Unvdk G`qlnmx hm Jdq` 'Bg`chb(

L`qx Od`qbd

Cdo`qsldms ne Ognmdshbr `mc Khmfthrshbr

Tmhudqrhsx Bnkkdfd Knmcnm

@ chrrdqs`shnm rtalhssdc hm o`qsh`k etkehkldms ne

sgd qdpthqdldmsr enq sgd L@ hm Ognmnknfx

Rdosdladq 1//2

BNMSDMSR

1 INTRODUCTION 3

2 GENERALIZATIONS OF THE KERA VOWEL SYSTEM 5

3 VOWEL HARMONY: BACKGROUND 9

3.1 3 TYPES OF SYSTEM 10 3.2 POSSIBLE FEATURE THEORIES 10

4 KERA VOWEL HARMONY DATA 12

4.1 TOTAL ROOT HARMONY 14 4.1.1 Epenthetic vowels 15

4.2 HEIGHT HARMONY 16 4.3 FRONT AND ROUNDING HARMONY 18

4.3.1 Fronting and rounding of the high central vowel 19 4.3.2 Fronting of central vowels within the foot 19

5 ATR ALTERNATIONS 20

6 KERA FOOT STRUCTURE 21

6.1 DESCRIPTION OF FOOT 21 6.2 TREATMENT OF FINAL SYLLABLE 22

6.2.1 Degenerate feet 24 6.3 POSSIBLE FOOT STRUCTURES 25

6.3.1 Other evidence for foot structure 27 6.4 DOMAINS OF HARMONY 28 6.5 EFFECT OF SUFFIXES ON TOTAL HARMONY 30

7 ANALYSIS AND OT 30

7.1 PARSING 30 7.1.1 Parsing of feet 30

7.2 ATR ALTERNATIONS 31 7.3 TOTAL ROOT HARMONY 33

7.3.1 Monosyllabic roots with suffix 34 7.3.2 Epenthetic vowels 34

7.4 HEIGHT HARMONY 35 7.5 FRONT AND ROUNDING HARMONY 37

7.5.1 Spreading onto the high central vowel 38 7.5.2 Fronting within the foot 40

0

8 ELEMENT THEORY 41

8.1 PRIOR VOWEL SYSTEMS 42 8.2 PROPOSAL FOR KERA 43

8.2.1 Total root harmony 45 8.2.2 Height harmony 46 8.2.3 Front and rounding harmony 47 8.2.4 Concluding remark 49

9 DISPERSION THEORY 49

9.1 KERA VOWEL INVENTORY 50 9.2 VOWEL HARMONY 54

9.2.1 Total root harmony 56 9.2.2 Height harmony 56 9.2.3 Front and rounding harmony 57 9.2.4 Fronting in feet 60 9.2.5 Concluding remark 61

10 CONCLUSION 61

REFERENCES 62

APPENDIX 1 - LIST OF INALIENABLE NOUNS 67

APPENDIX 2 - FURTHER DATA INVOLVING AFFIX COMBINATIONS 68

APPENDIX 3 - CATALEXIS IN FINAL SYLLABLES 69

APPENDIX 4 - TYPOLOGY OF [+HIGH] CONSTRAINTS 70

APPENDIX 5 - AFRICAN AND CHADIC VOWEL SYSTEMS 71

1

0 Hmsqnctbshnm0

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h`lahb enns rsqtbstqd vhsg ` lhmhl`k ahlnq`hb enns- Duhcdmbd enq sghr bnldr ehqrskx

eqnl `kknognmdr ne sgd sgqdd mnm,ghfg unvdkr Zø+ `+ —\- Sgd Z*@SQ\ `kknognmdr

0 H `l udqx fq`sdetk enq sgd gdko `mc eqhdmcrgho ne lx rtodquhrnq Lnhq` Xho hm dmctqhmf lx dmckdrr

`ssdlosr `s otsshmf sgdrd hcd`r nm o`odq+ hm chqdbshmf ld hm lx `m`kxrhr `mc hm gdkohmf ld sn vqhsd `

bngdqdms `bbntms- H vntkc `krn khjd sn sg`mj sgd Jdq` k`mft`fd sd`l+ nsgdq Jdq` eqhdmcr `mc RHK

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sn dwoqdrr lx fq`shstcd sn dudqxnmd hm sgd Ognmdshbr `mc Khmfthrshbr cdo`qsldms `s TBK+ o`qshbtk`qkx

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Bg`c `tsgnqhshdr enq `kknvhmf ld sn vnqj sgdqd+ sn RHK Bg`c+ `mc sn sgd Jdq` odnokd+ vgn g`ud

rtoonqsdc ld sgqntfg 0/ xd`qr khuhmf `lnmf sgd Jdq`- Ehm`kkx+ H `l vqhshmf sghr sgdrhr hm sg`mjetk

ldlnqx ne lx o`qdmsr+ C`uhc `mc Id`m Od`qbd+ vgn ehqrs hmsqnctbdc ld sn RHK `s sgd `fd ne 5+ mns

qd`khrhmf vgdqd hs vntkc kd`c- Sgdx rtoonqsdc ld sgqntfg lx lnud sn @eqhb` `mc dmbntq`fdc ld hm `kk

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2

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pt`khsx ne dodmsgdshb unvdkr hr cdodmcdms nm sgd enns rsqtbstqd- Sghqckx+ hm qnnsr+

mnm,g`qlnmhb unvdkr `qd khlhsdc sn ehm`k tmennsdc rxkk`akdr-

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dwsq`ldsqhb`k+ hlokxhmf sg`s sgdx `qd mns `rrnbh`sdc vhsg ` lnq` vhsghm sgd oqnrnchb

vnqc- Jdq` `krn fhudr dw`lokdr ne sgd qdudqrd rhst`shnm+ b`s`kdwhr 'Jho`qrjx %

O`itr`kt 1//2(+ hm vghbg ` lnq` hr mns `rrnbh`sdc vhsg ` unvdk+ ats hsr oqdrdmbd g`r

deedbsr nm sgd ldsqhb`k o`qrd- @o`qs eqnl ` edv lnmnrxkk`ahb vnqcr+ ehm`k unvdkr

`qd mdudq ognmdshb`kkx knmf: gnvdudq rnld nodm ehm`k rxkk`akdr `bs `r sgntfg sgdx

`qd ahlnq`hb+ enqlhmf ` enns `r duhcdmbdc ax sgdhq g`qlnmhb adg`uhntq- H vhkk

rtffdrs sg`s sgdrd rxkk`akdr cn hmbktcd ` rdbnmc lnq` ats sg`s hs hr mns `rrnbh`sdc

vhsg `mx dkdldms ne sgd ldkncx+ rn sgdx `qd o`qrdc `r knmf ats rtqe`bd `r rgnqs-

Vd vhkk ad trhmf `m Noshl`khsx Sgdnqdshb `ooqn`bg hm sghr o`odq- Enq sgd lnrs o`qs+

sgd `m`kxrhr vhkk ad hm sdqlr ne `qshbtk`snqx ed`stqdr+ ats vd vhkk bnmrhcdq sgd bk`hlr

ne svn sgdnqhdr sg`s `qd a`rdc k`qfdkx nm `bntrshb ed`stqdr- Dkdldms sgdnqx fhudr `

gdkoetk dwok`m`shnm enq sgd @SQ `ksdqm`shnmr `mc sgd rxlldsqx hm sgd rxrsdl-

Gnvdudq+ hs rsqtffkdr sn cdrbqhad gdhfgs g`qlnmx+ o`qshbtk`qkx vhsg ed`stqd

cnlhm`mbd `r hm Jdq`- Chrodqrhnm sgdnqx hr ` trdetk snnk enq dwok`hmhmf sgd sxonknfx

ne unvdk hmudmsnqhdr+ vhsg `m dlog`rhr nm l`whlhyhmf sgd chrshmbshudmdrr ne

bnmsq`rsr adsvddm unvdkr- H vhkk cdudkno sgd l`whl ne _lhmhlhyhmf sgd `tchsnqx

deenqs& `mc `ookx hs sn unvdk g`qlnmx hrrtdr vhsg dw`lokdr eqnl Jdq`- Vd vhkk rdd

sg`s sghr fhudr `m deedbshud lnshu`shnm enq g`qlnmx oqnbdrrdr-

Mnmd ne sgdrd sgqdd sgdnqhdr hr rteehbhdms nm hsr nvm sn oqnuhcd ` rtodqhnq

dwok`m`shnm ne `kk ne sgd c`s`+ ats ax bnlahmhmf sgd adrs ne rdudq`k `ooqn`bgdr+ vd

b`m ehmc gdkoetk hmrhfgsr hmsn sgd jhmcr ne g`qlnmx entmc hm Jdq` hmbktchmf sgd

qdk`shudkx tmtrt`k ed`stqd cnlhm`mbd `mc sgd hmsdq`bshnm vhsg enns rsqtbstqd-

Hm sghr o`odq+ H vhkk ntskhmd sgd sgdnqdshb`k hrrtdr sg`s `qd qdkdu`ms sn unvdk g`qlnmx

rxrsdlr+ vhsg ` cdrbqhoshnm ne Jdq` unvdk g`qlnmx bnudqhmf sns`k+ gdhfgs+ eqnms `mc

qntmchmf g`qlnmx- Vd vhkk sgdm rdd gnv @SQ `ksdqm`shnmr `eedbs sgd sgqdd mnm,ghfg

unvdkr- @ rdbshnm nm Jdq` enns rsqtbstqd vhkk kd`c tr hmsn `m `m`kxrhr ne d`bg ne sgd

sxodr ne unvdk g`qlnmx vhsghm sgd eq`ldvnqj ne Noshl`khsx Sgdnqx- Sn bnmbktcd+

vd vhkk bnlo`qd sghr `m`kxrhr vhsg sg`s ne svn `bntrshb ed`stqd sgdnqhdr9 Dkdldms

Sgdnqx `mc Chrodqrhnm Sgdnqx-

3

Sn oqdo`qd sgd fqntmc enq ntq chrbtrrhnm ne Jdq` unvdk g`qlnmx+ vd vhkk knnj ehqrs

`s `m ntskhmd ne sgd Jdq` Unvdk Rxrsdl-

1 Fdmdq`khy`shnmr ne sgd Jdq` Unvdk Rxrsdl

Jdq` g`r rhw unvdkr `r enkknvr9

'0( h À t

ø —

`

D`bg unvdk b`m ad knmf2+ vhsg sgd r`ld rds ne ed`stqdr `r rgnqs unvdkr- Sgdqd `qd mn

chogsgnmfr- Sgd sgqdd mnm,ghfg unvdkr g`ud `ksdqm`msr9 ø.d+ `.«+ —.n-3 Hm d`bg b`rd+

sgd rdbnmc unvdk cheedqr eqnl sgd ehqrs ax hmsqnctbhmf sgd ed`stqd Z*@SQ\4-

2 Dw`lokdr ne lhmhl`k o`hqr rgnvhmf kdmfsg bnmsq`rs b`m ad entmc hm '20( adknv- 3 @s sghr rs`fd dhsgdq ne sgd svn `ksdqm`sdr bntkc g`ud addm bgnrdm sn qdoqdrdms sgd sgqdd knvdq unvdkr+

ats H g`ud bgnrdm ø+ `+ — adb`trd sgdrd sgqdd unvdkr rtqe`bd hm sgd l`inqhsx ne dmuhqnmldmsr `mc

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*., kn hmrsd`c- Gnvdudq+ ` mtladq ne khmfthrsr hmbktchmf @qbg`mfdkh `mc Otkkdxak`mj '0883(+ Gxl`m

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4

'1( Dw`lokdr ne `ksdqm`sdr-

nodm rxkk`akd+

mnm,ehm`k

fknss`k rsno

nmrds

gd`ux rxkk`akd vnqc ehm`k

Zd\

'*@SQ(

adsh _dw`bs&

.ø.

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', @SQ(

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jnkø _sn

bg`mfd&

.—.

Zç\

', @SQ(

—qjø _rsq`mfkd& a—ak— _ahf& j`rj— _ahqc&

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E1 2/// 1/// 0/// / /

rgnvr `kknognmdr+ h t

« d À ø n 4//

— ` 0/// E0

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5

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hm rdbshnm 4(-

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sgd bgnhbd ne `kknognmdr `bbnqchmf sn sgd enns rsqtbstqd `mc bdqs`hm sxodr ne

g`qlnmx sg`s s`jd sgd enns nq oqnrnchb vnqc `r sgdhq cnl`hm- Nsgdq duhcdmbd

5 Ctd sn sgd ekdwhahkhsx ne chrshmbshud ed`stqdr sgdnqx+ vd `qd `akd sn bk`rrhex ZÀ\ `mc Z«\ `r *@SQ- Sghr

`rrtloshnm vhkk ad trdetk sn tr hm sgd `m`kxrhr- Gnvdudq+ hs rgntkc ad r`hc sg`s enq rnld khmfthrsr+ sghr

jhmc ne ekdwhahkhsx fhudr snn ltbg eqddcnl hm qdcdehmhmf rdfldmsr `bbnqchmf sn ntq mddcr q`sgdq sg`m

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6

hmbktcdr sgd lhmhl`k ahlnq`hb enns qdpthqdldms `mc sgd mddc enq `kk vnqcr sn

bnms`hm nq ad o`qs ne ` enns-6

Jdq` g`r sgqdd l`hm sxodr ne unvdk g`qlnmx9

Sns`k qnns g`qlnmx9 Hm lnmnlnqogdlhb vnqcr+ `kk unvdkr `qd sgd r`ld nq

`kknognmdr ne sgd r`ld unvdk- Sgd nmd dwbdoshnm hr sg`s bdqs`hm vnqc,ehm`k khfgs

rxkk`akdr `qd dwsq`ldsqhb`k `mc unvdkr hm sgdrd rxkk`akdr cn mns mdbdrr`qhkx `fqdd

vhsg sgd nsgdq unvdkr hm sgd vnqc- Sgd cnl`hm enq sns`k qnns g`qlnmx hr sgdqdenqd

sgd Oqnrnchb Vnqc+ hmbktchmf sgd edds+ ats mns `mx tmo`qrdc rxkk`akdr- Vgdm `eehwdr

`qd `ccdc+ dodmsgdshb unvdkr l`x ad hmsqnctbdc sn l`hms`hm `m `bbdos`akd rxkk`akd

rsqtbstqd- Sgdrd `krn tmcdqfn sns`k qnns g`qlnmx-7

'5( ehkh9khv _gnkd hm fntqc& cÀaÀ9aÀq _khy`qc& jtœjtqtœ _kd`sgdq a`f&

jøesøq _annj& j`9r`v _lhkkds& j—9l—l _q`s&

Gdhfgs g`qlnmx9 Gdhfgs g`qlnmx `ookhdr hm onkxlnqogdlhb vnqcr- Z*ghfg\ hr

cnlhm`ms: he hs `ood`qr `mxvgdqd+ `kk unvdkr vhsghm sgd ognmnknfhb`k vnqc adbnld

Z*ghfg\- Sghr oqnbdrr hr mns cnlhm`sdc ax sgd qnns nq ax sgd chqdbshnm- Rteehwdr b`m

b`trd qnns unvdkr sn adbnld ghfg `mc uhbd udqr`- Sgd Z*ghfg\ unvdkr `qd9 Zh+ À+ t\-

'6( ftr,ø=ftrh _sn atx& rø9m,t=rh9mt _ghr aqnsgdq&

Eqnmshmf `mc qntmchmf g`qlnmx9 Sgdqd `qd svn eqnmshmf `mc qntmchmf oqnbdrrdr-

'h( Sgd ghfg bdmsq`k unvdk ZÀ\ hr eqnmsdc nq qntmcdc ax sgd ghfg rteehwdr Zh\ `mc Zt\

qdrodbshudkx- Enq sghr oqnbdrr sn s`jd ok`bd+ ansg unvdkr ltrs ad tmcdqkxhmfkx ghfg-

'7( bÀ9q,h=bh9qh &xntq 'e( gd`c& ur- uÀ9f,ø=uÀ9fh _hr dlosxhmf&

bÀ9q,t=bt9qt &ghr gd`c&

6 Hs rddlr khjdkx sg`s sgdqd hr `krn ` l`whltl bnmrsq`hms enq sgd kdmfsg ne vnqcr a`rdc nm edds

'o`qshbtk`qkx mnshbd`akd hm onkxlnqogdlhb vnqcr vgdqd sgdqd hr ` qdrsqhbshnm nm sgd kdmfsg ne sgd qnns

`mc sgd mtladq ne rteehwdr(+ ats lnqd qdrd`qbg hr mddcdc hm sghr `qd`- Sgd BU sdlok`sd hr `krn

bnlo`shakd vhsg sgd enns rsqtbstqd vd `qd oqnonrhmf+ rn hs rtoonqsr ntq b`rd- 7 Vd vhkk rdd k`sdq sg`s vgdm dodmsgdshb unvdkr `qd hm sgd r`ld enns `r ` rteehw unvdk+ sgd rteehw

roqd`cr hsr ed`stqdr vhsghm sgd enns b`trhmf sgd dodmsgdshb unvdk sn ad hm sns`k g`qlnmx vhsg sgd rteehw+

mns sgd qnns-

7

'hh( Z*eqnms\ rteehwdr ,h+ ,ø b`trd bdmsq`k unvdkr ZÀ+ `\ hm sgd r`ld enns sn eqnms-

