UPS Distribution Systems and UPS Fundamentals in the Petrochemical Industry

8/10/2019 UPS Distribution Systems and UPS Fundamentals in the Petrochemical Industry

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" UPS Distribution System" UPS Distribution System

andand

UPS FundamentalsUPS Fundamentals

In The Petrochemical IndustIn The Petrochemical Indust

Presented to the:

IEEE PCIC 2006 Conferenc

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania September 14, 200

Presenters:

Roy E. Coss, Jr., P.E. Donald G. DunnPowell Electrical Systems, Inc. Lyondell Chemicals P

Houston, TX Channelview, TX


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TuTu

Introduction (general, historical perspective) Purpose of a UPS

UPS system (types, configurations, trends, redundancy, hoperation)

Battery selection

Magnetic components used in UPS systems (feisolation and constant voltage transformers, re

UPS system application (system design and integratioof distribution and protection equipment in Usecondary networks)

Review load types and design application cons

Power system analysis and harmonic consideratypical applications

System acceptance (testing, commissioning, performanmaintenance)


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IntroductionIntroduction


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UPS systems installed in petrochemical faciprovide uninterruptible power to process costandby and other critical equipment. Accepinstallation, verification and maintenance asis continuously available. This intensive haltutorial provides the needed background to understand UPS distribution systems and Uapplications in petrochemical industry appli


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Historical PHistorical P

UPS Distribution Systems Are Copied FromProject To The Next

Industry practice

This is the way we have always done it

Time-Current Curves not produced Internal protective device not considered

System selectivity not reviewed


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Historical PHistorical P

UPS Systems Supply Critical Process Load

DCS & PLCs

Critical Process Alarm Systems

SIS Systems

APC & Custody Transfer Systems Process Analyzers

Gas Detection Systems

Fire Protection Systems

Critical Telephone Circuits

Emergency Lighting Custom Load and Driver Control Systems


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What is the PurposeWhat is the Purpose

Uninterruptible PowUninterruptible PowSystem (UPS)?System (UPS)?


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It is a modular unit or assembly of componenprovide quality and continuity of AC power fmanufacturing unit or units

Note: The MAJORITY of instruments, process me

process control devices rely the UPS for electrical e

In many instances, a UPS provides AC powerequipment that is deemed MISSION CRITIC

Safety

EnvironmentalReliability & Operational Cost

Purpose of a Uninterruptible Power


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Critical Crit ical

Not all instruments and control devices are critical If the LOSS of an instrument or control system creates a ha

condition, can cause an environmental incident, or trips a pis typically deemed a CRITICAL device or system.

Examples

Process Measurement DevicesTransmitters and Switches used in process control

Basic Process Control Systems (BPCS)DCS, PLCs etc.

SIS Systems

Non-critical InstrumentsExamples

Process Measurement Devices that are for indication only

BPCS for non-critical control



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Critical PowCritical Pow

ComplexMultiple Power Supplies

Can be 120 VAC powered 24 VDC sources

UPS System

Batteries

DistributionShort Circuit Protection

Typical Power Source Motor Control Cente

Thermal-Magnetic Breaker

Single Transformer

Typically Double-Ended without Automatic Switch

Separate Power Sources for increased reliability

(i.e. Separate Feeders from Separate Transforme

the Main Substation)



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Critical Power System ExCritical Power System Ex

Provides Reliable Power

Maintains Critical Loads During AbnoSituations

Disturbances such as sags, swells, surges

Short Circuits

Maintenance can be provided online



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What is a UPS?What is a UPS?


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TypTyp

Management and Operations Believe it

Unreliable Power System

Trips process units during maintenance

Unavailable Power System

System that has unlimited capacity

OR ALL OF THE ABOVE!


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UPS Actual CoUPS Actual Co UPS Components

Rectifier/Charger

Inverter

Ferro & PWM Technologies

Alternate Input

Static Switch Manual Bypass Switch

Battery


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RectifiRectifi

Rectifier/Charger Full-wave controlled rectifier for changing

Typically it is a phase-controlled, silicone

rectifier circuit combined with a voltage re

Provides voltage and current control ofoutput

Feeds the battery system

Feeds the UPS inverter

Appropriately Sized Sized for load and to charge the batter


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Inverter The inverter converts a DC waveform (supplied by

Rectifier/Charger/Battery) into an AC waveform

Output will be supplied to either the load terminals

the static transfer switch (depends of system config

There are two different technologies to accom Ferroresonant

Norm for many years

Larger System

Commutated square wave bridge with an oscil

filtering components PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)

Utilizes solid-state power electronic devices

Minimum parts count and reduced magnetic el


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FeFe


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UU

Cybe


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UU

SCI


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AlternAltern

Alternate Source Redundant Power to UPS system

Inverter synchronizes to Alternate Source

Waveforms are in sync (eliminates tran

Power Source During the Following: Inverter fails

Normal Power Source is lost

And battery system is discharged

Short-circuit or overload conditions Provides BYPASS power for off-line main

the Rectifier and Inverter


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ManuManu

Manual Bypass Permits the power to flow from the alterna

the load by bypassing the Inverter and Sta

Permits UPS isolation

Permits maintenance to be performed on thcomponents

Permits start-up and shut-down of the syst

Can be internally or externally mounted


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AlternatAlternate

Manual Bypass SwManual Bypass Sw


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ManuManu

SwSw


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WhaWhat

Static Switch FAST acting

Typically can transfer within cycle (4 m

Is supposed to transfer output power from

to the Alternate Source without any power

Transfer normally at the zero-wave crossin

waveform monitoring


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Input CircuInput Circui


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Meters and MMeters and M


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PP


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UPS SYSTEMSUPS SYSTEMS


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System Types

Hardware Components / Block Diagr

Configurations

Redundancy

Applicable To Petrochemical Industry

TopicTopic


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System Types (from energy storage p Static (chemical energy)

High Efficiency, High EMI / THD pollution

High Reliability and Availability

Most popular

Poor performance with non-linear/non-balanced

High Cost to achieve very high reliability Rotary (kinetic energy)

More reliable than Static UPS

Availability lower from Static UPS

Large size

Electro-mechanical i.e. involved maintenance

Desirable for high power and/or non-linear/non-bapplications

High transient overload capabilities

High efficiency, Low EMI / THD pollution

Hybrids (of static, rotary and engines) (mixture o

SysSys


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System Types (from switching perspe Dual Conversion

On-Line UPS

Off-Line UPS

Single Conversion Line-Interactive UPS

SysSys


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Static, On-Line UPS

StatiStati


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Static, Off-Line UPS #1

StatiStati


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Static, Off-Line UPS #2

StatiStati


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Static, Line-Interactive UPS #1

StaticStatic Line Line


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Static, Line-Interactive UPS #2

