic Energy, 1955, v. 6, pp. 257-264.

Walker, G.W. and Osterwald, F.W., 1963, Introduction to the geology ofuranium-bearing veins in the conterminous United States, including sec-tions on geographic distribution and classification of veins, U.S. Geol.Survey Prof. Paper 455-A, 28 p.

Finch, W.I., 1955, Uranium in terrestrial sedimentary rocks in the UnitedStates, exclusive of the Colorado Plateau, U.N. Int. Conf. on AtomicEnergy, 1955, v. 6, pp. 600-604.

Wright, R.J., 1955, Ore controls in sandstone uranium deposits of theColorado Plateau, Economic Geology, v. 50, pp. 135-155.

Eckel, E.B., 1961, Minerals of Colorado, a 100-year record, U.S. Geol.Survey Bull. 1114, 399 p.

Finch, W.I., 1967, Geology of epigenetic uranium deposits in sandstonein the United States, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 538, 121 p.

Boberg, W.W. and Runnells, D.D., 1971, Reconnaissance study of uranium

in the South Platte River, Colorado, Economic Geology, v. 66, pp.

25. Vine, J.D., 1955, Uranium-bearing coal in the United States,Conf. on Atomic Energy, 1955, v. 6, pp. 452-457.

26. Balestrini, S.J., Balagna, J.P. and Menlove, H.O., 1976, Twodelayed-neutron detector designs for assays of fissionable ewater and sediment Si

NM, submitted to Nuc

435-450.

U.N. Int.

spec’al izedemen-s in

mples,- L& Alamos Scientific Laboratory Los Alamos,ear Instruments and Methods, 5 p.

25

27. Dixon, W.J. and Massey, F. J., Jr. , 1969, Introduction to statisticalanalysis, 3rd cd., McGraw-Hill, NY, pp. 119-123, (t-test for paired dif-ferences) and pp. 335-338 (sign test).

.28. Miller, R.G., Jr., 1966, Simultaneous statistical inference, McGraw-Hill,NY, pp. 138-143 (k-sample sign test) and pp. 172-178 (Friedman’s rankstatistics).

29. Conover, W.J., 1971, Practical nonparametric statistics, John Wiley, NY,p. 266 (Friedman’s test statistic, T).

30. Grimbert, A. and Loriod, R., 1968, Geochemical prospecting for uranium,AEC-tr-7579 (Trans. from French), USAEC, Tech. Info. Center, Springfield,VA, 38 p.

31. Fauth, H., 1973, Hydrogeochemical reconnaissance prospecting, Uraniumexploration methods, IAEA, 1972, Vienna, pp. 209-218.

32. Dyck, W., 1975, Geochemistry applied to uranium exploration, Geol.Surv. Can. Paper 75-26, Info. Canada, Ottawa, pp. 35-47.

33. Fix, P.F., 1956, Geochemical prospecting for uranium by sampling groundand surface waters, Proc. U.N. lnt. Conf. on Atomic Energy, 1955, v. 6,pp. 788-791.

34. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and Geological Survey, 1955, Techniquesfor prospecting for uranium and thorium, Proc. U.N. Int. Conf. onAtomic Energy, [955, v. 6, pp. 752-755.

35. Scott, R.C. and Barker, F.B., 1958, Radium and uranium in ground waterof the United States, 2nd U.N. Int. Conf. on Atomic Energy, 1958, V. 2,

PP. 153-157.

36. Ostle, D. and Ball, T.K., 1973, Some aspects of geochemical surveys foruranium (with discussion), Uranium exploration methods, IAEA, 1972,

Vienna, ppe 171-1870

37. Everhart, D.L., 1958, Summary of unsolved problems and new trends inuranium geology, 2nd U.N. Int. Conf. on Atomic Energy, 1958, v. 2,pp. 310-314.

26

APPENDIX A

LISTINGS OF FIELD DATA AND URANIUM CONCENTRATIONS

FILTERED

FOR

AND ACIDIFIED WATER SAMPLES

FROM

SOUTH PARK, COLORADO

TABLE A-1

SAMPLES ANALYZED BY FLUOROMETRY

TABLE A-11

SAMPLES ANALYZED BY DELAYED-NEUTRON COUNTING

(See Appendix C for codes to listings)

27

w

nw

I

zJEH

ldm

‘d31vM

,,,,,s

1,,,,,1,*lt,

s,,,,,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

[1334)

!41430713*

($3

H’JN

I)

,,9Q.*8*1,,,

9,1b

1*81es1110*.

8,,,,,

I,,,,

,9s8,,,,,

,,,

n313w

wa

113.,

,1,,8,11,,,:,*:1,:,,,*,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,3’I.,

1’13M---

,,ta,l;;~;;:

l,ll:*llt:~~48,,,,,,,,1,

,,,:711,,,;;

,,,51

NY

NIW

VL

KE

-U

,,11,1,,,,,,

Ialllitbltll

817’1,,,,,,1,

,,,11811,,,,

,,,.JIH

W3N

M0

1111.111111,llllll@

,,1,

l,:

,1,,0,81,,*,,

,,,8,,,,,

,,,U

3HL

.3MI,#lll#b

l,,,t

*1111:1881B

I,,1,

,,,1,1,1,1

SI1

l*,,,,,,,<3!7

?8

Illlllllt,,,l

119111111s111

lD,

t,lll#l,#9

81111,,,,

,,,[5N

30N

011VL

B3.

-UO

,L

V1;33A

,1’11191+1,

,,,1$11

11,,19t111t,

,,II

I*,,,S

,I

,,,,,,

,,,,

,wm

,w

v%~~,

,,,,

,1,,,,,,,,11,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,

‘JUI02

#3LV

M,,,

,,,,&

*,,,,

*,8,9*1,*1*,,,

,,,,,

,16,8,

**1111,,,,,,,

13A31

&31V

M7’,

,s,1,,1,,,

I,IB

II*IIIII

**,@

,*,*#l*,

4,,18111,,,,

,,,

0,,1,,ls

1,,,1

,91,,,,0,,,,1,

1#,,,,

nD

,,,,

,1,,,,,,,,,,

*J.,&

>J.*

m

sH

0_IC3

1M3?

4103S,S

,l,ltll,

,f**h

e,m

,,,#m

,1*1*#,t,lla

s,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,

:341

1’43.10?S

Itlllsata,,,l

1111111,1,1,

m,,,

,,,,11,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

Pt11*9m

lll18t111

IDII

IIIII1

1*,,11818,

C,1

11111s,,,,,,

5H

C72L

7130

M*

,,,,,,

,,,,,

,,,111),,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,

,,,,,,

,.

M..

AX

m,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,

,118,,,,,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

:,w

6d“.,

~,‘d

3~11N135

—L-

LJ

-

Ll-

i

~~

~w

:,O

>!-I*F.J.

*-..7-W

le.m.ae..m

.U

.a...e#l.