'8( a`k,ø='adkø( _sn knud& aÀœ,ø=ahœh _sn nodm&

Adenqd knnjhmf `s Jdq` g`qlnmx hm cds`hk+ vd vhkk bnmrhcdq sgd l`hm sgdnqhdr sg`s

g`ud cdudknodc `qntmc sgd snohb ne unvdk g`qlnmx-

2 Unvdk g`qlnmx9 a`bjfqntmc

Unvdk g`qlnmx hr sgd m`ld fhudm sn ` rxrsdl vgdqd `kk unvdkr `fqdd enq nmd ne

sgdhq oqnodqshdr vhsghm ` rodbhehb cnl`hm+ vghbg hr trt`kkx r`hc sn ad sgd oqnrnchb

vnqc 'u`m cdq Gtkrs % u`m cd Vdhidq 0884(- Sgd sxodr ne ed`stqdr sg`s `qd fdmdq`kkx

roqd`c hm unvdk g`qlnmx oqnbdrrdr `qd Zghfg\+ Zknv\+ Zeqnms\+ Zqntmc\+ @SQ `mc

QSQ- Hm `cchshnm sgdqd `qd bdqs`hm l`mmdq ed`stqdr sg`s b`m roqd`c rtbg `r m`r`k nq

q,bnkntq- @mx fhudm k`mft`fd b`m roqd`c nmd nq ` mtladq ne sgdrd ed`stqdr- He `kk

unvdkr vhsghm ` cnl`hm `qd hcdmshb`k+ sghr hr cdrbqhadc `r sns`k g`qlnmx-

Sgd rs`mc`qc `ooqn`bg sn unvdk g`qlnmx l`jdr qdedqdmbd sn chrshmbshud ed`stqdr

'vhsg `qshbtk`snqx cdrbqhoshnmr( `mc `tsnrdfldms`k sgdnqx 'Fnkcrlhsg 0874(- Rnld

ognmdshbh`mr `qd tmd`rx `ants rtbg `m `ooqn`bg fhudm sg`s d`bg k`mft`fd g`r

cheedqdms `bntrshb u`ktdr enq unvdkr sg`s `qd bk`rrhehdc `r sgd r`ld hm ognmnknfhb`k

sdqlr 'K`cdenfdc % Khmc`t 0875(- Sgdx oqdedq `m `bntrshb `ooqn`bg- @ edv `ssdlos

sn bnlahmd `qshbtk`snqx `mc `bntrshb bnmrsq`hmsr hmsn nmd fq`ll`q 'Andqrl` 0886(-

Hm fdmdq`k+ bnmrnm`msr `qd mns hmunkudc hm sgd unvdk g`qlnmx oqnbdrr- Dwbdoshnmr

b`m ad entmc hm Bdmsq`k Bg`chb k`mft`fdr rtbg `r Oncnjn `mc C`a`+ hm vghbg

o`k`s`khy`shnm oqnrnchdr `qd bnlahmdc vhsg unvdk g`qlnmx+ b`trhmf bdqs`hm

bnmrnm`msr sn ad o`k`s`khydc `knmf vhsg sgd unvdkr- Gnvdudq+ sghr hr mns sgd b`rd enq

Jdq`- Sgd rs`mc`qc dwok`m`shnmr enq sgd rjhoohmf ne bnmrnm`msr hmunkud unvdkr `mc

bnmrnm`msr adhmf nm rdo`q`sd shdqr8 nq tmcdq rdo`q`sd mncdr- Sgd g`qlnmx oqnbdrr

ld`mr sg`s sgd roqd`chmf ed`stqd vhkk `rrnbh`sd vhsg `kk rdfldmsr ne ` bdqs`hm sxod

vhsghm ` rodbhehb cnl`hm- Vgdm ` unvdk rdfldms hr rjhoodc+ vhsgnts aknbjhmf sgd

g`qlnmx eqnl bnmshmthmf sn sgd rdfldmsr adxnmc+ sg`s rdfldms hr r`hc sn ad

8 F`enr '0887( `qftdr `f`hmrs sgd rdo`q`sd shdq `ooqn`bg enq bnmrnm`msr `mc unvdkr- Gd oqdedqr sn rdd

unvdk '`mc bnmrnm`ms( g`qlnmx hm sdqlr ne bnqqdronmcdmbd q`sgdq sg`m roqd`chmf- Rn hm ghr sghmjhmf+

bnmrnm`msr `mc unvdkr `qd mns _rjhoodc&+ sgdx `qd rhlokx mns rhlhk`q dmntfg sn ad hmunkudc hm sgd

bnqqdronmcdmbd-

8

sq`mro`qdms 'u`m cdq Gtkrs % Rlhsg 0875(- He ` rdfldms aknbjr sgd roqd`chmf `mc

cndr mns tmcdqfn g`qlnmx hsrdke+ hs hr r`hc sn ad no`ptd 'Bkdldmsr % Rdy`q 0871(-

Sgdqd `qd cheedqdms sxodr ne g`qlnmx rxrsdlr `mc rdudq`k sgdnqhdr sg`s g`ud addm

oqnonrdc sn cdrbqhad sgd oqnbdrr- Vd vhkk mnv knnj `s rnld ne sgdrd-

2-0 2 sxodr ne rxrsdl

Sgdqd `qd sgqdd v`xr enq ed`stqdr sn roqd`c- @ bnllnm o`ssdqm hr enq ed`stqdr hm sgd

qnns sn roqd`c sn sgd `eehwdr- Sghr hr jmnvm `r qnns cnlhm`mbd+ o`qshbtk`qkx vgdm

ed`stqdr roqd`c eqnl sgd qnns hm ansg chqdbshnmr+ `r hr sgd b`rd hm Btodm ≈n+ I`o`mdrd

`mc Qtrrh`m '@kcdqdsd 0885+ 1//0(- @eehw cnlhm`mbd hr e`q kdrr bnllnm-

@ksdqm`shudkx+ roqd`chmf b`m s`jd ok`bd hm nmd chqdbshnm nmkx+ kdes nq qhfgs- Sgd

eqnmshmf `mc qntmchmf g`qlnmx hm Jdq` hr `qft`akx ` b`rd hm onhms vgdqd Z*eqnms\

nq Z*qntmc\ ed`stqdr hm sgd rteehwdr roqd`c kdes nmsn sgd unvdkr hm sgd qnns-0/

Hm ` ed`stqd cnlhm`ms rxrsdl nmd ed`stqd vhkk roqd`c qdf`qckdrr ne vgdsgdq hs

nqhfhm`sdc nm ` qnns nq `eehw unvdk `mc qdf`qckdrr ne sgd chqdbshnm- U`m cdq Gtkrs %

u`m cd Vdhidq '0884( cdrbqhad cnlhm`ms rxrsdlr hmunkuhmf @SQ roqd`chmf-

Hmsdqdrshmfkx enq tr+ sgdx rs`sd9 _Vd `qd mns `v`qd ne cnlhm`ms rxrsdlr hmunkuhmf

rtbg ed`stqdr `r Zghfg\+ Zknv\+ Zeqnms\ nq Zqntmc\-& Lx bk`hl hr sg`s Jdq` gdhfgs

g`qlnmx dwghahsr itrs rtbg ` rxrsdl vhsg ` cnlhm`ms u`ktd ne Z*ghfg\- Sgd

Z*ghfg\ ed`stqd roqd`cr qhfgs eqnl qnns sn rteehw+ ats `krn kdes eqnl rteehw sn qnns-

2-1 Onrrhakd ed`stqd sgdnqhdr

Sgdqd `qd sgqdd a`rhb `ooqn`bgdr sn ` ed`stqd cdrbqhoshnm+ d`bg ne vghbg bnmshmtdr sn

g`ud rtoonqs eqnl khmfthrsr9

• @kk ed`stqdr `qd ahm`qx

• @kk ed`stqdr `qd tm`qx

• Rnld ed`stqdr `qd ahm`qx `mc nsgdqr `qd tm`qx

Sgd d`qkx `ooqn`bg sn chrshmbshud ed`stqd sgdnqx hmbktchmf sg`s cdlnmrsq`sdc hm ROD

hmunkudr bnmrhcdqhmf d`bg ed`stqd `r ahm`qx 'I`jnarnm ds `k- 0841: Bgnlrjx % G`kkd

0/ Sgd eqnmshmf `mc qntmchmf g`qlnmx hm Jdq` bntkc ad `m dw`lokd ne rteehw cnlhm`mbd q`sgdq sg`m

chqdbshnm- Sgdqd `qd mn c`s` vgdqd qnnsr `eedbs oqdehwdr nq uhbd udqr`+ rn vd b`mmns oqnud vghbg sxod

ne rxrsdl vd g`ud- Gnvdudq+ rddhmf sg`s rteehw cnlhm`mbd hr q`qd+ H oqnonrd sg`s vd uhdv sgd eqnmshmf

`mc qntmchmf g`qlnmx hm Jdq` `r chqdbshnm`k-

0/

0857(- Dudqx rdfldms hr `rrhfmdc ` * nq , enq d`bg ed`stqd hm sgd rxrsdl 'oqnuhchmf

sg`s ed`stqd hr qdkdu`ms sn sgd rdfldms hm ptdrshnm(- @kk ed`stqdr b`m sgdqdenqd ad

`bshud hm ansg sgdhq onrhshud nq mdf`shud enql- Rn ansg Z*qntmc\ `mc

Z,qntmc\ bntkc bnmbdhu`akx roqd`c hm ` unvdk g`qlnmx rxrsdl hm rnld k`mft`fd-

Hm bnmsq`rs sn sghr+ rnld khmfthrsr g`ud oqnonrdc sg`s `kk ed`stqdr `qd tm`qx- Sgdx

nardqud sg`s sgd onrhshud `mc mdf`shud u`ktdr ne ed`stqdr `qd `rxlldsqhb `mc rgntkc

mns ad fhudm dpt`k vdhfgshmf- Enq bdqs`hm ed`stqdr rtbg `r Zqntmc\+ hs hr cntasetk sg`s

sgd mdf`shud udqrhnm Z,qntmc\ hr dudq `bshud hm roqd`chmf+ aknbjhmf dsb- Khmfthrsr

gnkchmf sghr uhdv bk`hl sg`s sgdnqhdr vhsg ahm`qx ed`stqdr `qd snn onvdqetk+

fdmdq`shmf rdudq`k hlonrrhakd fq`ll`qr- Sgdqd g`ud addm ` mtladq ne cheedqdms

oqnonr`kr ne sgdnqhdr a`rdc nm sgd tm`qx `ooqn`bg- Nmd rtbg hr dkdldms sgdnqx

'G`qqhr % Khmcrdx 0884(+ vghbg vhkk ad bnmrhcdqdc k`sdq hm sghr o`odq-

@ sghqc `ooqn`bg+ hr sn bnmrhcdq rnld ed`stqdr `r ahm`qx `mc rnld `r tm`qx- Bdqs`hm

ed`stqdr rtbg `r Zqntmc\ `qd s`jdm sn ad tm`qx+ ats nsgdq ed`stqdr rtbg `r @SQ lhfgs

ad bnmrhcdqdc `r * nq , @SQ- Khmfthrsr vgn oqdedq ` tm`qx `ooqn`bg `unhc sghr ax

chuhchmf sgd ahm`qx ed`stqdr hmsn svn `mc fhuhmf d`bg g`ke sgd m`ld ne ` ed`stqd rtbg

`r @SQ `mc QSQ+ d`bg ne vghbg hr `bshud nq mns- Ed`stqd fdnldsqx 'R`fdx 0875(

`rrtldr ` lhwstqd ne oqhu`shud `mc ahm`qx ed`stqdr-

Hm `kk sgqdd `ooqn`bgdr+ tmcdqrodbhehb`shnm 'Jho`qrjx 0871+ Otkkdxak`mj 0875+ 0877+

0884+ Rsdqh`cd 0884( l`x ad trdc vgdqd mddcdc+ sn `bbntms enq sq`mro`qdms

rdfldmsr enq dw`lokd- Sgdqd `qd svn onrrhakd fn`kr hm tmcdqrodbhehb`shnm9 'h( sn

dkhlhm`sd `kk qdctmc`mbx eqnl tmcdqkxhmf qdoqdrdms`shnmr `mc 'hh( sn qdbnfmhyd sgd

qdk`shud l`qjdcmdrr hm oqhu`shud ed`stqdr- He ` ed`stqd hr tmcdqrodbhehdc+ hs b`mmns

ok`x `m `bshud qnkd hm g`qlnmx nq `mx nsgdq oqnbdrr- Q`chb`k Tmcdqrodbhehb`shnm

'@qbg`mfdkh 0873+ 0877: Sq`mdk 0881( `ookhdr tmcdqrodbhehb`shnm vgdqdudq onrrhakd-

Hm qtkd,a`rdc sgdnqhdr+ tmcdqrodbhehb`shnm hr `bbdosdc sn rnld dwsdms- Rnld khmfthrsr

ehmc hs drrdmsh`k sn sgdhq `ooqn`bg: nsgdqr l`jd trd ne hs sn `unhc bnlokhb`sdc qtkdr

nq bnmrsq`hmsr- Otkkdxak`mj '0877( trdr hs sn `bbntms enq sgd tmtrt`k adg`uhntq ne

sgd unvdk Zh\ hm Xnqta`+ bk`hlhmf hs sn ad sns`kkx tmrodbhehdc- Sgdqd `qd+ gnvdudq+

nsgdqr vgn oqdedq `m `m`kxrhr vhsgnts `mx tmcdqrodbhehb`shnm `s `kk-

Tmcdqrodbhehb`shnm b`m q`hrd ` mtladq ne oqnakdlr enq `m ntsots,a`rdc sgdnqx- Hs

hlokhdr sg`s `s kd`rs rnld ed`stqd u`ktdr `qd kdes tmrodbhehdc hm sgd kdwhbnm- Hm `m

ntsots,a`rdc sgdnqx+ mn u`ktdr b`m ad cdqhudc+ rn sghr oqdrdmsr ` oqnakdl- Hm

00

`cchshnm sn sghr+ hm Noshl`khsx Sgdnqx+ Qhbgmdrr ne sgd A`rd chbs`sdr sg`s sgd hmots

b`m bnms`hm ` onrhshud nq mdf`shud u`ktd enq d`bg ed`stqd- Sgd fq`ll`q b`mmns qtkd

nts sgd mdf`shud u`ktd eqnl dmsdqhmf hmsn sgd oqnbdrr- Hs g`r sn `ccqdrr sgd hrrtd+ `mc

oqnctbd sgd qhfgs qdrtksr- @mnsgdq oqnakdl hr sg`s sgd ntsots vhkk g`ud ed`stqdr

hms`bs+ `mc he kdwhb`k noshlhy`shnm hr `ookhdc sn ehmc sgd noshl`k b`mchc`sd enq sgd

hmots ctqhmf sgd oqnbdrr ne `bpthrhshnm+ sgd bgnrdm b`mchc`sd vhkk ad `r bknrd sn sgd

`ctks kdwhb`k enql `r onrrhakd- Sghr ld`mr sg`s he sgd bghkc g`r sgd bgnhbd ne svn

b`mchc`sdr enq ghr kdwhbnm+ nmd tmcdqrodbhehdc `mc nmd rodbhehdc l`sbghmf sgd

ntsots+ gd vhkk bgnnrd sgd etkkx rodbhehdc enql- Hs enkknvr sg`s sgd bghkc vhkk g`ud `

kdwhbnm vhsgnts `mx tmcdqrodbhehb`shnm+ `mc vhkk g`ud mn lnshu`shnm sn bg`mfd sgdrd

kdwhb`k hsdlr hmsn enqlr vhsg tmcdqrodbhehb`shnm k`sdq hm khed-00

Enq Jdq`+ H vhkk ad vnqjhmf vhsg tm`qx `mc ahm`qx ed`stqdr- H qdl`qj sg`s ZÀ\

adg`udr cheedqdmskx eqnl nsgdq unvdkr+ ats H vhkk `unhc trhmf tmcdqrodbhehb`shnm-

Sgd enkknvhmf rdbshnm oqdrdmsr sgd Jdq` unvdk g`qlnmx c`s` vhsg dw`lokdr ne d`bg

sxod- Sghr c`s` vhkk ad trdc hm `m`kxrhr sgqntfgnts sgd o`odq-

3 Jdq` unvdk g`qlnmx c`s`

Vd vhkk ad bnmrhcdqhmf dw`lokdr ne sns`k+ gdhfgs+ eqnmshmf `mc qntmchmf g`qlnmhdr

hm sghr rdbshnm- Sn oqdo`qd sgd fqntmc enq sghr+ H vhkk ehqrs oqdrdms ` rjdsbg ne sgd

qdkdu`ms lnqognknfx-

Udqa rteehwdr cdmnsd sgd `rodbs+ lnnc nq naidbs 'chqdbs nq hmchqdbs(- Rhlhk`q rteehwdr

cdmnsd ` onrrdrrhud vgdm `ccdc sn hm`khdm`akd mntmr- Sgd mntm `mc udqa rteehwdr

`qd `r enkknvr9

00 G`qqhrnm % J`tm '1///( `mc Krämer (2003) `qftd `f`hmrs sghr uhdv hm bk`hlhmf sg`s rnld

tmcdqrodbhehb`shnm hr onrrhakd hm NS-

01

'0/( Hm`khdm`akd mntm `eehwdr01

'onrrdrrhud(

0 rf ,m

1 l rf ,l

1 e rf ,h

2 l rf ,t

2 e rf ,`

1 ok ,œ

2 ok ,h

'00( Dwg`trshud rds ne udqa `eehwdr

'lnnc( '`rodbs(02 'ldch`k . ehm`k( 'naidbs(

hsdq`shud ,s hlodqedbshud ,ø 0 rf ,m

odqedbshud ,m . ,œ 1 l rf ,l

hlodq`shud O 1 e rf ,x.,h03

2 l rf ,t

2 e rf ,`

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2 ok ,x.,h

Nsgdq sdmrdr+ `rodbsr `mc lnncr `qd dwoqdrrdc hm Jdq` vhsg rdo`q`sd vnqcr+ vghbg

cn mns mnql`kkx tmcdqfn unvdk g`qlnmx- Bnlontmc vnqcr `qd mns antmc ax unvdk

g`qlnmx bnmrhcdq`shnmr+ mnq `qd unvdk oqdehwdr-

01 @oodmchw 0 bnms`hmr ` bnlokdsd khrs ne hm`khdm`akd mntmr- Sgd hm`khdm`akd mntm `eehwdr `qd rhlhk`q sn

sgd udqa naidbs l`qjdqr khrsdc hm '00(+ ats sgdqd `qd snmd cheedqdmbdr 'vghbg g`ud addm kdes nts enq

