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Transcript of UNW Status Report IWRM
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Prepared for the 16th session of the Commissionon Sustainable Development - May 2008
Status Report on IntegratedWater Resources Managementand Water Efficiency Plans
Report
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UN Water is made up of the UN agencies, programmes and funds that have a
significant role in tackling global water concerns. It also includes major non-UN
partners who cooperate with them in advancing progress towards the water-
related goals of the Decade Water for Life and Millennium Declaration. It is the
official United Nations mechanism for follow-up of the water-related decisions
reached at the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development and the Millen-
nium Development Goals and supports Member States in their efforts to achieve
water and sanitation goals and targets. Its work encompasses all aspects of
freshwater, including surface and groundwater resources and the interface
between fresh and sea water.
How to cite: UN-Water (2008). Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans
for CSD16
Acknowledgements: This is a Report of UN-Water undertaken by its Task Force
on IWRM Monitoring and Reporting. Gordon Young, supported by Binay Shah
and Fred Kimaite, drafted the Report on behalf of the Task Force with direction,
comments and advice from the members and partners of UN-Water.
Drafting, publishing and printing of the Report was funded by contributions to
UN-Water from DFID.
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Abbreviations and Acronyms
AfDB AfricanDevelopmentBank
CSD Commission on SustainableDevelopment
DFID Departmentfor InternationalDevelopment(UK)
EU EuropeanUnion
GWP GlobalWaterPartnership
IWRM IntegratedWaterResourcesManagement
JPoI JohannesburgPlanofImplementation
MDG MillenniumDevelopmentGoals
NGO Non-governmentalOrganization
OECD OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment
PRSP PovertyReductionStrategyPaper
UN UnitedNations
UN-DESA UnitedNationsDepartmentforEconomicandSocialAffairs
UCC UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeCollaborativeCenter(Copenhagen)
UNESCO UnitedNationsEducationalScientificandCulturalProgramme
UNDP UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme
UNEP UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme
WHO WorldHealthOrganization
WSSD WorldSummitonSustainableDevelopment
WWAP WorldWaterAssessmentProgramme
WWDR WorldWaterDevelopmentReport
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Table of Contents
1.0 ExecutiveSummary 1
2.0 TheOverallSetting 3
2.1 Wateravailabilityinsufficientquantityandquality 3
2.2 Themanyusesofwater 3
2.3 Diversity 4
2.4 Fromfragmentedtointegratedmanagement 4
3.0 TheresponseoftheUnitedNationssystem 7
3.1 Theneedtosettargetsandtomonitorprogresstowardsachievingthosetargets 7
3.2 SurveyofprogressonIWRM 8
4.0 StatusofnationalIWRMplanningandimplementation 15
4.1 AnalysisoftheUN-WaterSurvey 15
4.2 ComparativeanalysisoftheUN-WaterSurveywiththoseofGWPandAfDB 17
4.3 ImplementationofIWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlansandOutcomesofImplementation 20
4.4 ExamplesofongoingIWRMprocesses 22
4.5 Casestudiesfromselectedcountries 25
4.6 Thedevelopmentofindicators 29
5.0 Keylessonslearnedandfutureactions 31
6.0 ListofAnnexes 33
AppendixDiagramsshowingRegionalandSub-Regionalcomparisons 35
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Managers,whetherinthegovernmentorprivatesectors,
havetomakedifficultdecisionsonwaterallocation.More
and more they have to apportion diminishing supplies
between ever-increasing demands. Drivers suchas demo-
graphic and climatic changes further increase the stress
on water resources. The traditionalfragmented approach
isnolongerviableandamoreholisticapproachtowater
managementisessential.
ThisistherationalefortheIntegratedWaterResourc-es Management (IWRM) approach that has now been
accepted internationally as the way forward for efficient,
equitable and sustainable development and management
oftheworldslimitedwaterresourcesandforcopingwith
conflictingdemands.
Countriesandregionshaveverydifferentphysicalchar-
acteristicsandareatverydifferentstagesineconomicand
socialdevelopment:hencethereisaneedforapproaches
tobetailoredtotheindividualcircumstanceofcountryand
localregion.
This Report, compiled by UN-Water, aims to illustrate
progressmadeonmeetingthetargettoDevelop integrat-
ed water resources management and water efficiency plans
by 2005, with support to developing countries, through
actions at all levelsagreedattheWorldSummitonSus-
tainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg in 2002,
throughtheJohannesburgPlanofImplementation(JPoI).
TheReportisbasedonasurveycovering104countries
ofwhich77aredevelopingorcountriesintransitionand
27aredeveloped(OECDandEUmemberstates)Thesurveybringstogethertheresultsofquestionnairesby UN-DESA,
andUNEP1 in 2007.Severalother members of UN-Water
and partner agencies have supportedand contributed to
the Report including UNDP, UN Statistics, WHO, WWAP
andGWP.Thesurveyrecognisesthatcountriesusedifferent
terminologyfortheirwaterresourcesmanagementplans.
Itprovidesthemostobjectiveandcomprehensiveoverview
ofthecurrentstatusofwaterresourcesmanagement.The
Report also includes information gathered by the more
informal surveys conducted earlier by the Global Water
PartnershipandtheAfricanDevelopmentBank.
ThroughtheUNEPCollaboratingCentreinDHI,Copenhagen
Key conclusions:
Developed countries:Theyhaveadvancedonalmostall
majorissues,however,thereisstillmuchroomforfurther
improvement.
Ofthe27countriesrespondingtotheUN-WaterSur-
veyonly6claimtohavefullyimplementednational
IWRMplans;afurther10ofthosecountriesclaimto
haveplansinplaceandpartiallyimplemented.
The Report indicates thatdevelopedcountriesneed
toimprove onpublic awareness campaignsand ongendermainstreaming.
Developing countries: There has been some recent
improvement in the IWRM planning process at national
levelbutmuchmoreneedstobedonetoimplementthe
plans.
Ofthe53countriesforwhichcomparisonwasmade
between the GWP and the UN-Water surveys (con-
ductedapproximately18monthsapart),thepercent-
age of countries having plans completed or under
implementationhasrisenfrom21%to38%.Onthis
measure the Americas have improved most - from
7%to43%;thecomparablechangesforAfricawere
from25%to38%andforAsiafrom27%to33%.
However,someofthechangemaybeduetodiffer-
encesinthequestionnaires.
AfricausuallylagsbehindAsiaandtheAmericason
mostissues,howeveritismoreadvancedonstake-
holderparticipationandonsubsidiesandmicro-credit
programs;
Asiaismoreadvancedoninstitutionalreformandyet
lagsbehindininstitutionalcoordination.
Case studies:Therearemanyillustrationsofthetangi-
blebenefitsofimplementingplansthathaveadoptedthe
IWRMapproach. There areexamples at the national and
internationallevels;ofparticularsignificancearetheexam-
plesatthecommunityandprovinciallevelsforitisatthese
levelsthatsomanysocietalgainscanbemade.
Water efficiency: It is clear that many countries
consider thatplans thatfollow an IWRMapproach auto-
maticallyalsoincludewaterefficiencymeasures.Therewas
considerableambiguityintheresponsesconcerningwater
efficiencyinlargemeasurereflectingdiversesituations.Itis
recognisedthattakingactionsthatmakewaterusemore
efficientisbeneficialforeconomicandsocialdevelopment
.0 Executive Summary
Executive Summary
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and,althoughmanycountriesindicatedthroughtheques-
tionnairesthatwaterefficiencymeasureswerenotrelevant
totheirparticularcircumstances,itshouldnotbeimplied
thatsuchmeasuresshouldnotbe considerednecessary.It
canbeconcludedfromthissurveythatmuchmoreeffortneedstobemadetoincorporateexplicitlywaterefficiency
measureswithintheframeworkofIWRM.
Development of indicators:Agreatdealofefforthas
goneintothedevelopmentofasetofindictorsthatmeet
therequirementsofbeingspecific,measurable,attainable,
relevant, realistic and timely but more work is required.
TheRoadmappinginitiative,beingdevelopedconcurrently
withthis Report and complementary to it,is intended to
help countries focus on the steps to be taken towards
better water management, drawing inspiration from theIWRM principles and the plans and strategies that they
have prepared to help catalyze change. At regional and
globallevels,theroadmapscouldserveasbenchmarkfor
monitoringprogressinimprovingwaterresourcesmanage-
ment. Indicators and monitoring could provide countries
withabetterassessmentoftheneedstoadvanceintheir
implementationofIWRM.
Recommendations:
Thesurveyindicatesthatmoreemphasisisneededinthe
followingareas:
Countries,particularlythosethatarelaggingbehind,
need to prioritise the development of IWRM andwaterefficiencymeasures,withthehelpof support-
ingagencies;
Countries need to prioritise the implementation of
policiesandplansoncetheyhavebeendeveloped;
Countries should establish roadmaps and financing
strategiesfortheimplementationoftheirplanswith
ExternalSupportAgencies(includingtheUN,donors
andNGOs)providingsupporttocountries,basedon
demand;
ExperiencesinimplementingIWRMshouldbeevalu-
ated, monitored and shared through global coordi-nation mechanisms. Thiswill require more workon
indicatorsand follow-up processes thatdo not add
anunduereportingburdenoncountries.
TheUNWorldWaterAssessmentProgrammeandits
associatedWorldWaterDevelopmentReportsshould
continuetoprovideanup-to-dateglobaloverviewof
progressonimplementingtheIWRMapproach.
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Water is a key driver of economic and social develop-
ment while it also has a basic function in maintain-
ing the integrity of the natural environment. How-
ever water is only one of a number of vital natural
resources and it is imperative that water issues are
not considered in isolation.
2.1 Water availability in sufficient
quantity and quality
Therearegreatdifferencesinwateravailabilityfromregiontoregion-fromtheextremesofdesertstotropicalforests.
Inadditionthereisvariabilityofsupplythroughtimeasa
resultbothofseasonalvariationandinter-annualvariation.
Alltoo often themagnitudeof variabilityand the timing
anddurationofperiodsofhighandlowsupplyarenotpre-
dictable;thisequatestounreliabilityoftheresourcewhich
posesgreatchallengestowatermanagersinparticularand
to societies as a whole. Most developed countries have,
in large measure, artificially overcome natural variability
by supply-side infrastructureto assure reliablesupply and
reduce risks, albeit athigh cost and often with negative
impacts on the environment and sometimes on human
health and livelihoods. Many less developed countries,
andsomedevelopedcountries,arenowfindingthatsup-
ply-side solutions alone are not adequate to address the
everincreasingdemandsfromdemographic,economicand
climaticpressures;waste-watertreatment,waterrecycling
anddemandmanagementmeasuresarebeingintroduced
tocounterthechallengesofinadequatesupply.Inaddition
toproblemsofwaterquantitytherearealsoproblemsof
water quality. Pollution of water sources is posing major
problemsforwaterusersaswellasformaintainingnatural
ecosystems.