-.#lclen

lm--.~

s~s

.-+-m

m--m

m;E

:.:g:

~.m.w

.:~m-+.~-e.m

.e-e.-w

emm

~%m

em-=h

=-mm

<+e-+

e!-,a,e*<r*o

m~

=o=

m”m

\

R=H

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

.1.)!-!%

,*,-<>.4P

Tm

r.r,..n

,mlw

wm

o<

r!ol-.

r.r,,

mc

0,-w<ti

&r”,w

--,-,-r.,-*,

-,*A

--A,_

-

;.:~

%

>&

g-#

:m

S’,

.lz-s

,,,,#,,,,

,#&,,

,11,,11111,,,

*,,,811B

,1,,

,,,,,

,1,,,,,

I1334)

“,.330M

3,vm,,s,

,,,,,

,01*,,

*,*81E

1*8I,,

,,,,t**ll

88s,,1,,,1,,

8,,

(1333)

Hd

3u113M

‘,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,B.

*SD

8,,,,,,19,8,*,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

[S3H

3N,

In

313mvm

1.Wa,,

,,,,,,

,,,,

,,811111111,,

,1,,

,11,1,,,,,,,

,,,8,,,,,

3dA

1.13M

,,,,,,

,,7,11

Ilalllllll)tI,,

o,,

,:lltl*1#,

*1#11#1,

91,S

1NV

NIW

V1N

03_

FI

m,,,

,,,,,,

,,s11,

lllllnlll

8111,11

D*I*9

111,,1111,1,18,

d\%

U3N

M0

,,,1,,,,,,,,

,1111111,11,,011,

91111s,1,1,

B1,

,,*I,

11,.33H

1V3M

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,11111,,,

,,,,11611

1*1,,111,11,

11,,.,.

.,,

H..!

l..,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,1,,1,

*,,,,*,,,,*,,,,

AW

N30

NO

INE

S13,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,s11,

,,,,,,

,19,8,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

UN

C11V

1393A,,

,1,,,,,,,,,1,,11111811

,:,s1111111,

I,*,,,,,,,,,

,,,!

73NtivH

3P

W3U

S,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,1,18111

s81s,

,01,1111111,s

1,11,,,1,,11,

L!070L

Iw

lvrn*,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,*

11*1,,,

,,,,111[1

1,,,,,

,,,8,,

11,73.37

ti3.VM

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,0,1,,s

1,,,1118

V,

II11111

111,8s

111,1,118

Mm

,b

3ivM

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,0,,,,

,s,,,,

,,,,,,

,,1,8,

,,1,:,,,,,,,

,,,,O

lcxL

\3vl,03s,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,1,

s,,,,

,1,,,,1,1,,

,8,,,,,,,,,,,,

3dA

1!.3W

l~35,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,1,,,,

,1,l,ti,

l,k,,,#,

#,b

,t,,,

,*,.“.

”,.-,..

”

7 ..----.-,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,91s1,911

,11111111111Ila,

t,lt,l,,

91,3d

A1

X308

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,1,11111,

81s,11,1,181111111

811111:18188

IW3W

%U

F=

%$@

,,,,,,

,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,*,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,

,8,,,,

,,,,,

,,,,,,

,~-l

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,1,,,,,,

,1,81,1,*,,

,1,1,,,,,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,

,,,,,,

,11,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,

!,,,,,,,,,,,,

,,,,

;3,,,VM

3..3L1::::::::::::::

:::::~::::~-~=:::~

::::::=-oce.=

=0.=---=

..

..

..

..

..

..

.-e.-l”l.

mu

-mIn

...o

-.o

.S

Je.m

%%

-t-.aaee-..r,

hk?

-z.c..---*rw

l.Qm

.

k=i--l’’’’-----”’--”-----------.0-

---.---”

--+-----------

,,,8,,,,,,,,

,,,,,1

**99.*,,,

,,,,,1

,1,1

,1,,,,,,1,,,,,

29

LzGanz6nl-uIYwF

j

IL

.m*u

l.n.

*,.Jo

mr-.-4F

l-

..

..

..

.-m

-w----

,,,,,,

,

,,s,1,,

911*[181*

It*D

#mD

,*

e(S

3W3N

ll,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,0,,,

,1,,,

,8,,,,,

n3,

?vw

lo112.U

3dA

11134

4,ss,,,,

,11,,,1,

,111:1,,,,11,

,,,,

1,,,,,

,,;11,,

111111!lll,

,,1111110

51W

N1F

.V1N

03,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,

1,,,,,

,,1,,,,

11,,,,

,d

!H5W

3NM

0

WU

1V3M

,,,,,,

,1,,,,,,,,

,,,,11,,,,

11,,,,

e

,,,,,,

,1,,,,,,,

,,,,,191,

,,11,8,,,

i3!73n,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,

1,111,1-191,,,

lls1118

UK

N3C

NO

llV1~3A

-No

lLvL

2,3A,

l#t,m

,1,1*1111111111111,

1111IID

I

>3NN

V”,

NV

3U$1,

,II,II

IV*,

,1111I1

181881,811,,,

,

8,,,,,

,,S

S8,1

I,,,tS

*#,,,,

#B

l,,,,

,.070783

lVv

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,1,,,,,,111,,,11,

,,,n

-3,33L

7.VM

V,,,,,,,,*,*,

1101,,,,

,1,,,l,,

,,,,

*O.,

a3

*V)4

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,

,811,,,,,

:1,,,,,.C

7031N

3NI03S

3dA

1lN

3Vl,03S

,,,,,,

,1,,,,,1111,

,,ls11,,

81111,1

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,II

I,,,IB

1ll,,

Il#ll#t,0103

xm

u

3dA

AX

3@4

,,,,,,

,,,91,

,,,,,1

,011,,.18610,

,,

1,,,,,

,,’19,,

,,,,11111,,,1

11,,,,

,

[Ueo

ml

n3@

wlm

LN

lx

,,,,,,

,,,,.,

eee.o*c..eo

...

..

..

..

..

..

.‘.7

U?

!n”-$

1-mu

l.nm

mm

tn

,m*G

l,B

,#,t,

8,,,,,

,,,,,,

,8,,,,

s,,,,,.C

eae.cecea

e.

..

..

..

..

..

..N

...rru

mum

..m

,-------a

----

,,,.,,,,,,,,

1111,**,,,1,,

,,,,,

,1,,,11,

,,,9.

..-.

..

.U

lm*a

,,,8

81,8

30

m“’’’’’’’’’’’”

,,,,,,

,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,s,,

,1,t,

;;;,77s

11,1,1,

,,,,,,

,,,,1,

0,

1,,,,

,1,,,8,1,

1111,1,,,,,,

:,

1,,,,,1,

,,1,s

,

,,S

,11,

,,1,l

,

,,,,11,,,1,1

,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,

,,,,,

s,,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,

7,,,,,

,,,s,1

,,,,

,,,,,

,1,1,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,

,,1,,,

,11n

,

II[w

as“.,

n3L

mU

N12s

31

32

APPENDIX B

LISTINGS OF FIELD DATA AND URANIUM CONCENTRATIONS

FOR

WATER SAMPLES TREATED BY METHODS OTHER THAN COMBINED FILTRATION AND ACIDIFICATION

FROM

SOUTH PARK, COLORADO

TABLE B-1

SAMPLES ANALYZED BY FLUOROMETRY

and

TABLE B-11

SAMPLES ANALYZED BY DELAYED-NEUTRON COUNTING

(See Appendix C for codes to listings)

33

>mnwY-J<z<vamo

la “,d3a

-1-13M

(s3.2>,()’’’’’’’”

“’’’’’”*M

313wm

113M

3dA

.113M’’””

“’’’’**’’”‘

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,1

S,,W

N>IW

INM

--e

mI-,

mm

mr)m

i-!l

dl%

L13W

A0

,,,,,,

,,,,,

,,,,,,

,1

“W,,.*’’’”

“’’C’”!’

