By

Dr. B.B. JainM.A., Ph.D.

(Retd.) Professor and HeadDepartment of English Studies and Research,

Agra College, Agra.

(Further Revised and Enlarged Edition)

UPKAR PRAKASHAN, AGRA–2

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ISBN : 978-81-7482-185-0

Price : 270·00(Rs. Two Hundred Seventy Only)

Code No. 394

Printed at : UPKAR PRAKASHAN (Printing Unit) Bye-pass, AGRA

PrefaceAdding a new book on English Grammar and Usage to the existing flood of books on the

subject sounds rather audacious. But strangely enough, it is this flood of books, some of whichare spurious and others too technical and abstruse to be followed by the learner, that hasprompted the present author to write a new book on Applied Grammar, Usage,Comprehension, and Letter-Writing which could well serve as a practical handbook and guideto the learning of English Language both by the primary as well as advanced learners.

English is indeed a difficult language to learn, and the rules of Formal and AppliedGrammar and Usage which govern it are equally difficult for the learner to understandthrough the medium of English. Therefore, all these rules and their application have beenexplained in the present book through the medium of Hindi. This would enable even theprimary learner to understand all these rules in their real spirit and to apply them withjudicious understanding and discrimination. A purist may scoff at the idea of explaining therules of English Grammar through the medium of Hindi, but the practical needs of the hourand the prospects of future demands would not only justify this attempt but also applaud it asa far-sighted approach.

The book is designed to be all-comprehensive in its range and scope. It has 45 Chapterswhich, as the contents would show, cover practically all aspects of Applied Grammar, Usage,Word-Formation, Comprehension, Composition, and Letter-Writing. It represents a synthesisof the traditional and the structural methods to teach the learner how to read, write and speakEnglish correctly, idiomatically and fluently. While dealing with Grammatical and Structuralproblems under various chapters, special attention has been paid to the intricate and ticklishproblems which even the advanced students have to face. These problems relate particularlyto the correct use of Syntax, Articles, Prepositions, Auxiliaries, Non-Finite Verbs, Position ofAdverbs, Tense and Time Sense, and Phrasal expressions. Due attention has also been paid tothe special requirements of the candidates appearing at various competitive examinations atthe State and Central levels.

It is confidently hoped that the book would serve as a complete practical text book andmanual of English Grammar, Usage, Comprehension, and Letter-Writing to the candidatespreparing for the various University and competitive examinations throughout the country.

—B. B. Jain

A Note to the Further Revised and Enlarged EditionThis book has already passed through several reprints. In the present further revised and

enlarged Edition, besides routine corrections and emendations, many necessary and usefuladditions have been made to several chapters, notably the chapters on Syntax, Non-FiniteVerbs, Idioms and Idiomatic Phrases. A very important section on Sentence Structures inTabular Forms has been added to the chapter on Time and Tense. This section bridges thegap between the traditional and the Structural forms of Grammar. Moreover, two newchapters, one on Paraphrasing and another on Report-Writing, have also been added. In thepresent further revised and enlarged Edition, a very important Chapter on Letter-Writing hasbeen added. Therein the formats and models of all types of letters have been given. Thischapter would prove very useful to the learners in general and to the examinees in particular.In the present Edition four new Chapters on Message writing, Notice writing, Diary writingand Telegram have also been added.

It is hoped that with these emendations and additions this Edition of the book would proveeven more useful to the students.

—B. B. Jain

Books Consulted

1. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, Vols. I & II2. The Universal Dictionary of the English Language : Henry Cecil Wyld (Wordsworth)3. The Random House Dictionary of the English Language4. A Dictionary of Modern English Usage : H.W. Fowler5. The King's English : H. W. Fowler and F. G. Fowler6. An A.B.C. of English Usage : H.A. Treble and G.H. Vallins7. Good English : G. H. Vallins8. Better English : G.H. Vallins9. Desk-book of Correct English : Michael West and P.F. Kimber

10. Current English Usage : F.T. Wood11. Contemporary English Grammar, Structure and Composition : David Green12. Living English Structure : W.S. Allen13. Hints on the Study of English : Rowe and Webb14. Notes on Learning English : Ralf Cooke15. A Grammar of English Words : H.E. Palmer16. Get It Right : H. M. Burton17. A Practical English Grammar : A. J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet18. English Grammar, Composition and Usage : J.C. Nesfield19. Modern English Grammar : J. C. Nesfield20. A Manual of Advanced English : Bernard Blackstone21. A Guide to Patterns and Usage in English : A.S. Hornby22. English Grammar and Composition : Wren and Martin23. A Hand-book of English Grammar : R.W. Zandvoort24. A Remedial English Grammar for Foreign Students : F.T. Wood25. A Book of English Idioms : V.H. Collins26. A Second Book of English Idioms : V.H. Collins27. English Idioms : W. McMordie28. English Idioms : J.M. Dixon29. College Composition : H. Martin30. A Senior Course of English Composition : J.C. Nesfield