Inmanyregionstheavailabilityofwaterinbothquantity
andqualityisbeingseverelyaffectedbyclimatevariability
andclimatechange,withmoreorlessprecipitationindif-
ferentregionsandmoreextremeweatherevents.Inmany
regions, too, demand isincreasingas a result ofpopula-
tiongrowthandotherdemographicchanges(inparticular
urbanization)andagriculturalandindustrialexpansionfol-
lowingchangesinconsumptionandproductionpatterns.
Asa resultsomeregions arenow ina perpetual stateof
demandoutstrippingsupplyandinmanymoreregionsthat
isthecaseatcriticaltimesoftheyearorinyearsoflow
wateravailability.
2.2 the many uses for Water
Water for basic human needs and reducing absolute
poverty isdirectly relatedto the availabilityand quality of
foodandtotheprevalenceofdisease.Clearlywaterisoffun-
damentalimportanceforfoodproduction,fordrinking,for
sanitationandforhygiene.Adequatewaterinbothquantity
andqualityunderpinshealthandbasicqualityoflife.
Water for social and economic development is
clearlylinkedtotheIWRMfocusonthethreeEs-namely:equity,economicsandenvironment.Waterforsocialdevel-
opmentincludestheprovisionofeducationandhealthcare.
Withoutcleanwatersuppliesandgoodsanitationfacilities
inschoolsandhospitalssocialdevelopmentisstymied.And
foreducation- in schools without sanitationfacilities - it
isgirlswhosuffermostandarethereforedisadvantaged,
introducing an important gender element into the equa-
tion. Water is of fundamental importance for economic
developmentthroughenergyandindustrialproduction.Itis
neededformanyformsofenergyproduction-hydropower
and the waterforcooling ofthermaland nuclear power
stations.Andenergyinturnisneededforpumping,includ-
ingextractionofwaterfromundergroundaquifers.Water
isneededformanyindustriesandthoseindustriesinturn
have effect, through pollution and abstraction, on water
quality that affects both downstream users and natural
ecosystems.Amajorwateruseisnon-foodagriculture,in
particularrecentshifts towardsgrowingbiofuels.Thishas
significantimplicationsforwaterresourcesmanagement.
Water and natural ecosystems-Naturalecosystems
areoffundamentalimportancetohumanwell-beingand
development. Our concern must not remain focused onhumandevelopmentconsiderationsonlybutit mustplace
thehumanbeing,asanindividual,asamemberofacom-
munityandaspartofsocietyasawholeinanenvironmen-
talcontext,toachievewell-beingandharmonywithnature.
Thelossofbiodiversityandthedegradationofecosystems
meanalossofecosystemproductsandservicesandunder-
mine the habitat Planet Earth provides for humans. We
destroyordegradethesenaturalsystemsat ourperil,and
so social and economic development and basic human
bettermentmustgohandinhandwithpreservationofthe
naturalenvironment.
Water security - floods, droughts, pollution spills into
our water systems is of growing importance. Not only, in
.0 The overall setting
The overall setting
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Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16
many regions, is there an increase in the frequency and
intensity of floods, droughts and, with increasingindustri-
alization, pollution spills,but, withincreases in population,
morepeoplearelivinginzonespronetodisasters.Also,with
increaseddemandforscarcerresourcesthereisanincreasedriskofconflictoverwater:itisalreadypartoftheequation
inmanyconflictssuchasDarfurandtheMiddleEast.Water
securityisalsointrinsicallylinkedtofoodsecurity.
2.3 diversity
Whiletheworldcomprisesmanyverydifferentclimaticand
hydrological regions, which will be diversely impacted by
climatechange,therearemanyotheraspectsofdiversity
whichaffectthewaysinwhichwaterismanaged.
.. The importance of basin managementwithin the context of diversity:There is agreement among many that water should be
managedwithinnaturalhydrologicalunits-theriverbasin,
lake basin or aquifer. However, geographic situations are
diverseandnaturalunitsseldomcoincidewithadministra-
tive units. Some countries, such as Sri Lanka, are single
nationalunitsinthesensethattherearenointernational
landborderswithothercountries.Indonesiaiscomposed
of many separate islands each of which has many river
systems;administrativeunitsmayspanbothanumberof
islandsandalargenumberofriverbasins.Theseexamples
contrast with such international river basins such as the
Nilewiththechallengesassociatedwithsharingthewaters
betweenupstreamanddownstreamneighbours.Asimilar
situation can also be seen within many large countries
where rivers run through many states (Australia, China,
Indiaand USA).In othercircumstances, such asthose of
theRioGrandeseparatingMexicofromtheUSA,themajor
riveritselfformstheboundarybetweennationstatespos-
ing challenges for management of the resource. Some
major aquifers alsospan national boundariesbut as they
arehiddentheirmanagementisoftenneglected.
.. Diversity in demographicsTherearemajorcontrastsindemographicsbetweendevel-
opedanddevelopingcountries.Manydevelopingcountries
haveveryyouthfulpopulationsvirtuallyguaranteeingrapid
population growth in the future; many developed coun-
triesbycontrasthaveaginganddiminishingpopulations.
Simplegrowthordepletioninnumbersiscomplicatedby
populationmovements.Urbanpopulationsare,ingeneral,
growing while rural populations are likely to grow at a
muchsmallerpace or in someplaces diminish.There are
also major migrations of population across international
borders, some permanent, some seasonal and some, in
thecaseoftourists,veryshortterm;suchpopulationshifts
intensifywatermanagementproblems.
.. Diversity in governanceSocieties are organised in different ways from politically
centralisedtohighlydispersed;insomesocieties,suchas
federal jurisdictions, responsibilities for management of
naturalresources,including water,are primarilyat provin-cialratherthanatnationallevel.Indeed,theavailabilityof
waterwasamajordriverofthewaygovernancestructures
developed.Currently,responsibilitiesforparticularaspects
ofwatermanagementoftenaredevolvedtothecommu-
nityleveleventhoughtheymayhaveinadequateresources
toundertaketheirresponsibilities-thisisoftenthecasefor
drinkingwatersupply,sanitationandhygiene.
Attitudes of societies towards stewardship of water
resourcesreflectculturalandreligiousbeliefsandtheydif-
fergreatlyfromcountrytocountryandoftenalsowithincountries where populations are of diverse ethnic and
social backgrounds. Thesedifferencesarealso manifested
in the effectiveness and efficiency of institutions and of
legislation. Financial resources and instruments so neces-
saryespeciallyincriticalcircumstancesareoftenlackingin
poorersocieties.
Itisnotonlygovernments,whethernational,provincial
orat lower levels ofthe municipalityor community, that
have responsibilityin water management.Very often the
privatesectorplaysvitalrolesintheprovisionofwaterserv-
ices.Inmanycountriespublic-privatepartnershipsarebeing
createdtobettermanagesupplies.Individualcitizens,too
haveimportantrolestoplay,especiallyatthecommunity
levelbutalltoo oftencitizens donothavethemeans to
expresstheirdemandsandconcerns.
Alltheseaspectsof governancearecriticallyimportant
and affect the ability of societies to address their water
challenges.
2.4 from fragmented to integrated
managementAsageneralrule,inthepastwithsmallerpopulations,less
intense economic activity and with less affluent societies
demandingmuchlesswater,supplyoftheresourcewasusu-
allymuchgreaterthandemandforit.Insuchcircumstances
waterforagriculture,forindustry,fordomesticandallother
uses could be managed separately there being sufficient
watertoaccommodateallneedsandtherebeinglittlecom-
petitionbetweenusesandbetweenusers.Moreover,water
usebyhumansdidnotundulyimpingeonthenaturalenvi-
ronmentandecosystemsasitdoestoday.Thusitwascom-
mon(andstilliscommon)thatwithingovernmentsatboth
nationalandsub-nationallevelsseparateministrieswouldbe
setinplaceforeachuseforwhichwaterwasneeded.
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As populations have grown, as food production has
increased,aseconomicactivityhasdevelopedandassocie-
tieshavebecomemoreaffluent,sodemandforwaterhas
burgeoned.Climatechangeaddsyetmorepressureonour
limitedwaterresources.Inverymanyplacesdemandhasfaroutstrippedsupply-thismaybeparticularlysoinseasons
whensupplymaybeseverelylimitedorinyearsofdrought,
orattimeswhendemandisparticularlyhigh,forexample
whenthereisgreatdemandforwaterforirrigation.
Thus managers, whether in the government the
private sector or local communities have to make dif-
ficult decisions on water allocation. They find them-
selves in countries and regions that have very differ-
ent physical characteristics and are at very different
stages in economic and social development: hencethere is a need for approaches to be tailored to the
individual circumstance of country and local region.
More and more often managers have to appor-
tion diminishing supplies between ever-increasing
demands taking into account the weaker voices of the
poor and of the natural environment. The traditional
fragmented or purely sectoral approach is no longer
viable and a more holistic approach is essential.
This is the rationale for the Integrated Water
Resources Management (IWRM) approach that has
now been accepted internationally as the way for-
ward for efficient and sustainable development and
management of the worlds limited water resources
and for coping with conflicting demands. The most
widely accepted definition of IWRM is that given by
the Global Water Partnership: IWRM is defined as a
process that promotes the coordinated development
and management of water, land and related resourc-es, in order to maximize the resultant economic and
social welfare in an equitable manner without com-
promising the sustainability of vital ecosystems.
The overall setting
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3.1 the need to set targets and to monitor
progress toWards achieving those targets
There is a well recognized need to undertake compre-
hensive and objectiveassessments of the state of global
freshwaterresources,theusestowhichtheresourcesare
put,the challengesassociated withthe resource and the
abilityofnationsandsocietiestocopewiththechallenges
thatwatermanagersmustaddress.Tothisend,intheyear
2000,theUnitedNationssystemcreatedtheWorldWater
Assessment Programme (WWAP) with UNESCO leadingtheProgrammebyhostingitsSecretariat.TheWWAPhas
producedtwoWorldWaterDevelopmentReports(WWDRs)
in 2003and 2006.This processwill continue to produce
WWDRs every three years and thus provide a reporting
mechanism to record the changes taking place in the
resourceitselfandchangingmanagementchallenges.