““

11,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,77$,

,,7.t-rm

,m

,,,,,,

,1,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

t..

..

,,,,,,

,,,,,

,,,,,,

,1111,,,

,,1,

,,,,.,.

.,,

lllllt,sl@

)l,,8,

,,

111111,1

11811

11,,,

,,,,,778,

*,~:~::~t

7’71*1,*1*11,

,,1,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

F==l,,,$,.

tlslttllmtlla

111,1

IU’W

20W

UV

1393A,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,1,

,,1,1:0

,,111,a~

,4,,,,

,,,1,,

,,,,,,

~LN

o,

LvL

3,3A,

,,m,

,,,,,,

,,,8,,

,,1,1,,,s

10,,1

,,,,

,,,,,,

,1,,,,

,,,,

,3,4

Nvk,

flv3u1~

,,,l,

,,,,,

,1,1111111111111111

11111111111111111111,

,

,,,,,,

,,,,,

,,,:,~,

,,c,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,

,,,,,,

,.

..”..,,

..

--

F=?

........-:.\3783.V

*7i-,

s,8,*,,,,

,,”,-’,-,,,,,1,,

,,,*,,,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,

,1,,,,,,,

,1,,,1,,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

.01,.31!*

~o

,o,

Lv3w

to3~

77#,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,1,,1,

11,,t,

,,1,,,,,,,,,

*B,

I,,’1*,

3..,IN

3WI02S

,,,1,,,,,,,,

,,,,1,11811,

11,11119,,1,,m

,,,,

l,,,,l

6,,

,0.0;.,08

t,,l,,

,,,l,ll

11,,11111181111111*1*11111

#l#*tlltlll#

3.3...>O

U,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,1,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,

,9,,,1,,,,

w,

m)

u3G

JWJ771L

N12S

34

E.—+:07-m

Ll-

nwLnLl-

ac.-%.-4u3n

t2;!W

:,*

>In.

.lurwe

km---

.Oe.

use’,-m

.m

lr,Iw

R?-lwluw

-ea

...a

-?-e

n,m

.a.*.

-WI-.-*-

.y8.

::&em

,.lmew

+~oo.-,m~=e

.=a==e

”.w-w

~-m<-orw

=*m*

.em

=-=

ww

=d

mm

=**

\

=9=

is“-””””-”””””

““““””

..

..

..

..

..

.-.-N

W.-c

e--b-<x=e

?-,..

,:mm

*.C:,:

K.,:,

.-..,,.,.m

r,-.,

,.-<

~.,,.,,.

1-..

!-.-,.u,

.,.,+,>

“..

..

..

..

..

..

.

2@i

~::

;q”g$:ID

*II,

,,III1

t&,

ll#tlll*l11,

,,1,1

*1,1

*,,,,,,18

11

1o

#*[1134)

ML

*3Qu

31v&,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,1,1,0

(13331H

,d30

_113M,,,

,,,,,

,1,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

(S3H

3N

!)143L

3WW

C113A

!,8,

,,,,,

*,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,11,1,

I*13d

hL

113M-------

,,,,,,

,88,,s

88,t8t##sa8ttt80a,,77il’*

stota8t

11816t88

51tWN

IWV

1tU3

..