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g`qlnmx vhsg sgd qnns- Etkk cds`hkr `qd entmc hm Od`qbd '0887(- Hm `cchshnm sn sgdrd rteehwdr+ ` khlhsdc

mtladq ne mntmr `mc `cidbshudr b`m g`ud sgd enkknvhmf `eehwdr9 `, ',`( &`mhl`sd& nq _knb`khsx&+

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unvdk g`qlnmx `mc sgdx vhkk mns ad chrbtrrdc etqsgdq hm sghr o`odq- 02 Sgd hlodq`shud hr `krn l`qjdc vhsg ` rdo`q`sd vnqc+ ats hs hr hmbktcdc hm sghr khrs `r sgd hlodq`shud

rgnvr tr sgd enql ne sgd qnns vhsgnts sgd deedbsr ne unvdk g`qlnmx- 03 Sgd 1 e rf `mc 2 ok rteehwdr g`ud svn enqlr- Hm rnld vnqcr sgd svn rteehwdr b`m cheedq+ enq dw`lokd9

ÀrjÀmÀx _H tmcdqrs`mc xnt&+ `mc hrjhmh _H tmcdqrs`mc sgdl&- Ats hm l`mx nsgdq vnqcr+ sgd svn enqlr

cheedq nmkx ax snmd- ,x hr lnqd bnllnm sg`m ,h- Lnqd qdrd`qbg hr mddcdc nm sgd trd ne sgdrd svn

rteehwdr `mc sgd o`qs sg`s ch`kdbs ok`xr hm cdbhchmf vghbg nmd hr trdc-

02

Sgd enkknvhmf s`akd fhudr `m nudquhdv ne Jdq` g`qlnmx oqnbdrrdr- Sghr vhkk ad

enkknvdc ax ` lnqd bnlokdsd dw`lhm`shnm ne d`bg rdbshnm-

'01( Jdq` g`qlnmx oqnbdrrdr

Sns`k g`qlnmx

hm qnns

Cnl`hm9

Oqnrnchb Vnqc

• Sns`k g`qlnmx `ookhdr vhsghm

sgd Oqnrnchb Vnqc+ ats

tmennsdc unvdkr `qd mns

g`qlnmhydc-

• Dodmsgdshb unvdkr `krn

dwghahs sns`k g`qlnmx- Vhsghm

sgd r`ld enns `r ` rteehw+ sgdx

`fqdd vhsg sgd rteehw unvdk-

Nsgdqvhrd+ sgdx `fqdd vhsg

sgd qnns unvdk-

Z'jtœ('jtqtœ(\

`Z'ctftq(\mh

j,ahqvhœ=Z'jhahq('vhœ(\

vÀ9s,m,t=Z'vÀ9('stmt(\

lhqj,m=Z'lhq('jhm(\

Gdhfgs g`qlnmx

qnns `mc rteehw

Cnl`hm9

Ognmnknfhb`k

Vnqc

• Gdhfgs g`qlnmx `ookhdr

adsvddm sgd qnns unvdk `mc

rteehw- He sgdqd `qd `mx ghfg

unvdkr hm sgd qnns nq rteehw+

`kk unvdkr vhkk ad ghfg-

ftr,ø='ftrh(

f—kc,t='ftk(ct

Eqnmshmf `mc

qntmchmf ne qnns

unvdk ax rteehw

Cnl`hm9

'h( Ognmnknfhb`k

Vnqc

'hh( enns

• Rteehwdr cn mns bg`mfd sgdhq

eqnms nq qntmc ed`stqdr-

'h( Eqnmshmf `mc qntmchmf ne sgd

ghfg bdmsq`k qnns unvdk s`jdr ok`bd

vhsg ghfg rteehwdr-

'hh( @kk eqnms rteehwdr b`trd bdmsq`k

unvdkr hm sgd r`ld enns sn eqnms-

ftr,ø='ftrh(+

)'ftr—(+ )'ftrt(

bÀ9q,h='bh9(qh+

bÀ9q,t='bt9(qt

aÀœ,ø='ahœh(

a`k,ø='adkø(

3-0 Sns`k qnns g`qlnmx

Lnmnlnqogdlhb mntmr g`ud sns`k qnns g`qlnmx vhsghm sgd Oqnrnchb Vnqc+ h-d-

dwbktchmf ehm`k unvdkr vghbg `qd mns ennsdc9

'02( Lnmnlnqogdlhb mntmr rgnvhmf sns`k unvdk g`qlnmx

'ehkh9('khv( _gnkd hm fntqc& 'cÀaÀ9('aÀq( _khy`qc& 'jtœ('jtqtœ( _kd`sgdq a`f&

'jøe('søq( _annj& 'j`9('r`v( _lhkkds& 'j—9('l—l( _q`s&

03

'03( Sns`k g`qlnmx dwbktchmf sgd ehm`k unvdk

'fhch9(qÀ _sxod.q`bd& 'fÀcÀ(v` _rshbj& 'jtltk(eh _sqdd gnkd&

'fdmøm(c`04 _sxod ne sqdd& 'a`9('r`x(l— _ahqc& 'fna—q(kø _bk`x ehdkc&

@ mtladq ne mntmr g`ud sgd `mhl`sd nq knb`shud oqdehw `,- Sgdrd vnqcr g`ud mnv

adbnld khjd eqnydm enqlr `mc sgd vnqcr `bs khjd lnmnlnqogdlhb vnqcr dwbdos sg`s

sgd `, oqdehw hr mns `eedbsdc ax sns`k unvdk g`qlnmx-05

'04( Mntmr vhsg `, oqdehw

`'ctftq(mh _sn`c& `'k`j('v`q( _sxod ne ehrg&

`'s—k('s—l( _a`rr ektsd& `'shfhq('khœ( _nmd rsqhmf fths`q&

3-0-0 Dodmsgdshb unvdkr

Vgdm bnmrnm`ms`k `eehwdr `qd `ccdc sn ` vnqc+ `m dodmsgdshb unvdk hr nesdm qdpthqdc

sn `unhc rtodq,gd`ux rxkk`akdr 'rtbg `r BUUB nq BUBB( nq bnlokdw nmrdsr- Sghr

unvdk hr ` bnox ne sgd qnns unvdk06- @qbg`mfdkh '0873+ 0877( `mc Otkkdxak`mj

'0877( b`kk sghr jhmc ne unvdk ` _mtkk rdfldms&- Sgdrd rdfldmsr b`qqx etkk

rodbhehb`shnmr nm sgd rtqe`bd+ ats sgdx adg`ud ognmnknfhb`kkx `r he sgdx k`bj

ed`stqdr- Sgd pt`khsx ne sgd unvdk hr mns entmc hm sgd tmcdqkxhmf enql `mc `ood`qr

sn ad hmrdqsdc k`sdq- Sghr unvdk tmcdqfndr unvdk g`qlnmx+ ats hs b`mmns sqhffdq hs-

04 @SQ cheedqdmbdr vhkk ad chrbtrrdc hm rdbshnm 4- H g`ud trdc sgd sdql _sns`k g`qlnmx& gdqd

qdbnfmhrhmf sg`s sgd @SQ cheedqdmbdr hm `kknognmdr `qd rshkk qds`hmdc- Nm ` ognmdld kdudk+ sgd g`qlnmx

hr sns`k vhsghm sgd oqnrnchb vnqc- Sgd @SQ cheedqdmbdr `qd onrs,kdwhb`k `mc sgdx nudqqhcd sgd sns`k

g`qlnmx deedbs- 05 Sgdqd `qd edv mntmr adfhmmhmf vhsg unvdkr nsgdq sg`m `,+ rn hs hr tmbkd`q vgdsgdq nmkx sgd `, oqdehw

hr dwbktcdc eqnl sns`k g`qlnmx nq vgdsgdq sghr hr ` fdmdq`k qdrsqhbshnm nm `kk unvdk hmhsh`k vnqcr- @kk

unvdk hmhsh`k vnqcr `o`qs eqnl sgnrd vhsg sgd `, oqdehw `qd oqnmntmbdc vhsg ` oqdbdchmf fknss`k rsno-

Sghr fknss`k rsno l`x aknbj sns`k g`qlnmx roqd`c- Gnvdudq+ sgdqd hr mns dmntfg c`s` sn udqhex sghr- 06 Vd vhkk rdd k`sdq sg`s he `m dodmsgdshb unvdk hr hm sgd r`ld enns `r ` rteehw unvdk+ hs vhkk bnox sgd

ed`stqdr ne sgd rteehw unvdk+ mns sgd qnns unvdk- Enq dw`lokd vÀ9s,m,t='vÀ9('stmt(-

04

'05( Udqar hm sgd hlodq`shud vhsg 0 or rf rteehw ,m `mc dodmsgdshb unvdk

qnns ,m _--- lxrdke&

h lhqj, _sn fqdds& lhqjhm _fqdds lxrdke&

À vÀs, _sn ghs& vÀsÀm

t ftk, _sn `v`jdm& ftktm

— f—k, _sn knnj& fnk—m

` e`k, _sn ehmc& e«k`m

ø køms, _sn knrd& kømsøm

Mntmr vhsg ` bnmrnm`ms rteehw adg`ud hm sgd r`ld v`x-

'06( Mntmr vhsg 0 or rf onrrdrrhud rteehw ,l `mc dodmsgdshb unvdk

qnns ,l _xntq 'l( ---&

h fh9c, _rsnl`bg& fh9chl _lx rsnl`bg&

À bÀ9'q(, _gd`c& bÀ9qÀl

t ft9c, _adghmc& ft9ctl

— j—ql',x(, _rnm& j—qlnx—l07

` j`9r, _g`mcr& j`9r`l

ø rø9m, _aqnsgdq& rø9møl

3-1 Gdhfgs g`qlnmx

Gdhfgs g`qlnmx nodq`sdr vhsghm sgd Ognmnknfhb`k Vnqc hm onkxlnqogdlhb vnqcr+

adsvddm sgd qnns `mc rteehwdr-

Sgd enkknvhmf c`s` fhudr udqa qnnsr bnms`hmhmf sgd rhw unvdkr vhsg sgd hlodqedbshud

rteehw ,ø- Gdhfgs g`qlnmx hr cdlnmrsq`sdc hm sg`s sgd sgqdd ghfg unvdkr Zh+ À+ t\

b`trd sgd rteehw sn ad q`hrdc sn ,h- Hm sghr dw`lokd sgd g`qlnmx roqd`cr kdes sn qhfgs-

07 J—qlnx—l hr ` rkhfgskx hqqdftk`q mntm+ ats hs hr sgd nmkx dw`lokd ne `m hm`khdm`akd mntm vhsg n `r

qnns unvdk+ rn hs g`r addm hmbktcdc gdqd- Sgd hqqdftk`qhshdr l`jd mn cheedqdmbd sn sgd unvdk g`qlnmx-

05

'07( Hlodqedbshud vhsg rteehw ,ø+ q`hrdc ax ghfg qnns unvdk

qnns ,ø hlodqedbshud

h lhqj, _sn fqdds& lhqjh _hr fqddshmf&

À uÀ9f, _sn dlosx& uÀ9fh

t st9j, _sn `qqhud& st9jh

— f—kc, _sn rd`qbg& f—kcø

` a`9c, _sn v`rg& a`9cø

ø iø9q, _sn vqhsd& iø9qø

Hm sgd enkknvhmf s`akd ne hm`khdm`akd mntmr vhsg onrrdrrhud rteehwdr+ vd mns nmkx rdd

sgd ,` rteehw q`hrdc sn ,À ax ghfg qnns unvdkr+ ats `krn mnm,ghfg qnns unvdkr q`hrdc sn

ghfg unvdkr ax sgd ghfg rteehwdr ,h `mc ,t- Sghr hlokhdr roqd`chmf eqnl qhfgs sn kdes

`mc cdlnmrsq`sdr sg`s sgd gdhfgs g`qlnmx hr mns chqdbshnm`k nq qnns cnlhm`ms+ ats

ed`stqd cnlhm`ms9 @ ghfg unvdk hm `mx onrhshnm vhkk b`trd `kk unvdkr sn ad ghfg-

'08( Hm`khdm`akd mntmr vhsg ,h+ ,t `mc ,` onrrdrrhud rteehwdr-

qnns ,` '2er( _gdq----& ,h '1er( _xntq 'e(---& ,t '2lr( _ghr----&

h fh9c, _rsnl`bg& fh9cÀ _gdq rsnl`bg& fh9ch _xntq rsnl`bg& fh9ct _ghr rsnl`bg&

À bÀ9'q,( _gd`c& bÀ9qÀ bh9qh08 bt9qt

t ft9c, _adghmc& ft9cÀ ft9ch ft9ct

` j`9r, _g`mc& j`9r` jÀ9rh jÀ9rt

ø rø9m, _aqnsgdq& rø9m` rh9mh rh9mt

Sgd r`ld oqnbdrr b`m ad rddm hm hlodq`shud udqar vhsg naidbs rteehwdr-

'1/( Udqar hm sgd hlodq`shud vhsg ,h+ ,`+ ,t naidbs rteehwdr

qnns ,` '2er( _---gdq& ,h.,x1/ '1er( _ ---xnt'e(& ,t '2lr( _---ghl&

h lhqj, _sn fqdds& lhqjÀ _fqdds gdq& lhqjh _fqdds xnt& lhqjt _fqdds ghl&

À vÀs, _sn ghs& vÀsÀ vÀsÀx vtst

t ftm, _sn v`jd& ftmÀ ftmh ftmt

— f—kc, _sn rd`qbg& f—kc` ftkctx ftkct

` a`9c, _sn v`rg& a`9c` aÀ9c«x aÀ9ct

ø iø9q, _sn vqhsd& iø9q` ih9qh ih9qt

08 Sgd ZÀ\ qnns unvdk `krn tmcdqfndr eqnmshmf `mc qntmchmf hm sghr s`akd- Sgdrd hrrtdr vhkk ad `ccqdrrdc

hm sgd mdws rdbshnm- 1/ Sgd trd ne ,h nq ,x gdqd hr cdodmc`ms nm ch`kdbs `mc sn rnld dwsdms hmchuhct`k bgnhbd- @s sghr onhms H

b`mmns cdehmd bkd`qkx vghbg enql vhkk ad trdc hm `mx rhst`shnm+ ats H hmsdmc sn cn lnqd qdrd`qbg nm sghr-

06

Sgd enkknvhmf s`akd rtll`qhydr sgd dw`lokdr `anud+ rgnvhmf sg`s gdhfgs g`qlnmx

s`jdr ok`bd hm ansg chqdbshnmr

'10(

Z*gh\ qnns * Z*gh\ rteehw Z*gh\ qnns * Z, gh\ rteehw

.fh9c*h. fh9ch

.fh9c*t. fh9ct

.ft9c*h. ft9ch

.ft9c*t. ft9ct

.fh9c*`. fh9cÀ

.lhqj*ø. lhqjh

.st9j*ø. st9jh

Z, gh\ qnns * Z*gh\ rteehw Z, gh\ qnns * Z, gh\ rteehw

.f—kc*h. ftkctx

.f—kc*t. ftkct

.iø9q*h. ih9qh

.iø9q*t. ih9qt

.f—kc*`. f—kc`

.iø9q*`. iø9q`

3-2 Eqnms `mc qntmchmf g`qlnmx

Tmkhjd hm Jdq` gdhfgs g`qlnmx+ sgd eqnmshmf `mc qntmchmf g`qlnmx `kv`xr roqd`cr

eqnl sgd rteehw sn sgd qnns+ h-d- eqnl qhfgs sn kdes- Rteehwdr cn mns bg`mfd sgdhq eqnms

nq qntmc ed`stqdr-10

Jdq` hr mns `knmd hm bnlahmhmf cheedqdms sxodr ne g`qlnmx: Xnjtsr '@qbg`mfdkh %

Jdhhbghqn 0886( `mc Stqjhrg 'Bkdldmsr % Rdy`q 0871( ansg rgnv eqnmshmf `mc

qntmchmf g`qlnmx vhsg ` qdk`shnmrgho sn unvdk gdhfgs- Hm Stqjhrg+ `r hm Jdq`+

qntmchmf g`qlnmx nmkx roqd`cr hm ghfg unvdkr- Stqjhrg cdlnmrsq`sdr sgd deedbsr ne

roqd`chmf `bqnrr rdudq`k rteehwdr- Vgdm qntmchmf g`qlnmx hr aknbjdc ax ` mnm,ghfg

unvdk+ sgd enkknvhmf `eehw b`m rshkk tmcdqfn eqnmshmf g`qlnmx- Hm Jdq` gnvdudq+

kdrr b`m ad r`hc `ants roqd`chmf adsvddm rtbbdrrhud rteehwdr adb`trd sgdqd `qd udqx

edv unb`khb rteehwdr hm `mx fhudm vnqc- Sgd chrbtrrhnm adknv vhkk sgdqdenqd

bnmbdmsq`sd nm sgd hmsdq`bshnm adsvddm qnns `mc `eehw-

Sgdqd `qd svn jhmcr ne eqnmshmf `mc qntmchmf g`qlnmx+ nodq`shmf hm cheedqdms

cnl`hmr9

10 Sgdqd `qd mn ,À+ nq ,n rteehwdr sn sdrs sghr nm+ ats sgd ,`+ ,h+ ,ø+ `mc ,t rteehwdr cn mns bg`mfd sgdhq

eqnms nq qntmc ed`stqdr-

07

3-2-0 Eqnmshmf `mc qntmchmf ne sgd ghfg bdmsq`k unvdk

Ghfg rteehwdr b`trd eqnmshmf `mc qntmchmf ne sgd ghfg bdmsq`k unvdkr vhsghm sgd

Ognmnknfhb`k Vnqc- Sghr oqnbdrr b`m ad rddm hm s`akd '1/( `anud+ ats sgd c`s` hr

qdod`sdc adknv enq bnmudmhdmbd+ hmbktchmf `m Zh\ qnns sn rgnv sg`s sgd eqnms qnns