CONTENTS

Chapters Pages

1. Some Basic Concepts 3–5Letters, Syllables, Phrases and Sentences………………………………………………… 3Kinds of Sentences……………………………………………………………………….. 4Parts of Speech…………………………………………………………………………… 4

2. Syntax 6–20Agreement of the Verb with the Subject…………………………………………….…… 6Some Exceptions…………………………………………………………………….…… 8Collective Noun and the Verb……………………………………………………………. 11Some Typical Nouns and the Verb………………………………………………………. 11Relative Pronoun and the Verb…………………………………………………………… 12Numeral Expressions and the Verb………………………………………………………. 14Quantitative Expressions and the Verb…………………………………………………… 14Verb 'to be' and the Complement………………………………………………………… 17Concord of Nouns, Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives………………………………… 18

3. Articles 21–31Kinds of Articles…………………………………………………………………………. 21Forms of Indefinite Article : 'A' or 'An'………………………………………………….. 21Uses of Indefinite Article : 'A' / 'An'……………………………………………………… 22Uses of Definite Article : ‘The’……………………………………………………….….. 25Omission of Articles……………………………………………………………………… 27Position of Articles……………………………………………………………………..… 30

4. Nouns 32–43Formation of Genders………………………………………………………………..…… 32Conversion of Numbers………………………………………………………………….. 33Formation of Possessive (Or Genitive) Case…………………………………………….. 35Correct Use of Nouns : Rules……………………………………………………………. 36

5. Pronouns 44–56Forms of Pronouns……………………………………………………………………...… 44Correct Use of Pronouns : Personal Pronouns………………………………………….… 44Pronoun 'It'/'This'………………………………………………………………….……… 48Relative Pronouns………………………………………………………………………… 49Compound Relative Pronouns……………………………………………………….…… 52Omission of Relative Pronouns…………………………………………………………... 52Reflexive Pronouns……………………………………………………………………..… 54Interrogative Pronouns……………………………………………………………….…… 54

6. Adjectives 57–75Kinds of Adjectives………………………………………………………………………. 57Position of Adjectives………………………………………………………………..…… 59

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Degrees of Adjectives……………………………………………………………..……… 60Correct Use of Adjectives : Positive Degree Adjectives…………………………………. 62Comparative Degree Adjectives…………………………………………………………. 63Superlative Degree Adjectives…………………………………………………………… 67Some Other Typical Adjectives………………………………………………………….. 69

7. Adverbs 76–88Kinds of Adverbs………………………………………………………………………… 76Degrees of Adverbs………………………………………………………………………. 76Position of Adverbs………………………………………………………………………. 77Some Typical Adverbs…………………………………………………………………… 80Some Common Rules…………………………………………………………………….. 86

8. Prepositions 89–116Forms of Preposition……………………………………………………………………... 89Functional Types of Preposition…………………………………………………………. 89Use of Prepositions : Their Position…………………………………………………….. 90Omission of Preposition………………………………………………………………….. 91Wrong Use of Prepositions………………………………………………………………. 92Some Typical Prepositions……………………………………………………………….. 92Preposition + Gerund…………………………………………………………………….. 95The Same Word followed by Different Prepositions…………………………………….. 96Different Forms of Words followed by Different Prepositions………………………….. 97List of Appropriate Prepositions…………………………………………………………. 100 (a) Nouns followed by Prepositions…………………………………………………... 100 (b) Adjectives and Participles followed by Prepositions……………………………… 104 (c) Verbs followed by Prepositions…………………………………………………… 109

9. Conjunctions 117–127Correlative Conjunctions……………………………………………………………….… 117Uses of Conjunctions…………………………………………………………………….. 117Functional Conjunctions…………………………………………………………………. 123

10. Verbs 128–151Kinds of Verbs………………………………………………………………………….… 128Auxiliary/Modal Verbs : Their Functions………………………………………………... 130Verbs 'To be' : Am, Is, Are, Was, Were.……………………………………………….… 130Have/Has/Had/Will have……………………………………………………….………… 132May/Might……………………………………………………………………………….. 137Can/Could………………………………………………………………………………… 139Shall/Should, Will/Would………………………………………………………………… 141Must/Ought……………………………………………………………………………..… 144Need/Needn't……………………………………………………………………………… 145Dare/Daren't………………………………………………………………………….…… 146Used to………………………………………………………………………….………… 147Two Auxiliaries and Principal Verb……………………………………………………… 147Position of Subject, Verb, Object, and Complement…………………………………….. 148Question–Tags/Tail Questions…………………………………………………………… 149