StaticStatic Line Line


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Rotary UPS


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Hybrid, Static-Rotary UPS

HybridHybrid StSt


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Most Popular Industrial Systems Con On-Line

Technology

Ferroresonant

PWM

Magnetic / PWM Hybrid / Active Filter / PFC Re

Power

1-phase (< 5-10kVA)

3-phase (>15kVA)

Galvanic Isolation

Redundancy

2x100% or 3x100% Feed-Through

Trends in IndustriaTrends in Industria


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2x100% or 3x100% with load sharing

ReRe


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2x100% with load sharing, with galvanic is

ReRe


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Typical of OneTypical of One

Rectifier

Inverter

StaticSwitch

MBS

AltSourceInputBattery

Set

OutputCircuit

Breaker

InputCircuit

Breaker

UPS System Limitations Difficult to Replace

All Output Power

Runs Through MBS

Not all components

can be PMd orRepaired


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AlteAlte

ConfiConfigthe samethe same

Second TapAlternate SCan Backfe

Distribution

Controvers

Allows for ComponentReplacing ESystem witOutage


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AlteAlte

CoCoof Anotheof Anothe

Second TapAlternate Sfeed into se

Distribution

Allows for ComponentReplacing ESystem wit

Outage

Rectifier

Inverter

StaticSwitch

MBS

AltSource

InputBatterySet

OutputCircuit

Breaker

InputCircuit

Breaker

AltSourceXfmr

UPS System

Custom Distribution

Panel (Dual Mains w/

independent branch

circuits)

UPS System

480V Distribution

Sources (segregated

from main substation)

A B


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Feed-through, concept

ReRe


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ReRe


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BATTERY SELECTIONBATTERY SELECTION

UPS SYSTEMUPS SYSTEM


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Battery Selection F

Battery

Battery Basics (definitions, technologyconstruction, sizing and capacity)

Battery Comparison

Other Considerations

Maintenance

Derating

Standards

Hydrogen Emission Generation

TopicTopic


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Battery Selection F

BatteryIn general, storage of electrical energy requireconversion into another form of energy. A Badevice that uses chemical compounds as the smedium. During discharge, a chemical procesthat generates energy, which can be drawn fro

battery in the form of an electric current at a cvoltage.


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BatterBatter

Battery Selection F


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BatterBatter

Battery Selection F


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BatterBatter

Battery Selection F


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Voltage - Force which puts electrons into motiNominal Battery Voltage Voltage measured battery terminal which represents the average va discharge period

End of Discharge Voltage (Cut-off Voltage)

which the battery discharge is terminated Maximum System DC System Voltage Max

voltage which can be tolerated by the loads

Minimum System DC Voltage Minimum Vowhich the loads will continue to operate

Nominal System Voltage Arbitrary equipmewhich has been standardized by NEC (12, 24, 110, 220, 240, 360 or 480V)

Battery Selection F

Battery BasicsBattery Basics --


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Battery Selection F

Battery BasicsBattery Basics -- TT

Nickel Cadmium Battery Discharge Profile


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Battery Selection F

Nickel Cadmium Battery Discharge Profile



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Battery Selection F

Deep Discharge

Lead Acid Battery cycle life is limited to less than 15

discharge cycles (The more you discharge the battery th

will reach the end of life)

Discharge below 1.8 volts per cell can permanently d

acid batteries

Battery will sulfate causing higher internal resistancapacity

Severe deep discharge for extended periods of time

internal short circuit failure

For short durations, the end of discharge voltage may

if the discharge is followed by an immediate recharge:


1.65 1 HOUR OR LESS

1.70 3 HOUR OR LESS

1.75 5 HOUR OR LESS

1.80 8 HOUR OR LESS

END OF DISCHARGE

VOLTAGE

DISCHARGE

RATE


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Battery Selection F

Proper Sizing and Cell Selection (Most ImportaVoltages Required)

Maximum System DC Voltage (Determines the max

number of cells that can be equalize charged without da

loads)

Minimum System DC Voltage (Determines the end

voltage)

Both of the Following Equations Must be True

Battery BasBattery Basi

sMax.DCVolt cellltsEqualizeVo

ofcells

/

#

DCVoltsMin. = geVolraEndofDisch

ofcells#


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Battery Selection F

Float Charging Voltage Normal float charginmaintains a steady float charge to keep the battcharged

Equalize Charging Voltage Elevated charginused to fast charge the battery or as a maintena

Boost Charge Charging elevated above an eqcharge for reviving a battery after manufactureabuse

Battery BasicsBattery Basics --


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Battery Selection F

Capacity Measure of the usable energy that cdischarged from a battery (typically the larger tthe more active material to create energy)

Capacity is a Function of:

Temperature

Discharge RateVoltage Window

Battery Age

State of Charge

Note: The slower the battery discharge, the more

energy can be extracted from the battery

Battery BasicsBattery Basics


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Battery Selection F

Capacity varies by end of discharge voltage:


[ ]min60/1min1 hr amps 92.9595 =

[ ]min60/1min1 hr amps 32.5319 =

Amps X the time period, the more capacity is the lower end voltage: 1.00 EODV: at 60 seconds

1.14 EODV: at 60 seconds

Amps to 1.00 EODV

Cell 8 5 60 5 1

Type hr hr min min min s

SBM231 29.1 46.2 173 427 595 8

Amps to 1.14 EODV

Cell 8 5 60 5 1

Type hr hr min min min s

SBM231 27.7 43.4 105 228 319 4


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Battery Selection F

Battery BasicsBattery BasicsNickel Cadmium Battery Discharge Profile


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Battery BasicsBattery BasicsNickel Cadmium

Deep Discharges DO NOT Affect Performance and

Permanent Damage to NICADS

Allows Long Term Open Circuit Storage

Nickel Cadmium Offer the Most Deep Cycles (Full

Discharges) of any Technology Available:

Battery Selection F

TECHNOLOGY # OF CYC

Sintered/PBE NICAD > 20

Pocket Plate NICAD > 15

Flooded Plate Calcium approx . 50

Flooded Plate Antimony 600-8

Flooded Plate Selenium 600-8Flooded Plante' 600-8

Valve Regulate Lead Acid approx. 50

* TO 80% DEPTH OF DISCHARGE


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Battery Selection F


Capacity varies by rate of discharge: Using thagain, more usable energy is extracted at slow

