Adnan Badran University of Petra

Amman

Conference “Science, Technology and Innovation for

Global Peace and Prosperity"

Konya – TurkeyOct. 9th , 2017

1

Ups & Downs in R&D, Technology and innovation in the Middle East as compared to

the World

2

Arab Region is in a mess:

Science policy in the Arab Region is in a state of dementia, due

to incompatibility, instability, and most importantly an absence

of the political well to capitalize on R&D for development and

self-reliance.

3

Half of the 22 Arab countries are in a state of war, others are facing

economic and social constraint for lacking human rights and full

participation. We’re facing a collapse at large scale, that the Arab

hope is to maintain what they have achieved in MDG’s by 2015,

rather than achieving SDG’s by 2030. Numerous Arab states are

classified internationally as failed states.

Arab Region is in a mess (continue):

4

The only way to get out of this mess, is to go back to basics “education”

and into deep reforms to get out of the cave to enlightenment, starting

from early childhood from KGs through, primary, secondary and higher

education.

The key is to start with the young’s, to develop the critical analytical

inquisitive mind, how to think and solve problems, learning to be,

learning to do, learning to know, and learning how to live with

others. Skilled teachers with updated curricula concentrating on the areas

of ethics, mathematics, science and languages, to develop inquiry, to

discover and search, and research without borders, is a good start.

Arab Region is in a mess (continue):

5

On Priority of R&D in the Arab Region

6

Research & Development (R&D) Responding to LocalNeeds: Priority of the region.

The Arab Summit in Kuwait 2009, proclaimed an important

resolution that priority of R&D in the Arab region is the

triangle of energy, water, food security nexus.

7

Mighty mindsNumber of universities * in shanghai ranking top 100, 201-2015

Source: The Economist March 28th 2015, World Bank

* More than two

8

Nobel Prizes in Science & Medicine

European and U.S. shares accommodating emerging regions

Source: R&D Magazine/Battelle, 2013

9

Who does What in Global R&D

Source: Global Researcher Survey Demographics (Battelle, R&D Magazine, 2014.

Basic

Research

Applied

researchDevelopment

Consulting

& otherTotal

Academia/University 29% 25% 1% 1% 56%

Research Institute 9% 8% 1% 1% 19%

Government 1% 3% 0% 0% 4%

Domestic Corp. 0% 2% 2% 2% 6%

Multinational Corp. 1% 7% 3% 1% 12%

Other Organizations 1% 2% 0% 0% 3%

Total 41% 47% 7% 5% 100%

10

Investment in ScienceWho funds what in R&D

Source: Investment in Science: Who funds what in R&D (Badran, 2012).

Government-funded Research Performed in Higher Education Sector (as a share of GDP)

11

Source: Government-funded research performed in the higher education sector 2008 by selected countries worldwide as a share of GDP, (Statista 2014).

0.610.58

0.52 0.52 0.510.49 0.48

0.390.37 0.36 0.35

0.320.29 0.29

0.270.24

0.21

0.12

0.070.04

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

as

a s

ha

re o

f G

DP

Business-funded Research Performed By Higher Education Sector

12Source: Percentage change in business-funded research for the higher education sector by selected countries from 2000 to 2008 (Statista 2017).

Singapore

France

United Kingdom

United States

Turkey

Finland

Slovenia

Australia

Spain

Russia

Austria

Israel

Taiwan

Iceland

China

Hungary

-3.5%

-0.3%

-0.2%

0.5%

2.2%

4.2%

4.5%

6.1%

6.6%

8.4%

8.7%

8.7%

10.0%

11.7%

15.8%

16.5%

13

Percentage of Global Research and Development (R&D) Spending in 2016, by Industry

24

21.1

15.4

12.9

10.8

5.5

3.2

1.6 1.5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Computing &

Eectronics

Healthcare Auto Software & Internet

Industrials Chemicals & Energy

Aerospace & Defense

Telecom Others

Source: www.statista.com

Pe

rce

nta

ge

of

R&

D s

pe

nd

ing

14

Expenditure Indicators

15

U.S. Spends$450

Billion the world largest in R&D

2.8% of U.S. GDP

2012 2013 2014

AMERICAS 2.5% 2.4% 2.5%

ASIA 1.8% 1.9% 1.9%

EUROPE 1.9% 1.9% 1.8%

REST OF WORLD 0.9% 0.9% 0.9%

Source: Expenditure Indicators (Battelle/R&D Magazine 2013).