It is also well recognized that there is a need to set
targets towards whichthe worldmuststrive ifthe many
water-relatedchallengesaretoberesolved.Thus,in2000,
headsofStateadoptedtheMillenniumDeclarationonthe
basisofwhichtheUNinstitutedtheMillenniumDevelop-
mentGoals(MDGs).Itcanbearguedthat,toagreateror
lesser degree, all the MDGsare water-related; with Goal
onerelatedtogrowthandtheothersrelatedtohealthor
socialissues.As a follow-up tothe MDGs itwas further
agreedattheWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopment
(WSSD) in Johannesburg in 2002,throughthe Johannes-
burgPlanofImplementation(JPoI),toDevelopintegrated
water resources management and water efficiency plans
by 2005, with support to developing countries, through
actionsatalllevels;thistargetiselaboratedinAnnex1.
TherewasfurtherdiscussiononIWRMandwatereffi-
ciencyplansattheCSD12andCSD13 2meetingswitha
decisionthatatCSD16in2008thereshouldbeanassess-
mentofprogressmadetowardsmeetingthetarget.
Comprehensiveandsystematicmonitoringofallaspects
ofwaterresourcesandtheirmanagementinanintegrated
fashion is undertaken by UN-Water through the WWAP;
the series of WWDRs provide a reporting mechanism for
theUNsystem.
InadditiontotheIWRMtarget,asetofpolicyactionswasadopted
duringtheCSD3meetingandUNDESArecentlyembarkedonastudy
toassesstheimplementationoftheseactions.Fordetailssee:
http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/csd/csd3/csd3_decision_unedited.pdf.
InassociationwiththeJPoIanIWRMRoadmappingInitiative
hasbeenstarted,facilitatedbytheGovernmentofDenmarkin
collaborationwithUN-Water,theGlobalWaterPartnershipand
representatives of governments.This initiative recognisesthe
needforcountriestosetoutRoadmapsthatlayoutaseries
ofactionstobeundertakentoapplyanintegratedapproach
towaterresourcesdevelopmentandmanagementandtohelp
meettheMDGs.Itrecognizesthatdifferentcountrieswillneed
asetofactionssuitedtotheirparticularneedsandthattime
schedules for implementation would differ from country tocountrydependingonspecificcountrycircumstances.Inother
wordssolutionsmustbetailor-madeorthatnoonesizefits
all.TheRoadmappingInitiativeisbeingdevelopedasasepa-
ratebutcomplementaryinitiativetothecurrentReport.
Creation of the UN-Water Task Force onIWRM Monitoring and ReportingIn2006aTaskForceonIWRMMonitoringandReporting(TF)
was created by UN-Water, with members drawn from UN-
Wateragenciesandfrompartnerorganizations,withtheman-
date, inter alia,ofproducingthecurrent Status Report on
IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD6(TheReport).
The Report has been undertaken by UN-Water. The
analyseswithintheReportdrawprimarilyonthequestion -
naires undertaken by UN-DESA and UNEP (through the
UNEP Collaborating Center), during 2007 and supported
byinputsfromothermembersand partnersofUN-Water,
includingUNDP,UNStatistics,WWAPandGWP.Theques-
tionnairesareincludedinAnnexes2,3and4.
The Report also includes information gathered by the
moreinformalsurveysconductedbytheGlobalWaterPart-nership3(GWP)andtheAfricanDevelopmentBank(AfDB).
SeeAnnexes5and6forquestionnaires.
For the purpose of the Report countries have been
dividedintotwogroups:
Group 1 developing and countries with econo-
miesintransition(asdefinedbyUNStatistics)and
Group 2 developed (those belonging to either
OECDortheEuropeanUnion).
Regionsandsub-regionsareasdefinedbyUNStatistics.
Withintheanalysesmoreemphasisisplacedonthecoun-
trieswiththegreatestneeds,i.e.thoseinGroup1.
3 GWP,February006,SettingtheStageforChange.
.0 The response of the United Nations system
The response of the United Nations system
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3.2 survey of progress on iWrm
Table 1:
c un-W s (104 ) k gWp adb
Country UN-Water Survey GWP 2006 Survey AfDB Survey* Least Developed Countries Response(2) Countries in transition Y relates to the DESA 1=plan in place
questionnaire 2=plans in preparationX relates to the UNEP 3=only initial steps taken
questionnaire
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
AFRICA
East Africa
Burundi* 3
Djibouti* 3
Eritrea* Y 2
Ethiopia* 2
Kenya 2 X
Malawi* Y 2
Mauritius X 2
Mozambique* X 2
Rwanda* 3 X
Seychelles Y
Tanzania* X 2
Uganda* Y 1
Zambia* X 2
Zimbabwe X 1
Central Africa
Angola* X 3
Cameroon 2 X
CentralAfricanRep* 3 X
Chad* 3
Congo 3
DRCongo* X 3 X
Northern Africa
Algeria X 3
Egypt Y 2 X
Libya X 3
Morocco X 2
Sudan* 2
Tunisia Y 2 X
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Southern Africa
Botswana X 2
Lesotho* Y 3
Namibia Y 1
SouthAfrica X 1
Swaziland X 2
Western Africa
Benin* 2 X
BurkinaFaso* Y 1 X
CapeVerde* Y 3 X
CotedIvoire X X
Ghana Y 2
Guinea* Y X
Liberia* Y X
Mali* 2
Mauritania* X 2 X
Niger* X
Nigeria 2
Senegal* 2 X
SierraLeone* Y
Togo* Y X
AMERICAS
Caribbean
Anguilla X
AntiguaandBarbuda X
Bahamas X
Barbados Y 2
Cuba Y
Dominica X
Grenada X
Jamaica Y 2
Montserrat X
SaintKittsandNevis Y
SaintLucia X
TrinidadandTobago 2
The response of the United Nations system
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Central America
Belize X 2
CostaRica Y 2
ElSalvador X 2
Guatemala Y 3
Honduras X 3
Nicaragua X 2
Panama X 2
South America
Argentina Y 2
Bolivia X 3
Brazil X 1
Chile X 2
Colombia Y 2
Ecuador X
Paraguay X 3
Peru X 2
Uruguay X 2
Venezuela X 3
ASIA
Central Asia
Kazakhstan(2) Y 1
Kyrgyzstan(2) Y 2
Tajikistan(2) Y 2
Turkmenistan(2) Y 2
Uzbekistan(2) Y 2
Eastern Asia
China Y 1
Southern Asia
Bangladesh* 1
India 2
Nepal* 2
Pakistan 2
SriLanka Y*** 3
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South-Eastern Asia
Cambodia* Y 3
Indonesia X 2
LaoPeoplesDR* X 2
Malaysia 2
Myanmar* 3
Philippines Y 2
Thailand X 1
VietNam Y 3
Western Asia
Armenia(2) Y 1
Azerbaijan(2) Y 3
Georgia(2) Y 3
Jordan Y
SyrianArabRepublic Y
OCEANIA
Melanesia
Fiji 2
SolomonIslands* 3
Micronesia
Kiribati* 2
Polynesia
Samoa* 1
Tuvalu* 3
EUROPE
Southern Europe
Croatia(2) Y
Serbia(2) Y
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
Asia
Japan Y
RepublicofKorea Y
Turkey Y
Northern America
USA Y
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Central America
Mexico Y
Eastern Europe
Cyprus Y
Bulgaria 2
CzechRepublic Y 1
Hungary Y 1
Poland 1
Romania Y 1
Slovakia 1
Northern Europe
Denmark Y
Estonia Y 1
Finland Y
Ireland Y
Latvia Y 1
Lithuania 2
Norway Y
Sweden Y
Greece Y
Malta Y
Portugal Y
Slovenia 2
Spain Y
Western Europe
Austria Y
France Y
Germany Y
Netherlands Y
Switzerland Y
Oceania
Australia Y 1
NewZealand Y
*** Sri lnk is not incudd in th nysis s it did not rspond to th offici UN-DeSa qustionnir vn though it did rspond to tri run for th
qustionnir.
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Table 2:
s
Region and Sub-region UN-Water Survey 2007 GWP 2006 Survey AfDB Survey
AFRICA
EasternAfrica 9 13 2
MiddleAfrica 2 6 3
NorthernAfrica 5 6 2
SouthernAfrica 5 5 0
WesternAfrica 9 8 10
Totals 30 38 17
AMERICAS
Caribbean 11 3
CentralAmerica 7 7
SouthernAmerica 10 9
Totals 28 19
ASIA
CentralAsia 5 5
EasternAsia 1 1
SouthernAsia 0 5
South-EasternAsia 6 8
WesternAsia 5 3
Totals 17 22
EUROPE
EasternEurope 0 0
SouthernEurope 2 0
Totals 2 0
OCEANIA 0 5
Total developing countries 77 84
developedcountries 27 11
Grand total 104 95
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Commentsonthesurveys:
Generalcomments:
The questionnaires were addressed to governments
at the national level. Therefore they do not reflectresponsibilities for managementat sub-national lev-
els.The casestudiesin Section 4.5,below,demon-
stratethatmanymanagementdecisionsaremadeat
theprovincialandcommunitylevels.
TheGWPandAfDBsurveysweremoreinformaland
areusefulastheyreflecttheviewsofadifferentset
ofstakeholdersandthereforeprovideanalternative
perspective.
TheUN-DESAquestionnaire:
27developedcountriesand39 developingcountries(including countries with economies in transition)
responded. Of the 39 developing countries that
responded,7respondedthroughUNEP(BurkinaFaso,
CapeVerde,Guinea,Liberia,SierraLeone,Togoand
Uganda).
Atotalof65questionswereposedtobeanswered
in multiple choice fashion; a further 8 questions
allowedwrittenanswerstoelaboratein moredetail.
Theresponsestothe65questionsarefoundinthe
Database(Annex8),Worksheet2:ResponsestoUN-
DESAquestionnaire; the responses to the8 written
answersmaybeaccesseddirectlythroughthesame
Worksheet for specific countries or may be found
separatelyinWorksheet4(TextResponses).
Therearemanycaseswherecountries,inanswering
thequestionnaire,havetickedmorethanoneboxon
the same line. In such a case UN-DESA, in making
theinitial compilationof theresponses, haselected
to select just one answer as the most reasonable
choice.
Many countries have chosen not to answer all the
questions.Thesummarystatisticssimplyignorethese
omissions.
TheUNEPquestionnaire:
Atotalof58countriesrespondedtotheUNEPques-
tionnaire;thecompletesetofresponsesisfoundin
theDatabase(Annex 8) Worksheet 3: Responsesto
UNEPquestionnaire.
For17countriesthereareresponsestoboththeUN-
DESA and the UNEP questionnaires; this allows an
inter-comparisonofresponseswhichisimportantin
assessingtheircompatibility.Theinformationforthe
inter-comparisonis foundin theDatabase(Annex8)
Worksheet5:DESA-UNEPcomparison.