1.00 EODV at 60 seconds:

[ ]min60/1min1 hr Ahrsamps 92.9595 =

[ ]hr8 Ahrsamps 8.2321.29 =

1.00 EODV at 8 hours:


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Battery Construction

Battery Components

Case or Jar

Each Jar Typically has 3-4

Cells

Electrolyte

Grid or Current Collector

Active Material

Separator

Battery Selection F

- +


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Lead Acid Chemical Reaction

Battery Selection F

Discharge

PbO2 + Pb + 2H2SO4 2PbSO4+

Charge

- + - +


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NiCad Chemical Reaction

Battery Selection F

Discharge

2NiOOH + Cd + 2H2O 2Ni(OH)2+ Cd(OH

Charge

- + - +


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Battery Selection F

Plate construction

Plant Plate Grid Plate Tubula

Battery BasicsBattery Basics Lead Acid CoLead Acid Co


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Electrode Materials of Construction: Pure Lead

Lead Selenium

Lead Antimony

Lead Calcium (Ag, Sn, Zn, Mg)

Alloys in the lead current collector offer NO teadvantage

Used to reduce manufacturing costs by makingeasier to mass produce

Battery Selection F



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Pure Lead

Lead Selenium

Lead Antimony

Lead Calcium

Battery Selection F


Best ElectricalPerformance

L

Poorest ElectricalPerformance


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Pure Lead

Lead Selenium

Lead Antimony

Lead Calcium

Battery Selection F


Most Reliable H

Least Reliable

+ Plate

Poisoning

+ Plate

Growth


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Plastic Bonded ElectrodePowdered active material

Plastic bonded to perforated steel strip

Withstand extreme temperatures

Sintered Plate Electrode

Powdered nickel materialSintered onto perforated steel strip

Impregnated with active material

Pocket Plate ElectrodePowdered active material

Suspended in perforated steel envelope

Fiber Plate ElectrodeMetallic sponge nickel

Impregnated active materials

Battery Selection F

Battery BasicsBattery Basics Nickel Cadmium CoNickel Cadmium Co


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Plastic Bonded Electrode

Sintered Plate Electrode

Pocket Plate Electrode

Fiber Plate Electrode

Battery Selection F


Best Cycle Life

Poorest Cycle Life

NOTE: Fiber plates are not recommended for continuous float charge to hotspots and can short circuit on float charge and cycling


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Battery Selection F

Plate construction

Pocket PlateSintered Plate Fiber P



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Battery Selection F

Battery BasicsBattery Basics Technology CTechnology C

Battery Type Nickel Cadmium LeElectrolyte Potassium Hydroxide Su

Symbol KOH

Specific Gravity 1.2 1.215, 1.21

Inert to all internal

components

Reacts w

Does not change propertieswith state of charge

Changes po

Battery System

Advantages/Disadvantages

Chemically and physically

strong

Chemica

Minimum maintenanceregardless of temperature

More mai

More resistant totemperature extremes

Sensitive

e

More resistant to electrical

abuses

Le

* different plate technologies have different SG's

Electrolyte

Advantages/Disadvantages


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Battery Selection F

Despite all of the advances in power electronics UPS systems

Battery remains the key component in determining syst

Battery chemistry has not changed much over the years

Batteries have a finite age

They are expensiveTheir life is shorter than the manufacturer warrants

Require a tremendous amount of maintenance

One weak cell can yield the complete battery stri

While design and installation are critical, the key

UPS system is BATTERY MAINTENANCEIncludes: connection maintenance, internal diagnostics

leaking post seals

Battery BasicsBattery Basics Other ConsOther Cons


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Battery Selection F

Battery sizing is based on the time and load powRefer to IEEE 485 and 1184 for more details

UPS batteries must be matched to the application

Choice of battery design depends on the environmaintenance and application

Maintain approximately 77 deg F for longer battevery + 15 deg F cuts life in half

Colder is not necessarily better because CAPACITY is

New battery assemblies should be certified priorcommissioning

Refer to IEEE 450 for commissioning details



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Battery Selection F

Care should be taken when storing batteries prioservice after manufacturer date

Lead Antimony refreshing charge for every 3 months

Lead Calcium refreshing charge for every 6 months o

VRLA storage times vary based on storage temperature

manufacturer)

FAILURE TO GIVE A REFRESHING CHARGE befo

recommended storage interval may result in plate sulfa

adversely affect battery capacity



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Battery Selection F

Float current demand in specification ap

when the electrolyte temperature is 77

(25C). The value will double for every (8C) of temperature rise. If temperature

the current value will be halved for ever

(8C) decrease. Some battery float curr

demand will increase with aging.

Float adjustment

Battery BasicsBattery Basics MMa


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Battery Selection F

Float characteristics


SOURCE: H. A. KIEHNE, BATTERY TECHNOLOGY HANDBOOK, 2003


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Proper Flo

Maximize

Maximize

Reduces b

Battery Selection F


Battery Type

(Specific gravity 1.24)

Lead Antimony Types:

(Specific gravity 1.215)Lead Calcium Flooded Types:


Lead Calcium Flooded Types:


Lead Calcium Flooded Types:


Pure Lead Plante' Types:

(Specific gravity 1.210)2.27 @ 20 deg C

volts per cell

(-2.4 mv per deg C

rise over 20 deg C

2.15 to 2.25 volts

per cell

Recommended

Float Voltage

RangeLead Selenium / Low

Antimony Al loy Type:

Lead Calcium Valve

Regulated Types:

2.15 to 2.25 volts

per cell

2.15 to 2.17 volts

per cell2.17 to 2.25 volts

per cell

2.23 to 2.33 volts

per cell

2.28 to 2.37 volts

per cell


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Initial Charge

Recommended voltages and time periods

Battery Selection F


Lead Antimony Types

Cell Volts Cell Volts

2.24 444 - - 2.24 200

2.27 333 - - 2.27 150

2.30 210 - - 2.30 120

2.33 148 333 - 2.33 90

2.36 100 235 400 2.36 75

2.39 67 160 267 2.39 60

2.42 48 108 182

2.45 38 73 125

2.48 36 55 83

2.50 32 44 60

NOTE: Time periods listed in Tables are for cell temperatures from 70

deg F to 90 deg F. For temperatures 55 deg F to 69 deg F double the

number of hours. For temperatures 40 deg F to 54 deg F use four times

the number of hours.

Time-Hrs.

1.250

S.G.

Time-Hrs.

1.300

S.G.

Lead Calcium Types

Time-

Hrs.

1.215

Time-Hrs.

1.215

S.G.