=

16

Expenditures on R&D in the Arab World as compared to the World(as a percentage of GDP) 2015

Source: Expenditures for R&D in selected countries and in Arab world (as a percentage of GDP) 2002 – 2014, (UNESCO Statistics 2014)

0.03

0.07

0.3

0.43

0.49

0.68

0.68

0.73

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Iraq

Saudi Arabia

Kuwait

Jordan

United Arab Emirates

Egypt

Tunisia

Morocco

0.29

0.82

0.94

1.13

1.63

2

2.01

2.23

2.25

2.81

2.85

3.31

3.47

4.21

0 1 2 3 4 5

Pakistan

India

Turkey

Malaysia

UK

Singapore

China

France

Australia

USA

Germany

Finland

Japan

Israel

17

Ranking of the 20 companies with the highest spending on research and development in 2016

(in billion U.S. dollars)

Source: Ranking the 20 companies with the highest spending on research and development in 2016 (in billion U.S. dollars) (Statista 2017).

18

Source: R&D Investment in ICT by corporate: (Battelle/R&D Magazine 2013), Schonfeld & Associates, European Commission-JRC/EIRI)

(AAGR: Average Annual Growth Rate)

Corporate leaders in ICT R&D investment

The U.S. leadership in ICT R&D remains strong, with both Intel and Microsoftexceeding US$10 billion in 2012 R&D investment, and Google’s and Intel’s R&Dinvestments growing by 40% and 27%, respectively, in each of the last two years.The innovation – and R&D intensive nature of the global ICT industry is evident with allof the U.S. and global leasers firms exceeding 5% and Intel reaching 19%.

19

Researchers Indicator

20

RESEARCHERS IN R&D

(per million people)

Researchers in R&D are professionals engaged in the conception or creationof new knowledge, products, processes, methods, or systems and in themanagement of the projects concerned. Postgraduate PhD students engagedin R&D are included.

Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.

21

Researchers Indicator: Selected Countries & the Arab World 2015

Researchers (FTE’s) per million people

149

160

364

987

1,020

1643

3,918

3,979

4,024

4,139

4,280

5,158

6,438

6,602

7,012

7,482

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

Pakistan

India

South Africa

Turkey

China

Malaysia

France

US

United Kingdom

Germany

Australia

Japan

Singapore

Israel

Iceland

Finland

Source: Researcher’s Indicator: selected countries & the Arab world 2015. Researchers (FTE’s) per million people (UNESCO Statistics 2014).

132

426

524

864

1,837

0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000

Kuwait

Iraq

Egypt

Morocco

Tunisia

22

Scientific PublicationsIndicators

23

SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL JOURNAL ARTICLES

Source: National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators

Scientific and technical journal articles refer to the number of scientificand engineering articles published in the following fields: physics,biology, chemistry, mathematics, clinical medicine, biomedicalresearch, engineering and technology, and earth and spacesciences.