,4,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,::,,,

,,,,,,

,,o,

~~~y,

dlH

5S3N

M0

,,,,,,

,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,

,,1,1,,

‘d3H

1v3M,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,1111,

1,,,3113M

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,U

ISK

ZN

01V1333A

-~o

lL

vL2=

3h*,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,%*,*3

~v3u,~

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,1,,1,,,,

8070>H

3LV

W,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,1#,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,1

,,,,,,lls

,1,1,0

13A31

831’s*,,,

,,,,,

,1,,,,,

,,:1,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,1

,,,,,

,111,1,*,*

Mm

,L

13LV

*-

*,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,9

,1,,,,,,,

2u

mo

>1N

3w03s

s;,..

1.3N,03S

1,,1,,,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,11,,,,,,s,,1,l,,

&E_

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,s,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,1,l,,

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

:1,3,=%:;;:

35

.--1-K0(J

-i-mw-!m6*

C/7

w-1mEau) E M

ld30U3iVM,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Ii,,,,1,,,,,,1

1,,1*,,*9D

CD

llloo

l

[1334)H

,d30

113M*,,

am,,,,,,,

,,*,l*

B*l#,

#I,,

,*,,,,

*,,,,,

ma,*,,,,,

***153

H3N

IIn

313P+v10

113*

3dA

1173M,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,

,1,111,8,::,

,18116111181111

s19111,1Ill

51N

VN

lWlL

NO

:,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,88,,,

0W1S

1*9111*I1181181,1111

111.,,.lm

ml-m

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,4,111,,,

8,,,1,,,,,,,

1,,,,

,1,,,,,,1*

d!W

3k!3NM

0

n3F

Uv3m

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,1,s,119

,1,m

*,,t,

,al#,,

B,,

*IV

III

IIIn

,,

J3113n,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,

,9118111111,,,

,,,II*V

,I

9,.111111118811

~,~N30N

011v,m3A

l,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,

$,,,,,’,,,,s,t

19:11111II

IIII

IC!I1

!11

~tiN

c,,vL3D

3A*o

,’,,,

,,,,,,

,,,1,

,1,,,,,11?

111111111C

!lD1911111

111

I13N

NV

H3

lVV

3#1S,,,

,,,,,

,1,,,#ltlm

llll,#

0,,,1,

,111,s

101119111

IIIIll

IU

rlo>

n31vM

,,,,,

,1,,,,,,

,1,1199,9,,8,

,11,*1*911vltlB

1981111#[l

,-,3.3-,.>,,.

,,,1,,,,,,,,

l,*ll**bl#t

D1,,11191111,

,*11II

IVIB

III*

I

1m

.,83L

VII

,,,,,

,1,$+,1B

*lllD

l*DD

ms

1,,,,,0,1,8011190111111!

#al

sL

421G3 il,3H

m3s

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

*,,,111

*PI,*

9,,,11,,11,1

0,,9,,11811,*8

I

:’3,.1

,,3.103s,,,

,,,,,

,0,,11681,

l,s18,

S,

IIII

II19SI

IIII

II1*1

IBI

111

,,,,,,

,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,11,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,1,

,,)191

111:1115

M2-103

Xxlb

:8,,

,1,1,,*,

I19111,

,81,,,,

,19,91:811,,,,911.84s01

1,1L

>d,

LX

30ti

oIt,

,111,llll

11D

9**I,II,,

##alw

emb

m*,,

1,#9111b*111

1*I

z{U

ldd

m)

i,u

U3W

’T’U

LN

105

n’w1-<wut-

Z=

36

-ua)3c.—+c0v

IL

EH

,d30

373M

[S3U

>.!l

1,,,,,

,,116,1,

,891,,,,,8,,,,,

,,1.11,119

1*1#88ts*#9,

83,3.,801.3)/

,,,,,,

,,11,18,,111,,,,1,

11,,,s

11111,lI!l

III*

III,0s,

3dA

l113M

1,,,,,,,,1111,,,

,:,&

,,*,*,,1,,,,,,,1,111

61,1111,,,,,

S1

NV

.IW

V1N

C3

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,111,,,,,,

,,,,,

,1118,,9,11,,,11,1,

e,,.,

US

!43NM

0,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,

,111,,,,,,,,,

t,llb*ll,

It#l*llD

m###

l,,.31U

V3M

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,91*b,

,,1*,81,,1118811

111111s11111

Iv,3313+

!8*,5

M30ko

,L

,1=3h

,111iI,lltallllll

11111s,

,199,IS

1111181111111111161,

~A,

w”,,

w,3q

3*,,alll

lltn11tl$lb

t9s96,

t,,la

Ii*l1111

*II*

IB14*

tlslll

S ,---......,3uNv,,”dv3uL~

l,rto

l1,81111181111

8s,11,111,1)1

1111,111,111,11,

,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,1,,,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,1118,911###,11

#118,,

no

lo>

n31vM

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,1,,,,,,,

,,,,,

I*IIS

9,*m

l#l@*l

*It@*1,

,13A

33U

3,VI$

1,,,,,,,,1111,,,

,19,,,,,,1,1,1111,11111

111111*1*111.,01,

L.!3,V

.,,,8c,03,

N3w

,03~#,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,

:~d

,i~N

3N,G

3~,,,

,,,,,

,1,,,,,

,,$,,,,,,

,,8,,,s

11111It,

l,,lo

lll,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,81,,

,,,,$

1,,,,,,1,1,

,111,98,,111,111118110

?,

UD

1OJ

M30U

,,,,,,

,,,11,,

,,,,16,,,,,,1

11,,19199,11118$11

s,s1118

:3d

AJ

X=8

,,1,,,,,,,18

1,,,,,

,,1,,,

,,,,,

,11111111,

,,:Os

8111,,,

:1-~::::

37

TABLE B-1 (continued)

UN REATED, FILTERED OR ACIDIFIED SAMPLES ANALYZED BY FLUOROMETRY

LASL Uroniuns Hydrogeochemical and Stream Sediment Reconnaissance Doto Listing

-14.0- - - S.a - z40-

-14.0- - - 5.0- .250--14.0- - - 5.0- .?50-‘16.0- - - 5.0- 2+0.-16.0- - - 5.0- 2&o--16.0- - - 5,0- 240--11. n- - - 5.0- 240--17.”- - - 5.9- 2+o--17.0- - - ii,?- 3+o--17.0- - - 5.0- 360--17.0- - - 5.0- .??O--17.0- - - 5,0- 2?0--1?.0- - - 5.0- 220--17.0- - - 9.0- z20-‘16.0- - - 5.0- Z25--16.0- - - 5.0- 225--14,0- - - 7,0- 7000-‘12.0- - - 5,0- 160-‘12.0- - - 5.0- 160--1400- - - 5 .0- 160--16,0- - - 5,0- lbO-‘!2,0- - - 5.0- 160--12.!3- - - 5.0- 160--13.0- - - 5.0- 160--13,0- - - 5.0- i60-‘13.0- - - 5.0- 160--l+.o- - - 5.0- 160.-1+.0- - - 5,0- 160--I*.II- - - 5.0- 160-‘14,0- - - 5.0- lbO--15.0- - - smo- 150--15.0- - - 5.0- 150--16,0- - - 5.0- 150-‘16.0- - - !i. O- i50--17.0- - - 5.0- bo--17.0- - - 5.0- 60--11.0- - - 5.0- ibo--11.0- - - 5.0- 160-‘12,9- - - 5.0- 160--l Z. O- - - 5.0- ibo-

0!7-39. 1705-105,5130-2-02-000-1 00113 -o fl/25/75-10- -lz.n- - - 5.0- zoo- - - - --- - - - - ---- . - - -08-39, 1705-105.51:0-2-22..000-1 00113-on/2./75-10- -12.0- - - 5.0- 2oo-

1.26

08-39, 1750-105.5189-2-02-000-1001 l~-0R/25175-lo-?.+3

-12.0- - - 5.0- z~o.

08-39. 1750-105,5 188-2-2Z-OOO- 10011$-0f3/25/ 75-l O- -12.17-1.62

- - 5.0- 240-

08-30 .1.930-105.5283-2-02-000-1 00115-08/25/75-11-,?.71

-12.0- - - 5.0- 260.