MergingoftheUN-DESAandUNEPquestionnaires:
Theinformationforthe39developingcountrieswith-
intheUN-DESAquestionnairehasbeensupplement-
ed for 38 additional countries by partial responses
fromsimilarquestionsintheUNEPquestionnaire.Ofthe65questionsposedbyUN-DESA26hadexactor
verysimilarcounterpartsintheUNEPquestionnaire.
Overall the answers to the UNEP questionnaire are
slightlylowerthantheanswerstotheUN-DESA(for
18questionstheyarelowerandfor7questionsthey
arehigher).
Thesummarystatisticshavebeenpreparedfromthe
responsesfrom77developingcountriesplusrespons-
esfrom27developedcountries.
There are contrasts in the responses from different
regions.ApartfromapartialresponsefromSriLanka,therearenoresponsesatallfromSouthAsia-amajor
gapinthesurvey.Incontrastthereisa completeset
ofresponsesfromCentralAsia.
TheGWPSurvey:
Thissurveycovered95countries,84developingand
11developed.For59ofthesecountriesdatafromthe
UN-WaterSurvey arealso available allowing a valu-
able inter-comparison between these informal and
officialsurveyselaboratedinSection4.2.
TheAfDBSurvey:
Thissurveycovered17countriesinAfrica;thesurvey
questionswereadirectsub-setoftheUNEPquestion-
naire.Thissurveyisusedtosupplementtheother3
surveyswithintheAfricancontext.
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4.1 analysis of the un-Water survey
Care must betaken inthe analysisof the questionnaires
sentoutbyUN-DESAandUNEPforthefollowingreasons:
Itmustberecognizedthatmanyoftheverypoorest
countries were unable to respond to the question-
nairesthroughlackofcapacitytodoso;conversely
a larger proportion of developed countries than
developing countries did respond to the survey. In
thissensethesurveyisbiasedtowardscountriesmore
capableofgivingresponses. Some regions of the world, particularly South Asia,
areunder-representedasresponsesfrommanyofthe
countries concerned were not forthcoming - in this
sensethereisregionalbias.
Insurveysofthistypethereisalwaysroomfordiffer-
ing interpretationof themeaning of questionsas a
result of cultural and linguisticdiversity; indeed this
mayresultinmoreoptimisticinterpretationofsitu-
ationandstatusbysomecountriesthanbyothers.
Thissurvey was aimedprimarily at national govern-
ments.Inmanycountriesresponsibilityandauthority
forwatermanagement,especiallyinfederaljurisdic-
.0 Status of national IWRM planning andimplementation
tions,issubordinatedtosub-nationallevels;converse-
ly some national governments must manage their
waterwithinabroadercontextofinternationalriver
basinsorofregionaljurisdictions,forexampleinthe
caseoftheEUwheretheEuropeanFrameworkDirec-
tive becomes more important than purely national
plansandpolicies.
Severalofthequestionsarenotrelevanttoallcoun-
tries;forexampletransboundarywaterissuesmaynot
be relevantto small island countries,humid regionsmaynotbeconcernedwithquestionsofaridityand
land-locked countries are unlikely to be concerned
withdesalination.
Despitethesecaveatsitisstillpossibletodiscernoverall
trends and to drawa number of broad conclusions from
thesurvey.
Comparative resultsbetweenmajorcountrygroupings
and between regions and sub-regions are presented in
Tables3aand3b.Diagramsshowingthesecomparisonsare
providedintheAppendix.
Table 3:
c w a, a a
Main National Instruments
and other National/Federal
Strategies that may
contribute to promoting
IWRM
Developedcountriessignificantlymoreadvancedonmainnationalinstruments
AsiaandtheAmericasmoreadvancedonnationaldevelopmentplansandnationalenvironmental
actionplanswithIWRMcomponents
OfdevelopingcountriesAfricaleastadvancedwithpovertyreductionstrategieswithWRM
components
Water Resources
Development
Developedcountriesmoreadvancedonmostissues,but,asexpected,notforrain-waterharvesting
AsiamoreadvancedthanotherdevelopingregionsforWRassessment
Water Resources
Management
Developedcountriessignificantlymoreadvancedexceptinthelessrelevantareasofcombating
desertificationandirrigatedagriculture
DevelopingregionsverysimilarexcepttheAmericasmoreadvancedinprogramsandpolicies
forwatershedmanagement,groundwatermanagementanddrainageandirrigation;Asiamore
advancedinlegislativemechanismstocontrolpollution
Water Use Developedcountriessignificantlymoreadvanced
Africaconsistentlylessadvancedthanotherregions
Monitoring, Information
Management and
Dissemination
Developedcountriessignificantlymoreadvanced
AsiamoreadvancedthantheAmericaswhichinturnaremoreadvancedthanAfricaonallissues
exceptmonitoringandreportingtheimpactsofIWRMreformswhereAfricaismoreadvanced
Capacity Building and
Enabling Environment
DevelopedregionssignificantlymoreadvancedonallissuesexceptPro-poorpolicieswhichare
designatednotrelevantbymanydevelopedcountries Similarresponsesfromdevelopingregionswithsomeinterestingcontrasts-egAsiamoreadvanced
oninstitutionalreformsyetbehindoninstitutionalcoordinationmechanisms
Status of national IWRM planning and implementation
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Stakeholder Participation Developedcountriesmoreadvancedexceptonprogramsforgendermainstreamingandonpublic
awarenesscampaigns
AfricamoreadvancedthanotherdevelopingregionsonallissuesexceptlowerthanAsiaon
mechanismstoresolvetransboundarywaterissues
Financing Developedregionsslightlymoreadvanced OfthedevelopingregionsAsiabehindonstrategiesformobilizingfinancialresourcesandon
normsandproceduresforfinancialsustainability;Africasignificantlymoreadvancedonsubsidies
andmicro-creditprograms
Table 3:
s-
Africa Americas Asia
MainNationalInstrumentsand
otherfederalstrategiesthat
maycontributetopromoting
IWRM
CountriesofNAfricascore
significantlyhigheronmain
nationalinstrumentswhile
countriesofSAfricascore
higheronplanswithIWRM
componentsandonsustainable
developmentstrategies
Majordifferencesbetween
Caribbeancountriesand
countriesofSAmerica-
Caribbeanmuchhigheronmain
nationalinstruments;SAmerica
muchhigheronotherplans
contributingtoIWRM
WAsia:generallylowscoresall
round.
SEAsiahighonnational/federal
IWRMandwaterefficiency
plansincontrasttoCentralAsia
Waterresourcesdevelopment Note:severalissues(eg
desalinationandcoastalfog
harvesting)notrelevanttomany
countries-otherwiseverysimilar
responses
Similarresponsesexceptfor
Caribbeancountrieswhichrank
highforassessment,regulatory
normsandbasinstudiesbutlow
onrecycling
Hereadefiniteconsistent
hierarchyofresponsesfrom
Chinawithhighestscores
throughSEAsia,WAsiato
CentralAsia
Waterresourcesmanagement Verysimilarresponsesoverall
exceptforNAfricawhich,
aswouldbeexpectedinarid
environments,hashigherscores
ongroundwater,desertification
andirrigationissues
Aconsistenthierarchyofscores
-Caribbeanbeingconsistently
highest(except,asexpected,
insharedmanagementof
resources);CentralAmericas
beingconsistentlylowest
Aconsistenthierarchyof
responseswithEandSEAsia
havinghighscoresandCentral
Asiahavinglowscores
Wateruse NorthernAfricaconsistently
higherscoresthanotherAfrican
regionswhichdisplaysimilar
responses
Caribbeancountrieshave
significantlyhigherscoresthan
otherregionsoftheAmericas
EandSEAsiaconsistently
higherthanCentralandWAsia
Monitoring,information
managementand
dissemination
NAfricaconsistentlyhigher
scoresthanotherAfricanregions
whichdisplaysimilarresponses
Caribbeanhighestonmost
measures
CentralAsiagenerallyhas
lowestscores
Capacitybuildingandenabling
environment
Similarresponses-NAfrica
highestonsomeresponses
Caribbeangenerallyhighest EandSEAsiagenerallywith
highestscores
Stakeholderparticipation NAfricagenerallyhighest,E
Africalowest
CentralAmericagenerallylow
scores.
EandSEAsiagenerallyhigh;
CentralAsialower
Financing NAfricagenerallyhigher scores;
notmanydifferencesforother
Africanregions
SAmericagenerallywithhighest
scoresexceptforCaribbean
withgradualcost-recovery
mechanismsandstrategies
SEAsiagenerallywiththe
highestscores
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4.2 comparative analysis of the un-Water
survey With those of gWp and afdb
Thepurposeofthiscomparisonofsurveyswastoattempt
to assess progress towards putting IWRMplans in place.
TheGWPSurveywascarriedoutabout18monthsbeforetheUN-WaterSurvey,thereforeonlysmallchangesmight
beexpectedasthisisarelativelyshorttimeperiod.
The GWP Surveywas carried out atthe end of2005
specificallytoassesstheextenttowhichtheWSSDtarget
hadbeenmet.ThusitfocusedonthecreationofIWRM
plans and did not assess the extent of implementation
ofplans. The GWP Surveyevaluated 95countries (11 of
whichwere developed countries having high scores) and
concludedthat:
20 countries (21%)had plans/strategies in placeoraprocesswellunderway,andthatincorporatedthe
mainelementsofanIWRMapproach.
50countries(53%)wereintheprocessofpreparing
nationalstrategiesorplansbutrequirefurtherwork
toliveuptotherequirementsofanIWRMapproach.
25countries(26%)hadtakenonlyinitialstepsinthe
processtowardspreparingnationalstrategiesorplans
andhadnotyetfullyembracedtherequirementsof
anIWRMapproach.
59 countries (Africa-24; Americas-14; Asia-15; Devel-
opedcountries-6)arecoveredbyboththeGWPandUN-
Water Surveys. Although the questionnaires usedfor the
GWPSurveyandUN-WaterSurveyarenotcompletelycom-
parableand usedifferentterminologytheyaresufficiently
similartoenablegeneralcomparisonstobemade.
Tomakeacomparativeanalysisofresultsfortheinfor-
mal GWP Survey and the official UN-Water Survey, the
order of the original GWP Surveyclassification has been
reversedsothatresponsesarerankedinascendingorderfromleasttomostadvanced.