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Battery Selection F


Float Voltage Float voltage can be a misleadinWhile voltage readings of individual cells are importanThe sum of voltages of all the batteries MUST equal t

charger (resistive losses excluded)

Normal reading does not necessarily indicate the condi

An abnormal reading requires further investigation

Specific Gravity ReadingsSulfate is part of the electrochemical process

Discharged State - some of the sulfate migrates to thacid is reduced in specific gravity

Fully Charged State sulfate is in the acid and the s

normalThe difficulty in interpreting specific gravity readings

cell and ambient temperatures


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Battery Selection F


Temperature Effects of temperature extremes (internal) and ambient (external) conditions impTypical battery systems are designed for 20 years @ 7

15 deg F increase in temperature cuts battery life in ha

Increased temperature causes faster positive grid corroother failure modes

Discharge Current and Time Online monitorindischarge current and time calculations to determhours removed and replaced Presumably the benefit allows one to calculate battery

Currently, the only sure way to determine true capacity


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Battery Selection F

Battery BasicsBattery Basics MMa Intercell Connection Resistance

One of the more important parameters to testMore than 50% of battery bank failures are related to loose o

connectors

If resistance measurement exceeds the lower end of the ohm

is inadequate

Capacity (load test) Only true method of deterbattery systems actual capacityThe test has limited predictive value depending on how frequ

(each load test subtracts from the life expectancy of the batte

Most manufacturers recommend capacity tests every 3 to 5 y

Impedance Internal impedance tests measure tof a cell to deliver currentComponents of impedance (resistive and capacitive reactanc

capacity

Although the correlation is not 100% it is an excellent way to

Impedance is inversely proportional to capacity


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Battery Selection F


As impedance increases, battery capacity decrea Batteries do not have to be offline to test interna

End Voltage vs. Impedance

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Data Points

Impedance(milliohms)

Cell Number 11 15 16 3 18 22 13 24 10 14 23 20 5 9 6 4 21 8 1 12 2

Z 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.70.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.90.9 1.0

Vdc 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.91.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.81.7 1.8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21


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Derating with ambient temperature

Battery Selection F



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Battery Selection F

Typical discharge characteristics

(equal weight same discharge conditions)

Derating rate of discharge and design margin



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Battery Selection F

Derating rate of discharge and design marginBattery BasicsBattery Basics



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Battery Selection F

Derating internal resistance change




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Battery Selection F

Discharge available capacity available with amtemperature change



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Specification and Sizing:

IEEE 485 Recommended Practice for Sizing L

Batteries for Stationary Applications

IEEE 1115 Recommended Practice for Sizing N

Cadmium Batteries for Stationary Applications

IEEE 1184 Guide for the Selection and Sizing

Uninterruptible Power Supplies

IEEE 1106 Recommended Practice for Installa

Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Vente

Batteries for stationary Applications

Battery Selection F



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Battery Selection F


Hydrogen Gas Evolution Calculation

VH2IF CapAhr, K, N, CType,( ) IFCapAhr

100 K N CType

Where:

VH2 - Volume of evolved hydrogen per hour

IF - Float current per 100Ahr of installed battery bank capacity in [A] and

temperature compensated

CapAhr - Installed battery bank capacity in [Ahr]

K - Maximum hydrogen evolution rate constant dependent on plate type:

KAntimony_US 2.67 104

ft

3

A

KAntimony_SI 7.56 106

m

3

A

KLead_US 1.474 102

ft3

A

N - Number of cells in battery bank

CType - Constant dependent on battery construction:

CFlooded 1.00

CGNB_AbsolyteIIP 0.01

Hydrogen Gas Evolution Calculation

VH2IF CapAhr, K, N, CType,( ) IFCapAhr

100 K N CType

Where:

VH2 - Volume of evolved hydrogen per hour

IF - Float current per 100Ahr of installed battery bank capacity in [A] and

temperature compensated

CapAhr - Installed battery bank capacity in [Ahr]

K - Maximum hydrogen evolution rate constant dependent on plate type:

KAntimony_US 2.67 104

ft

3

A

KAntimony_SI 7.56 106

m

3

A

KLead_US 1.474 102

ft3

A

N - Number of cells in battery bank

CType - Constant dependent on battery construction:

CFlooded 1.00

CGNB_AbsolyteIIP 0.01


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Battery Selection F



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Battery Selection F



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What does this mean?

Battery Selection F

Need to verify with standards and local jurisd

API RP500, Section 6.3.2.1 (2ndEd. Nov 1997) (below 25% of LFL - Low Flammable Limit )

Or

NEC 2005, Art 500, Table 5.1

Or Local jurisdiction requirements



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In the example, the hydrogen concentration in room for 8-hour period is much less than 25% allowable requirement for adequate ventilationrequirement per API RP500.

The NFPA 497, Table 2-1 lists Hydrogen LFL=4%

The API RP500 required 24% of LFL=4% calcula Calculated H2 concentration the room is 0.00391%

If flooded batteries were used, H2 concentration w

0.391%

Battery Selection F



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Hysteresis Influence on Performance

Transformer

Isolation Transformer

Ferroresonant Transformer / Constant VoltaTransformer

Reactor / Multi-winding Reactor / Combina

Magne


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Hysteresis Influence on Performance

Magn

iL

=

HysteresisHysteresis


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Hysteresis Influence on PerformanceMagnetic Losses, Regulation and Inrush Current

%100*)()()(

loadfullU

loadfullUloadnoU

= 10*loadcu

PP

histFe PPP eddy +=

2max**

2* )( BfdPFe =

cHBfPhist max***2=

RIPCu *2=

N

lHo

**4.0

)(Im

=

Magne

HysteresisHysteresis


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Transformer

Magne

TTr


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Construction

Magne

TransformerTransformer -- CoCo


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Constant Voltage Transformer (CVT) / FerrTransformer

Advantages:

Constant voltage output for variation in inpu

Blocks harmonics from saturation in the CVand from input and output of the CVT

Ride through ability (prime reason to use

systems)

Disadvantages

Low efficiency

Intolerant to frequency changes

Magne

Transformer CVT &Transformer CVT & FerFer


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AC INPUT

POWER

AC OUTPUT

POWER

LC RESONANT

CIRCUIT

TANK CIRCUIT

Magne



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Magne



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Magne



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Reactor, Multi-Winding Reactor, Combinat

Increase input impedance

Provide di/dt smoothing component

Part of LC filters

Part of specialized filters with different in and pa(Harmonic Mitigating Transformer)

Magne

ReactoReacto


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UPS SYSTEM APPLICAUPS SYSTEM APPLICA


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System Components

System Design and Integration Consideratio

Distribution and Protection Component Sele

Additional Design Consideration:o Load Types

o Static Switch Operation

UPS Sy


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System Components

UPS Package:

Components discussed previously in the pre

Primary network:Components connected to UPS System upst

as seen from load perspective

Secondary network:

Components connected to UPS System dowUPS as seen from load perspective

UPS Sy

System CoSystem Co


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General

Reliability

UPS System

Primary network Secondary Network

Enhancement

Special Considerations

Application Location (Onshore, Offshor

etc. ) Unusual requirements

Voltage, Power and Energy Flow effects on

Specification

UPS Sy

System Design & System Design &


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General:

System design and space planning

UPS system primary purpose

Operating Hours

Type (see previous chapters) Capacity (centralized, local)

Battery (see previous chapters)

Systems

Expansion provisions

Cost

UPS Sy


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General:

Installation and environment

Loading / Offloading conditions

Space (installation, operation and maint

Installation practices

Environment (temperature, humidity, ha

classification etc.)