08-39, 18~0-105, >203-2-22-000- 100115 -08/25 /7 S-n- -12.0- - - 5.13- 260.1..35

08-39, 10?l-105,5k 19-2-02-000-100 llb-oa/25/75-ll-3,86

‘13.13- - - 5.0- 245-08-3*, 1891 -105.5 .1 V-2-22 -O 00 - 100116-08/2>/75-11-

?.66-13.0- - - 5.0- .?45-

0B-39.1972- 105.5 *97-2 -02- OOO-1001 17-09/?5/75-ll-!.72

-I b.o - - - 5.0- 240-0rI-3Q. 19~Z-105.5~97- Z-22 -000-1 00117-011 '25/75-n- -l&. o- - - ?.0- 2+o-

),66

0fl-39. 1~B3-105.55J 3-2-02-000-l 00118-08/25/75-11- -14.0- - - 5.0- z40-~obe

0R-39,19~3- 105.5533-2-22-000-l 00110-OfI/Z5/75-ll-

!.97

13R-19. ?022-105.5605-Z- 02- O$O-1001 l?-013125/75-lZ-‘2.1O

03-39 i20$z-] os.5605-2-2z- OoO-lOOi i9-08/25/75-12-0fI-39, 20? b-l 050565e-2-OZ- 000-1 Onl2o-OR/25/75-l3"08-33 .z066-105.5b58- 2-22-000-l 001ZO-0f3/Z5/75-13-0,9-3 ?.? 0W-105.5659-Z-27 -O OO-IOOI 20-IwV25/15-13-0Y-39. Z097-105.5 ?OO-2-02-OOO-100 l?l-IJd/25/75-13-00-39m Z097-l 05.57011-2-Z2- 000-)00121 -O8/Z5/75-l3-08-39, Z1*1-105.5797-2 -02- OOO-1 011122 -08/25 /;5-13-0@-3q,21al -10=..579r- 2-22 -ooo-loOl 22-oo/25/75-l3-08-39,21 bl-105.5~55-2-02 -000-l 00123 -013/Z5/75-13-0P-39,21 bl-105058S5-Z-22 -000-l 00123 -08/25 /75- J3-0P-39,21130 -105.5933 -2- OZ-000-I 00124 -0q/25/75-14-0n-39. Z100-10S.5933- 2-22 -000 -1001 Z6-09125/75-lb-09-39.2219- 105.601'J- Z-02 -000-1 O0l25-O9/25/75-l~-00-39 .2219 -105.6019 -2-2? -000-100125-08/25/75-14-c8-39, 0661-I05.69U8 -2- O1-OOO-1OI3 126-cIR/2b/75-1?-013-39,2625 -I 0S.6600-2- 02- OOO-100 127-0812 b/15-10-

09-39 .2 b<5-105. b* OO-Z-22-000-l 00121 -O FJ/26/75-10-00-39.24f10- 105. b*63-2-02-O00- 1001 Z8-Oa/26/75-l O-on-39 .2& 00-105. b663-2-Z2-000-l 001213 -0.9/2 b/75-10-0P-39, ZG?2-105. b502-2-02- 000-1001 Z3-09/26/75-11-08-39 .?4$2-10~.650 Z-2- Z2-000-100129 -08/ Z6/75-11-0R-39, Z(,33-105. bbG6-2-02-000-1301 30-09/2b/75-12-08-39. Z633-105.6666-2 -2.? -OOO-IOO1 30-0 fl/26/75-t2-0q-39.26<3-,l 05.6 b86-2-27-000- 100130-08/2b/ 15-l 2-0Q-3q, Z69~-105.6746- Z-02-000-1001 31-0. W26/75-l Z-

09-3 Q. Zb94-105. b7*4-Z-2Z-000-1 00131 -0.9/ 2b/75-12-09-39,27b3- 10~. *@*l -2- 02-000-1 00132-013/ 2h/75-l3-0B-39.2?h3- 10S.61?~l-Z- 22-0 00-1 001 J2-Ot3!2b/75-l3-OR-39 .Z797-l 05.6897-2-02-000 -100133-013/2b/ 75-l 3-09-39 .27!7-105.6097-Z- 22-000-100133-OR/26/75-13-08-39, Z813C2-l 05. bQS5-Z-02-fl 00-1 00t3b-013/201 f5-l~-0tl-3Q,28b9- 105.6V55-2-22-00 O-l OOl3~-O8/25/75-l6-0e-3Q.2900- 105.6 U77-Z-02-000- 1001 J5-D~12W75-l 4-08-39 .Z900-105.6977-2 -22-000-l 013135-013/26/75-lb-0.9-39 .20ql-105. b9B5J-2-02-000-l 0013 b-0131 ?7/75-10-0n-39.29*) -105. b908-2-22-000- 100136-OR/27/75-l O-08-39 .29 b7-10S.7055-Z-0 Z-000 -100137 -08/Z7/75-l O-08-3 Q.z9br-lo5 .7055 -2-2z-ooo- 100137 -oa/27/75-lo-

----- . . . . . ----- .------ ----- ----- .------ ----- ----- .------ ----- . . . . . -.------ ----- . . ..- .------- ------- --------- -...-. . . . . .------ ------ ----------- . . . . . ----- .------ . . . . . . ----------- ------ “...-

------- . . . . . . . . . .

------ ------ . . . . .

------ . . . ..- . . . . .

----- . . . . . ----- . .

. . . . . ----- . . . . . . .

----- ----- . . . . . -.

------ . ----- . . . . .

. ---- . . ..- ----- -.

----- ----- . . . . . -.

------ . ----- . . . . .

------- ------ -----

------- ------- ---

.--... ----- ----- .

----- ----- -,---- . .

------ . . . . . ----- .

. . ..- ----- --- -1- - ------ . . . . . ----- .------ ----- ----- .-. . ..- ----- ----- . .. . . . . ----- . . . . . -.

-------- -------- .------- ------- . . .----- ----- ----- -------- ------ ------....-. . . . . . . . . . .----- ----- ----- .------ . . . . . ----- -------- ------ ----------- ------ . . . . .------ ------ . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -.----- . . ..- ----- -.----- . . . . . ----- -.----- . . . . . ----- . .. . . . . ----- . . . . . --. . . . . . ----- ----- .---- .--... ------ ------- ------ . . . . .------ ------ -----

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.-..............................................

?,14~.7Q].731,94~::;

3.021.64?,49?,7s

0.76].59

1.01n.9s!,67I.LrlQ,631,301,381,02

),611,06?.591.3Z5.631.750.73].341,20n.90

?,ob

:.191.s09.291.34

),37?.951.ZO6.56

-ua)3K.—+c8LAL

Ll

LJ-

nIN~azau)1-u

JQzawnwLl-

nm0u-

la 11333)

“Ld

mU

3LV

M,,,

,,,,,,

s,,,,

(1334I

Hld

m113?

4

[S3H

3Nl]’’’’’’’t’1

18D’

M313N

VT

077%

3dA

L713h

!11*’ltllla

*lab

Sl?

JVN

lflVlM

33’’1’t1

‘101’s18,’,

,,,,,

,1,,1,

;IHS

.3NM

0

U3H

LV

3M’’’’

8”*@

s’”v

4.,..”’’’

1111~ltllli

18,1*1,,,

*,,,,,

,,,

,,,,,,

,,,1,,

,,1,,,

1,,,,1,

,,

1,,,,0,

,,

1,,,,,

,,,

1,,,,9181

E ~,~Nm

;;L

v&A

,l*9tl,011,

,,1,,,,

,,,,

,

-N0,,V

L3,3A,1191,

,Ilfl,l,,

l,,,1,,

,

,3N,,

W3M

V3U

L%

I10,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,

,

,,,,,,

,,,1,,

,,,,,,

,1,,,&

mu

>U

31V*

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,1,,,11,,1

13*,3,U

3,V.U

$!07,M

3LV

M*

*,,,,,,,,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,

~070,aN

3M,01~911m

llltltlll

Dl19

S1118*

%.i

LN

3NI03S

,,,,,,

,,,1,,

,,,,,,

,1,0,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,

.0103>.20

u

,..,

.,””,,,

,,,,,0,

,,,,,

,,1,1,,,

,..

....1

11,,,1,

,,tltl,tll11118#

(Wd

a“.,

8313VM

TU

ND

S

-

1,11,

,,,,,,

,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,

[~,lmw

.1)e

..

...m

..in

mm

mm

.u

-l.m

..ee

.*.a*.

.r.JmJr.JN

luN

,w,u

Fu

r.Je.e.G

e.=

3>NV

1XW

4C,

11A133d

S-----------------

**..*

H w3w

3qr&

y:,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,,,,,

,,

S1N

3NH

02,,,

,,,,,,

,,,1,,,

,,,8,,,

,*,,,,,,,,,,

,,.,,,,,,,,,

..

.=...<---.C

c..e.

.eeeo

3n1v&

3dw

3L.

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

-::::::::::::::::::::?::

3nn

1vnaw

3Ln

!v

39

UN REATED, FILTERED OR ACID

TABLE B-11

FtED SAMPLES ANALYZED BY DELAYED-NEUTRON COUNTING

- +,0- - - 5:0- 690-- 7.0- - - S, O- boo-

-13?!7- - - 7.2- 8000--13.0- - - 1.?- i3000--14,0- - - 6,b- 850.‘)6,0- - - 6.6- 850-- 9.n- - - 6.z- 2bo-

- 9.0- - - 6.2- 260-- 9.0- - - 6,0- 560-