Table 4:
t k gWp un-W
UN Water Survey GWP Survey (order reversed) Comments
1.Notrelevant
1.Countriesthathavetakenonlyinitialstepsintheprocesstowards
preparingnationalstrategies/plansandhavenotyetfullyembracedtherequirementsofanIWRMapproach
2.Underconsideration
2.Countriesthatareintheprocessofpreparingnationalstrategies/
plansbutrequirefurtherworktoliveuptotherequirementsofan
IWRMapproach;
3.Inplacebutnotyet
implemented
3.Countriesthathaveplans/strategiesinplace,oraprocesswell
underway,andthatincorporatethemainelementsofanIWRM
approach.
Forcomparisonpurposes
allthosecountriesincluded
incategories3,4and5of
theUN-Watersurveyalso
satisfycategory3ofthe
GWPsurvey.
4.Inplaceandpartially
implementedNotassessed
5.Fullyimplemented Notassessed
Status of national IWRM planning and implementation
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Table 5:
s gWp un-W
Region
Number
ofcountries
GWP
category3
GWP
category2
GWP
category1
UN-Water
category3
UN-Water
category2
UN-Water
category1
% % % % % %
EAfrica 8 2 6 0 3 5 0
CentralAfrica 2 0 0 2 0 2 0
NAfrica 5 0 3 2 2 3 0
SAfrica 5 2 2 1 2 3 0
WAfrica 4 2 2 0 2 2 0
Africa total 24 6 25.0 13 54.2 5 20.8 9 37.5 15 62.5 0 0.0
Caribbean 2 0 2 0 2 0 0
CentralAmericas 5 0 3 2 1 4 0
SAmerica 7 1 4 2 3 4 0
Americas total 14 1 7.1 9 64.3 4 28.6 6 42.9 8 57.1 0 0.0
CentralAsia 5 1 4 0 0 1 4
EAsia 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
SEAsia 6 1 3 2 4 2 0
WAsia 3 1 0 2 0 1 2
Asia total 15 4 26.7 7 46.7 4 26.7 5 33.3 4 26.7 6 40.0
Developing countries total 53 11 20.8 29 54.7 13 24.5 20 37.7 27 50.9 6 11.3
Developed countries 6 6 100 0 0 6 100 0 0
Themajorconclusionsfromtheselistingsareasfollows: Developedcountries:
For the six countries considered in this comparison
there are no significant differences between the
surveys;asagroupthedevelopedcountriesarewell
advancedintheprocessofincorporatingIWRMprin-
ciplesintotheirnationalplansandmostarewellon
theirwaytoimplementthoseplans.
Developing countries and countries witheconomies
intransition:
For the 53 countries considered in this comparison
therearemodestbutsignificantimprovementsinthe
summarystatistics:
In22countriestheUN-WaterSurveyshowsahigherlevelofprogressthantheGWPSurvey;
Whilein7countriesthereseemstohavebeenalower
levelofprogress(6ofthesebeinginAsia);
In 24 countries there has been little measurable
change;
ItisintheAmericasthatthegreatestoverallprogress
hasbeenmade.
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GWP UN - Water Comparison for Africa
0
1
2
3Eritrea (Y)
Malawi (Y)Mauritius (X)
Mozambique (X)
Tanzania (X)
Uganda (Y)
Zambia (X)
Zimbabwe (X)
Angola (X)
DR Congo (X)Algeria (X)
Egypt (Y)Libya (X)
Morocco (X)Tunisia (Y)
Botswana (X)
Lesotho (Y)
Namibia (Y)
South Africa (X)
Swaziland (X)
Burkina Faso (Y)
Cape Verde (Y)Ghana (Y)Mauritania (X)
GWP 2006 survey UN-Water Survey
Progressfromonlyinitialstepstoplansin
preparationorinplaceinAngola,DRCongo,
AlgeriaandLibya
Progressfromonlyinitialstepstoplansinplacein
Lesotho
Progressfromplansinpreparationtoplans
completedand/orunderimplementationin
Tanzania,EgyptandTunisia
Declinefromplansinplacetoonlyinpreparation
inNamibia
GWP UN - Water Comparison for Americas
Barbados (Y)
Jamaica (Y)
Belize (X)
Costa Rica (Y)
Guatemala (Y)
Honduras (X)
Nicaragua (X)
Argentina (Y)
Bolivia (X)
Brazil (X)
Chile (X)
Colombia (Y)
Peru (X)
Venezuela (X)
GWP 2006 survey UN-Water Survey
0
1
2
3 Progressfromonlyinitialstepstoplansin
preparationorinplaceinBolivia,Guatemala,
HondurasandVenezuela
Progressfromplansinpreparationtoplans
completedand/orunderimplementationinCosta
Rica,Colombia,Peru,BarbadosandJamaica
GWP UN - Water Comparison for Asia
Kazakhstan (Y)
Kyrgyzstan (Y)
Tajikistan (Y)
Turkmenistan (Y)
Uzbekistan (Y)
China (Y)
Cambodia (Y)
Indonesia (X)Lao People's DR (X)
Philippines (Y)
Thailand (X)
Viet Nam (Y)
Armenia (Y)
Azerbaijan (Y)
Georgia (Y)
GWP 2006 survey UN-Water Survey
0
1
2
3
Progressfromonlyinitialstepstoplanscompleted
and/orunderimplementationinCambodiaand
Vietnam
Progressfromplansinpreparationtoplans
completedand/orunderimplementationinLao
PeoplesRepublicandPhilippines
Declinefromplansinplacetoonlyinpreparation
inThailand,KazakhstanandArmenia;fromin
preparationtonostepstakeninKyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan,TurkmenistanandUzbekistan
GWP UN - Water Comparison for Developed Countries
Czech Republic (Y)
Hungary (Y)
Romania (Y)
Estonia (Y)
Latvia (Y)
Australia (Y)
GWP 2006 survey UN-Water Survey
0
1
2
3
Alldevelopedcountriesstaticormakingprogress
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Given the relatively shorttimebetween the surveys it
wouldbeexpectedthatonlysomemodestprogresswould
bemadeandthisisconfirmedbythesefigures.Inindividual
casestheGWPorUN Water Survey may bemore orless
optimistic.Forexample,GWPresultsseemoverlyoptimisticforCentralAsia.TheUN-Waterresultsmayalsobemore
optimisticastheyarecompletedbyofficialswhomaybe
inclinedtogiveamorepositiveresult.Also,thequestion-
nairesmaynotbesufficientlyrobusttocapturenuancesin
understanding by different cultures and language groups
andinterpretationofthequestionsmaywellbesubjectto
individualbiasofthosefilingtheanswers.
Nevertheless,theresultsaresufficientlysimilaroverallto
concludethattheresultsfromthetwosurveysarecompa -
rableandindicatesomeprogresssince2005.
The AfDB undertook an additional survey in 2007; it
covered17Africancountries.Sixofthesecountrieswere
notcoveredbytheUN-WaterSurveybutwereincludedin
theGWPSurvey:Benin,Cameroon,CentralAfricanRepub-
lic,Kenya,RwandaandSenegal.Allthesecountriesfallinto
theGWPcategoriesofeitherbeingintheveryinitialstages
ofdevelopingnationalplansortheplanshaveyettoprop-
erly incorporate IWRM principles. The UN-Water Survey
showsnosignificantprogressmadeinthesecountries.
4.3 implementation of iWrm and Water
efficiency plans and the outcomes of
implementation
The purpose of this section is to attempt to assess the
extent to which countries have been able to go beyond
simplyhavingplansinplacetothestageofimplementing
those plans and the extent to which tangible outcomes
have been forthcoming. This section ties in directly with
section4.4onexamplesofongoingIWRMprocessesand
withsection4.5oncasestudies.
Table 6 presents responses to the UN-Water Survey
on the questions of the extent to which countries have
implementedIWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlans.Itfocuses
onthosecountriesthathaveplansinplaceandwhichare
eitherpartiallyorfullyimplemented.
Table 6:
s un-W s iWrm W e p
RegionNumber
of countries
National/Federal IWRM plan or
equivalent strategic plan documentNational/Federal Water efficiency plan
level 1-3 level 4 level 5 level 1-3 level 4 level 5
Developed countries: 27 2 10 6 10 9 3
Developing countries:
EAfrica 9 0 3 0 6 1 0
CentralAfrica 2 0 0 0 2 0 0
NAfrica 5 0 1 1 3 1 1
SAfrica 5 0 2 0 3 0 0
WAfrica 9 0 2 0 3 1 0
Africa total 30 0 8 1 17 3 1
Caribbean 11 5 3 0 6 2 0
CentralAmerica 7 2 0 0 6 0 0
SAmerica 10 3 2 0 9 1 0
Americastotal 28 10 5 0 21 3 0
CentralAsia 5 4 0 0 3 0 0
EAsia 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
SEAsia 6 0 2 1 2 3 0
WAsia 5 2 1 0 2 1 0
Asiatotal 17 6 3 1 7 4 0
SEurope 2 0 1 0 1 0 0
Totaldevelopingcountries 77 16 17 2 46 10 1
Nots: lv 1-3: No ntry, not in pc or irrvnt
lv 4: In pc nd prtiy impmntd
lv 5: Fuy impmntd
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A total of 104 countries areanalysed (77 developing;
27developed).
Developed countries:
10 of the 27 countries (37%) have national IWRM
plansinplaceandpartiallyimplemented;afurther6countries(22%)havetheseplansfullyimplemented;
LessprogresshasbeenmadeinimplementingNation-
al water efficiency plans - 9 (33%) have plans in
placeandpartiallyimplementedand3(11%)havea
planfullyimplemented;37%ofdevelopedcountries
consideredwaterefficiencyplansnotrelevanttotheir
circumstancesorchosenottoanswerthequestion.
Developing countries:
17 of the 77 countries (22%) have national IWRM
plansinplaceandpartiallyimplemented;afurther2
countries(3%)havetheseplansfullyimplemented; Far less progress has been made in implementing
Nationalwaterefficiencyplans-only10(13%)have
plansinplaceandpartiallyimplementedandonly1
has a plan fully implemented; 60% of developing
countries considered water efficiency plans not rel-
evanttotheircircumstancesorchosenottoanswer
thequestion.
A total of64 countries (37 developing and 27devel-
oped) provided text responses to the UN-DESA question-
naire.Asimpleanalysisfortheresponsestoquestions6,8b
and8cispresentedinTable7.Theresultsshouldbetaken
asmerelyindicativeoftheextentofimplementationoftheIWRM approach and of results achieved. Many countries
provideddetailedlistsofactionstakenandresultsachieved;
manyotherprovidedonlyskeletalinformation.However,the
amountofinformationgivendoesnotnecessarilyproperly
reflectreality.Somecountriesoptedtogivenoresponsesto
questions-butthisdoesnotmeanthatnoactionsactually
havebeen taken; some countries havesimply stated that
noassessmentofoutcomeshasbeenmade- again,thisis
unlikelytomeanthatnobenefitshaveaccrued.