System heat rejection vs. environmental

System heat rejection vs. backup/battery

UPS Sy


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General:

Maintenance and operation

Monitoring (on-line) (voltages, currents

battery etc.)

Preventive maintenance (off-line)

Operation Autonomy

System Settings

Connecting components checking

UPS Sy


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Reliability:

UPS System

Primary network

Secondary Network

Enhancement

UPS Sy


122/285

Reliability: UPS System (from vendor)

Note:

MTBF, MTTR do not include batteries, interco

cables outside of enclosure and internal operati

UPS Sy


123/285

Reliability: Primary network

Reliability Indices:

UPS Sy

servedcustomersofnumberTotal

onsinterrupticustomerofnumberTotal=SAIFI

servedcustomersofnumberTotal

durationsoninterrupticustomerallofSum=SAIDI

demandedservicehoursCustomer

tyavailabiliservicehoursCustomer=ASAI

SAIDI

SAIFI=CAIDI


124/285

Reliability: Primary network

Parameters Influencing Indices

Location

Routing

Environmental Exposure Voltage

Supply configuration

Improving

Identifying reliability driving elem

Evaluation

UPS Sy


125/285

Reliability: Secondary Network

Indices not applicable

How fast can be repaired

Plant running or not

Etc.

Parameters Influencing Reliability

Location

Routing

Environmental, process, and other e

Voltage

Supply configuration

Maintenance

UPS Sy


126/285

Reliability: Enhancement

How much reliability is needed (0.9999

System approach

Redundancy

Complete primary, secondary and

Most fragile components

Enhanced monitoring

UPS Sy


127/285


Special Considerations

Application Location

Onshore (petrochemical, pipeline, c

etc.)

Offshore (process, NAV lights, CO

etc.)

Overseas (process, control room, sp

Unusual requirements

i.e. bump-less transfer time no voltage

UPS Sy



128/285

UPS Sy


System Design and Integration Consideratio Voltage, Power and Energy Flow

UPS Load Flow - Link


129/285

Location of equipment

Application and block diagram

Type Equipment

Primary and secondary networkGrounding

Input Power ratings and quality

Type of Load

Output power rating andquality

Battery and battery charger(options)

Service condition

Monitoring requirements

UPS Sy


System Design and Integration Considerat

Specification List (Minimum Requirement

Monitoring In

Installation re

Provision for (load sharing, current capabi

Maximum inp

Maximum loa

Amps and PF Overload capa

long

Steady state v


130/285

Not all UPS Systems areNot all UPS Systems are

UPS Systems

Commercial Grade

Typical utilized in IT applications

Lack flexibility and robustness

Tend to utilize PWM

Static switches are rarely power transist

Utilize contactors

Typically use sealed batteries

UPS Sy


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SizingSizing

UPS System Sizing Principles

Size for expected loads plus margin for gr

Size batteries at full load for a minimum o

Size normal power source for load for load

+ 25% DO NOT use the typical 125% of UPS

Typically 1-phase below 50kVA and 3-ph

UPS Sy


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UPS System LUPS System L

UPS System Limitations

Batteries will eventually discharge

UPS is a complex system

Will not last forever

Requires periodic maintenance

Human error

UPS Sy


133/285

DistributiDistributi

Distribution Panels What should I use ? Breaker or a Fuse

UPS Sy

Breaker: Can reset a breaker

Breakers are current limiting

Fuse: Fuse has to be

Fuses are curr

Fuses may

Will be covered in mover detail later in

presentation

SOWhat should be used Breaker or


134/285

Fused Panel

UPS Sy

FF


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UPS Sy

FF


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UPS Sy

FF


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UPS Sy

BreBre


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Power SuPower SuUPS Sy


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OnOn

PP

UPS


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141/285

PowePowe

ComCom

UPS S

24 VDC

PowerSupply *

24 VDC

PowerSupply *

24 VDC

Distribution

To

Field Devices

Typical Dual Input

Power Supply

Custom UPS &

Alternate Source

Distributio n Panel

* One or more power supplies as needed.

Rectifier

Inverter

Static

Switch

MBS

Alt

Source

InputBattery

Set

Output

CircuitBreaker

Input

Circuit

Breaker Alt

Source

Xfmr

UPS System

480V Distribution Sources

(segregated from main

substation)

A B


142/285


143/285

Load Types in Secondary Distribution Systemnon-liner with high THD, Regenerative)

ITI (CBEMA) Curve

Benchmarks For DCS, PLC and Critical Instru

Short-Circuit Output Magnitude and The Alter

Single-Phase or Three-Phase UPS Output Volt

Protecting The UPS Static Switch

Molded Case Circuit Breakers Versus Fuses

UPS System Loads

Example / Application:

120V UPS Distribution System Selectivity 240V UPS / 480V Distribution System Sele

Example

Application Guideline Summary

Review Load Types & Design Application


144/285

Load Types from UPS and static switch opeperspective

RL linear

RC linear

RL non-liner with high THD

Regenerative

Load Types in Secondary Dis

LL


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RL linear loads

Static power supplies

Distribution transformers

Long feeders with RL loads

Inverter: operates in design operating range

Static Switch: detection time and transfer tim

increase due to the additional inductance

RL LinRL Lin



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RC linear loads

Any load connected to long cable (transmission

Inverter: operates out of design operating ran

verification with vendor capabilities and stab


increase due to the additional line capacita

capacitance is so large that influence system

commutation could be unstable and/or long

non-bump-less transfer

RC LinRC Lin



147/285

RL non-linear loads with high THD

Switching power supplies (PC, PLC, DCS etc.)

Emergency lights

Assure THD is in operating spec of UPS

Inverter: operates in design operating range


will increase/decrease due to the voltage dis

sensing capabilities of UPS circuitry.

RL LinRL Lin



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Regenerative loads:

Regeneration is power produced by load that has

is driven by some other force mechanical or chem

Assure vendor is aware about special requiremen

of load. UPS components will be damaged.