- 8.0- - - t., o- 39Q-- 8.0- - - 6,0- 390.‘16.0- - - 6.5- b500--10.0- - - 6.0- 240--11.0- - - 6.2- 2oo-‘19.0- - - 6.2- .?90--11.0- - - 5.0- 940--11.0. - - 5.0- 940-- 9.0- - - 5.0- 250-- 9.0- - - 5.0- 410-- 9.*- - - 5.0- 410-- 8,0- - - 5,0- 6Bo-- 8.!3- - - 5.0- 4Bo-- 8.0- - - 5.0- 350-- 8,0- - - s.O- 350.- 9,n- - - 5.0- 350-- 9.0- - - 5.0- 350-‘19.0- - - 5. B- 650--l~. !l- - - 5.0- 650--16.0- - - 7.0- 7ooo-

-16.0- - - 5,0- 125--15,0- - - 5.0- lZO--15.0- - - 5,0- 105.

-16.0- - - 5.0- Ifo.-15.0- - - 5 .0- 95-

LASL Uranium Hydrogeochemical and Stream Sediment Recolmaissance Data Listing

Lt,~,~MPLc N? ~mo gFLDLJAT~

“x. a:,kM@Fm

,@~:~~g:

l_ _

)9-39,0q6 u5.6?88-2-01-000 100001 -07~/—75% ----- -- . . . .

)8-39,09!-9-----

05. b7R8-2-21-000 -100 QOl-07/2*/75- 12I5,1O

III-3*.1491 05.7886 -Z-01 -000 -100013 -OIJ/l of75-1000-39 .1b13

1s.10

05.78 L15-2-21-000 -100013 -011/ 10/75-1015,60

Q71-3R,7381 05, bZ.V7-2-01 -000 -1000 >2-08tl J/15-1516.60

0!-30,7381 05,5? 97-2 -21-000 -100032 -00/13 /?5-15Z7.80

0iI-39. llq8-105. f35a-2-01-000- 100033 .O@/29/75-11+5.10

@0-39, lt131?- 105.7339-Z-21 -1700-1 OOO33-On/2O/75-l 1ZQ6,00

On-3 Y,lr13a-105 .159 b-2-01 -000 -100034 -08/20175 -12

08-39.1038-109. 1~94-2-21-000- 10003 *-oq/2~/75-l Z-O&-3 B.955!3-l 05. @3b3-2-03- 008-1 0uQ62-Q8/21/~5-Il -08-3 B.94513- 105. d555-2-03-000-l 00063 -,9121/75-11-08-39 .9 b5fl-105.9b55-Z -23-000-l 00063 -O R/ Zl/75-ll -08-39,0 Z35-105. ~30n-2-21 -000-100007-08/22/75-16-013-3'?. 157Z-l 05. V441-2-02-000 -l 00089. 08123/75-11 -08-39, 2194-105.9930-2-02-000-1 OOo QO-o@/2~/r5- -

138-39,02 Q1-105,7733 -%-02 -OOO-I 00093-OR/23/75-16-08-39,0305 -105,6450-2-01-000-1 000911 -oe/2b/75- 9-08-39 .0305 -105. **50-2-21-000-I 00094 -0 Rf2~175- 9-0B-39.0522 -105. *663 -2-01-000- 100095-OR/ 24.,75 -l O-08-39 .07:0 -!05. h~a3-t-01 -000 -100095 -O H/2~/75-10-$8-39 .07 00-1 O*. b~03-2-21 -000-IDOI>96 .09/2@/75- IO-00-39,0 bu0-105. b391 -2-01 -000 -100u97-09/.?5/ 75-) O-08-39. ObOO-l 05.43Ql -2-21-000- Ifi0097-00/25/ 75-IO-OR-39 .0800-105.6530-Z-01-030-I ooo98-071/z4 /75-11-0n-39.08:0 -l U5. *530 -Z-?l -Oou-100098- 08/24175-11-OR-39 .On E8-105. kt*Q7-2-0 1-00'1- IO Q099-08/26/7S., l.09-39 .Ofl B8-105. *M97-~-21-000- 1000V9-08/2*/ 75-n-0n-39,079b- 105. ~269-2-01-OO@-l 00100 -Oa/24/75-12-08-3 Q,07@6-105, ~2b9-?-21-000- 100100 -O@/2*/75-12-0a-39 .06 fIl-1050b~8 ~-Z-21 -OUO-I 00126 -013/2 b/75-12-09-39,3133 -105. t522-2-22-000- 10014 b-08t27/75-12-0B-39,32013- 105.7597-2-22-000-l 00145-08/27/75-14-00-39 .3244 -10$.76 n0-2-22-000-100146 -OH/27175-13-0rI-39.3Z ?7-l 05.7694-2-22-O0 O-l OOl47-08/27l75-l3-08-39 .3286-105.7683-2-22-000-100148-08/27/75-13-

---.-.----------------... . .. . .-..---.-.----------..---..--------------..-..------------..-. . .------. . .-..

. . 2--------

. . ..- ---------- -----

-3----------3 ----- ----------- -... ..-. -----

-------- .------- . ..------- . . . .-------- -.------ ----.- . ..- -.. .------ ---------- ---------- . . . .------ ----. . . . . . . . . ..- . ..- --------- -----

------- ---------- . . . .. ----- ---------- -------- ---- ---. -.. . . . . .------ . ..-. ----- -.. .-. . . ..- -... . ---- . ..-. ----- ----.. ---- ---------- .-. .

----- . . . . .. . . ---- -..

-9- .

-3- --3- .-?- --2- --3- --7- -.-.---

- -1-. . 1--. 1--..-..

-2. -------------..--..-------..------..--....--3- -. . .---..-

-..-..

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.-................

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.-..............................

316.0012. *O13.90

9,?0

18.6017. PO

0,70?,10~,bo),80

98.6076,9n10,0052.90:;:::

32,60

25.1026,3030.6031, hG

IOl?. oo112.00

0.60

0.900,50n.300.70

1.00

APPENDIX C

CODE TO DATA LISTINGS AND SAMPLE TYPES USED

BY

THE LOS ALAMOS SCIENTIFIC LABORATORY

IN THE

NURE HYDROGEOCHEMICAL AND STREAM SEDIMENT RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY

ITEM C-1

EXPLANATION OF CODE USED IN LASL HSSR DATA LISTINGS

ITEM C-11

NUMERICAL KEY TO SAMPLE TYPES TAKEN IN THE LASL HSSR SURVEY

41

APPENDIX ITEM C-1

EXPLANATION OF CODE USED

IN

OPEN-FILE LISTINGS OF HSSR SURVEY DATA

PROVIDED BY

THE LOS ALAMOS SCIENTIFIC LABORATORY

ERDA SAMPLE NUMBER

STATE : A two-digit Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) code, de-signating the state from which each sample came. For the states being coveredby the LASL, the code numbers are:

Alaska = 02 New Mexico = 35Colorado = 08 Wyoming = 56Montana = 30

LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE: Sample location, in degrees and decimal degrees tofour places. However, though generally much better, locational accuracycannot be guaranteed closer than about 300 meters (1000 feet).

ERDA LAB: An Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) one-digit identifier designating the national laboratory responsible for takingthe sample and the data shown in the listing, as well as providing the analy-sis giving the uranium and other elemental concentrations, if any. The LASLis designated by the Number 2.

SAMPLE TYPE: A two-digit identifier which specifically designates the perti-nent properties defining the sample type to which the I isted data relate.For explanation of the code used, refer to the attached “Numerical Key andSpec

REPLsampusesequf

f“ications for Sample Types Taken by the LASL” (Appendix Item C-II),

CATE : A three-digit sequential. number assigned to indicate a multiplee of a single sample type from a single location. The largest number inndicates the most recent sample taken, and there will always be smallerntial numbers representing earlier samples back to 000, which is the

initial sample from any given location. Except in the case of special stu-dies, there will be no replicate samples and this entry will therefore be 000.

LASL SAMPLE NUMBER AND FIELD DATA

LASL SAMPLE NUMBER: A unique six-digit number permanently assigned by theLASL to every location sampled in each state. For internal use, these num-bers are assigned in blocks to the various areas individually treated andreported upon, and therefore serve to general Iy locate the samples withinthe various states as fol lows.

42

Location Numbers State

from 000 001 through 099 999 = New Mexicofrom 100 001 through 199 999 = Coloradofrom 200 001 through 299 999 = Wyomingfrom 300 001 through 399 999 = Montanafrom 400 001 through and above = Alaska