DespitethesecaveatsthereisgoodindicationthattheIWRMapproachisbeingincorporatedintonationalplans
andstrategiesandthattangiblebenefitsareeitherevident
orarelikelytoberealisedinthenearfuture.
Table 7:
r 6, 8 8 un-desa
Question6:Ifyourcountryisinthestageof
implementation,indicatespecific
actionsundertaken
Question8b:
Whatarethemainwater
managementmeasuresundertaken?
Question8c:
Whataretheresultsachieved?
Developing
countries(37)
Severalspecificactions
taken11 Severalmeasurestaken 10* Goodresultsachieved 7*
Someactionstaken 23 Somemeasurestaken 21 Someresultsachieved 19
Noactionstaken Nomeasurestaken 1 Noresultsachieved 4
Noresponse 3 Noresponse 5 Noresponse 7
Developed
countries(27)
Severalspecificactions
taken25 Several measures taken 20 G ood resultsachieved 10
Someactionstaken 1 Somemeasurestaken 6 Someresultsachieved 13
Noactionstaken Nomeasurestaken 1 Noresultsachieved 2
Noresponse 1 Noresponse Noresponse 2
*) S annx 8 Dts, Worksht 4 for mor dtis on msurs undrtkn nd rsuts chivd.
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4.4 examples of ongoing iWrm processes
Table 8 provides examples of developing countries that
havefoundIWRMausefulframeworkformanagementof
waterresourcesandhaveincludeditasapivotalconcept.
TheconcepthasbeenincludedinkeyGovernmentdocu-ments thatguide andregulatethe use,conservation and
protectionofanationswaterresourcesandimplementa-
tionatlocallevelisongoing.Thetableisnotexhaustive:
Inaddition towhatis documented here,there are many
ongoing and planned IWRM programmes; as well as
numerous national and regional IWRM partnerships andinitiativesrelatedtotransboundarywaters.
Table 8:
e iWrm
Eritrea IntegratedWaterResourcesManagementandWaterEfficiencyPlan(IWRM/WE)-MinistryofLandWater&
Environment(draft2007)
Malawi
NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofIrrigationandWaterDevelopment(2005)
WaterResourcesActNo.15of1969withlateramendments.GovernmentofMalawi
IntegratedWaterResourcesManagement/WaterEfficiency(IWRM/WE)PlanforMalawi-MinistryofIrrigation
andWaterDevelopment(draft2007)
Mozambique GovernmentofMozambique-WaterAct,LeideAguas,16/913August(1991) IWRMPlan-DireccaoNacionaldeAguas,MinistryofPublicWorksandHousing(draft2007)
Seychelles
WaterRegulations-PublicUtilitiesCorporation(1988)
WaterSupplyDevelopmentPlan-PublicUtilitiesCorporation(2005)
WaterPolicy-PublicUtilitiesCorporation
Tanzania
NationalWaterSectorDevelopmentProgramme2006-2025-MinistryofWater(2006)
IWRMStrategyandActionPlan-MinistryofWater(2004)
NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofWater(2002)
NationalWaterLawbasedonrevisedWaterActno.42of1974-GovernmentofTanzania(draft2007)
Uganda
ANationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofWater,LandsandEnvironment(1999)
NationalWaterActionPlan-WaterResourcesManagementDepartment(1994)
WaterResourcesManagementReformStrategy-WaterResourcesManagementDepartment(2005) NationalWaterQualityManagementStrategy-MinistryofWaterandEnvironment(2006)
Zambia
IWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlan-MinistryofEnergyandWaterDevelopment(2006)
TheRevisedNationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofEnergyandWaterDevelopment(2007)
WaterResourcesManagementBill-MinistryofEnergyandWaterDevelopment(draft2007)
NationalDevelopmentPlan-MinistryofEnergyandWaterDevelopment(2007)
Angola IWRM&WaterEfficiencyRoadmap-MinistryofWater&Energy(draft2007)
Algeria
NationalPlanforWater-MinistryofWaterResources(2003)
NationalWaterLaw-GovernmentofAlgeria(2005)
ActionPlanforimplementationofanIWRMFramework-MinistryofWaterResources(draft2006-7)
Egypt NationalWaterResourcesPlan-MinistryofWaterResourcesandIrrigation(2004)
Morocco
MasterPlansofIntegratedWaterResourcesDevelopmentforRiverBasins-MinistryofLand,Waterand
Environment(2001)
NationalWaterPlan-MinistryofLand,WaterandEnvironment(2006)
Decreeno2-05-1594-DevelopmentandRevisionofMasterPlans&NationalPlansforIntegratedWater
ResourcesManagement-GovernmentofMorocco
Tunisia
TheWaterCode(Lawno.16)-MinistryofAgricultureandWaterResources(1975)
WaterMasterPlanfortheNorthofTunisia-MinistryofAgricultureandWaterResources(1970)
WaterMasterPlanfortheCentreofTunisia-MinistryofAgricultureandWaterResources(1977)
WaterMasterPlanfortheSouthofTunisia-MinistryofAgricultureandWaterResources(1983)
WaterResourcesMobilizationStrategies-MinistryofAgricultureandWaterResources(1990)
WaterConservationStrategy-MinistryofAgricultureandWaterResources(1995)
Botswana IWRMStrategyandActionPlan-MinistryofMinerals,EnergyandWaterResources(2006)
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Lesotho RoadmaptocompletingintegratedwaterresourcesmanagementandwaterefficiencyplanninginLesotho
-MinistryofNaturalResources,WaterCommission(April2007)
Namibia
NationalWaterPolicyWhitePaper-GovernmentofNamibia(2000)
WaterResourcesManagementAct-GovernmentofNamibia(2004)
IntegratedWaterResourcesManagementStrategyandActionPlan-MinistryofAgriculture,WaterandRuralDevelopment(2006)
Swaziland
WaterPolicy-MinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnergy(draft2007)
IWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlan-WaterResourcesBranch(draft2007)
WaterAct(2003)-GovernmentofSwaziland
BurkinaFaso
DecreeNo.2003-220:ActionPlanforIWRMinBurkinaFaso(PAGIRE)-MinistryofAgriculture,Hydraulics&
FishingResources(2003)
BurkinaFasoWaterVision-MinistryofAgriculture,Hydraulics&FishingResources(2000)
WaterLawNo.002-2001-GovernmentofBurkinaFaso(2001)
CotedIvoire IWRMRoadmap2007-2015-MinistryofEnvironment,Water&Forestry(2007)
Ghana IWRMComponentSupportprogramme(2004-2008)-WaterResourcesCommission(2004) WaterResourcesPolicy-WaterResourcesCommission(draft2007)
Liberia LiberiaIWRMRoadmap-MinistryofLands,MinesandEnergy(draft2007)
NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofLands,MinesandEnergy(draft2007)
Mauritania
IWRMActionPlan-NationalCouncilforWater(2007)
NationalDevelopmentPolicyforWater&Energy-MinistriesofWater,Energy&Environment(1998)
NationalWaterAct(Article3)-GovernmentofMauritania(2005)
Togo
NationalWaterPolicy-DirectorateofWaterandSewerage(draft2007)
NationalWaterLaw-DirectorateofWaterandSewerage(draft2007)
IWRMRoadmap-DirectorateofWaterandSewerage(draft2007)
Barbados
NationalWaterResourcesManagementandDevelopmentPolicy-GovernmentofBarbados(Draft,2002)
NationalWaterLaw-GovernmentofBarbados MarinePollutionControlAct-GovernmentofBarbados(1998)
EmergencyDroughtManagementPlan-GovernmentofBarbados(1998)
IWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlan-Inplaceandpartiallyimplemented.
Cuba
NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofScience,TechnologyandEnvironment(2000)
NationalWaterStrategy-MinistryofScience,TechnologyandEnvironment(2000)
WaterConservation&EfficientUseStrategy-MinistryofScience,Technology&Environment(2005)
NationalEnvironmentalManagementStrategy-GovernmentofCuba(2007)
Grenada SimultaneouspreparationofIWRMRoadmapandNationalWaterPolicy-WaterPolicySteeringCommittee
(April2007)
Jamaica
WaterResourcesAct-GovernmentofJamaica(1995)
NationalWaterPolicy,StrategyandActionPlan-GovernmentofJamaica(1999) NationalWaterResourcesDevelopmentMasterPlan-GovernmentofJamaica(1990)
NationalIWRMFramework-WaterResourcesAuthority(2001)
CostaRica
NationalStrategyforIntegratedWaterResourcesManagement-GovernmentofCostaRica(2006)
NationalIWRMActionPlan-GovernmentofCostaRica(2006)
NationalWaterLaw(No.14585)-GovernmentofCostaRica(draft2006)
Guatemala
NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofEnvironmentandNaturalResources(2004)
NationalWaterLaw(Initiative3118)-MinistryofEnvironmentandNaturalResources(2005)
PlanfortheSustainableUseandManagementofWaterResources(Initiative3419)-MinistryofEnvironment
andNaturalResources(2005)
NationalLawfortheProtectionofRiverBasins(Initiative3317)-MinistryofEnvironmentandNatural
Resources(2006)
NationalIWRMPolicy-GovernmentofGuatemala(2006) NationalIWRMStrategy-GovernmentofGuatemala(2006)
EnvironmentandNaturalResourcesProtectionandConservationPolicy-GovernmentofGuatemala(2007)
Status of national IWRM planning and implementation
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Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16
Honduras IWRMActionPlan-HonduranWaterPlatform(2006)
Nicaragua
GeneralLawonNationalWaters-GovernmentofNicaragua(2007)
EnvironmentalActionPlan-MinistryofEnvironment(1994)
IWRMActionPlan-MinistryofEnvironment(1996)
Argentina IWRMRoadmap-Sub-secretariatofWaterResources(2007)
Brazil
NationalWaterPolicy(LawNo.9433)-GovernmentofBrazil(1997)
NationalWaterResourcesPlan-MinistryofEnvironment(SRH/MMA),NationalWaterCouncil(CNRH)&
NationalWaterAgency(ANA)(2007)
Colombia NationalDevelopmentPlan2006-10-NationalPlanningDepartment(2006)
Kazakhstan
WaterCode-GovernmentofKazakhstan(2003)
DraftNationalIWRMandWEPlanforKazakhstan(2005)
IWRMNationalRoadmapincludingproposedprojectoutlines-Speed-upoftheIWRM2005objectives
implementationinCentralAsia-GovernmentofKazakhstan(2006)
China
NationalWaterLaw-(2002)
WaterPollutionPreventionandControlLaw-(1996)
NationalFloodControlLaw-(1997)
NationalWaterandSoilConservationLaw-(1991)
IWRMPlan-Planningprocessinitiatedin2002andstillongoing.
