Upper Respiratory Tract Disorders

8/8/2019 Upper Respiratory Tract Disorders

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B acteria invade andpusaccumulates inside the sinus cavities.

Postnasal drainage causesobstruction of nasal passages andan inflamed throat

If the sinus orifices are blocked by swollen mucosal lining,the pus cannot enter the nose and builds up pressure inside

the sinus cavities.



Acute PharyngitisChronic Pharyngitis

Follicular Pharyngitis

B y: Stachy Tejado



Inflammation of thepharyngeal mucosal tissue

Mgt

Oral penicillinErythromycin AntipyreticsIM penicillin GIncrease f luid

intakeHand washingB ed rest

ACUTE CHRONI C FO LLI CULA R

Mucosal congestion

tissue dilation

Mucosal swelling

M gt:

Antibacterial agent

GargleP enicillin

Fluidintake

Soft dietP revent

spicy foods

Gland hypertrophy

Hypersecretion

M gt:

Antibacterial agentGargleI ncrease Fluid intakeSoft dietP revent spicy foods Avoid exposure to

irritantsCessation of smoking Avoid contact w/

othersB ed rest

Secondary to diseases

Toxin formation

Permanent heart/ kidney damage



TonsillitisTonsillitisTonsillitisTonsillitisBy: Charlene Serneo



W hat is tonsillitis?It is an inflammation of the tonsils most commonly causedby viral or bacterial infection. Symptoms of tonsillitisinclude sore throat and fever . W hile viral tonsillitis mustresolve on its own, tonsillitis caused by bacteria istreatable with antibiotics, which usually resolves symptomsin two to three days.Types:

Acute tonsillitis - sudden, severe inflammation of the tonsils,which is an area of lymph tissue located at the back of thethroat.Chronic tonsillitis ² is the result from recurrent acute

tonsillitis.Follicular tonsillitis ² inflammation of the mucous membraneand the tonsils have the spotted appearance.Peritonsillar abscess ² collection of purulent exudate between

tonsillar capsule and the surrounding tissue and soft palate.



Clinical manifestationsSore throatFeverSwollen tonsilsBody malaiseEaracheDifficulty of swallowingRunny noseBad breathPresence of purulent materials

Voice impairmentSwollen lymph node on the neck



Tonsilliti s

Infection and inflammation causes enlarge tonsils

Precipitating factors:

Unhealthy diet, bad hygienicsurroundings, exposure to wet and cold

Predisposing factors:W eak immune systemgroupA beta-hemolytic

streptococcus

Raspy voice, odynophagia,dysphagia, otalgia, drooling

Antibiotics,needleaspiration,tonsillectomy

Sore throat,fever,red&swollentonsils, painfulswallowing

Earache, foul breath, snoringand disturbed sleep

Antibiotics, normalsaline gargle

Localanesthetics,

tonsillectomyCheesyexudate



B y: Christine Joy Yao



Epiglottitis is an acuteinflammationinvolving theepiglottis, vallecula,aryepiglottic folds,and arytenoids.



Predisposing factorsSex (Males)

Precipitating factorsImmunocompromise

Inadequate vaccination

Local invasion of heamophilus influenzae type

B

B acterecemia

Inflammation of theEpiglottis

Tachycardia,fever,

pain,fatigue



Local invasion of heamophilus influenzae type

B

Airway Occlusion

Stridor ,muffled voice,

mildcough,severesore throat

3rd

generationcephalospori

n, analgesics,atipyretics

Labs: Throatswab

Tracheotomy,

administerhumidifiedoxygen



LA RYNGITISBy: Sheramae Silvano

caused by an inflammatory process or vocal use

may be the result of gastroesophagealreflux disorder



ACUTE LA RYN GI TI S- M ost cases of laryngitis are temporary and improve

after the underlying cause gets better.

Causes of acute laryngitis include:1. Viral infections such as those that cause a

cold

2. Vocal strain, caused by yelling or overusing your voice 3. Viruses such as measles or mumps4. Bacterial infections such as diphtheria,

although this is rare



CHRONI C LA RYN GI TI S- Laryngitis that lasts more than three weeks is known as

chronic laryngitis. This type of laryngitis is generally caused by irritants over time. Chronic laryngitis can cause vocal cord strain andinjuries or growths on the vocal cord (polyps or nodules).

These injuries can be caused by:1. I nhaled irritants, such as chemical fumes, allergens

or smoke2. Acid reflux, also called gastroesophageal reflux

disease (GE RD ) 3. Chronic sinusitis4. Excessive alcohol use5. Habitual overuse of your voice (such as with singers

or cheerleaders)6. Smoking

Less common causes of chronic laryngitis include:1. Bacterial or fungal infections2. I nfection

O ther causes of chronic hoarseness include:1. Cancer2. Vocal cord paralysis, which can result from injury,

stroke,

a lung tumor or other health conditions



P redisposing factors:

R ace Age

P recipitating factors:

AlcoholismSmokingGERD

O verusing of voice



generally a viral orbacterial insult,

inflammation of theendolaryngeal structures

tissue edema and erythema

decreases the pliability of the true vocal foldmucosa and increases the bulk of the vocal

folds.