TIME SAMPLED: The DATE that the sample was taken, in terms of the number ofthe MONTH, followed by the DAY and finally the YEAR, separated by slashes,and then the TIME it was taken on that date to the nearest whole HOUR on amilitary (24-hour) clock.

AIR TEMPERATURE: The temperature that was measured in the shade at the timeof sampling, to the nearest whole degree Celsius (°C).

WATER TEMPERATURE: The temperature that was measured in the sample water (insitu whenever possible) at the time of sampling, to the nearest one-tenth ofa degree Celsius (O. l°C).

COMMENTS: A “C” in this column indicates that some secondary comment not in-

cluded in the listing was recorded at the sample loca-wi I I be used by the LASL in evaluating the data and,be mentioned in the final report.

SPECIAL MEASUREMENTS: A ~lsf~ in this column indicates

measurements in addition to those I isted were made a-A description of any special parameters measured, and

ion. This informationf appropriate, it will

that one or more fieldthe sample location.

the measured value ateach sample location, wil I be” included in the final HSSR survey report on thearea by the LASL.

pH: The pH, to the nearest one-tenth (0.1) of a pH unit, that was measuredin the water at the sample location at the time of sampl ing.

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE: The conductivity, in umho/cm, that was measuredthe water at the sample location at the time of sampling.

SCINTILLOMETER: The equivalent uranium (eU), in parts per million (ppm

n

, asmeasured on a flat ground surface within ten meters of the sample location

.,.

using a scintil lometer fitted with a differential gamma sampler (DGS). Theeffect of the DGS is to introduce a fixed geometry into the measurement andremove the background.

ROCK TYPE: The single digit in this column provides a general description ofthe dominant Iithologic regime at or near the sample location as given below.

I = Sedimentary 3 = Igneous2 = Metamorphic 4 = Unknown

43

ROCK COLOR: The single digit in this column provides an indication of theobserved dominant color of local bedrock exposures at or near the samplelocation as given below.

I = White/Buff 4 = Pink/Red 7 = Gray2 = Yellow 5 = Green 8 = Black3 = Orange 6 = Brown 9 = Other

SEDIMENT TYPE: The single digit in this column provides a subjective evalua-tion of the dominant sediment type at the sample location as given below.

I = Boulders 4 = Sand 7 = Other2 = Cobbles 5 = Mud3 = Gravel 6 = Muck

SEDdomthe

MENT COLOR: The single digit in this column indicates the observednant color of the bottom sediment (stream channel, lake bed, etc.) atsample location at the time of sampling as given below.

I = White/Buff 4 = Pink/Red 7 = Gray2 = Yellow 5 = Green 8 = Black3 = Orange 6 = Brown 9 = Other

WATER FLOW: The single digit in this column provides a subjective evaluationof the water movement at the sample location at the time of sampl ing as givenbelow.

I = Stagnant 3 = Moderate 5 = Torrent2 = slow 4 = Fast

WATER LEVEL: The single digit in this column provides a subjective estimateof water quantity at the time of sampling relative to its usual condition atthe sample location as given below.

I = Dry 3 = Normal 5 = Flood2 = Low 4 = High

WATER COLOR: The single digit in this column provides a subjective evaluationof suspended load in the sample water as given below.

I = Clear 3 = Cloudy 5 = Algal

2 = Murky 4 = Muddy 6 = Other

STREAM CHANNEL: The single digit here gives a subjective evaluation of streamchannel character at the sample location at the time of sampling as given below.

I = Depositing 2 = Eroding 3 = Unknown

44

VEGETATION TYPE: The single digit in this column provides a subjective evalua-tion of the dominant plant type in the vicinity of the sample location accor-ding to the key below.

I = Conifers 4 = Grass 7 = Other2 = Deciduous 5 = Moss3 = Brush 6 = Marsh

VEGETATION DENSITY: The single digit in this column provides a subjectiveestimate of the amount of plant cover in the vicinity of the sample locationaccording to the key below.

I = Barren 3 = Moderate 5 = Very Dense2 = Sparse 4 = Dense

RELIEF: The single digit in this column provides a subjective evaluation ofthe topography within a few hundred meters of the sample location accordingto the key below.

I = Flat 3 = Gentle (15-60 m) 5 = High (> 300 m)2 = Low (< 15 m) 4 = Moderate (60-300 m) 6 = Other

WEATHER: The single digit in this column gives the observed climatic condi-tion at the sample location at the time of sampling as given by the key below.

I = Clear 3 = Overcast 5 = Snowy2 = Partly cloudy 4 = Rainy 6 = Other

OWNERSHIP: The single digit here gives a broad classification of administra-tive responsibility or general ownership of the land at the sample locationaccording to the key below.

I = Federal 3 = Private 5 = Other2 = State 4 = Indian

CONTAMINANTS: The single digit here indicates known or suspected local fac-tors likely to influence analytical results according to the key below.

I = None 4 = Industry 7 = Urban

2 = Mining 5 = Sewage 8 = Recreation

3 = Agriculture 6 = Power generation 9 = Other

WELL TYPE: The single digit in this column provides a general descriptionof the type of water wel I from which the sample was taken (if, in fact, itwas a wel I sample) according to the key below.

I = Windmill-stock 4 = Suction pump 7 = Hand bail

2 = Windmill-domestic 5 = Jet pump 8 = Unknown

3 = Submersible pump 6 = Large turbine 9 = Other

45

WELL DIAMETER: The one or two digits (if any) in this column give themeasured or estimated inside diameter, in inches, of the casing of the we! Ifrom which the sample (if taken from a well) came.

WELL DEPTH: The one, two, or three digits (if any) in this column give the

total drilled depth from the surface, in feet, of the wellsample (if taken from a wel 1) came.

WATER DEPTH: The one, two, or three digits in this columnin feet, from the surface to the standing water in the welthe sample was taken from a well).

URANIUM CONCENTRATION: The value qiven in this column is -

from which the

give the depth,, if known (if

he analytically