Inverter: not design for 2Q / 4Q operation


will increase due to the additional line cap

case capacitance is so large that influence sycommutation could be unstable and/or long

non-bump-less transfer

RegeneraRegenera



149/285

What IsWhat Is

The ITI (CBEMA) CuThe ITI (CBEMA) Cu


150/285


151/285

What Is TheWhat Is The

New ITI Curve

Refined for modern electronic equipment

Curve applies to 120Vrms, 60Hz nominal equipm

Engineer is responsible for application at other v

frequencies ITI curve describes seven types of events:

Not considered: Line Voltage Swell, Low-FrequenRingwave, High-Frequency Impulse, Voltage Sags

Dropout

No damage region

Prohibited region


152/285

1 us.001 c .01 c

1 m

100

200

300

400

500

Percent

ofNominalVoltage(RMSorPe

akEquivalent)

Duration in

ITI (

(R


Dropout A voltage includes both

severe RMS voltage sagsand complete interruptionsof the applied voltage,followed by immediate re-

application of the nominalvoltage

This transient typicallyresults from the occurrenceand subsequent clearing offaults in the ACdistribution system

THE INTERRUPTIONMAY LAST UP TO 20M ILL ISECONDS; FAULTSMUST BE SENSED ANDINTERRUPTED QUICKLY


153/285

1 us.001 c .01 c

1 m

100

200

300

400

500

PercentofNo

minalVoltage(RMSor

PeakEquivalent)

Duration in C

ITI (C

(Re


No Damage Region

Events in this region include

sags and dropouts (which

are less than the lower limit

of the steady state tolerance

range)

The normal functional state

of the Information

Technology Equipment

(ITE) is not typically

expected during theseconditions (no damage to

the ITE should result)

NO DA

REG


154/285

1 us.001 c .01 c

1 m

100

200

300

400

500

PercentofNo

minalVoltage(RMSor

PeakEquivalent)

Duration in C

ITI (C

(Re


Prohibited Region

This region includes any

surge or swell (which

exceeds the upper limit of

the envelope)

If the ITE is subjected to

such conditions, damage

to the ITE may result


155/285

Issues And CIssues And C

ITI Curve is the Benchmark

Fast System Fault Interruption

Voltage Restoration

Concerns

UPS Inverters Typically Supply Limited Fault C Depend On The Alternate Source To Provide Fa

Short-Circuit Sensing

Fast Fault Interruption

Compliance With the ITI Curve During Fau

Requires Fast Transfer to the Static Switch

Requires Fast Interrupting Protective Devices

Maintains Operation of Critical Computer Bus

During Normal and Abnormal System Conditio


156/285

Equipment BenchmEquipment Benchma


157/285

IndInd

Industry Recognized Voltage Dropout/Rest

Equipment sample for operating facility

Data may not represent your facility

Determine if process equipment will operate with

interruption Table Shows Typical UPS Loads

Some of the data is minimum hold-up time with

Others show the minimum threshold voltage at w

shutdown

Equipm


158/285

Sample From Typical

Petrochemical Facility

1 DCS Mfg. #1 17 ms 0 Vrms






7 DCS Mfg. #3 40 ms 0 Vrms8 DCS Mfg. #3 20 ms 0 Vrms

9 PLC Mfg. #1 20 ms 0 Vrms





14 PLC Mfg. #2 8.33 ms 0 Vrms



17 Other Mfg. #1 0 ms 90 Vrms



20 Other Mfg. #4 0 ms * 102 Vrms



23 Relay #1 30 ms 0 Vrms

24 Relay #2 10 ms 0 Vrms

Reference

Number

* 0 ms below threshold without battery backup

Minimum

"Hold-Up"

Time

Minimum

Threshold

Voltage

Equipment

Description

IndInd

Equipme

1 us.001 c .01 c

1 ms3 m

100

200

300

400

500

PercentofNom

inalVoltage(RMSorP

eakEquivalent)

Duration in Cycl

ITI (CBE

(Revis

SYMBOL DENOTES

EQUIPMENTSHUTDOWN VS.

VOLTAGE AND TIME

FROM TABLE

EQUIPMENT

#13, 17, 18, 19,

20, 21, 22

EQUIPMENT#1, 10, 14, 24


159/285

GeGe

Equipm

SOURCE: M.H.J. BOLLEN, UNDERSTANDING POWER QUALITY PROBLEM

Regularegulatfor a peduring


160/285

GeGeEquipm


Voltagcurves compumarket


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162/285


163/285

GeGeEquipm


Voltagcurves

processequipm1 comm

2- more c

contr

3- PLC

4-PLC ne

5-AC con

6-AC conimpo

(sam

7-AC con


164/285

GeGeEquipm


Voltagcurves sodium


165/285

GeGeEquipm

SOURCE: T.A. SHORT, DISTRIBUTION RELIBILITY AND POWER QUALITY

Ride-thfor an i

power


166/285

GeGeEquipm


Voltagdropouvoltage


167/285

ShortShort--Circuit OutpCircuit Outp

Magnitude And ThMagnitude And ThAlternate SourceAlternate Source


168/285

What Is UPS Inverter SWhat Is UPS Inverter S

CurrentCurrent

Pulse Width Modulated (PWM)

Typically 1.5 times the full load current for 1/4 c

Ferroresonant

Can supply a maximum of 5 times full load amp(Energy Stored In The Output Filter)

Both Technologies Are Very Limited In SuShort-Circuit Conditions

Short-Circuit Output Magnitude And The A


169/285

How Are The UPSHow Are The UPS

System Faults System Faults

UPS Inverter

UPS short-circuit current insufficient for downst

protective device sensing and interruption

UPS senses the sudden rapid voltage reduction a

cycle transfers to alternate source

Alternate Source

Alternate source has significantly greater short-c

capability

Increased fault current is usually adequate for pr

devices to interrupt the fault



170/285

Static Switch Alternate Source Issues

Closure into a short-circuit is a severe condition

Must be adequately rated

Must be protected for this severe condition

Assumes the alternate source is available UPS Specifications Should Include:

Short-circuit available from the alternate source

(UPS manufacturer can supply equipment adequ

conditions)



171/285


172/285

SingleSingle--PhasePhase

OrOr

Three PhaseThree Phase

UPS Output VoltagUPS Output Voltag


173/285


174/285

Protecting The UPS SProtecting The UPS S

SwitchSwitch


175/285

Why Does ThWhy Does Th

Switch RequiresSwitch Requires

Why Is An Internal Fuse Or Circuit BreakerProtect The Static Switch?

For 1 to 5 cycles, a typical static transfer switch h

circuit rating of 10 times the full load switch rati

The alternate source short-circuit could exceed th

withstand capability

Hence, an internal solid-state fuse or circuit brea

protect the static transfer switch

Protecting The UP


176/285


177/285

Static SwitchStatic Switch

Static Switch Operation

Switching is performed for one or more conditio

Overcurrent > 150% of nominal current*

Undervoltage < 80% of nominal voltage*

Overvoltage > 110% of nominal voltage* Inverter Fault*

* - Manufacturer may not provide function and/or value of threshol

Protecting The UP


178/285

Molded Case CircuMolded Case Circu

BreakersBreakers

vs.vs.