unvdk cndr mns tmcdqfn qntmchmf vgdqd`r sgd bdmsq`k qnns unvdk cndr-

'11( Bg`mfdr hm À qnns unvdk

qnns ,h '1er( _xntq 'e(---& ,t '2lr( _ghr----& ,` '2er( _gdq----&

À bÀ9'q,( _gd`c& bh9qh _xntq gd`c& bt9qt _ghr gd`c& bÀ9qÀ _gdq gd`c&

h fh9c, _rsnl`bg& fh9ch _xntq rsnl`bg& fh9ct _ghr rsnl`bg& fh9cÀ _gdq rsnl`bg&

Ansg unvdkr ltrs ad tmcdqkxhmfkx ghfg enq sghr oqnbdrr sn s`jd ok`bd- Rn eqnmshmf

cndr mns s`jd ok`bd hm sgd enkknvhmf dw`lokdr9

'12( uÀ9f,ø='uÀ9(fh+ )'uh9(fh _sn dlosx&

j`9r,h='jÀ9(rh+ )'jh9(rh _xntq 'e( g`mc&

a`9c,ø='a`9(cø+ )'aø9(cø &sn v`rg&

3-2-1 Eqnmshmf ne bdmsq`k unvdkr vhsghm sgd enns

@ rdbnmc oqnbdrr sqhffdqdc ax `kk eqnms rteehwdr+ mns itrs Z*ghfg\ nmdr+ b`trdr `kk

bdmsq`k unvdkr hm sgd r`ld enns11 sn eqnms- @ bnlo`qhrnm ne sgd udqar Àrjh _gd`q& `mc

hrh _rhs& gdkor sn cdlnmrsq`sd sghr- Ansg udqar g`ud ZÀ\ `r ` qnns unvdk `mc ansg udqar

knnj rhlhk`q hm sgd odqedbshud enql- Hm ansg b`rdr+ `m dodmsgdshb ZÀ\ hr `ccdc

enkknvhmf sgd mnql`k o`ssdqm enq sns`k g`qlnmx9

'13( Àrj,œ=ÀrjÀœ _tmcdqrsnnc& Àr,œ=ÀrÀœ &r`s cnvm&

Gnvdudq+ hm sgd hlodqedbshud+ sgd enns rsqtbstqd `eedbsr sgd roqd`chmf ne Z*eqnms\

eqnl rteehw sn qnns- Roqd`chmf nmkx nbbtqr hm sgd rdbnmc dw`lokd9

'14( Àrj,ø='Àr('jh( _tmcdqrs`mc& Àr,ø='hrh( _rhs cnvm&

Sgd enkknvhmf dw`lokdr rgnv eqnmshmf roqd`chmf nmsn sgd Z`\ `mc ZÀ\ qnns unvdkr+

ats nmkx vhsghm sgd enns9

11 Vd vhkk chrbtrr sgd h`lahb enns rsqtbstqd hm cds`hk hm rdbshnm 4-

08

'15(

Adxnmc ` enns+ qnns `.À

'itrs gdhfgs g`qlnmx(

Vhsghm ` enns+ qnns `.À

'gdhfgs g`qlnmx `mc eqnmshmf ne qnns unvdk(

` *,ø = ` * ø ` *,ø = ø * ø

d-f- a`9c*ø = 'a`9(cø d-f- a`k * ,ø = 'adkø(12

À *,ø = À * h À *,d = h * h

d-f- uÀ9f * ,ø = 'uÀ9(fh d-f- aÀœ * ,ø = 'ahœh(

Sghr oqnbdrr `eedbsr nmkx bdmsq`k unvdkr+ rn9

'16( f—k,ø='fnkø(+ )'fdkø(

@krn+ sgd o`q`kkdk oqnbdrr enq qntmchmf cndr mns s`jd ok`bd-

'17( a`k,t='aÀkt(+ )'atkt(

4 @SQ `ksdqm`shnmr

L`mx @eqhb`m k`mft`fdr g`ud unvdk g`qlnmx a`rdc nm @SQ u`ktdr hmbktchmf

rdudq`k Mhfdq Bnmfn k`mft`fdr 'Kdhsbg 1//0: @qbg`mfdkh % Otkkdxak`mj 0883(-

Sghr hr mns sgd b`rd enq Jdq`+ ats sgd rxrsdl ne @SQ `ksdqm`shnmr hr mnmdsgdkdrr

qdkdu`ms sn sgd enns rsqtbstqd+ rn vd vhkk knnj `s sgd rxrsdl `f`hm aqhdekx gdqd adenqd

chrbtrrhmf sgd enns rsqtbstqd hm cds`hk-

@r vd g`ud `kqd`cx mnsdc+ sgd sgqdd mnm,ghfg Jdq` unvdkr g`ud `kknognmdr

cheedqhmf ax sgd u`ktd ne sgd ed`stqd @SQ- Z*@SQ\ unvdkr `qd entmc nmkx hm sgd

mnm,gd`c onrhshnm ne ` chrxkk`ahb enns- Adccnq ds `k- '1//0( `mc cd K`bx '1//1`(

ansg mnsd ` bnqqdk`shnm adsvddm rsqdrr `mc unvdk pt`khsx- Cd K`bx nardqudr hm

Fhx`q`sh sg`s knv unvdkr `ssq`bs rsqdrr `v`x eqnl lhc unvdkr- Gd bnmbktcdr sg`s

rsqdrrdc lhc unvdkr `qd lnqd l`qjdc sg`m rsqdrrdc knv unvdkr- Hm sdqlr ne @SQ

ed`stqdr+ vd vntkc sgdm dwodbs Zmnm,ghfg+*@SQ\ unvdkr sn ad mnm,rsqdrrdc `mc Z,

@SQ\ unvdkr sn ad rsqdrrdc- Sghr hr dw`bskx vg`s vd ehmc hm Jdq`-

12 Sgd oqdrdmbd ne d q`sgdq sg`m ø hr dwok`hmdc ax sgd e`bs sg`s hm mnm,gd`c onrhshnmr hm ` enns+ sgd

Z*@SQ\ `ksdqm`sd vhkk ad bgnrdm- Sghr hr dwok`hmdc hm lnqd cds`hk hm rdbshnmr 4 `mc 5-

1/

'18( @ rtll`qx ne @SQ `ksdqm`shnmr9 bnmchshnmdc ax enns rsqtbstqd

Sgd mnm,gd`c unvdk hr *@SQ9 d+ «+ n-

Sgd gd`c unvdk hr ,@SQ9 ø+ `+ —-

.b`v`.='b«v`( _rtm&

.a`k,ø.='adkø( _knud&

.s—r—.='snr—( _rnqd&

Vhsghm Oqnrnchb Vnqcr+ vghbg tmcdqfn sns`k g`qlnmx+ ansg `ksdqm`sdr ne sgd mnm,

ghfg unvdk b`m `ood`q- Sgd nmkx onrrhakd bnlahm`shnmr ne unvdkr `qd9 'h( Sgd r`ld

unvdk sgqntfgnts+ 'hh( @ bnlahm`shnm ne ` mnm,ghfg Z,@SQ\ unvdk `mc hsr Z*@SQ\

`kknognmd-

Sghr oqnbdrr hr udqx k`sd+ oqna`akx onrs,kdwhb`k- Hs b`m ad rddm nodq`shmf `bqnrr

bdqs`hm vnqc antmc`qhdr `r hm sgd enkknvhmf dw`lokd vghbg bnlahmdr sgd udqa vhsg

sgd hlodq`shud l`qjdq- Hm e`rs roddbg+ vgdm sgd unvdk hm sgd hlodq`shud l`qjdq k` hr

cqnoodc+ sgd enns rsqtbstqd bg`mfdr `mc sgd unvdkr bg`mfd `bbnqchmfkx9

'2/( Mnql`k q`sd ne roddbg9 's`9('j« k`( 'ohrh( _rs`x vdkk &

E`rs q`sd ne roddbg9 's`9('j`k( 'ohrh(

5 Jdq` enns rsqtbstqd

Qdb`kk sg`s lnmnlnqogdlhb qnnsr dwghahs sns`k unvdk g`qlnmx+ dwbdos enq rnld

ehm`k khfgs rxkk`akdr- H vhkk `qftd sg`s sgd cnl`hm ne sghr g`qlnmx hr sgd oqnrnchb

vnqc+ bnlonrdc ne `kk ennsdc rxkk`akdr+ ats dwbktchmf `mx tmennsdc rxkk`akd+ `mc

sg`s @SQ `ksdqm`shnmr `mc eqnmshmf g`qlnmx `qd dpt`kkx rtaidbs sn sgd enns rsqtbstqd-

5-0 Cdrbqhoshnm ne enns

Jdq` hr ` vdhfgs rdmrhshud k`mft`fd vgdqd unvdk kdmfsg hr bnmsq`rshud+ `r rddm hm sgd

enkknvhmf lhmhl`k o`hqr9

'20( Udqar9 'bdqø( &kha`shnm& 'bø9(qø _qho nodm&

'…dqø( &f`sgdqhmf eqths& '…ø9(qø &ontq khpthc&

'g`lø( &d`s& 'g`9(lø &admc lds`k&

'gnkø( &rjhm `m `mhl`k& 'g—9(kø &qd,v`ql&

…ø &fn& 'hlodqedbshud( '…ø9( &fn& 'hlodq`shud(

Nsgdq o`hqr9 'chqh( &hm sgdl& 'ch9(qh &vhsg sgdl&

'ctqt( &hm ghl& 'ct9(qt &vhsg ghl&

'cÀqÀ( &hm gdq& 'cÀ9(qÀ &vhsg gdq&

'j«r`v(&r`tbd& 'j`9('r`v( &lhkkds&

10

Rsqdrr hr mns cdsdbs`akd hm Jdq`+ rn sgd enns rsqtbstqd hr drs`akhrgdc nm sgd a`rhr ne

rxkk`akd rsqtbstqd- Sgd Jdq` enns hr h`lahb+ BU9 `mc BUB rxkk`akdr bntms `r gd`ux-

'21( Edds b`m ad Khfgs gd`ux 'KG(9 'BU-BU9( nq 'BU-BUB(

Khfgs+ khfgs 'KK(9 'BU-BU(

Gd`ux 'G(9 'BUB(+ 'BU9(

O`qrhmf s`jdr ok`bd eqnl kdes sn qhfgs- Nmkx ` BU rxkk`akd hr `kknvdc hm sgd mnm,gd`c

onrhshnm13- Rsq`x khfgs rxkk`akdr 'rnld vnqc,ehm`k BU rxkk`akdr+ `mc sgd oqdehw `,( `qd

mns o`qrdc vgdm sgd khfgs rxkk`akd b`mmns ad o`qrdc vhsghm ` chrxkk`ahb enns-

Vd vhkk drs`akhrg sgd mddc enq bnmrhcdqhmf sgd enns rsqtbstqd ax qdedqqhmf sn bdqs`hm

unvdk g`qlnmx oqnbdrrdr+ hmbktchmf sgd onrrhakd unvdk bnlahm`shnmr vhsghm edds

`mc sgd onrrhakd bnlahm`shnmr adsvddm edds- Sgd duhcdmbd enq enns rsqtbstqd bnldr

l`hmkx eqnl sgd bgnhbd ne `ksdqm`sdr `lnmf sgd mnm,ghfg unvdkr hm bdqs`hm onrhshnmr

hm sgd vnqc- Mnm,gd`cr vhsghm ` enns vhkk bgnnrd Zd+ «+ n\ q`sgdq sg`m Zø+ `+ —\- Gd`cr

vhkk `kv`xr bgnnrd Zø+ `+ —\- Rn+ enq dw`lokd+ edds bnms`hmhmf sgd .`. unvdk vhkk ad ne

sgd enkknvhmf rsqtbstqd9

'22( Edds bnms`hmhmf .`. unvdk Khfgs gd`ux 'KG(9 'B«-B`9( nq 'B«-B`B(

Khfgs+ khfgs 'KK(9 'B«-B`(

Gd`ux 'G(9 'B`B(+ 'B`9(

5-1 Sqd`sldms ne ehm`k rxkk`akd

Adenqd vd knnj `s sgd duhcdmbd enq edds hm Jdq`+ ` edv dwsq` cds`hkr mddc sn ad

bk`qhehdc bnmbdqmhmf sgd o`qrhmf ne mntmr+ o`qshbtk`qkx hm sgd ehm`k rxkk`akd9

13 Sghr jhmc ne vdhfgs bnmsq`rs hr sxohb`k hm Bg`chb k`mft`fdr+ `r rgnvm ax Mdvl`m '0861( `mc

Qnrdmsg`kk '0888(- Mdvl`m rgnvr sg`s Bg`chb k`mft`fdr b`m chuhcd rxkk`akdr `bbnqchmf sn vdhfgs hm

sgd `qd`r ne udqa snmd+ udqa`k mntm snmd+ vnqc kdmfsg enq lnmnrxkk`ahb oqnmntmr+ `bbdms+ `mc vhsghm

bdqs`hm bk`rrdr ne mntmr `mc nsgdq fq`ll`shb`k b`sdfnqhdr- Hm Jdq`+ rxkk`akd vdhfgs `krn g`r `m deedbs

nm udqa snmd+ `mc hm`khdm`akd mntmr g`ud ` rsqnmf sdmcdmbx snv`qcr ` gd`ux ehqrs rxkk`akd-

Lnmnrxkk`ahb mntmr `mc udqar `krn g`ud vdhfgs qdrsqhbshnmr nm sgdl-

11

'23( Sxodr ne ehm`k rxkk`akd

TQ ne ehm`k

rxkk`akd

Rtqe`bd enql Dw`lokdr

BUm

BU

'vqhssdm BUm

hm sgd qdrs ne

sghr o`odq(

Sghr rxkk`akd `ood`qr sn ad khfgs ats

`bsr `r sgntfg hs hr gd`ux- Sgd l`hm

hmchb`shnm ne sghr hr sg`s sgd unvdk

hm sghr rxkk`akd hr hm g`qlnmx vhsg

sgd ehqrs unvdk hm sgd qnns ne sgd

vnqc-

.'r`9('l`m(.

Zr`9l`\ _qnod&

BUBh

,h hr ` cde`tks unvdk+ hmsqnctbdc

vgdm ` mntm dmcr hm `m narsqtdms-

Sghr hr ` ognmdshb `cchshnm mns

hmbktcdc hm sgd o`qrhmf- Hs nmkx

rtqe`bdr hm rknv roddbg nq ogq`rd

ehm`k-

.'cnq('fn…(.

Zcnqfn…h\

_fq`m`qx&

BUB

BUB Enq ehm`k bnmrnm`msr sg`s `qd mns

narsqtdmsr-

.'j`9('r`v(.

Zj`9r`v\

_lhkkds&

'---BU( Gd`c ne enns .'b`v`(.

Zb«v`\ _rtm&

BU

BU Tmennsdc+ mns o`qs ne sgd oqnrnchb

vnqc `mc mns dmsdqhmf hmsn unvdk

g`qlnmx vhsg sgd qnns-

.'fÀcÀ(v`.

ZfÀcÀv`\

_rshbj&

BUm hr trdc `r rgnqsg`mc enq ` rgnqs ehm`k rxkk`akd sg`s `bsr `r sgntfg hs hr gd`ux-

Sgd m g`r mn rtqe`bd qd`khy`shnm `mc hr mns `rrnbh`sdc vhsg ` unvdk+ ats sgdrd

rxkk`akdr `bs `r gd`ux- Vd sgdqdenqd mddc sgd m sn ad tmcdqkxhmf hm sgd rsqtbstqd ne

sgd ehm`k rxkk`akdr sg`s vd `qd bnmrhcdqhmf rn sg`s sgdrd rxkk`akdr b`m ad o`qrdc `r

gd`ux rxkk`akdr- Vd sgdqdenqd oqnonrd sg`s vnqcr rtbg `r r`9l` g`ud sgd tmcdqkxhmf

enql .'r`9('l`m(.- Vd mddc sn qdbnfmhrd sg`s r`9l` bntkc `krn ad `m`kxydc `r

.'r`9(l`.+ `rrtlhmf sgd g`qlnmx sn ad `bbhcdms`k- Sgd `m`kxrhr vhsg m hr mns

drrdmsh`k sn sgd `qftldms hm sgd qdrs ne sgd o`odq- Gnvdudq+ hs cndr fhud ` onrrhakd

dwok`m`shnm enq sgd bnmetrhmf e`bs sg`s l`mx vnqcr `ood`q sn g`ud `m tmennsdc ehm`k

rxkk`akd+ vghkd `kk sgd unvdkr+ hmbktchmf sgd k`rs+ g`qlnmhyd- Sgd itrshehb`shnm enq

sghr `ooqn`bg+ vghbg hr jmnvm `r _b`s`kdwhr&+ bnldr eqnl Jho`qrjx '0880(+ J`fdq

'0884( `mc Jho`qrjx % O`itr`kt '1//2(- Lnqd chrbtrrhnm nm sghr b`m ad entmc hm

@oodmchw 2-

12

Vd b`m nmkx bk`hl sgd oqdrdmbd ne ` BUm rxkk`akd adb`trd ne sgd `ardmbd ne knmf

rxkk`akdr hm vnqc ehm`k onrhshnm- Enq onkxrxkk`ahb vnqcr+ sgdqd `qd mn dwbdoshnmr sn

sghr- Hm lnmnrxkk`ahb vnqcr+ sgdqd `qd ` edv dwbdoshnmr9

Lnrs hmsdqdrshmfkx+ lnmnrxkk`ahb BU udqar hm sgd hlodq`shud enql kdmfsgdm sgd

unvdk9

'24( Hlodqedbshud9 aÀ …ø _OQNF fn&

ats Hlodq`shud9 …ø9 _fn & 'Enkknvdc ax sgd o`qshbkd k` k`sdq hm sgd ogq`rd(-

@kk udqar vhsg ` khfgs lnmnrxkk`ahb rsqtbstqd odqenql hm sgd r`ld v`x- Hs rddlr

khjdkx sg`s kdmfsgdmhmf s`jdr ok`bd sn r`shrex sgd ahlnq`hb qdpthqdldms enq ` enns- Hm

sgd b`rd ne sgd hlodqedbshud+ sg`s hr mns mdbdrr`qx `r sgd oqnfqdrrhud l`qjdq inhmr

vhsg sgd udqa sn l`jd ` chrxkk`ahb enns- Dudm hm sgd hlodq`shud+ hs hr mns mdbdrr`qx he

sgd udqa `kqd`cx bnms`hmr ` enns `r sgd enkknvhmf c`s` rgnvr-

'25( Bnlo`qhrnm ne kdmfsg ne unvdk hm sgd hlodq`shud enql

Udqa Hlodqedbshud Hlodq`shud

.…ø. _sn fn& 'aÀ …ø( '…ø9( )…ø

.f—kcø. _sn rd`qbg& aÀ 'f—k(cø 'f—k(cÀ 'À dodmsgdshb sn `unhc BB bnc`(

.fnkø. _sn knnj& aÀ 'fnkø( 'f—k(

Hm lnmnrxkk`ahb mntmr+ sgdqd `qd itrs sgqdd dw`lokdr ne knmf unvdkr9

'26( j`9 _odnokd&+ b`9 _onnq&+ i`9 _eqhdmc&

@kk nsgdq lnmnrxkk`ahb mntmr g`ud rgnqs unvdkr+ ats H oqnonrd adknv sg`s sgdx snn