24

575

7,771

9,679

10,156

10,658

11,300

17,720

30,412

47,805

72,554

93,349

97,332

101,073

103,376

401,434

412,541

0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000

Iceland

Pakistan

South Africa

Finland

Singapore

Israel

Malaysia

Turkey

Australia

France

India

United Kingdom

Germany

Japan

China

US

Number of Scientific & Technical Journal articles in selected countries in comparison with the Arab World (2013)

Source: Number of Scientific & Technical Journal articles in selected countries in comparison with the Arab world (2013), (The World Bank Group 2017)

127

231

310

375

770

843

946

1,050

1,504

1,679

2,536

4,206

7,635

9,199

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

Yemen

Libya

Syria

Sudan

Qatar

Kuwait

Iraq

Lebanon

Jordan

United Arab Emirates

Morocco

Tunisia

Saudi Arabia

Egypt

25

Percentage of Worldwide Scientific Publications by Country 2008

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

India

Italy

Spain

Canada

France

Germany

Japan

Great Britain

China

USA

others

2%

3%

3%

4%

4%

6%

6%

7%

10%

21%

34%

26Source: Indexed Publications Intensity in the Middle East 1996-2016, (SJR), 2016).

Indexed Publications Intensity in the Middle East, 1996-2016

453566

377098

297182

152954

127612

6444548608 44578

34927 3055621952 19366 16313 14098 13733 6677 6026 4821 4732 4481 3088

27

Source: Citations Per Research Paper, Published by Middle Eastern countries, 1996-2016 (SJR), 2016)

Citations Per Research Paper, Published by Middle Eastern Countries, 1996-2016

0

5

10

15

20

25

21.7

10.88

10.359.76 9.67

9.18.58 8.58 8.44 8.29 8.21 8.01 7.97 7.57

7.14 7.13 6.91 6.795.92 5.86

4.35

28Source: H-Index for Middle East 1996-2016 (Hirsch- Impact) (SJR), 2016)

H-Index for Middle East 1996-2016(Hirsch- Impact)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600584

339

241 234213

157 153 151 144 130 125 123105 105

89 78 71 69 61 58 57

29

TECHNOLOGY INDICATORS

30

Researcher–Ranking for Global Technology areas of Development

Looking at the world-landscape of R&D leaders by technology area, five countries are leading the world in thefollowing technological areas (Batelle, R&D magazine 2013):

The United States comes first in agriculture & food production, commercial and military aerospace,nano-advanced material, healthcare & life sciences, information and communications, instrument &electronics.

The U.S. comes second in energy technology, environment & sustainability, and third in motor-vehicles.

Germany comes 1st in motor vehicles, energy generation & efficiency, environment $ sustainability. 2nd innano-advanced materials, 3rd in commercial airspace, healthcare & life sciences, instruments & electronics4th

in information & communications.

Japan comes 2nd in motor vehicles, information and communications, instruments & electronics while 3rd innano-advanced materials, and environment & sustainability, 4th in healthcare & life sciences, energytechnology, 5th in commercial aerospace.

China comes 2nd in agriculture & food production, 3rd in military aerospace, energy technology, information& communication 4th in commercial aerospace, motor vehicles, nano-advanced materials, instrumentelectronics 5th in healthcare & life sciences.

UK comes 2nd in healthcare & life sciences, 5th in military aerospace, nano-advanced materials, environment& sustainability, instruments & electronics.

31

High-Technology exports in the Arab region as compared to other countries in the world (2014)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Qatar

Kuwait

Saudi Arabia

Yemen

Syria

Egypt

Bahrain

Jordan

Lebanon

Tunisia

Morocco

0.05

0.13

0.7

1.21

1.3

1.3

1.49

1.55

2.07

4.94

5.31

1.41

1.93

5.85

7.86

8.59

13.6

16

16.01

16.09

18.23

19.91

20.65

25.37

26.09

43.87

47.18

0 10 20 30 40 50

Pakistan

Turkey

South Africa

Finland

India

Australia

Germany

Israel

Japan

United States

Iceland

Unitied Kingdom

China

France

Malaysia

Singapore

Source : High – Technology exports in the Arab world and in selected countries 2014 (Undata, 2014)

32

PATENT INDICATORS

33Source: World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), WIPO Patent Report: Statistics on Worldwide Patent Activity. The International Bureau of WIPO

assumes no responsibility with respect to the transformation of these data.