FusesFuses


179/285

Electrical SystElectrical Syst

Electrical Design Practices

MCCBs are typically used in indoor panelboard

switchgear rooms and offices

Industry practice uses circuit breakers in UPS dis

systems

UPS Manufacturers

Recommend downstream fast-acting, current-lim

with 1/2 cycle clearing time

Molded Case Circuit-Bre


180/285

Breaker FunBreaker Fun

Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB) Inter

1.1 cycles for 100A frame

1.5 cycles for 225A-4000A frame

100A MCCB interrupting time

1.1 cycles breaker interruption 0.25 cycles static switch transfer time

1.35 cycles total time

Marginally exceeds the ITI guidelines for mainta

critical instrumentation

This may result in a plant shutdown



181/285

Fuse Fuse

TYPICAL SELECTIVITY SCHEDULE FOR LOW VO

Exact ratios vary with ampere ratings, system voltage, acurrent.


Class L Fuse 601-6000 A 2:1 2:1 2:1 6:1

Class K1 Fuse 0-600 A 2:1 3:1 8:1

Class J Fuse 0-600 A 3:1 3:1 8:1

Class K5 Time-Delay Current

Limiting Fuse 0-600 A1.5:1 1.5:1 2:1

Class J Time-Delay Fuse 0-

600 A1.5:1 1.5:1 8:1

Load side

NOTE For illustration only; from [9]. Refer to fuse manufacturer for specific and up-to-da

Class L

Fuse

601-6000 A

Class K1

Fuse

0-600 A

Class J

Fuse 0-600

A

Class K5

Time-Delay

Fuse0-600 A

Line side


182/285

GeGeEquipm


Sensitiprocess


183/285

Breaker FunBreaker Fun

Authors Opinion

Based on the collected data

Modern MCCBs operate faster than clearing tim

may provide fault clearing in less than 1.0 cycle

1.1 cycles for 100A frame 1.5 cycles for 225A-4000A frame



184/285

UPS System LoadUPS System Load


185/285

Design ConDesign Con

During the Project UPSDesign Phase

Sized for the anticipated

loads

Plus a nominal margin

for future additions

Try not to procure before

all UPS loads are

identified and kW

requirements are known

UPS


186/285

ReviewReview

Very Important To Evaluate All UPS Loads

Segregate UPS loads from general purpose loads

Compressor control panels should be thoroughly

Compressor panels may include lighting, instrum

and space heater Lighting and space heater should be powered fro

purpose AC panel,NOT UPS SYSTEM

Confirm control room creature comfort loads (

heaters, coffee pots, microwaves etc.) are not connected

outlets or feeder circuits

Educate operation and maintenance personnel

UPS


187/285

Future LoadFuture Load

To Avoid Overloading The UPS

Review both existing and new UPS loads

Review panel loading

Review UPS loading

All personnel should know the impact of adding

UPS


188/285

POWER SYSTEM ANAPOWER SYSTEM ANA

APPLICABLE TO UAPPLICABLE TO USYSTEMS DESIGSYSTEMS DESIG


189/285


190/285

Additional analysis for special application o

Harmonic flow (inverter and loads, charger/recti

network)

Passive/Active Filters application

Switching

System modeling

Reliability modeling

EMF/RF modeling

Power System Anal

Analysis for Typical ApAnalysis for Typical Ap


191/285

Tools

No special tools are required for most of the typi

applications

Power System Anal


192/285

Helpful tools for applications Standard Software (1PH, 3PH, LF-AC/DC, SC-A

Harmonic Flow, Filters, battery charge/dischargereliability)

SKM

ETAP

Hand calcs (LF-AC/DC, SC-AC/DC, Filters, battcharge/discharge, arc-flash)

Excel

MathCad

Special Software (Harmonic Flow, passive/activeswitching, control strategy, reliability)

MathCad

SPICE

Matlab

EMTP type

Power System Anal


193/285


194/285

ExamplesExamples


195/285

120V UPS Distribution System Selectivity

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 2A 240V UPS / 480V Distribution System Sele

Example


196/285


197/285

All Loads in the Control Room

UPS

30KVA

120V

1-PHASE

480 V MCC

NORMAL

480 V MCC

ALTERNATE

30KVA

480-120V

1-PHASE

125A

100A 100A 100A

350A

15A

20A

50A

120VAC

PANEL

L115A

50A

LOAD

120VAC

PANELR1

PANELBOARD BP1

NOTE: BP1 AND L1ARE IN ADJACENT

M C C C U B I C L E S .

OTHERWISE, PANEL

L 1 R E Q U I R E S A N

I N C O M I N G M A I N

BREAKER

2-1/C #2

100FT

2-1/C #14

25FT

PHASE 1

FPH1A_

FPH1B_

FPH1C_


198/285

Loads Located Greater than 1000 feet

FPH2B_

UPS

30KVA

120V

1-PHASE

480 V MCC

NORMAL

480 V MCC

ALTERNATE

30KVA

480-120V

1-PHASE

125A

100A 100A 100A

350A

15A

20A

100A

T1

10KVA

120-480V

T2

10KVA

480-120V

120VAC

PANEL

R2

INSTR.

SKID

10A

15A

20A

INSTR.