Pathophysiology

lowered

vocalpitch

hoarseness

Sensation of swelling inthe area of the larynx

Corticosteroids

acetaminophen

Speechtraining

laryngectomy



B y: Kathyrine Yabut



Predisposingfactors:o Age (older people)o Sex

(female & male )

Thyroid cartilage may befractured

Leads to soft tissue andlaryngeal edema (hematoma

formation)

Laryngeal Trauma

om lete air ay obstruction( ost-traumatic edema)

D ys nea,intercostal muscleretraction, necks elling, laryngeal

tenderness,dys hagia, stridor,inability to s eak,change inres iration attern

Tender & s ollenecchymotic neck,stridor, cyanosis,subcutaneousem hysema

Preci itating factors:o alcoholismo inhalation of hotgases and caustic

liquids

I neffecctive Air ay learance r/t obstruction

of the u er air ay N ursing diagnosis

D iaagnostic Exam

Signs & Sym toms

Patho hysiology

Treatment

TR A ¡ HEO STOMY



B y: Kathy rine Yabut

LARYNGEAL TRA U MA



N asal I njury

D eformitiesEpstaxisP ain and

tissueswelling Airway blockageR eddening

and swellingof themucousmembraneslining thenoseEventual

destructionof thecartilage inthe nasalseptum andthe tissueslining thenose

Predisposing factors:Age (all ages)Sex

(female & male )

P recipitating factors:External: Accidental (motor vehicular accidentsI ntentional ( fights, nose peircing)I nternal:

mechanical (caused by foreign objects in thenose or by picking or scratching the tissues

lining the nose) orchemical (caused by environmental irritants

or substance abuse).

I neffecctivebreathingpattern r/t nasal damage

N asal Fracture (deviated nasalseptum)

O bstruction to nasal breathing,

dryness of nasal mucosa leading tobleeding and cosmetic deformity

N ursing diagnosis

D iaagnostic Exam

Signs & Symptoms

P athophysiology

TreatmentBleeding

N ASALSEP TOP LAST Y

R H INOP LAST Y IN TR A N ASAL

P ACKIN G A ND SP LIN TS



OB STRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEAy B y: Christine Joy G. Yao



Obstructive Sleep ApneaObstructive sleep apnea is a disorder in

wh ich complete or partial obstruction of

the airwa y during sleep causes loudsnoring, ox yh emoglobin desaturationsand frequent arousals. As a result,

affected persons have unrestful sleepand excessive da ytime sleepiness.



Obstructive Sleep ApneaElongated soft palate

Receding lower jaw

Short, t h ick neck



PathophysiologyPredisposing factors

Age (Elderly) Gender (Male) Family History Anatomical structure

-narrow throat-neck circumference

Precipitating Factors Obesity Use of alcohol, sedatives

and tranquilizers

Smokin g



OB STRUCTION

NARROWING OFRESPIRATORY PASSAGES

DECREASED AIRWAY MUSCLE TONE

IMPEDING RESPIRATION



APNEA

Abruptawakening,shortness of

breat h ,snoring

Insomnia,headac he

B reat h ingcessation during

sleep

Continuospositive airwa y

pressure,supplementaloxygen, Hib

vaccine

Uvulopalatopar yngo-plast y,

trac heostom y,maxillomandibular

advancement



IS THE CANCER OF THELARYNX OR

LARYNGEALCARCINOMA OR

TUMOR IN THELARYNX.

B y: Hemerson B ercadez



IS THE AN ER THEARYNX R

ARYNGEAAR IN A R

T R IN THEARYNX.



PREDISPOSING FACTORS:-GENDER (MALE)

-AGE (55 YEARS ANDABOVE)

-SOMKER -ALCOHOLIC DRINKER

-VOICE ABUSE-EXPOSURE TO:

1. ASBESTOS2. WOOD DUST

3. MUSTARD GAS4. PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

PRECIPITATING FACTORS:-HISTORY OF HEAD AND

NECK CANCER -CHRONIC LARYNGITIS



Early:

Vocal change, hoarseness, hemoptysisDyspnea, respiratoory obstruction,dysphagia, weight loss, pain



Early:Aspiration on swallowing(especiallyliquids), persistent unilateral sorethroat, foreign-body sensation,dysphagia, weight loss, neck mass,hemoptysis (expectoration of blood)Late:Dyspnea, pain in the throat or referredto the ear



Early: none

Late:Dyspnea, airway obstruction,dysphagia, weight loss, hemoptysis



TREAT ENT TIO NS E EN O N THEOLLO W ING:

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Upper Respiratory Tract Disorders

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