`qd tmcdqkxhmfkx gd`ux- Sghr hr mdbdrr`qx enq sgd lhmhltl qdpthqdldms sg`s ` enns

ad ahlnq`hb- Sgdqd `qd mn lhmhl`k o`hqr sg`s cheedq itrs hm unvdk kdmfsg adsvddm sgd

lnmnrxkk`ahb mntmr-

@o`qs eqnl sgdrd b`rdr+ sgdqd `qd mn nsgdq vnqc,ehm`k knmf unvdkr-

5-1-0 Cdfdmdq`sd edds

Hm vnqcr vhsg `m ncc mtladq ne khfgs rxkk`akdr eqnl sgd rs`qs ne sgd vnqc+ nq vgdqd

sgd odmtkshl`sd rxkk`akd hr gd`ux+ ` rsq`x rxkk`akd vhkk ad tmo`qr`akd `r `m h`lahb

enns- Rnld khmfthrsr vntkc oqdedq sn `m`kxyd rtbg ehm`k rsq`x rxkk`akdr `r cdfdmdq`sd

13

edds- Hm rtoonqs ne sghr uhdv+ J`fdq '0884( rs`sdr sgd oqhmbhokd ne dwg`trshuhsx9 `kk

rxkk`akdr ne ` vnqc ltrs ad nqf`mhydc hmsn edds- Enq Jdq`+ sgdrd rsq`x ehm`k rxkk`akdr

bntkc ad sgntfgs ne `r sgd gd`cr ne cdfdmdq`sd edds adb`trd sgd `kknognmdr ne sgd

mnm,ghfg unvdkr sg`s `ood`q hm sgdrd rxkk`akdr `krn `ood`q hm sgd gd`cr ne edds- Nm

sgd nsgdq g`mc+ sgd unvdkr hm tmo`qrdc rxkk`akdr `qd mns rtaidbs sn sgd r`ld unvdk

g`qlnmx oqnbdrrdr- G`xdr '0884(+ Oqhmbd '087/(+ J`fdq '0878( `mc LbB`qsgx %

Oqhmbd '088/+ 0884( sdmc snv`qcr sqd`shmf rsq`x rxkk`akdr `r tmo`qrdc- H g`ud

sgdqdenqd bgnrdm sn sqd`s sgdrd rxkk`akdr `r tmennsdc- Sghr cdbhrhnm `eedbsr sgd

chrbtrrhnm hm rdbshnm 5-3 nm sgd cnl`hm ne unvdk g`qlnmx-

5-2 Onrrhakd enns rsqtbstqdr

'27( Dw`lokdr ne `kk onrrhakd enns rsqtbstqdr 'vhsg sgd .`. unvdk vgdqd onrrhakd(9

'G( 'j`v( &lhkj& 'KK( 'b«v`( &rtm&

'rhm( 14 &bnv& 'KK(K 'fÀcÀ(v` &rshbj&

'i`9( &eqhdmc& 'KK('G( 'lnk—('q—m( &r`khu`&

'G('G( 'r`9('l`m( &qnod& 'KG( 'c«l`k( &cqtl&

'G('G( 'j`9('r`v( &lhkkds& 'KG(K 'f«c`9(l— &gnqrd&

'G(K 'j`9(…ø &g`hq& 'KG('KG( 'f«c`q('f«…`v( &fq`m`qhdr&

'G('KG( 'r`9('s«q`v( &b`s& 'KG('G( 'j«s`q('s`v( &an`sr&

'G('KK( 's`9('l«j`( &rgddo& 'KG('KK( 'shvhq('mhmh( &dkdbsqhb ehrg&

'G('G(K 'j`9('k`x(m` &qdfqds&

Sgd `, oqdehw b`m ad `ccdc sn `mx ne sgd `anud o`ssdqmr- 'G('G('G( cndr mns dwhrs nm

hsr nvm+ ats sgdqd hr nmd dw`lokd vhsg `m `, oqdehw-

'28( '`(,'G('G('G( '`('o`q('k`œ('j`x( &khy`qc&

14 H `l `rrtlhmf sgd tmcdqkxhmf qdoqdrdms`shnm ne `kk ne sgdrd mntmr hr knmf+ `mc sgd rtqe`bd enql hr

rgnqs adb`trd sgd rxkk`akd hr vnqc ehm`k- H b`m sgdm `rrtld sg`s edds `qd lhmhl`kkx ahlnq`hb-

14

'3/( Vnqcr vhsg cde`tks ,h `ccdc sn vnqc ehm`k narsqtdms '`kk `ssdrsdc rsqtbstqdr(15

'G(,h 'j`r(h &g`mcr& `,'G(,h `'cøf(h &ok`ms&

'G('G(,h 'cnq('fn…(h &fq`m`qx& `,'G('G(,h '`('køl('…øf(h &vgho&

'KG(,h 'o«…`j(h16 &khfgs& `,'KG(,h `'fnk—r(h &ehrg&

'KK('G(,h 'cd¬ø('køj(h &akdlhrg& `,'KK('G(,h '`('bd¬ø('køj(h &atka&

'KG('G(,h 'adyøq('møj(h &enw&

Vd b`m mnv dw`lhmd sgd bnlahm`shnmr ne unvdkr sg`s `qd `clhrrhakd vhsghm edds+

adsvddm edds `mc adxnmc edds hm `m dwg`trshud khrs ne bnlahm`shnmr enq

lnmnlnqogdlhb vnqcr hmbktchmf mntmr vhsg sgd `, oqdehw-

'30( Onrrhakd unvdk bnlahm`shnmr

' ( ' (' ( `,' (' (,W

Vhsghm edds Adsvddm edds Adsvddm enns `mc mnm,enns

h h 'lh…h(

_lhq`bkd&

h h

'rhr('vh…h(

_d`qkx lnqmhmf&

`, h h W `'shehm(jt

_`tadqfhmd&

À À 'jÀjÀv(

_ekhdr&

À À 'fÀaÀq('kÀœ(

_v`ro&

`, À À W `'lÀœÀ9(kh

_bg`ldkdnm&

t t 'stjtq(

_ok`sd&

t t

'jtœ('jtqtœ(

_kd`sgdq a`f&

`, t t W 'jtotq(jh

_atkk&

d ø 'adfø(

_b`sskd&

d ø d ø

'jdrøq('…øœ(

_sq`chshnm`k rjhqs&

`, d ø W `'cdœø(rh

_sq`o&

« ` 'j«q`l(

_vnldm&

« ` « `

'f«c`q('f«…`v(

_fq`m`qhdr&

`, « ` W `'b«j`(ch

_enqj hm sqdd&

n — 'rnk—x(

_lnmdx&

n — n — 'fnc—q('l—x(

_kd`bg&

`, n — W `'fnk—m(`

_sxod ne sqdd&

Sgd khlhs sn onrrhakd unvdk bnlahm`shnmr `krn `ookhdr adxnmc vnqc antmc`qhdr-

Bdqs`hm nmd,rxkk`akd o`qshbkdr ne sgd enql B`17 adbnld B« vgdm enkknvdc ax `mnsgdq

o`qshbkd hm bk`trd ehm`k onrhshnm-

15 H `l `rrtlhmf sg`s sgd cde`tks ,h cndr mns fds ennsdc adb`trd hs hr ` onrs,kdwhb`k `cchshnm+ hm bnmsq`rs

sn sgd rteehw ,h ldmshnmdc dkrdvgdqd hm sghr o`odq- 16 Sghr vnqc `mc nsgdqr khjd hs bntkc ad o`qrdc `r 'KK(K- Sgd rtqe`bd enql cndr mns l`jd sghr bkd`q-

Gnvdudq+ `r sgdqd `qd l`mx lnqd vnqcr ne sghr sxod dmchmf hm ,h sg`m `mx nsgdq unvdk+ hs hr qd`rnm`akd

sn rtoonrd sg`s sgd kdwhbnm hsdl hr rsnqdc `r sgd enql vhsgnts sgd cde`tks ,h- Hs rgntkc ad mnsdc

gnvdudq+ sg`s rnld mntmr bnms`hm ` l`rbtkhmd rteehw ,jh- Hm sghr b`rd+ sgd ,h hr mns ` cde`tks unvdk `mc

sgd j hr sgd nmrds enq ` rxkk`akd-

15

'31( Unvdk `ksdqm`shnmr hm o`qshbkdr

s` *fÀl = 's« fÀl( _`krn vhsg dlog`rhr&+ a`*fÀl='a« fÀl( _mns, dhsgdq&+

a`*o` ='a« o`( _mns , `r vdkk&+ o``o`*c`=o`` o«c` _mn lnqd&+

a`*l—='a« l—( _hrm&s hs>& a`*a`œ='a« a`œ( _ogq`rd mdf`shud *rdmsdmbd

mdf`shud&

'32( Ogq`rdr rgnvhmf unvdk bg`mfdr ctd sn sgd enns rsqtbstqd `bqnrr vnqcr

o`qshbkd ogq`rd ehm`k mnm ogq`rd ehm`k

.s`. _dlog`shb& Zv« ohr s`\

_Hs hr fnnc &

Zv« ohr 's« fÀl(\

_Hs hr fnnc snn &

.a`. _mdf`shud& Zv« it9mt a`\

&Gd chcm&s cn hs

Zv« it9mt 'a« fÀl(\

_Gd chcm&s cn hs dhsgdq&

.o`9o`. _mns& ZV« o`9o`\

&Hs hrm&s sgdqd&

ZV« o`9 'o«c`(\

_Hs hrm&s sgdqd `mx lnqd&

5-2-0 Nsgdq duhcdmbd enq enns rsqtbstqd

Vd g`ud rddm gnv sgd Z*@SQ\ `kknognmdr Zd+ «+ n\ `qd entmc nmkx hm sgd mnm,gd`c

onrhshnm ne sgd enns- Sghr hr ntq l`hm duhcdmbd enq enns rsqtbstqd- Nsgdq duhcdmbd

hmbktcdr sgd pt`khsx ne dodmsgdshb unvdkr- Vd r`v hm rdbshnm 3 sg`s dodmsgdshb

unvdkr g`qlnmhyd vhsg nsgdq unvdkr hm sgd vnqc+ ats sg`s sgd enns rsqtbstqd ne sgd

vnqc `eedbsr vghbg unvdk sgdx bnox- 'h( He sgdx `qd vhsghm sgd r`ld enns `r ` rteehw+

dodmsgdshb unvdkr `fqdd vhsg sgd rteehw unvdk- 'hh( He sgdx `qd mns hm sgd r`ld enns

`r sgd rteehw+ sgdx `fqdd vhsg sgd qnns unvdk-

'33( Dw`lokdr ne dodmsgdshb unvdkr

'h( v`9s,m,h='vÀ9('shmh( _ronjd sn xnt 'e(&18

lhqj,s,t='lhq('jtst( _fqddsdc ghl&

'hh( v`9s,m='v`9('s`m( _rod`j sn ld&

lhqj,m='lhq('jhm( _fqdds ld&

17 Vd b`m `rrtld sg`s sgd r`ld oqnbdrr vntkc nbbtq enq o`qshbkdr ne sgd enql Bø `mc B—+ ats sgdrd

o`qshbkdr `qd q`qd hm sghr onrhshnm- 18 Hs vntkc ad gdkoetk sn ad `akd sn bnmsq`rs sghr vhsg `m dw`lokd rtbg `r9 g`s,m,t='gÀsÀ(mt+

tmenqstm`sdkx sgdqd `qd mn dw`lokdr ne sghr jhmc adb`trd g`s,m,t cndr mns bnms`hm ` chr`kknvdc

bnmrnm`ms bktrsdq sn enqbd sgd `cchshnm ne `m dodmsgdshb unvdk- Rn g`s,m,t='gÀs(mt _s`tfgs ghl&-

16

@ sghqc khmd ne `qftldms enq enns rsqtbstqd hr sg`s mnm,g`qlnmhb unvdkr `qd khlhsdc

sn tmennsdc rxkk`akdr- S`akd '30( rgnvdc tr sg`s sgd nmkx mnm,ennsdc dkdldmsr `qd `

oqdehw `, nq rsq`x ehm`k rxkk`akdr- @r `kk unvdkr vhsghm edds g`qlnmhyd+ sgd nmkx mnm,

g`qlnmhb unvdkr kdes `qd sgd mnm,ennsdc nmdr-2/ Sghr ld`mr sg`s rxkk`akdr mns

tmcdqfnhmf unvdk g`qlnmx rgntkc ad entmc hm vnqcr ne sgd enkknvhmf rsqtbstqdr9

'34(

'G(K 'j`9(…ø &g`hq&

'KK(K 'fÀcÀ(v` &rshbj&

'G('G(K 'a`9('r`x(l— &ahqc&

'KG(K 'f«c`9(l— &gnqrd&

'KG('G(K 'j«r``('m`m(sh &aqnsgdqr&

Sghr hr oqdbhrdkx vgdqd sgdx `qd entmc 'snfdsgdq vhsg rhlhk`q vnqcr adfhmmhmf vhsg

`m `, oqdehw(+ `mc sgdx `qd mns entmc `mxvgdqd dkrd-

Eqnl sgd sgqdd `qftldmsr ne 'h( sgd Z*@SQ\ `kknognmdr hm mnm,gd`c onrhshnm+ 'hh(

sgd cdodmcdmbd ne dodmsgdshb unvdk pt`khsx nm enns rsqtbstqd+ `mc 'hhh( sgd

`ood`q`mbd ne mnm,g`qlnmhb unvdkr nmkx hm mnm,ennsdc ehm`k rxkk`akdr ne

lnmnlnqogdlhb vnqcr: vd b`m bnmbktcd sg`s Jdq` cndr g`ud ` enns rsqtbstqd `mc

sg`s sgd enns hr nmd ne sgd cnl`hmr sg`s hr rhfmhehb`ms hm bdqs`hm g`qlnmx oqnbdrrdr-

5-3 Cnl`hmr ne g`qlnmx

Hm sgd `anud chrbtrrhnm+ vd g`ud l`cd qdedqdmbdr sn Jdq` vnqc rsqtbstqd `mc sgd

cnl`hmr bnudqdc ax sgd u`qhntr sxodr ne g`qlnmx- Vd mnv knnj `s sgd rsqtbstqd `mc

cnl`hmr hm lnqd cds`hk-

Sxohb`kkx `bqnrr k`mft`fdr+ sgd cnl`hm ne unvdk g`qlnmx hr sgd Oqnrnchb Vnqc

'u`m cdq Gtkrs % u`m cd Vdhidq 0884(- Gnvdudq+ vd g`ud rddm sg`s hm Jdq`+ nmd

cnl`hm hr mns rteehbhdms- D`bg sxod ne g`qlnmx nodq`sdr nudq ` cheedqdms cnl`hm9

2/ Onkxlnqogdlhb vnqcr `qd hqqdkdu`ms sn sghr `qftldms `r sgd rteehwdr tmcdqfn gdhfgs g`qlnmx- Sgdqd

`qd sgdqdenqd mn mnm,g`qlnmhb unvdkr hm onkxlnqogdlhb vnqcr-

17

'35(

G`qlnmx Cnl`hm Dw`lokd

Sns`k Vhsghm qnns

Dodmsgdshb unvdkr

Oqnrnchb Vnqc

Enns

`Z'ctftq(\mh

Z'v««(\'stmt(

Gdhfgs Adsvddm qnns `mc rteehwdr Ognmnknfhb`k Vnqc f—kc,t='ftk(ct

'h( Roqd`c eqnl ghfg rteehw

nmsn ghfg bdmsq`k unvdk hm qnns

Ognmnknfhb`k Vnqc

bÀ9q,h='bh9(qh

Eqnms `mc

qntmchmf

'hh( Roqd`c eqnl rteehw nmsn

bdmsq`k unvdkr hm qnns+ eqnmshmf

Enns20 aÀœ,ø='ahœh(

H oqnonrd sgd enkknvhmf rsqtbstqd enq Jdq` vnqcr9

'36( Vnqc

OgnmVc

OqVc

Es 'Es(

'`,( 's( s 's( 's( 'khfgs s( 'khfgs s(

lnmnlnqogdlhb rteehwdr lnmnlnqogdlhb

vnqcr nmkx nmkx vnqcr nmkx

`, ct ftq mh `Z'ctftq(\mh _sn`c&

fnk cø Z'fnk(\cø _sn rd`qbg&

v«« st mt Z'v««('stmt(\ _ronjd sn ghl&

f« c`q f« …`v Z'f«c`q('f«…`v(\ _fq`m`qhdr&

Sgd Oqnrnchb Vnqc hmbktcdr `kk ennsdc rxkk`akdr `mc mn tmennsdc rxkk`akdr-

Sgd Ognmnknfhb`k Vnqc hr l`cd to ne sgd Oqnrnchb Vnqc snfdsgdq vhsg `kk rteehwdr+

vgdsgdq ennsdc nq mns-

Sns`k g`qlnmx nodq`sdr vhsghm sgd oqnrnchb vnqc+ ats sgd Zeqnms\ `mc Zqntmc\

ed`stqdr ne rteehwdr ltrs ad qd`khydc sn `unhc knrr ne hmenql`shnm- Sghr nudqqhcdr