Cambodia
IntegratedWaterResourcesManagement(IWRM2005)andRoadmapsinCambodia-DepartmentofWater
ResourcesManagementandConservation(2006)
WaterLaw-RoyalGovernmentofCambodia(Sept2006)
Indonesia NationalWaterLawNo.7/2004-GovernmentofIndonesia(2004)
IWRMRoadmap-DirectorateGeneralWaterResourcesofMinistryofPublicWorks(2006)
LaoPDR
PolicyonWaterandWaterResources-GovernmentofLaoPDR(draft2000)
TheLawonWaterandWaterResources-GovernmentofLaoPDR(1996)
IWRMNationalRoadmap-WaterResourcesCoordinationCommitteeSecretariat(2006)
Malaysia
9thMalaysiaPlan-EconomicPlanningUnit-PrimeMinistersDepartment(2006)
NationalStudyfortheEffectiveImplementationofIWRMinMalaysia-MinistryofNaturalResourcesand
Environment(2006)
OurVisionforWaterinthe21stCentury-MinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment(2000)
Philippines
MediumTermPhilippineDevelopmentPlan(2004-2010)-GovernmentofPhilippines(2004)
CleanWaterAct-GovernmentofPhilippines(2004)
IntegratedWaterResourcesManagement(IWRM)PlanFramework-NationalWaterResourcesBoard(2007)
Thailand
NationalWaterLaw/Code-Government.ofThailand(draft2007)
NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment(2000)
IWRMNationalRoadmap-DepartmentofWaterResources(2007)
Vietnam
LawonWaterResources-GovernmentofVietnam(1998)
NationalWaterResourcesStrategy-GovernmentofVietnam(2006)
NationalStrategyonRuralCleanWaterSupplyandSanitation-GovernmentofVietnam(2000)
NationalStrategicProgrammeofActiononDesertificationControl-GovernmentofVietnam(2006)
IWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlan-Inplaceandpartiallyimplemented.
Armenia
WaterCode-GovernmentofArmenia(2002)
NationalWaterPolicy-GovernmentofArmenia(2005)
NationalWaterProgramme-GovernmentofArmenia(draft2007)
Azerbaijan
LawofAzerbaijanRepubliconAmeliorationandIrrigation-AzerbaijanRepublic(1996)
WaterCodeofAzerbaijanRepublic-AzerbaijanRepublic(1997)
LawofAzerbaijanRepubliconWaterSupplyandWaterDrainageSystem-AzerbaijanRepublic(1999)
LawofAzerbaijanRepubliconMunicipalityWaterResourcesManagement-AzerbaijanRepublic(2001) NationalProgramofDevelopmentofAmeliorationandWaterResourcesManagementofAzerbaijan(2007
-2015)-AzerbaijanRepublic(2006)
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Jordan
NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofWaterandIrrigation
NationalWaterStrategy-MinistryofWaterandIrrigation(2003)
NationalWaterMasterPlan-MinistryofWaterandIrrigation(2004)
Syria
NationalwaterPolicy-GovernmentofSyria
NationalWaterLaw(No.31)-GovernmentofSyria(2005) IWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlan-Inplacebutpartiallyimplemented
Croatia
WaterAct(OG107/95,150/05)-MinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandWaterManagement
WaterManagementFinancingAct(OG107/95,19/96,88/98,150/05)-MinistryofAgriculture,Forestryand
WaterManagement
NationalEnvironmentalStrategywithembodiedNationalActionPlan(NEAP)(OG46/02)-Ministryof
Agriculture,ForestryandWaterManagement
IWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlan-Underconsideration
Serbia
NationalWaterPolicy
NationalWaterLaw-MinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandWaterManagement(1991)
EnvironmentalprotectionLaw-MinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandWaterManagement(2004)
WaterResourcesManagementMasterPlan-MinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandWaterManagement(2002)
4.5 case studies from selected countries
Itisinstructivetocitespecificexamplesoftheimplementa-
tionoftheIWRMapproachandthebenefitstherebytobe
derived. While the UN-WaterSurvey was aimedprimarily
at the national level, countries sharing river basins must
alsoconsidertransboundaryimplicationsandincludethem
intheirplanning;converselymanyactionsmustbetaken
atsub-national and atvery locallevels tomanage water
wisely.Theexamplesbelowcoverarangeofcircumstance
andareillustrativeofthediversityofsituationwithamulti-
plicityofbeneficialoutcomes.
IWRMinactionatthelocallevel,aswellasnationaland
internationallevel,isillustratedindetailinmorethan200
case studies within the GlobalWater Partnerships IWRM
ToolBox: http://www.gwptoolbox.org. The second WWDR
Water a Shared Responsibility from2006alsoincludes
various case studies illustrating progress on IWRM, see
http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr2
China - Provincial level:LiaoRiverBasinManagement
Issues: The province of Liaoning with a 41 millpopulation has seen a rapid development resulting
inwatershortagesandseverewaterpollution.Inthe
1980swateruseefficiencywasverylowbothwithin
urban/industrialareasandirrigation.Waterpollution
wasrampant.Nofishcouldbefoundin70%ofthe
streams and ecosystem productive functions had
ceasedin60%ofthestreams.Citizenswereignorant
ofwaterconservationissues.Urbanwastewaterwas
dischargeduntreatedintostreamsandinsomecases
infiltrated intothe groundwater aquifers.Deforesta-
tiontookplaceintheupperpartsofthecatchments.
IWRM Actions: Establishment of an institutional
frameworkcomprising Liaoning Cleaner Water Proj-
ectOffice,LiaoRiverBasinCoordinationCommission,
EU-LiaoningWater Resource Planning Project Office
under which an IWRM Planning Project was devel-
oped. Under this project a water resources assess-
mentwascarriedout,areformofthepolicyforwater
exploitation and utilization was made, water prices
adjusted, a monitoring network established and
capacitybuildingwithinIWRMmade.Inaddition,the
cleanerwaterprojectwascreatingwastewaterinfra -
structure, low production/high pollution production
wasdiscouraged,pollutionpreventionandcontrolof
LiaoRiver Basin was planned and reforestation was
implemented.
Tangible impacts: Reduction of pollution loads by
60%andqualityofriverwaterconsiderablyimproved.
Upstream-downstream conflicts were reduced and
deforestationpracticeshalted.Drinkingwaterwithin
thebasinwassafeguardedandecosystemsinseveral
riverstretcheswererestored.Groundwaterpollution
wasreducedandpublicawarenessofdemandman-
agementandpollutionriskswasraised.
Source:EULiaoningIntegratedEnvironmentalProgram
-ChiefofEUPartyAlanEdwards-MWHEnvironmentalEngineering
Columbia - Local level:ConservingLaCochaLagoon
Issues: LaCochaLagoonissituatedinthehighAndes
inColombiawiththelargestwetlandsystemofthe
Andes.Theforestsofthebasinareexploitedforchar-
coalproductionbeingthecauseofsoilerosion,lossof
fertility,fasterrunoffandgreatlyreducedbiodiversity.
Anotherissueistheplannedconstructionofamajor
damsystemtodivertwaterfromtheAmazonasBasin
tothePacificsideoftheAndes.Inundationof3000
haofgrasslandandthreateningofthelivelihoodsof
localfamiliesareamongthenegativeimpacts.
Status of national IWRM planning and implementation
http://www.gwptoolbox.org/http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr2/http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr2/http://www.gwptoolbox.org/ -
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Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD166
IWRM Actions: Partnership established between the
NetworkofPrivateNatureReserves,PeasantsDevel-
opmentAssociationandvariouscommunityorganiza-
tionwithfacilitationfromWWF.Promotionofgreater
participation in decision-making processes. Privateforestreserveswithsustainableusewereencouraged
as well as ecotourism. A Lake Defense Committee
wasformedandplansforestablishmentofofficially
protectedareas to complement the private reserves
weremade.
Tangible Impacts: 387 poor families doubled their
incomeandfoodrequirementsaremetonsite.Threats
toLa CochaLagoonandsurroundingwetlandswere
reduced and the Lake Defence Committee worked
with Ministry of Environment towards a declaration
ofthe area asa RamsarSite.The damsystem planswere shelved as Ministry of Environment refused an
environmentallicensebasedonabalancingbetween
downstreambenefitsandenvironmentalcosts.
Source: IWRM ToolBox,Case # 225- www.gwptool-
box.org
Morocco - National level:Managementofscarcewater
resourcesandpilotsonpollutioncontrol
Issues: Scarcewaterresourcescombinedwitharapid
population increase, urbanization and industrializa-
tion makeswater a contentiousissue with 42% of
theruralpopulationlackingaccesstopotabledrink-
ing water. Agriculture uses 92% of the countrys
dwindlingwaterresources.Largevariationsinwater
resourcesintimeandspacemakesustainableman -
agementofwaterresourcesakeyissue.Challenges
includetheimplementationofawaterreformdecen-
tralizing financial and planning authority for water
resourcestonineriverbasinagenciestobecreated
incrementally.
IWRM Actions: Improvement of institutions and
policies for water resources management following
IWRM principles. Best practices in water resourcesmanagement developed and disseminated. Non-
governmentalparticipation in waterresources man-
agement increased. Pilots were undertaken among
others within wastewater. Actions wereundertaken
facilitatedbyUSAID.
Tangible impacts: Soussa -Massa River Basin Agency
established and operating according to IWRM prin-
ciples. Multi- agency cooperationand participationof
private water user associations in management deci-
sions takes place. National and regional institutional
responsibilities have been defined and consolidated.
Procedures for allocation of water were established
together with technical capacities to allocate and
monitor water quantity and quality and mechanisms
forcommunicationbetweensectorsandagencies.Pilot
projectswereundertakeninFez,AlAttaouiaandDraga
and included construction of innovative wastewater
treatmentplants.InNakhla,watershedsoillosswassig-
nificantlyreducedthroughsoilconservationmeasures.Source: USAIDWaterTeam-CaseStudyinIntegrated
Water Resources Management. USAID/Morocco SO2
Close-OutReport.
Fergana Valley - International level: Improving water
accessibilitythroughIWRM
Issues: Once the most fertile valley in Central Asia,
Fergana valleywith itsapprox 10 millinhabitants is
now subject to high soil salinization and crops no
longer suffice to feedthe population.State bound-
aries between Uzbekistan, Kyrgistan and Tajikistanmake tranboundary management problematic and
causeconstantinternalandinterstatedisputes.More
than60%oftheinhabitantsdonothaveaccessto
safedrinkingwaterandbasicsanitationresultingin
widespread water-bornediseasesin the ruralareas.