SKID

10A

120VAC

PANEL

AR2

PANELBOARD BP1

100A

2 x 2-1/C#500KCMIL

1000FT

2-1/C #6

150FT

PHASE 2 ALTERNATE

PHASE 2

2-1

FPH1C_

FPH2A_

FPH2A1_FPH2A

FP


199/285

120V UPS 120V UPS

SelectivitySelectivity

Fault PWMLocation Isc

FPH1A_ 375A

FPH1B_ 360A

FPH1C_ 310A

1P

2-1/C100F

PANEL


200/285


FPH1A_ 375A

FPH1B_ 360A

FPH1C_ 310A

120V UPS 120V UPS


120

PA

2-1/C #2

100FT

PANELBO


201/285

120V UPS120V UPS



FPH1A_ 375A

FPH1B_ 360A

FPH1C_ 310A

120

PA

2-1/C #2

100FT

PANELBO


202/285


203/285

120V UPS 120V UPS



FPH2A_ 325A

FPH2B_ 282A

12PA

PANELB


204/285

120V UPS 120V UPS

Selectivity Selectivity

Fault PWM

Location Isc

FPH2A1_ 86A

FPH2A2_ 58A

FPH2A3_ 219A

FPH2A4_ 186A


205/285

120V UPS 120V UPS

Selectivity Selectivity

Fault PWM

Location Isc

FPH2A1_ 86A

FPH2A2_ 58A

FPH2A3_ 219A

FPH2A4_ 186A


206/285

Fig. 3. Example 240VAC UPS/480V Distribution System O

Diagram With Traditional Circuit Breaker Protection


207/285

UPS

50KVA

240V

1-PHASE

480 V MCC

NORMAL

480 V MCC

ALTERNATE

T3

50KVA

480-240V

1-PHASE

150AT

30A

300A W/O

TRIP UNIT

15A

15A

125A

SKID

LOAD

10A

PANELBOARD PB #2

2 1/C #8

300FT

2 1/C #10

50FT

300A

300A

20A 15A

TO

LOAD

TO

LOAD

150A

T2

50KVA

240-480V

1-PHASE

F1_

T1

10KVA

480-120V

1-PHASE

F2_

15A

PB

#1

F3_ F4_

PP

#1

240V/480V UPS Distribution System


208/285

Fault PWM

Location Isc

F1_ 148A

F2_ 144A

F3_ 508A

F4_ 416A

240V UPS240V UPS

SystemSystem

F1_

T1

10KVA

480-120V

1-PHASE

F2_

PANELB


209/285

240V UPS240V UPS

SystemSystem

Fault PWM

Location Isc

F1_ 148A

F2_ 144A

F3_ 508A

F4_ 416A

F1_

T1

10KVA

480-120V

1-PHASE

F2_

PANELB


210/285

Application GuidelApplication Guidel

SummarySummary


211/285

PoinPoint

Application Guideline

Intended as a starting point

Include additional information

Fundamentals

Changes Lessons learned

Exceptions

Application Gui


212/285

UPS Distribution System GenerUPS Distribution System Gener

Application GuideliApplication Guideli1. To avoid overloading UPS systems, review UPS loa

2. Segregate panel loads with critical process loads on

3. Perform short-circuit duty check with Alt. Source su

4. ITI curve is the benchmark for computer business eq

5. Review critical loads voltage limits with system con

6. Review UPS static switch timing/triggering paramet

7. When applicable, specify 1-phase UPS systemsRedundant power supply applications may require 3

Application Gui


213/285

UPS Distribution System GenerUPS Distribution System Genera

Application GuideliApplication Guideli8. Transfer to the Alt. Source may not be required with

because generally have a greater initial (1/4-1 cycle)

9. UPS manufacturers recommend fast-acting current-

10. Adequate fault current may minimize Static Sw. Alt

11. Confirm UPS internal fuse/circuit breaker configuraConfirm the Alt. Source fault does not exceed the U

12. With UPS internal, single-element CL fuses, includefactory fault testing with upstream and downstream

13. Fuse sizes should be minimized, i.e., less than typic

Application Gui


214/285

UPS Distribution System GenerUPS Distribution System Genera

Application GuideliApplication Guideli14. For selectivity, use fuse selectivity ratio tables

manufacturer since fuse selectivity tables are obtaine

15. Specify a 480V MCC fused switch for the feeder the Alternate Source isolation transformer

16. To assure adequate fault clearing current to remoincreased cable sizes may be required

17. To increase Alt. Source short-circuit current, thisolation transformer kVA rating may be increased

18. Use shielded, isolation type Alternate Source transfoOnly use ferroresonant transformers after thorough i

19. For enhanced system reliability, the Alternate Sopowered from a separate upstream source (not the sa

Application Gui


215/285

SYSTEM ACCEPTANSYSTEM ACCEPTAN


216/285

System acceptance Factory Acceptance Testing (FAT)

Commissioning

Performance verification

Maintenance

Sys


217/285

There is no standard for specificationsystem and testing in ANSI world

Testing and acceptance parameters:

Client specification

Vendor internal QA plan

Fusion of multitude different specificatio

Sys


218/285

Useful specification: UL 1778 - Standard for Uninterruptible Power Supply

CSA C22/2 NO.17.1 - Commercial and Industrial Pow

NEMA PE-1 - Uninterruptible Power Systems Standar

NEMA PE-5 Utility Type Battery Chargers

IEC 62040 Uninterruptible Power Systems (UPS)

Part 1: General and safety requirements

Part 2: Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Re

Part 3: Method of Specifying the Performance anRequirements

ANSI C62.41, Category A & B - Recommended practvoltages in low voltage power circuits

FCC Rules and Regulations 47, Part 15, Class A - Cercompliance

IEEE Std. 650 Standard for qualification of class 1E

Sys

SpeSpe


219/285

Factory Acceptance Testing (FAT)

Industry testing

Vendor internal QC procedures

Client specification

Sys


220/285


221/285

Commissioning: Assure that FAT testing was performed

NETA specification as a guide

Specific application additional requirements i.e. special volta

dynamic loading, leading power factor, very low power facto

Compare specific values from FAT and site installation i.e. bbattery resistance, insulation resistance etc.

Battery charge and discharge test after installation at site

VERYFY AND RECORD ALL SETTING PARAMETERS

software

Separately commission all distribution primary and secondary

guidelines

Sys

ComComm


222/285

Performance verification

Periodic testing

Battery test

Autonomy of operation

Operation test: (AC input power loss test, A

return test, Redundancy test (if applicable fo

applications), Transfer test)

Grounding operation

DC ground detection

AC ground detection

Thermographic scan

On-line monitoring:

Battery status

UPS controller status

Sys

Performance VPerformance V


223/285

Maintenance Every month:

Check and record meter readings.

Check indicating lights.

Every year: Perform Manufacturers recommended serv

Every T/A:

Function Check operation by simulating lossource and loss of inverter source.

At 5/10yr intervals:

Perform manufacturers recommended compout.

Sys

MM


224/285

UpdateUpdate


225/285

InduIndu

There Is A Need To Revise / Update ExistinSystem Standards (IEEE Std. 944-1986, IEEE Std. 4Or Create A New Standard For The Industr

Standard Needs Current Information In The Foll

Construction, system architecture, topology

Principle of operation and conversion Sizing, redundancy, energy storage

Static and transient performance

Protection and selectivity

Acceptance testing, commissioning, and ma

Lessons Learned Industry needs to provide feedback to evaluate a

solutions with the application of UPS systems foloads


226/285

Application Application

Ferroresonant UPS Systems Have AdditionLimitations: Some UPS systems with output ferroresonant transfor

overheat during very light load or unloaded condition

Overloaded ferroresonance transformer tend to collap

Static Transfer Switch Timing Performance Dependence on:

Impedance (cables, installation, transformers etc

sources and switch inputs. Also, impedance of th

system connected to the switch output

Voltage detection logic (detection time)

Changes with:

Type of loads connected (RL, RC, RLC, regener

Type of fault (L-G, L-L etc.) and angle when fau


227/285

Resources & ReferenResources & Referen


228/285

Technical RTechnical R

IEEE 485 Recommended Practice for Sizing Lead-AcidStationary Applications IEEE 1115 Recommended Practice for Sizing Nickel- C

Batteries for Stationary Applications IEEE 1184 Guide for the Selection and Sizing of Batter

Uninterruptible Power Supplies IEEE 1106 Recommended Practice for Installation, Ma

Testing, and Replacement of Vented Ni-Cad Batteries forApplications

NEMA PE-1 Uninterruptible Power Systems IEEE 450 Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Te

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