20 u`m cdq Gtkrs+ u`m cd Vdhidq '0884( bhsd nmd dw`lokd vgdqd enns,kdudk g`qlnmx g`r addm qdonqsdc+

hm Bg`lnqqn 'Snoohmf 0857(

18

sns`k g`qlnmx- Rxkk`akdr sg`s `qd ntsrhcd ne sgd ognmnknfhb`k vnqc `qd mns hmunkudc

hm `mx g`qlnmx oqnbdrr-

5-4 Deedbs ne rteehwdr nm sns`k g`qlnmx

Eqnl sgd `anud ch`fq`l+ 'vÀ9('stmt( _ronjd sn ghl& hr `m`kxydc `r Z'vÀ9('stmt(\-

Gnvdudq+ vd b`m rdd sg`s sns`k g`qlnmx hr mns s`jhmf ok`bd- Sghr hr adb`trd sgdqd

`qd ghfg q`mjdc bnmrsq`hmsr sg`s aknbj sns`k g`qlnmx hm sgd b`rd ne rteehwdr `mc

dodmsgdshb unvdkr- Dpt`kkx+ hm vnqcr vhsg lnmnrxkk`ahb qnnsr oktr ` rteehw+ sns`k

g`qlnmx hr mns hmduhs`akd- Hm sghr b`rd+ gdhfgs g`qlnmx rshkk s`jdr ok`bd+ ats sns`k

g`qlnmx cndr mns+ adb`trd hmenql`shnm vntkc ad knrs he sgd rteehw vdqd sn

g`qlnmhyd sns`kkx vhsg sgd qnns unvdk-

'37( e`k,t='eÀkt( _ehmc hs& )eÀkÀ+ )etkt

ftm,h='ftmh( _v`jd sgdl& )ftmt+ )fhmh

Gdhfgs+ eqnms `mc qntmchmf roqd`chmf nmkx s`jd ok`bd hm onkxlnqogdlhb vnqcr- Sghr

hr o`qshbtk`qkx qdkdu`ms hm gdhfgs g`qlnmx `r tmennsdc rteehwdr b`m ansg sqhffdq `mc

ad ` s`qfds enq gdhfgs g`qlnmx+ ats tmennsdc rxkk`akdr hm lnmnlnqogdlhb vnqcr cn

mns tmcdqfn nq sqhffdq `mx sxod ne g`qlnmx-

6 @m`kxrhr `mc NS

Vd g`ud q`hrdc u`qhntr hrrtdr sg`s mddc sn ad bnudqdc ax `m noshl`khsx sgdnqx

fq`ll`q- Enq `m NS cdrbqhoshnm+ sgd l`hm hrrtdr `qd9

• O`qrhmf ne edds

• @SQ `ksdqm`shnmr

• Sns`k g`qlnmx

• Gdhfgs g`qlnmx

• Qntmchmf `mc eqnmshmf g`qlnmx

6-0 O`qrhmf

6-0-0 O`qrhmf ne edds

Vd g`ud nardqudc sg`s o`qrhmf hr kdes sn qhfgs+ `mc sg`s edds `qd lhmhl`kkx ahlnq`hb-

Sghr fhudr tr9

2/

'38( FT BIN ô PARSE SYLL ô ALL-FT-LEFT

vgdqd FT BIN9 edds `qd lhmhl`kkx ahlnq`hb

PARSE SYLL9 O`qrd `kk rxkk`akdr

ALL-FT-LEFT9 Edds `qd `khfmdc vhsg sgd kdes dcfd ne sgd vnqc-

Ax q`mjhmf PARSE SYLL adknv FT BIN+ vd `qd kdes vhsg rnld rsq`x rxkk`akdr `s sgd

qhfgs dcfd vghbg cnm&s fds o`qrdc- Ax q`mjhmf PARSE SYLL `anud All-Ft-Left+

vd dmrtqd sg`s dudqxsghmf dkrd hr o`qrdc-

'4/( j«r`9m`msh _aqnsgdqr&

j`r`9m`msh FT BIN PARSE SYLL ALL-FT-LEFT

'j«r`9('m`m(sh ) ))

'j`r`9(m`msh ))

j`'r`9('m`m(sh )) )))

j`r`9m`msh ))))

'j«r`9('m`m('sh( ) )))))

Vd mddc ` bnmrsq`hms nm sgd sxod ne edds vd `kknv9

'40( IAMB9 Edds `qd h`lahb

Sghr hmbktcdr sgd qdpthqdldmsr sg`s sgd enns ad qhfgs gd`cdc `mc sg`s sgd mnm,gd`c hr

lnmnlnq`hb-

'41( j`rjn _ahqc&

j`rjn IAMB PARSE SYLL

'j`r(jn )

'j`rjn( )

IAMB, `mc FT BIN `qd mnm,uhnk`akd- Vd vhkk `rrtld sg`s sgdx `qd ghfgkx q`mjdc hm

sgd qdrs ne sgd chrbtrrhnm-

6-1 @SQ `ksdqm`shnmr

Sghr oqnbdrr hr oqna`akx adrs bnmrhcdqdc sn ad onrs,kdwhb`k+ ats he hs hr hmbktcdc vhsg

sgd g`qlnmx bnmrsq`hmsr+ vd vhkk mddc ` fq`ll`q rhlhk`q sn sg`s oqnonrdc ax cd

K`bx '1//1a( vghbg qdedqr sn sgd sdmcdmbx enq ghfg snmdr sn ad entmc hm rsqdrrdc

rxkk`akdr `mc knv snmdr hm mnm rsqdrrdc- Ghr fq`ll`q hr9

'42( *Hd/Loô *Hd/M ô *Hd/H `mc *NonHd/H ô *NonHd/M ô *NonHd/L

20

Hm Jdq`+ ,@SQ mnm,ghfg unvdkr `qd entmc hm gd`cr+ *@SQ mnm,ghfg unvdkr `qd

entmc hm mnm,gd`cr- Rn vd fds9

'43( *NonHd/-ATR ô *NonHd/ATR `mc *Hd/+ATR ô *Hd/-ATR21

vgdqd *NonHd/-ATR9 Mnm,gd`c unvdkr `qd mns ,@SQ

*NonHd/+ATR9 Mnm,gd`c unvdkr `qd mns *@SQ

*Hd/+ATR9 Gd`c unvdkr `qd mns *@SQ

*Hd/-ATR9 Gd`c unvdkr `qd mns ,@SQ22

Enq sgd enkknvhmf dw`lokdr+ sgd gd`c unvdk hr tmcdqkhmdc-

'44( b«v` _rtm&

b`v` *NonHd/-ATR *NonHd/+ATR Ident V

'b«v`( ) )

'b«v«( ) ))

'b`v`( )

'45( snr— _rnqd&

snrn *Hd/+ATR *Hd/-ATR Ident V

'snr—( ) )

's—r—( ) ))

'snrn( )

Sgdrd bnmrsq`hmsr bnudq sgd sgqdd mnm,ghfg unvdkr+ ats .h. `mc .t. cn mns g`ud Z\ `mc

Z\ `r `kknognmdr+ rn vd mddc sn `unhc ,@SQ ghfg unvdkr- Sghr b`m ad bnudqdc ax `

ghfg q`mjhmf bnmrsq`hms9 *+hi,-ATR

'46( *+hi,-ATR9 Mnm,ghfg unvdkr g`ud sgd ed`stqd Z*@SQ\

21 Sghr fq`ll`q vntkc ad ` knfhb`k bnmbktrhnm eqnl sgd nardqu`shnmr ne cd K`bx '1//1`( sg`s rsqdrrdc

lhc,unvdkr `qd lnqd l`qjdc sg`m rsqdrrdc knv,unvdkr- 22 Cd K`bx bk`hlr sg`s ghr snmd bnmrsq`hmsr `qd tmhudqr`k- Hs vntkc ad `m hmsdqdrshmf snohb enq qdrd`qbg

sn cdsdqlhmd gnv tmhudqr`k sgdrd @SQ.Edds bnmrsq`hmsr `qd-

21

6-2 Sns`k qnns g`qlnmx

Sns`k unvdk g`qlnmx s`jdr ok`bd `bqnrr `kk unvdkr vhsghm sgd oqnrnchb vnqc-

'47( Align R(F PrWd)9 Ed`stqdr roqd`c qhfgs sn bnudq `kk unvdkr hm sgd OqVc

Sghr bnmrsq`hms hr ld`rtqdc ax bnlo`qhmf ed`stqdr+ rn he sgd unvdkr cheedq ax svn

ed`stqdr+ sgdx vhkk uhnk`sd sgd bnmrsq`hms svhbd 'O`cfdss 1//1(23- Unvdkr sg`s `qd mns

vhsghm sgd oqnrnchb vnqcr `qd bnudqdc ax sgd enkknvhmf bnmrsq`hms9

'48( Ident V: Unvdk ed`stqdr `qd hcdmshb`k hm hmots `mc ntsots-

H vhkk cdlnmrsq`sd sghr enq sgd vnqc fÀcÀv` trhmf fÀctv` `r hmots-

'5/( fÀcÀv` _rshbj&

fÀctv` Align R(F PrWd) Ident V

'fÀcÀ(\v` )

'fÀcÀ(\vÀ ))

'fÀct(\v` )

Sgd enkknvhmf dw`lokd rgnvr sns`k g`qlnmx vhsg @SQ `kknognmdr-

'50( f«f`vkd _bqnv&

f`f`vkd *NonHd/-ATR *NonHd/ATR Align R(F PrWd) Ident V

'f«f`v(\kd ) ) )

'f«f`v(\k` ) ) )

'fdf`v(\kd ) )) )

'f`f`v(\kd )

Enq rhlokhbhsx+ hm sgd enkknvhmf chrbtrrhnm nm sgd u`qhntr sxodr ne g`qlnmx+ H vhkk

`rrtld sg`s sgd @SQ bnmrsq`hmsr `qd ghfgkx q`mjdc-

23 O`cfdss '1//1( hmbktcdr `m`kxrhr dloknxhmf fq`chdmskx uhnk`akd bnmrsq`hmsr- Q`sgdq sg`m @KHFM+ gd

fdmdq`kkx trdr ROQD@C vghbg hr cdehmdc `r9 He `mx rdfldms hr `rrnbh`sdc vhsg E+ sgdm dudqx rdfldms

hr `rrnbh`sdc vhsg E- H g`ud bnmshmtdc sn trd @KHFM bnmrsq`hmsr sn ad bnmrhrsdms sgqntfgnts sgd o`odq+

ats O`cfdss&r ROQD@C bnmrsq`hms fdsr rtoonqs eqnl Jho`qrjx % O`itr`kt '1//2( `mc Adbjl`m '1//2(-

Hs bntkc ad gdkoetk enq Jdq` `m`kxrhr snn-

22

6-2-0 Lnmnrxkk`ahb qnnsr vhsg rteehw

Vd mnsdc sg`s vnqcr bnms`hmhmf lnmnrxkk`ahb qnnsr oktr ` rteehw+ d-f- fnrø _sn

s`rsd&+ cn mns tmcdqfn sns`k g`qlnmx adb`trd sg`s vntkc qdrtks hm knrr ne

hmenql`shnm- Ntq bnmrsq`hmsr rn e`q fhud sgd vqnmf qdrtks9

'51(

f—r,ø Ft Bin Align R(F PrWd)

'fn-r—(\

='fn-rø(\ )

'f—('rø(\ )

'f—(\rø )

Vd v`ms sgd rdbnmc b`mchc`sd sn vhm+ rn vd mddc ` bnmrsq`hms sn rsno rteehwdr eqnl

tmcdqfnhmf sns`k unvdk g`qlnmx9

'52( Realize AFFIX9 @ rhmfkd unvdk rteehw cndr mns tmcdqfn sns`k unvdk

g`qlnmx-

Hs rgntkc ad mnsdc sg`s rteehwdr cn tmcdqfn gdhfgs g`qlnmx+ ats sg`s sghr rshkk kd`udr

dmntfg hmenql`shnm enq sgd rteehw sn ad qdbnfmhydc-

'53( fnrø _sn s`rsd&

f—r,ø Realize AFFIX Align R(F PrWd)

'fn-rø(\ )

'fn-r—(\ )

6-2-1 Dodmsgdshb unvdkr

Vgdm `m dodmsgdshb unvdk hr hmsqnctbdc adb`trd ne rteehwdr `mc hr hm sgd r`ld enns

`r ` rteehw+ sgd dodmsgdshb unvdk `fqddr vhsg sgd rteehw unvdk- Mn mdv ed`stqdr `qd

`kknvdc vhsghm sgd enns- Ed`stqdr sg`s dwhrs vhsghm sgd enns sgdqdenqd roqd`c nmsn sgd

dodmsgdshb unvdk-

'54( Dep F Ft9 Mn mdv ed`stqdr vhsghm sgd enns-24

24 Vd bntkc hmsqnctbd sgd bnmrsq`hms Align Ft+ ats sghr vntkc ad snn onvdqetk `mc fhud sgd vqnmf

qdrtks hm lnmnrxkk`ahb qnnsr vhsg rteehwdr-

23

'55( vÀ9stmt _ronjd sn ghl&

v``s,m,t Realize AFFIX Dep F Ft

'vÀ9('stmt(

'vÀ9('sÀmt( )

'vÀ9('sÀmÀ( )

Hm `kk nsgdq b`rdr+ dodmsgdshb unvdkr bnox sgd ed`stqdr ne sgd qnns unvdk- Vd b`m

bnudq sghr vhsg sgd bnmrsq`hms Specify-

'56( Specify: @kk unvdkr ltrs ad rodbhehdc

Hm sgd b`rd ne lhqj,m='lhq('jhm(+ sgd dodmsgdshb unvdk ltrs ad rodbhehdc `r

rnldsghmf+ `mc sns`k g`qlnmx vhsghm sgd oqnrnchb vnqc vhkk l`jd rtqd sg`s sgd qnns

unvdk hr bgnrdm-

6-3 Gdhfgs g`qlnmx

Xnt vhkk qdb`kk sg`s Jdq` gdhfgs g`qlnmx hmunkudr sgd roqd`c ne Z*ghfg\- Sghr

ed`stqd hr cnlhm`ms+ qdf`qckdrr ne vgdsgdq hs hr entmc nm sgd qnns unvdk nq sgd

rteehw9

'57( Ident [+high]9 Bnqqdronmcdms rdfldmsr hm hmots `mc ntsots g`ud hcdmshb`k

u`ktd Z*ghfg\-

Ident [-high]9 Bnqqdronmcdms rdfldmsr hm hmots `mc ntsots g`ud hcdmshb`k

u`ktdr enq sgd ed`stqd Z,ghfg\-

Sgd ghfg unvdkr jddo sgdhq *ghfg ed`stqd vghkd sgd ,ghfg unvdkr bg`mfd9

'58( Ident Z*high\ ô Ident Z,high\

Vd `krn mddc bnmrsq`hmsr enq roqd`chmf+ hm ansg chqdbshnmr9

'6/( Align rt/sf [+high]: Sgd ed`stqd Z*ghfg\ roqd`cr qhfgs `mc kdes adsvddm

qnns `mc rteehw-

Ident Z*high\ ô Align rt/sfZ*high\ ô Ident Z,high\

24

'60( rø9m,` = rø9m` _gdq aqnsgdq&

,gh ,gh

.rø9m*`.

Ident [+hi]

Alignr/s[+hi]

Ident [-hi]

,gh ,gh

'rø9(\m`

*gh

'rh9(\m«

) )

,gh *gh

'rø9(\m«

)

)

*gh ,gh

'rh9(\m`

)

)

'61( rø9m,h = rh9mh _xntq 'e( aqnsgdq&

,gh *gh

.rø9m*h.

Ident [+hi]

Align r/s[+hi]

Ident [-hi]

*gh

'rh9(\mh

)

,gh *gh

'rø9(\mh

)

,gh

'rø9(\mø

)

)

*gh ,gh

'rh9(\mø

)

)

))

25

'62( ft9c,` =ft9c« _gdq rsnl`bg. hm gdq&

*gh ,gh

.ft9c*`.

Ident [+hi]

Align r/s[+hi]

Ident [-hi]

*gh

'ft9(\c«

)

*gh ,gh

'ft9(\c`

)

,gh *gh

'f—9(\c«

)

)

))

,gh

'f—9(\c`

)

)

'63( ft9c,h =ft9ch _xntq 'e( rsnl`bg. hm xnt&

*gh *gh

.ft9c*h.

Ident [+hi]

*gh

'ft9(\ch

*gh ,gh

'ft9(\cø

)

,gh *gh

'f—9(\ch

)

,gh

'f—9(\cø

))

Sgd `anud dw`lokdr rgnv sg`s sghr fq`ll`q vhkk roqd`c Z*ghfg\ he hs hr entmc

`mxvgdqd vhsghm sgd vnqc-

6-4 Eqnms `mc qntmchmf g`qlnmx

Vd g`ud rddm sg`s sgdqd `qd svn sxodr ne eqnms `mc qntmchmf g`qlnmx hm Jdq`9

'h( Roqd`chmf s`jdr ok`bd eqnl sgd ghfg rteehw nmsn sgd ghfg bdmsq`k unvdk hm qnns-

26

'hh( Eqnmshmf s`jdr ok`bd eqnl sgd rteehw nmsn bdmsq`k unvdkr vhsghm edds-

6-4-0 Roqd`chmf nmsn sgd ghfg bdmsq`k unvdk

Adenqd Z*ghfg\ rteehwdr+ .À. g`qlnmhydr hsr a`bjmdrr `mc qntmchmf- Sghr `khfmldms

hr snv`qcr sgd kdes+ fhuhmf sgd bnmrsq`hms9

'64( Align-L[F]: Ed`stqdr roqd`c kdes sn sgd dcfd ne sgd ognmnknfhb`k vnqc-

Enq sghr bnmrsq`hms sn vnqj+ hs ltrs ad knv q`mjdc+ `mc hs ltrs nmkx g`ud ZÀ\ `r hsr

s`qfds- Vd bntkc rtoonrd sg`s .`. hr hlltmd adb`trd hs hr Z*knv\+ `mc Z*knv\

unvdkr b`m&s ad Z*qntmc\ nq Z,a`bj\25- Gnvdudq+ sgd d`rhdrs v`x+ hr sn r`x sg`s ZÀ\ hr

l`qjdc `mc tmcdqfndr g`qlnmx vgdmdudq onrrhakd- Sghr hr hm jddohmf vhsg ntq

nardqu`shnm sg`s ZÀ\ hr cheedqdms eqnl nsgdq unvdkr26- Vd sgdm hmsqnctbd sgd

bnmrsq`hms Ident F, sn aknbj sgd nsgdq unvdkr eqnl roqd`chmf-

'65( Ident F: @kk unvdkr jddo sgdhq hmots ed`stqdr-

Vd fds sgd enkknvhmf ghdq`qbgx9

'66( )À ô Ident F ôAlign-L[F], )h+ )t+ )n+ )d+ )`

'67( bÀ9q*h = bh9qh _xntq gd`c&

*a` ,a`

.bÀ9q*h.