Patent Applications filed

Patent Applications (Resident and Nonresidents)

Patent applications are worldwide patent applications filed

through the Patent Cooperation with a national patent office for

exclusive rights for an invention product or process that provides

a new way of doing something or offers a new technical solution

to a problem. A patent provides protection for the invention to

the owner of the patent for a limited period, generally 20 years.

34

Patent Applications filed in selected countries 2014

Source: Patent Applications filed in selected countries 2014 (World Intellectual Property Organization WIPO, 2014).

702

1,006

1,246

1,303

1,988

4,198

4,659

12,040

14,500

15,196

24,072

48,154

164,073

265,959

285,096

801,135

Indonesia

Thailand

Mexico

Singapore

Australia

Canada

Brazil

India

France

United Kingdom

Russia

Germany

Korea

Japan

United States

China

Resident

2,033

6,924

7,321

7,844

9,009

14,889

16,236

17,811

23,968

25,683

30,814

31,283

46,219

60,030

127,042

293,706

France

Thailand

Indonesia

United Kingdom

Singapore

Mexico

Russia

Germany

Australia

Brazil

India

Canada

Korea

Japan

China

United States

Non-Resident

35

Patent Applications filed in the Arab World 2014

111

135

199

339

400

477

742

1,384

1,447

Kuwait

Saudi Arabia

Bahrain

Jordan

Tunisia

Qatar

Morocco

Egypt

UAE

Non-Residents

4

5

6

24

40

142

355

652

752

Kuwait

Qatar

Bahrain

UAE

Jordan

Tunisia

Morocco

Saudi Arabia

Egypt

Residents

Source: Patent Applications filed in the Arab world 2014 (World Intellectual Property Organization, (WIPO 2014).

36

Domestic and foreign patent applicationsfiled in selected countries

Patent application filed per one million people

Source: Domestic and foreign patent applications filed in selected countries (Nature, 2015)

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

India

Brazil

Russia

China

Canada

United States

Germany

Japan

South korea

17

34

237

541

748

910

2288

3716

4451

37

Resident patent applications per 100 billion USD GDP for the top 10 origins

Source: Resident patent applications per 100 billion USD GDP (WIPO Statistics Database and World Bank, October 2015)

1,199

1,372

1,392

1,715

1,716

1,825

2,101

4,657

5,871

9,676

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000

Netherlans

Sweden

Denmark

Finland

United States of America

Switzerland

Germany

China

Japan

Republic of Korea

38

Summary

• There is a growing gap in R&D, inventions, and innovations between the Arab world and thedeveloped world. Arab countries need to invest in science R&D to reach to 1% of their GDP by2023. They need to create knowledge and transfer technology to develop self-reliance and createwealth to increase income per capita, and overcome poverty and unemployment particularlyamong the youth. They need to develop the inquisitive minds of men and women through properquality education of critical thinking, solving-problems, logics and promote creativity to graduatethinkers, scientists, innovators and leaders in R&D. They need to bridge with the industry to gaintheir trust and offer technological solutions to compete worldwide, also, they need to bridge withother scientists abroad and learn how to live with other cultures and appreciate othercivilizations.

• Capital investments in R&D alone cannot do the job without an inducing environment to unleashthe minds of men and women to expand their outreach to higher horizon.

• To produce the inquisitive mind, freedom of thought and expression and required, justice andequal opportunity, inclusive of all, democracy with good governance and full participation of allsegments of the society to release and maximize the potential of every individual.

• Government cannot do everything, private sector should take the lead to do the job, whilegovernment becomes the regulator, with proper and inductive legislations.

• Arab countries have failed to put the income generated from their vast natural resources inbuilding the human capital through quality and relevant education and investments in R&D.They’ve failed to produce entrepreneurship and innovation to transform the Arab masses to abetter future.

39