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11. Non-Finite Verbs 152–160Kinds of Non-Finite Verbs……………………………………………………………….. 152The Infinitive……………………………………………………………………………... 152

(a) Infinitive with or without ‘to’…………………………………………….…….… 152(b) Noun Infinitives………………………………………………………………….. 153(c) Gerundial Infinitives……………………………………………………………... 154(d) Other Uses of Infinitives……………………………………………………….… 154

The Gerund……………………………………………………………………………….. 156(a) Functions of the Gerund……………………………………………………….…. 156(b) Uses of the Gerund …………………………………………………………….… 156

The Participle……………………………………………………………………………... 157(a) Kinds of Participles…………………………………………………………….… 157(b) Uses of Participles……………………………………………………………….. 158(c) Rules of Use of Participles………………………………………………………. 158

12. Time and Tense 161–189Distinction between Time and Tense…………………………………………………….. 161Three Forms of Verbs : A List………………………………………………………….… 161Structures of Sentences :

Structures in the Present Tense……………………………………………………… 163Structures in the Past Tense……………………………………………………….… 170Structures in the Future Tense………………………………………………….…… 176

Uses of Tenses……………………………………………………………………….…… 182Tenses and Time…………………………………………………………………….……. 187Structures of ‘It is time…’, ‘If…were’ and ‘Wish’ Sentences……………………….…… 188

13. Active and Passive Voice 190–196Interchange between Subject and Object……………………………………………….… 190Changes in the Verb…………………………………………………………………….… 191Imperative Sentences………………………………………………………………….….. 193Negative Sentences…………………………………………………………………….…. 194Interrogative Sentences…………………………………………………………………… 194Some Other Sentence Structures………………………………………………………….. 194

14. Direct and Indirect Narration 197–214Some General Terms……………………………………………………………………... 197Rules for Connectives………………………………………………………………….…. 197Rules for Change of Tenses…………………………………………………………..…… 198Rules for Change in Persons……………………………………………………………… 201Miscellaneous Changes…………………………………………………………………… 202Conversion of Interrogative Sentences……………………………………………….…... 203Conversion of Imperative Sentences……………………………………………………... 205Conversion of Exclamatory Sentences……………………………………………….…… 206Question-Tags……………………………………………………………………….……. 207Sentences Beginning with 'Let'……………………………………………………….…… 207Some General Observations………………………………………………………….…… 208

15. Analysis 215–226Some General Observations………………………………………………………….…… 215Analysis of Complex Sentences………………………………………………………….. 216

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Subordinate Noun Clause………………………………………………………….… 216Subordinate Adjective Clause…………………………………………………..…… 218Subordinate Adverb Clause…………………………………………………………. 219

Analysis of Compound Sentences………………………………………………………... 222

16. Synthesis 227–236Combining into a Simple Sentence………………………………………………………. 227Combining into a Complex Sentence………………………………………………….…. 231Combining into a Compound Sentence………………………………………………….. 233

17. Transformation 237–251Interchange between 'too' and 'so'………………………………………………………… 237Conditional Sentences……………………………………………………………………. 238Concession or Contrast…………………………………………………………………… 238Degrees of Adjectives……………………………………………………………………. 239Active and Passive Voice………………………………………………………………… 240Affirmative and Negative Sentences…………………………………………………....... 241Exclamatory and Assertive Sentences………………………………………………….… 241Changes in Parts of Speech………………………………………………………………. 242Interchange between Simple and Compound Sentences…………………………………. 243Interchange between Simple and Complex Sentences…………………………………… 244Interchange between Compound and Complex Sentences………………………………. 247Interchange between Principal and Subordinate Clauses………………………………… 249

18. Formation of Words 252–256Suffixes…………………………………………………………………………………… 252Words Converted into Different Parts of Speech………………………………………… 253Prefixes…………………………………………………………………………………… 255Antonyms Formed by Negative Prefixes………………………………………………… 255

19. Antonyms 257–26020. Synonyms 261–26521. Homonyms 266–27222. Paronyms 273–27823. Same Word Used as Different Parts of Speech 279–28324. One-Word Substitution 284–28925. Idioms 290–30426. Idiomatic Phrases 305–313

Noun Phrases……………………………………………………………………………... 305Adjective Phrases…………………………………………………………………….…… 305Adverb Phrases…………………………………………………………………………… 306Prepositional Phrases…………………………………………………………………….. 307Verbal Phrases……………………………………………………………………………. 308Phrases in Pairs…………………………………………………………………………… 311Idiomatic Comparisons…………………………………………………………………… 312

27. Distinction between Similar Expressions 314–31528. Proverbs 316–31829. Expansion : Paragraph-Writing 319–324

Learn to Write Correct English (Eng.-Hindi)

Publisher : Upkar Prakashan ISBN : 9788174821850 Author : Dr. B. B. Jain

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