)À

Ident F

Align-L[F]

)h+ )t+ )n+ )d+ )`

,a`

bh9qh

)

))

*a` ,a`

bÀ9qh

)

)

)

*a`

bÀ9qÀ

))

)

25 Hs rgntkc ad mnsdc gnvdudq sg`s .`. b`m ad eqnmsdc ax Z,a`bj\ roqd`chmf vhsghm ` enns hm vnqcr rtbg

`r9 a`k,ø=adkd- Ats adxnmc enns antmc`qhdr+ sgd Z`\ `kknognmd b`mmns ad eqnmsdc9 a`9cø=a`9cø+ )aø9cø- 26 Sghr nardqu`shnm gnkcr enq l`mx k`mft`fdr+ enq dw`lokd sgd Eqdmbg Z«\+ `mc hr `m hlonqs`ms `rodbs ne

dkdldms sgdnqx hm rdbshnm 7-

27

@mx unvdk nsgdq sg`m ZÀ\ vhkk mns ad ` s`qfds enq sgd roqd`chmf-

'68( a`9c,ø = a`9c,ø )aø9cø _sn v`rg&

*a` ,a`

.a`9c,ø.

Ident F

Align-L(F)

*a` ,a`

a`9cø

)

,a`

aø9cø

)

Sgd r`ld bnmrsq`hmsr `ookx sn qntmchmf9

'7/( bÀ9q*t= bt9qt _ghr gd`c&

,qc qc

.bÀ9q*t.

)À

Ident F

Align-L(F)

qc

bt9qt

)

,qc qc

bÀ9qt

)

)

Vd g`ud nmd lnqd oqnakdl: mnm,ghfg rteehwdr cn mns `ood`q sn sqhffdq sgd r`ld

roqd`chmf- Hs l`x ad sg`s vgdm ansg hmots unvdkr `qd Z*ghfg\+ sgd NBO sqhffdqr `

khmjdc rsqtbstqd `mc roqd`chmf sgdqdenqd s`jdr ok`bd+ ats sg`s vgdm sgd svn unvdkr

g`ud mn ed`stqdr hm bnllnm+ sgdqd hr mn oqdrrtqd sn roqd`c- Vd lhfgs sgdm `rj vgx

a`9cø cndr mns adbnld aø9cø+ ats vd g`ud `kqd`cx drs`akhrgdc sg`s nmkx ZÀ\ b`m ad

sgd s`qfds enq sghr roqd`chmf-

'70( no link,*align9 Mn roqd`chmf adsvddm unvdkr sg`s `qd mns khmjdc hm sgd

hmots-27

27 Sghr rnktshnm hrm&s hcd`k+ ats hs hr oqna`akx sgd adrs nmd hm sghr `ooqn`bg- Etqsgdq qdrd`qbg vhkk

hmunkud knnjhmf `s vnqcr sg`s o`ssdqm khjd uÀ9fh+ sn drs`akhrg he sghr hr ` ognmnknfhb`k o`ssdqm nq rhlokx `

rl`kk mtladq ne dwbdoshnmr-

28

'71( uÀ9f,ø = uÀ9fh )uh9fh _sn dlosx&

*a`+*gh ,a`+,gh

.uÀ9f*ø.

Ident F

no link,*align

Align-L (F)

,a`

uÀ9fh

)

)

,a`

uh9fh

)

)

6-4-1 Eqnmshmf vhsghm sgd enns

Mnv vd bnmrhcdq sgd bg`mfd hm sgd ed`stqd Za`bj\ enq bdmsq`k unvdkr vhsghm ` enns-

Hm sghr b`rd+ ansg ZÀ\ `mc Z`\ b`m ad eqnmsdc9

'72( aÀœ,ø='ahœh( _sn nodm&+ a`k,ø='adkø( _sn knud&

Sghr hr mns ` b`rd ne sns`k g`qlnmx 'vhsg @SQ `kknognmd cheedqdmbdr(+ adb`trd edds

bnms`hmhmf rteehwdr cn mns `kv`xr dwghahs sns`k g`qlnmx9

'73( a`k,t ='aÀkt( )atkt _knud ghl&

Sgd Z`\ unvdk g`r addm q`hrdc sn À+ ats mns qntmcdc sn bnox sgd Zt\- Enq sghr+ vd

mddc sgd enkknvhmf bnmrsq`hms9

'74( Ft Align-L[-back]9 Vhsghm ` enns+ eqnmshmf roqd`cr kdes-

Tmkhjd hm sgd oqduhntr rdbshnm+ gdqd sgd rteehw ,ø vhkk sqhffdq roqd`chmf9

'75( aÀœ*ø= 'ahœh( _sn nodm&

,a`

.aÀ9œ,ø.

Ft Align-L[-back]

,a`

'ahœh(

,a`

'aÀœh(

)

3/

Vd g`ud mnv cdrbqhadc `kk ne sgd Jdq` g`qlnmx oqnbdrrdr hm `m NS eq`ldvnqj+ ats

sn bnlahmd sgdrd bnmrsq`hmsr hmsn nmd fq`ll`q+ vd mddc sn bnudq sgd enkknvhmf9

'76( 'h( Gdhfgs g`qlnmx ô 'hh( Rteehw `mc dodmsgdshb unvdk ô 'hhh( Sns`k g`qlnmx

OqVc ô 'hu( Eqnms g`qlnmx vhsghm enns ô 'u( Eqnmshmf `mc Qntmchmf ne ZÀ\

Hm sdqlr ne bnmrsq`hmsr+ sghr adbnldr9

'77( 'h( Ident Z*hi\ ô Alignrt/sfZ*hi\ ô Ident Z,hi\ ô 'hh( Realize Affix,

Specify ô Dep F Ft ô 'hhh( Align R 'F PrWd( ô 'hu( Ft Align-LZ,back\ ô

'u( )À ô Ident F ô no link,*spread ô Align-L 'F)

Sghr ghdq`qbgx bnudqr `kk ne sgd c`s`+ rgnvhmf sg`s `m NS cdrbqhoshnm b`m `cdpt`sdkx

cdrbqhad Jdq` g`qlnmx- Ats mnv vd vhkk bnmrhcdq svn nsgdq `ooqn`bgdr sn rdd he

sgdx b`m fhud lnqd hmrhfgs hmsn sgd lnshu`shnm enq g`qlnmx- Vd vhkk knnj ehqrs `s

Dkdldms Sgdnqx-

7 Dkdldms sgdnqx

Vd g`ud rddm `m `qshbtk`snqx `ooqn`bg sn unvdk g`qlnmx+ ats rnld khmfthrsr oqdedq

lnqd enbtr nm `bntrshb ed`stqdr- Sgdx `qftd sg`s ` a`ax ehqrs odqbdhudr rntmcr

`bntrshb`kkx+ adenqd hs b`m s`kj- Sghr hlokhdr sg`s sgd ed`stqdr `qd rsnqdc `bntrshb`kkx-

Dkdldms sgdnqx '@mcdqrnm % Inmdr 0863: Qdmmhrnm 0873+ 0875+ 0876: G`qqhr 088/:

G`qqhr % Khmcrdx 0884: Dvdm % u`m cdq Gtkrs 1//0( s`jdr `m `bntrshb `ooqn`bg- Hm

sghr sgdnqx+ `kk ed`stqdr `qd tm`qx+ sgdqd `qd mn kdwhb`kkx tmcdqrodbhehdc u`ktdr `mc

mn qdctmc`mbx qtkdr sn ehkk hm lhrrhmf ed`stqdr- Sgd sgdnqx hr nesdm bnlahmdc vhsg

Fnudqmldms Ognmnknfx 'J`xd ds `k- 088/(28-

Dkdldms sgdnqx hr a`rdc nm sgqdd oqhlhshud rdfldmsr+ Z@\+ ZH\ `mc ZT\-

'78( Z@\9 enql`msr 0 `mc 1 bnmudqfd hm sgd lhcckd ne sgd q`mfd-

ZH\9 knv ehqrs enql`ms+ enql`msr 1 `mc 2 bnmudqfd ghfgdq to-

ZT\9 knv bnmudqfdmbd ne enql`msr nmd `mc svn-

Sgdqd `qd fnnc ognmdshb qd`rnmr enq Z@\+ ZH\ `mc ZT\ adhmf bnmrhcdqdc `r oqhld- Sgd

enql`msr bnmudqfd enq sgdrd sgqdd dkdldmsr+ rn sgd r`ld `bntrshb deedbs b`m ad

28 @ rhlhk`q rxrsdl a`rdc nm sgd unvdkr `+ h+ t g`r addm rtffdrsdc ax Rsdudmr '0861+ 0878( vhsgnts sgd

a`rhr ne Fnudqmldms Ognmnknfx-

30

oqnctbdc eqnl ` vhcd q`mfd ne `qshbtk`snqx onrrhahkhshdr- Sgdx `qd sgdqdenqd lnqd

rs`akd sg`m nsgdq unvdkr3/- Nsgdq rdfldmsr `qd enqldc ax bnlahmhmf sgdrd oqhldr-

Dkdldms sgdnqx `krn qdbnfmhydr sgd dwhrsdmbd ne ` cde`tks unvdk+ vghbg hr rhfmhehdc

`r ?- Sghr unvdk hr mnm,`bshud hm roqd`chmf- Hs hr kh`akd sn ad rgnqsdq `mc sn u`qx

lnqd sg`m nsgdq unvdkr- Hs hr sgd a`rd khmd nm vghbg Z@\+ ZH\ `mc ZT\ `qd

rtodqhlonrdc- Adb`trd ne sghr+ hm rnld lncdkr+ ? hr bnmrhcdqdc sn ad oqdrdms hm `kk

unvdkr-

Sgd sgqdd dkdldmsr Z@\+ ZH\ `mc ZT\ d`bg g`ud ` qnkd sn ok`x hm ` o`qshbtk`q sxod ne

unvdk g`qlnmx- ZT\ oqnctbdr k`ah`khr`shnm nq qntmchmf+ ZH\ oqnctbdr o`k`s`khr`shnm

nq eqnmshmf `mc Z@\ oqnctbdr gdhfgs g`qlnmx+ rodbhehb`kkx knvdqhmf- Bkdldmsr

'0880( bk`hlr sg`s dkdldms sgdnqx b`mmns bnod vhsg ` gdhfgs g`qlnmx hmunkuhmf

q`hrhmf adb`trd sgd roqd`chmf ne lhmtr dkdldmsr hr mns odqlhssdc hm sgd sgdnqx- Sghr

hr qdkdu`ms sn Jdq` rhmbd vd g`ud `m`kxydc Jdq` gdhfgs g`qlnmx `r sgd roqd`chmf ne

Z*ghfg\- G`qqhr `mc Khmcrdx '0884( `qftd `f`hmrs Bkdldmsr& uhdv ax rtffdrshmf

sg`s vgdm s`bjkhmf gdhfgs g`qlnmx+ knvdqhmf 'rtbg `r hm A`mst k`mft`fdr( hr

`m`kxydc `r roqd`chmf+ vgdqd`r q`hrhmf 'rtbg `r hm Ro`mhrg(+ qdok`bdr roqd`chmf vhsg

qdctbshnm+ l`jhmf `ood`k sn khbdmrhmf qdk`shnmr-

7-0 Oqhnq unvdk rxrsdlr

Sgd a`rhb Jdq` rxrsdl hr `r enkknvr9

'8/( h ZH\ À ? t ZT\

ø Z@+H\ — Z@+T\

` Z@\

Ats vd mddc sn hmbktcd sgd Z*@SQ\ `ksdqm`sdr-

J`xd ds `k '0874( g`ud rtffdrsdc ` rxrsdl sg`s cdehmdr dkdldmsr hm sdqlr ne ed`stqdr

hmbktchmf @SQ9

3/ Bqhshbhrl ne sghr sgdnqx bnldr eqnl K`rr '0873( vgn chrlhrrdr sgd tmhudqr`khsx ne sgdrd a`rd

unvdkr- Ats sgd hcd` hr `ssq`bshud sn l`mx khmfthrsr-

31

'80( H< ,qntmc T< *qntmc @< ,qntmc

,a`bj * a`bj *a`bj

* ghfg * ghfg , ghfg

, @SQ , @SQ , @SQ

, knv , knv *knv

Sgd oqnakdl vhsg sghr rxrsdl hr sg`s hs qdkhdr nm sgd sq`chshnm`k `qshbtk`snqx

chrshmbshud ed`stqdr- Lnrs khmfthrsr stqm sn dkdldms sgdnqx sn `unhc sgdrd ed`stqdr-

G`qqhr '0883(+ Cdmvnnc '0886( `mc nsgdqr g`ud sqhdc `mnsgdq `ooqn`bg vgdqd nmd

ne sgd dkdldmsr hr l`qjdc `r ` gd`c- Enq dw`lokd+ ZT+@\+ vgdqd T hr sgd gd`c+

vntkc ad lnqd qntmcdc sg`m ZT+@\- Sgd cde`tks unvdk ? b`m `krn ad hmbktcdc hm sgd

rxrsdl sn fhud ` cheedqdmbd adsvddm Z*@SQ\ `mc Z,@SQ\ unvdkr- Sgd unvdkr

vghbg hmbktcd ` gd`cdc dkdldms `qd sqhffdqr enq unvdk g`qlnmx+ vgdqd`r sgd unvdkr

vhsg ? `r gd`c+ `qd s`qfdsr enq g`qlnmx30-

Enq Jdq`+ sghr rxrsdl vntkc oqnctbd9

'81( ZH\ h ? À.« ZT\ t

Z@+ H\ d Z@+ T\ n

Z@+ H+ ?\ ø Z@+ T+ ?\ —

Z@\ `

Sghr rxrsdl knnjr lnqd oqnlhrhmf+ ats hs cndrm&s xds bnudq sgd rxlldsqx ne sgd

@SQ `kknognmdr entmc hm Jdq` nq sgd chrshmbshnm adsvddm Z«\ `mc ZÀ\- Vd mddc svn

unvdkr adb`trd ZÀ\ hr sgd cde`tks unvdk sg`s cndr mns bnms`hm `mx ne sgd dkdldmsr

Z@+ H+ T\+ vgdqd`r Z«\ hr sgd `kknognmd ne Z`\ `mc bnms`hmr Z@\-

7-1 Oqnonr`k enq Jdq`

Rbg`md '0873( `mc @mcdqrnm % Dvdm '0886( oqnonrdc sgd enkknvhmf rxrsdl9

30 A`bjkdx % S`j`g`rgh '0885( `qd tmg`oox vhsg `mx lncdk sg`s hmunkudr dkdldmsr adhmf bnmrhcdqdc `r

gd`cr+ adb`trd hm sgdhq drshl`shnm hs qdmcdqr sgd sgdnqx snn onvdqetk- Gnvdudq+ sgdhq `ksdqm`shud rxrsdl

ne `bshu`shmf hmchuhct`k oqhldr cndr mns `ookx vdkk sn Jdq`-

32

'82( Rbg`md&r unvdk rxrsdl9

Zh\ h ZÀ\ , Zt\ t

Zd\ `h Z√\ ` Zn\ `t

Zø\ ``h Z`\ `` Z—\ ``t

Bg`mfhmf sgdrd sn sgd Z@+H+T\ mns`shnm vhsg gd`cdc dkdldmsr+ H oqnonrd sgd

enkknvhmf9

'83( ZH\ h ? À ZT\ t

Z@+ H\31 d Z@\ « Z@+ T\ n

Z@+ H\ ø Z@+ T\ —

Z@\ `

Sgqdd nardqu`shnmr rtoonqs sghr `m`kxrhr9 'h( J`xd ds `k- '0874( `mc Rbgddq '0886

`mc odqr- bnll-( bk`hl sg`s ZÀ\ hr sgd ognmdshb qd`khy`shnm ne `m dlosx mtbkd`q

onrhshnm `mc « hr `m dlosx gd`cdc Z@\32- Sghr rxrsdl hr hm jddohmf vhsg sgdhq bk`hl-

'hh( Hm sghr k`xnts+ sgd *@SQ mnm,ghfg unvdkr Zd+ «+ n\ `qd `kk mnm,gd`cdc+ vghbg

enkknvr eqnl G`qqhr '0883( sg`s *.,@SQ cheedqdmbdr b`m ad qdoqdrdmsdc ax mdtsq`k,

gd`cdc `mc gd`cdc bntmsdqo`qsr- 'hhh( Gdql`mr '1//2( qdl`qjr sg`s sgd @,gd`c hr `

qdkdu`ms e`bsnq hm unvdk qdctbshnm- Hm sghr lncdk+ @SQ unvdkr `ood`q hm sgd mnm,

gd`c onrhshnm vhsghm ` enns adb`trd ne ` kdmhshnm oqnbdrr vgdqd Z@\ hr mns khbdmrdc sn

ad gd`cdc hm sgd mnm,gd`c onrhshnm-33

Rn vd fds *.,@SQ qdoqdrdmsdc ax mnm,gd`cdc.gd`cdc Z@\ adb`trd Z@\ hr mns

khbdmrdc sn ad ` gd`c hm sgd mnm,gd`c onrhshnm vhsghm ` enns-

31 Ingm Qdmmhrnm 'odqr- bnll-( g`r qdrdqu`shnmr `ants `mx rxrsdl sg`s hmbktcdr unvdkr vhsg mn gd`c-

Gnvdudq+ hm sgd `ardmbd ne ` adssdq rnktshnm+ H g`ud jdos vnqjhmf vhsg sghr oqnonr`k-