Irrigationinfrastructureisinadequateandthewater
useisinefficient.
IWRM Actions: Improved management of water
resources based on IWRM principles emphasizing
higher efficiency and more equity. IWRM capacity
buildingwithinriver basin managementamongriver
commissions,provinces,municipalities,companiesand
wateruserassociations.Demonstrationofbottom-up
approachesandincreasesinyieldsandwaterproduc-
tivitybyupto30%.SwissAgencyforDevelopment
and Cooperationassisted theInterstate Commission
forWaterCoordinationintheimplementation.
Tangible impacts:Partnershipbetweenallwaterman-
agement actors across Fergana Valley. Safedrinking
water provided to 28 villages with a population of
80,000 people and 320 ecological sanitationtoilets
havebeenconstructedonacost-sharingbasis.Water-
borne diseases have decreased by more than 60%on average and infant mortality has been almost
eradicatedinallvillagesdespiteprevailingpoverty.28
WaterCommitteeshavebeencreatedoperatingand
maintainingwatersystemsefficientlywithmorethan
30%participationbywomen.Expansionofimproved
irrigationpracticesaswellasinnovativesolutionsfor
irrigation canal management and sustainable water
userassociationsinadditiontosustainablefinancing
atcanal,wateruserassociationandfarmlevel.
Source: SDCinCentralAsia-IWRM. www.swisscoop.
uz/en/Home/Regional_Activities/Integrated_Water_
Resources_Management
http://www.gwptoolbox.org/http://www.gwptoolbox.org/http://www.swisscoop.uz/en/Home/Regional_Activities/Integrated_Water_Resources_Managementhttp://www.swisscoop.uz/en/Home/Regional_Activities/Integrated_Water_Resources_Managementhttp://www.swisscoop.uz/en/Home/Regional_Activities/Integrated_Water_Resources_Managementhttp://www.swisscoop.uz/en/Home/Regional_Activities/Integrated_Water_Resources_Managementhttp://www.swisscoop.uz/en/Home/Regional_Activities/Integrated_Water_Resources_Managementhttp://www.swisscoop.uz/en/Home/Regional_Activities/Integrated_Water_Resources_Managementhttp://www.gwptoolbox.org/http://www.gwptoolbox.org/ -
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Sri Lanka - National level:IWRMandWaterEfficiency
Plan
Issues:Inadequatedevelopedwaterresourcestomeet
thedemands;frequentwaterrelateddisasters(floods,
droughtsetc associatedwith climatic changes); lowwateruse efficiency;delay inimplementingNational
WaterResourcesPolicyduetopoliticizationofbasic
policyissues.
IWRM actions: A baseline assessment of water
resourceswasmadeunderSriLankaNationalWater
DevelopmentReport(SLNWDR)preparedforWWAP.
To address the inadequacy of water development,
several diversion and storage projects have been
initiated. Some were completed recently. A disas-
ter management plan and institutional setup have
beenimplementedtoo.Sectoralwateruseefficiencyimprovement plans are implemented. A National
WaterDevelopmentReporthasbeenpreparedunder
WWAP and it is planned to update this every 3
years.
Tangible impacts: A considerable number ofpeople
living in water scarce areas of the country have
benefited through diversions and storage facilities.
To bridge the water demand/availability gap, sev-
eralprojectsareplannedandimplemented.Ongoing
MenikGangaProjectandWeliOyaDiversionProject
are nearing completion. Studies on the impact are
continuing.Inthecaseofirrigationsector,severalirri-
gationschemeshaveimprovedtheirwaterproductiv-
ity.Similarimprovementsareexperiencedindrinking
watersector. The disaster managementinstitutional
setupcontributedtomitigatetheimpactsandprovide
warningforrecentfloods.TheSLNWDRhascreated
anawarenessofwaterrelatedchallengesamongthe
keystakeholders.
Source: Adapted from WWDR number 2 http://www.
unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr2
USA - State level: NYCityWaterSupplyas apartnerinWatershedmanagement
Issues: Faced with deteriorating input waterquality
NYCityhadthechoiceofbuildinganewwatersup-
plytreatment plant at a cost of USD 6,000million
or taking comprehensive measures to improve and
protectthequalityofthesourcewaterintheCroton
and Catskill/Delaware watersheds totalling approx.
5000km2deliveringwaterforover9millpeoplein
NewYorkCity.Dualgoalsofprotectingwaterquality
andpreservingeconomicviabilityofwatershedcom-
munitiesweresetout.
IWRM Actions:Developmentofpartnershipsbetween
NYCity,NYState,EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,
watershedcounties,townsand villagesenvironmen-
talandpublicinterestgroups.Programsweredevel-
opedtobalanceagriculture,urbanandruralwaste-
waterandstormdrainageinfrastructure,environment
andthequalityofwaterinthe19reservoirsand3
controlled lakes. A watershed agricultural programwas supplemented by land acquisition, watershed
regulations,environmentalandeconomicpartnership
programs,wastewatertreatmentplantupgradesand
protectionmeasuresatreservoirs.
Tangible impacts: More than 350 farms within the
watershed have embarked on implementation of
bestmanagementpracticesreducingpollutionloads,
acquisitionof280km2land forprotection,enforce-
mentofeffectivewatershedregulations,remediation
of 2000failing septic systems,upgradingof waste-
watertreatmentplantswithtertiarytreatment.Morethan50%reductionincoliformbacteria,totalphos-
phorus and several other major contaminants were
achieved.NYCitywatersupplywasexemptedfrom
filtration,thepopulationofthewatershedsenjoysan
improvedenvironmentalqualityandatotalsavingof
USD4,400millionwasrealized.
Source: New York City, Department of Environmental
Protection,Bureauof WaterSupply:2006Watershed
ProtectionProgram.SummaryandAssessment. www.
ci.nyc.ny.us/html/dep/html/watershed.html
Kazakhstan - National level: Management of scarce
waterresourcesandpollutioncontrol
Issues:Thereareplentyofwater-ecologicalproblems
servingasobstacle,ofwhichthemostacuteonesare
growingwaterdeficit;Pollutionofopenandunder-
ground waters; Enormous over-norm water losses;
Exacerbationoftheproblemofqualitydrinkingwater
supply to population; Problems of interstate water
apportioning;andDeteriorationofthetechnicalstate
ofthedams,waterworksfacilitiesandotherinstalla-
tions.Actually,thesituationwithwatermanagement
istensethroughouttheterritoryoftherepublicandthe environmental ill-being has overtaken all major
riverbasinsofthecountry.
IWRM actions: In accordance with the Water Code
of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Water Resource
CommitteeoftheMinistryofAgricultureisassigned
tomanage,regulatetheuseandtoprotectthewater
resources,includingrenewablewaterresources.With
thepurposeofimprovingthemanagementofwater
resources and introduction of international practice,
theCommittee,asofJune2004,hasbeencarrying
out the development of Integrated Water Resource
and Water Efficiency Management Plan (IWRM).
Legalandorganizationalconditionsfortransitionto
integrated water resource management have also
Status of national IWRM planning and implementation
http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr2/http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr2/http://www.ci.nyc.ny.us/html/dep/html/watershed.htmlhttp://www.ci.nyc.ny.us/html/dep/html/watershed.htmlhttp://www.ci.nyc.ny.us/html/dep/html/watershed.htmlhttp://www.ci.nyc.ny.us/html/dep/html/watershed.htmlhttp://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr2/http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr2/ -
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Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16
been established. Basin Councils - basis for IWRM
Plan implementation - have been established to
increasetheinvolvementofinterestedpartiesinwater
resourcesmanagement.
Tangible impacts: The necessary legal framework,namelyWaterCode, Land Code and ForestryCode
(2003), The Law On Sanitary-Epidemic Security of
Population(2003)isestablishedinKazakhstan.For
the implementation of the IWRM Plan, River Basin
Organizations,namelyBasinCouncilsarebeingcre-
ated. In the sense of territorial division, the basin
councilshavebeencreatedin8hydrographicbasins
ofKazakhstanaswellasinseparatewaterobjects.
Source: The Plan of Integrated Management of Water
Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan. A.Y. Nikolay-
enko and A.K. Kenshimov
Mozambique/Zimbabwe - Transboundary level: The
PungweRiverProject
Issues:Duringspringtideandlowriverflows,saline
water intrusion extends upstream of Pungwe River
mouth,whichhasanegativeimpactsonsugarcane
farminganddomesticwaterforBeiraCityinMozam-
bique.TheeffectsofgoldminingactivitiesinthePun-
gwebasindominatethewaterqualityandincreased
sedimentconcentrationsofthesurfacewaterofthe
PungweRiver.Thegoldminingactivitiesintheriver
basinaremainlypoverty-driven,i.e.itisasubsistence
activity. The suspended sediments make the water
unsuitablefordrinking, washingand irrigation, bury
theaquaticfauna,preventphotosynthesisandhave
effects on the fish population. Miners use mercury
in the gold mining process causing elevated con-
centrations ofmercuryin thesuspendedsediments.
Alsootherheavymetals,e.g.leadandcadmium,are
boundto the suspended sedimentssince they exist
naturallyinthesoils.Floodscausefrequentproblems
inthelowerpartsofthePungweRiverbasin.Wide-
spreadpovertyandcompetingdemandsforavailablewaterresourceswithinandbetweenthecountries.
IWRM actions: The Pungwe Project commenced in
February2002andincludedthreephases,viz:Phase1
-MonographPhase,Phase2-ScenarioDevelopment
Phase,andPhase3-JointIWRMStrategyPhase.Dur-
ingthemonographphasealargeeffortwasdirected
towardsimprovingtheknowledgebaseforthedevel-
opmentof the water resources ofthe basinthrough
a number of sector studies. The scenarios for water
resourcesdevelopmentwereelaboratedinthePhase2.
Thedevelopmentscenariosincludedanumberofproj-
ectsandstudies,includinge.g.possibilitiesofmedium-
largedamsonthePungweRiveroritstributaries,flood
warning system, local groundwater assessments and
measuresforimprovedsurfacewaterquality.InPhase
3implementationplansfortheprojectsadoptedbythe
stakeholdersofthePungweRiverbasinwereelaborated
andtheJointIntegratedWaterResourcesManagement
WaterStrategyformulated.Inparallelthedevelopmentofaclimatechangeadaptationstrategyforthebasin
hascommenced.Localassessmentofclima