derived value of the uranium conce~tration found in the water sample in partsper billion (ppb), or in the sediment sample in parts per million (ppm).Sample Type Nos. I through 10 and 21 through 30 are water samples, with theiruranium concentrations given in ppb, while Sample Type Nos. II through 20 and31 through 40 are sediment samples, with their uranium concentration given inppm.

46

APPENDIX ITEM C-11

NUMERICAL KEY AND SPECIFICAT

FOR SAMPLE TYPES TO BE TAKEN

ONS

BY

THE LOS ALAMOS SCIENTIFIC LABORATORY (LASL)

IN

THE NATIONAL URANIUM RESOURCE EVALUATION (FJJRE)

HYDROGEOCHEMICAL AND STREAM SEDIMENT RECONNAISSANCE (HSSR) SURVEY

The two-digit number assigned each sample type inwill designate three distinct properties of all samplesin the NURE HSS~ject. These properties are:

(A) The general sample source (i.e. - spring or s-stream, etc.);

hese specificationstaken by The LASL

ream or dry

(El) The sample medium (i.e. - water or sediment, etc.); and

(C) The treatment given the sample in the field or lab~ratoryprior to its analysls by the LASL.

The express purpose of this numerical key and the accompanying specifi-cations is to provide the ERDA Grand Junction Office (and ultimately thepublic) with the necessary tie between each individual suite of field andlaboratory data and the specific type, or form of sample, to which they re-1ate. In short, it is proposed t=e thi=y and these specifications todefine the various sample types to be collected by the LASL in the ERDAHydrogeochemical and Stream Sediment Reconnaissance survey for uranium.These key numbers will be inserted in the appropriate columns of the spe-cially formatted ERDA sample numbering system to positively identify thesample type for all LASL sample data submitted to the Grand Junction Office.It is anticipated that other laboratories will wish to expand this key bothby adding other sample types and additional numbered specifications.

KEY

01 -

02 -

03 -

04 -

05 -

06 -

07 -

SOURCE / MEDIUM / TREATMENT

Spring water sample untreated— .

Stream water sample untreated

Well water sample untreated——

Natural pond water sample untreated. —

Artificial pond water sample untreated.—

Spring water sample filtered through a 0.45 micron membrane filter=i~d to a pH of ~ I with reagent grade nitric acid (HN03)

Stream water sample filtered through a 0.45 micron membrane filterand aci~d to a pH of s I with reagent grade nitric acid (HN03)

47

KEY

08 -

09 -

10 -

II -

12 -

13 -

14 -

15 -

16 -

17 -

18 -

19 -

20 -

21 -

22 -

23 -

24 -

25 -

26 -

27 -

28 -

SOURCE / MEDIUM / TREATMENT

Well water sample filtered through a 0.45 micron membrane filter-a~ied to a pH of ~ I with reagent grade nitric acid (HN03)

Natural pond water sample filtered through a 0.45 micron membranefilter and acidified to a pH of s I with reagent grade nitric acid (HN03)

Artificial pond water sample filtered through a 0.45 micron membranefilter and acidified to a pH of 5 I wi-th reagent grade nitric acid (HN03)

Wet sprinq sediment sample dried at S 100°Cthrough stainless steel sieves

Wet stream sediment sample dried at ~ IOO”C%ough stainless steel sieves

Wet natural pond sediment sample dried at ~mesh through stainless steel sieves

~ artificial pond sediment sample-100 mesh through stainless steel s’. —

~stream sediment sample dried atto -[00 mesh through stainless stee.— —

Wet sprinq_ sediment sample dried atthrough stainless steel sieves

Wet stream sediment sample dried at%ough stainless steel sieves

and sieved to -100 mesh—— —

@sieved to -100 mesh

100°C and sieved to -100.—

dried at Z 100°C and sieved to.eves

5 100°C (if ncctssary) and sievedsieves

S 100°C and sieved to -230 mesh—— —

~ 100°C @sieved to -230 mesh

Wet natural pond sediment sample dried at ~ 100’mesh through stainless steel sieves

Wet artificial pond sediment sample dried at 5-230 mesh through stainless steel sieves——

~stream sediment sample dried at S IOO”C (ifto -230 mesh through stainless steel s.— —

micron membrane filter

micron membrane filter

cron membrane fi li-er

Sprinq water sample filtered through a

Stream water sample filtered through a

Well water sample filtered through a O.—

eves

0.45

0.45

45 m

C and sieved to -230——

00”C and sieved to—

necessary) and sieved

Natural pond water sample filtered through a 0,45 micron membranefilter

Artificial pond water sample fiitered through a 0.45 micron membranefilter

--sample acidified to a pH of Z I with reagent grade nitricacid (HN03)

Stream water sampie acidified to a pH of 5 i with reagent grade nitricacid (HN03)

Well water sample acidified to a pH of 5 I with reagent grade nitric- -.acid (HNU3~

48

KEY

29 -

30 -

31 -

32 -

33 -

34 -

35 -

36 -

37 -

38 -

39 -

40 -

98 -

99 -

SOURCE / MEDIUM / TREATMENT .

Natural pond water sample acidified to a pH of S I wnitric acid (HN03)

Artificial pond water sample acidified to a PH of 5grade nitric acid (HN03)

th reagent grade

with reagent

Wet spring sediment sample dried at S IOO”C and sieved to +40 meshfiough stainless steel sieves

.— —— —

Wet stream sediment sample dried at S 100°C and sieved to +40 mesh.— —— —through stainless steel sieves

Wet natural @sediment sample dried at 5 IOO”C and sieved to~h through stainless steel sieves

—

Wet artificial pond sediment sample dried at : IOO”C and sievedWmesh through stainless steel sieves

.—.—

@stream sediment sample dried atto +40 mesh through stainless steel—— —

Wet spring sediment sample dried at~ough stainless steel sieves

Wet stream sediment sample dried at%ough stainless steel sieves

S 100°C (ifsieves

5 100°C and

5 100°C and

+40

to—

necessary) and sieved

si?’ed to -80 mesh.— —

sieved to -80 mesh— —— —

Wet natural pond sediment samp!e dried at ~ 100°C and sieved to -80mesh throuah stainless steel sieves

—— . .

Wet artificial pond sediment sample dried at ~ 100°C and sieved to~mesh through stainiess steel sieves

—— .

——

~stream sediment sample dried at S IOO”C (if necessary) and sievedto -80 mesh through stainless steel sieves.— —

Other water

Other sediment

$? l-s, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1977–777-018/17

49