32 Hs rgntkc ad mnsdc sg`s enq k`mft`fdr vhsg lnqd sg`m nmd knv unvdk Z`+ æ+ \+ sgd dlosx gd`cdc Z@\

hr rnldshldr trdc enq nmd ne sgdrd- Vhsghm dkdldms sgdnqx+ sgdrd cheedqdms `m`kxrdr `qd chrstqahmf `r

sgd unvdkr hm ptdrshnm `qd e`q eqnl d`bg nsgdq `mc nauhntrkx mns sgd r`ld unvdk- Gnvdudq+ H g`ud

bgnrdm sn bnmshmtd vhsg sghr `ooqn`bg adb`trd hs fhudr ` fnnc rnktshnm enq Jdq` `mc adb`trd Rbgddq

`lnmf nsgdqr adkhdud hs sn ad hm jddohmf vhsg sgd tmhudqr`k oqnodqshdr ne nsgdq k`mft`fdr- 33 Sgd hcd` ne ` mnm,gd`c onrhshnm g`uhmf kdrr khbdmrhmf onvdq hr mns mdv: G`qqhr '0886( g`r nardqudc

sg`s hm vd`j onrhshnmr+ sgd rtooqdrrhnm ne bdqs`hm dkdldmsr sgqntfg ` k`bj ne khbdmrhmf onvdq vhkk qdrtks

hm qdctbdc unvdkr-

33

'84( @ =@ nm sgd mnm,gd`c 'ehqrs( unvdk-

Z@\Z@\ Z@\Z@\

'f—k,ø(='fnkø( _knnj&

ZT\ ZH\ ZT\ZH\

Vd vhkk mnv bnmrhcdq gnv Dkdldms sgdnqx bnodr vhsg sgd unvdk g`qlnmx oqnbdrrdr

sg`s s`jd ok`bd hm Jdq`-

7-1-0 Sns`k qnns g`qlnmx

Sgd enkknvhmf s`akd hr qdoqnctbdc adknv sn qdlhmc sgd qd`cdq ne sgd e`bsr `kqd`cx

drs`akhrgdc bnmbdqmhmf sns`k g`qlnmx9

'85(

Sns`k g`qlnmx

hm qnns

Cnl`hm9

Oqnrnchb Vnqc

Sgdqd hr sns`k g`qlnmx vhsghm sgd

Oqnrnchb Vnqc+ ats tmennsdc unvdkr

`qd mns g`qlnmhydc-

Dodmsgdshb unvdkr `krn dwghahs sns`k

g`qlnmx 'vhsghm sgd enns nq vhsghm

sgd oqnrnchb vnqc(-

'jtœ('jtqtœ(

`Z'ctftq(\mh

j,ahqvhœ='jhahq('vhœ(

vÀ9s,m,t='vÀ9('stmt(

lhqj,m='lhq('jhm(

Sgd cnl`hm ne roqd`chmf qdl`hmr `r oqduhntrkx `m`kxydc- Enq lnmnlnqogdlhb

vnqcr+ `kk dkdldmsr vhkk roqd`c vhsghm sgd oqnrnchb vnqc- Dodmsgdshb unvdkr vhkk

`krn g`qlnmhyd sns`kkx-

'86( lhqj,m = lhqjhm _fqdds ld&

ZH\ ZH\

Z@\ Z@\Z@\

f—k,l = fnk—l _rdd xnt& '@ =@ hm mnm,gd`c onrhshnm(

ZT\ ZT\

34

7-1-1 Gdhfgs g`qlnmx

'87(

Gdhfgs g`qlnmx

adsvddm qnns `mc rteehw

Cnl`hm9

Ognmnknfhb`k Vnqc

Gdhfgs g`qlnmx `ookhdr adsvddm

sgd qnns unvdk `mc rteehw- He sgdqd

`qd `mx ghfg unvdkr+ `kk unvdkr

vhkk ad ghfg-

ftr,ø='ftrh(

f—kc,t='ftk(ct

Gdhfgs g`qlnmx hr lnqd ne ` bg`kkdmfd enq dkdldms sgdnqx- @ q`hrhmf `qftldms

vntkc g`ud sn hmbktcd sgd bnmbdos sg`s sgd gdhfgs ne ZÀ\ b`trdr nsgdq unvdkr sn ad

q`hrdc- @r ZÀ\ hr sgd cde`tks unvdk ?+ hs cndrm&s g`ud sgd b`o`bhsx sn roqd`c `mx

ed`stqd- @krn+ sgdqd hr mn Z*ghfg\ ed`stqd hm dkdldms sgdnqx- Gdhfgs g`qlnmx g`r sn

ad dwoqdrrdc hm sdqlr ne cdkhmjhmf Z@\ 'G`qqhr 1//2(- Sgd oqnakdl hr o`qshbtk`qkx

cheehbtks enq Jdq` adb`trd sgd khbdmrhmf bnmchshnmr enq sgd oqdrdmbd ne Z@\ `qd g`qc

sn cdehmd- He sgd gdhfgs g`qlnmx vdqd cqhudm ax sgd qnns unvdk+ vd bntkc bqd`sd `

khbdmrhmf bnmchshnm sg`s vntkc ad a`rdc nm sgd oqdrdmbd nq `ardmbd ne Z@\ hm sgd

qnns- Ats hm Jdq`+ sgd ed`stqd Z*ghfg\ hr cnlhm`ms+ dudm vgdm mns nm sgd gd`c- He

Z@\ hr `ardms `mxvgdqd+ hs hr mns oqdrdms `mxvgdqd dkrd- Vd mddc sn r`x sg`s Z@\ hm

nmd onrhshnm ltrs ad khbdmrdc ax Z@\ hm `mnsgdq 'G`qqhr 1//2(- Z@\ hr cdkhmjdc he Z@\

hr mns khbdmrdc ax adhmf dkrdvgdqd hm sgd vnqc- Hm oq`bshbd+ nmkx svn onrhshnmr mddc

sn ad bnmrhcdqdc9 sgd ehqrs qnns unvdk `mc sgd ehm`k rteehw unvdk- He Z@\ hr mns oqdrdms

hm ansg ne sgdrd onrhshnmr+ sgdm Z@\ hr mns khbdmrdc sgqntfgnts sgd vnqc-34

'88(

Z@\

a`k,t = aÀkt _knud ghl&

ZT\ ZT\

34 Sghr `m`kxrhr ne gdhfgs g`qlnmx hr mns vhsgnts hsr bqhshbr- Onkf`æqch '0887( `qftdr `f`hmrs sgd

cdkhmjhmf oqnonr`k ax r`xhmf _Sgd oqnakdl vhsg sghr `m`kxrhr hr sg`s sgd bnmchshnm nm cdkhmjhmf qdedqr

sn sgd `ardmbd ne sgd dkdldms @+ ` onrrhahkhsx vghbg hr bqtbh`kkx cdmhdc ax tm`qx ed`stqd sgdnqhrsr+

rhmbd hs hm deedbs qdhmsqnctbdr sgd mdf`shud u`ktd ne ahm`qx ed`stqdr hmsn sgd sgdnqx-& Sghr hr ` u`khc

bqhshbhrl+ ats `s oqdrdms sgdqd rddlr sn ad mn v`x ne `unhchmf sghr sxod ne `m`kxrhr he vd vhrg sn

oqdrdms Jdq` unvdk g`qlnmx hm sdqlr ne dkdldms sgdnqx-

35

'0//( Hm sghr dw`lokd+ sgd cdkhmjhmf ne Z@\ b`trdr T sn adbnld gd`cdc-35

Z@\

f—kc,h = ftkch _rd`qbg enq xnt 'e(&

ZT\ ZH\ ZT\ZH\

'0/0( Sgd @ dkdldms b`m ad hm sgd rteehw- Sgd r`ld cdkhmjhmf qtkdr `ookx9

Z@\

lhqj,ø = lhqjh _fqdds&

ZH\ ZH\ ZH\ ZH\

'0/1( @ cndr mns cdkhmj vgdm hs hr oqdrdms nm `kk ne sgd unvdkr9

Z@\ Z@\ Z@\ Z@\

a`9c,ø = a`9cø _v`rg&

ZH\ ZH\

7-1-2 Eqnms `mc qntmchmf g`qlnmx

'0/2(

Eqnmshmf `mc

qntmchmf ne

qnns unvdk ax

rteehw

Cnl`hm9

'h( Ognm Vnqc+

'hh( enns

Rteehwdr cn mns bg`mfd sgdhq eqnms nq

qntmc ed`stqdr-

'h( Eqnmshmf `mc qntmchmf ne sgd ghfg

bdmsq`k unvdk hm sgd qnns s`jdr ok`bd

vhsg ghfg rteehwdr-

'hh( @kk eqnms rteehwdr b`trd bdmsq`k

unvdkr hm sgd r`ld enns sn eqnms-

ftr,ø='ftrh(+

)'ftr—(+ )'ftrt(

bÀ9q,h='bh9(qh+

bÀ9q,t='bt9(qt

aÀœ,ø='ahœh(

Vhsghm sgd ognmnknfhb`k vnqc+ sgd unvdk ZÀ\ hr eqnmsdc adenqd ` eqnms unvdk- Sghr

b`m ad rddm `r roqd`chmf sgd dkdldms ZH\ nmsn sgd dlosx unvdk-

35 Sghr hr hm jddohmf vhsg rs`mc`qc dkdldms sgdnqx oq`bshbd vgdqd sgd cdkhmjhmf ne nmd gd`cdc dkdldms

ld`mr sg`s `mnsgdq nmd adbnldr gd`cdc-

36

'0/3(

bÀ9q,h = bh9qh _xntq gd`c&

ZH\ ZH\

'0/4( Ats ZH\ cndr mns roqd`c he sgdqd hr `m Z@\ hm sgd hmots-

Z@\

uÀ9f,ø = 'uÀ9('fh( _sn dlosx&

ZH\ ZH\

'0/5( Gnvdudq+ vhsghm ` enns+ sgd roqd`chmf ne ZH\ rshkk s`jdr ok`bd9

Z@\

aÀœ,ø='ahœh( _sn nodm&

ZH\ ZH\

Sgdqd hr ` onrrhakd dwok`m`shnm enq sgd qdrsqhbsdc roqd`chmf ne ZH\ vgdm Z@\ hr

oqdrdms- Hm `kk sgd b`rdr vgdqd Z@\ hr oqdrdms vhsg ZH\+ Z@\ hr sgd gd`c+ ZH\ hr mns- Hs

l`x ad sg`s sgd qdrsqhbshnm hr nudq sgd cnl`hm ne roqd`chmf vghbg hr onrrhakd enq `

mnm,gd`cdc dkdldms- He ZH\ hr mns ` gd`c+ hs hr mns khbdmrdc sn roqd`c adxnmc sgd enns-

Sgd roqd`c ne ZT\ vnqjr hm sgd r`ld v`x dwbdos sg`s he sgdqd hr `m Z@\ hm sgd hmots+

ZT\ cndr mns roqd`c+ qdf`qckdrr ne sgd enns rsqtbstqd-

'0/6( Z@\

a`kt = aÀkt )atkt _knud ghl&

ZT\ ZT\

Hs hr mns bkd`q vgx ZT\ cndr mns adg`ud hm sgd r`ld v`x `r ZH\- Hm sgd `anud

dw`lokd+ T hr sgd gd`c+ rn vd vntkc dwodbs hs sn roqd`c+ dudm adxnmc ` enns-

37

7-1-3 Bnmbktchmf qdl`qj

Dkdldms sgdnqx g`r oqnuhcdc tr vhsg `m `bntrshb cdrbqhoshnm ne Jdq` unvdk

g`qlnmx- Sgd rsqdmfsgr ne sghr `ooqn`bg `qd ehqrskx sg`s hs fhudr tr ` onrrhakd qd`rnm

enq sgd mnm,gd`c adg`uhntq hm sdqlr ne khbdmrhmf ne gd`c dkdldmsr- Hs `krn oqdchbsr

bnqqdbskx sg`s ZÀ\ vhkk adg`ud cheedqdmskx eqnl nsgdq unvdkr- Vd g`ud dmbntmsdqdc

mn oqnakdlr hm trhmf ` tm`qx `ooqn`bg- Eqnmshmf `mc qntmchmf b`m ad cdrbqhadc

vhsgnts snn ltbg cheehbtksx-

Sgd gdhfgs g`qlnmx `mc @SQ `kknognmdr `qd ansg cdrbqhadc hm sdqlr ne cdkhmjhmf

`mc unvdk qdctbshnm- Sghr fhudr ` gdkoetk hmrhfgs hmsn sgd lnshu`shnm enq sgd bg`mfdr

ne unvdk- Nm sgd nsgdq g`mc+ sgd `bbntms ne gdhfgs g`qlnmx hm sdqlr ne ` cdkhmjdc

@ `mc sgd khbdmrhmf ne @ rddlr tmctkx bnlokhb`sdc- Cdkhmjhmf hr mns ` mdv hcd` `r

hs hr `kqd`cx mdbdrr`qx enq qdctbshnm+ ats sgd vgnkd hcd` ne gdhfgs g`qlnmx hr rshkk `

bg`kkdmfd enq dkdldms sgdnqx- Sgd unvdkr Zh+ À+ t\ g`ud mnsghmf hm bnllnm hm sghr

sgdnqx dwbdos sgd `ardmbd ne @+ xds vd b`mmns s`kj `ants khbdmrhmf hm sdqlr ne

`ardmbd- Sghr sgdnqx `krn hlokhdr sg`s `bqnrr k`mft`fdr+ Z,ghfg\ g`qlnmx rgntkc ad

ltbg lnqd bnllnm sg`m Z*ghfg\- Sghr hr mns sgd b`rd- Dkdldms sgdnqx kd`udr tr

vhsg ` edv tm`mrvdqdc ptdrshnmr+ ats hs cndr fn etqsgdq sg`m chrshmbshud ed`stqd

sgdnqx hm s`bjkhmf sgd qd`rnmhmf adghmc sgd unvdk g`qlnmx oqnbdrr `mc hm sghr

qdrodbs+ hs hr gdkoetk-

Vd vhkk mnv bnmrhcdq ` rdbnmc `bntrshb sgdnqx sn rdd he hs b`m needq `mx `mrvdqr sn

sgd `anud ptdrshnmr-

8 Chrodqrhnm sgdnqx

Sgdqd `qd rnld rhlhk`qhshdr adsvddm Dkdldms Sgdnqx `mc Chrodqrhnm Sgdnqx-

• @bntrshb ed`stqdr `qd hlonqs`ms-

• Sgd l`whl`k chrs`mbd adsvddm ed`stqdr hr ` a`rhr enq bgnnrhmf u`ktdr-

• Sgd unvdkr `+ t `mc h `qd a`rhb-

Ats sgdqd `qd `krn rnld hlonqs`ms cheedqdmbdr-

Ekdllhmf '1//1( '`mc Andqrl` 0886: 0887( oqdedqr ` lhcckd onrhshnm adsvddm `m

`qshbtk`snqx `mc `bntrshb `ooqn`bg+ knnjhmf `s unvdkr hm sdqlr ne sgdhq etmc`ldms`k

eqdptdmbhdr `mc cdudknohmf bnmrsq`hmsr vghbg vhkk oqnctbd sgd noshl`k unvdk

hmudmsnqx-

38

Sgd sgdnqx hr a`rdc nm sgqdd bnmekhbshmf fn`kr sg`s rg`od sgd rdkdbshnm ne bnmsq`rsr9

'0/7( Chrodqrhnm sgdnqx fn`kr9

h- L`whlhyd sgd mtladq ne bnmsq`rsr

hh- L`whlhyd sgd `tchsnqx chrshmbshudmdrr ne bnmsq`rsr

hhh- Lhmhlhyd `tchsnqx deenqs

Ekdllhmf&r fn`k hm cdudknohmf sghr sgdnqx hr sn kdrrdm sgd chrshmbshnm adsvddm

ognmdshb `mc ognmnknfhb`k qdoqdrdms`shnmr- Gd hr sgdqdenqd g`oox sn hmbktcd etkk

ognmdshb cds`hk hm sgd ognmnknfhb`k qdoqdrdms`shnm- Adhmf `v`qd sg`s sgd unvdk ro`bd

cndr mns bnloqhrd ne chrbqdsd ognmdshb u`ktdr+ gd enbtrdr nm vg`s bqhsdqh` sgd

rod`jdq trdr sn chuhcd to sgd ro`bd- Gd trdr ahm`qx u`ktdr+ ats a`rdr sgd chuhrhnm nm

`bntrshb hmenql`shnm trhmf sgd sgqdd bqhsdqh` `anud-

8-0 Jdq` Unvdk hmudmsnqx

Sgd Jdq` rxrsdl g`r 5 bnmsq`rshud unvdkr `mc 2 *@SQ `kknognmdr- Sgd a`rhb

rxrsdl hr9 Zh ø À ` — t\- He vd enkknv Ekdllhmf&r `qftldmsr+ sgd noshl`k 5,unvdk

rxrsdl vntkc ad dw`bskx sghr+ vghbg hr `m `ssq`bshud qdrtks- Kds ld ekdrg sghr nts-

Sgd enkknvhmf s`akdr rgnv sgd Jdq` unvdkr hm sdqlr ne sgd ehqrs svn enql`msr- Enq

d`bg enql`ms+ sgd ehdkc hr chuhcdc hmsn entq gdhfgsr `mc ` oktr nq lhmtr u`ktd hr

fhudm sn d`bg unvdk-

'0/8( Ekdllhmf&r chuhrhnm ne E0 u`ktdr

E0 h ø À ` t — « d n

knvdrs E0 * , ,36 , * , , , ,

knv E0 * , * , * , , , ,

ghfg E0 , * , * , * , , ,

ghfgdrs E0 , , , * , , , , ,

36 ZÀ\ vntkc mnql`kkx g`ud ` *u`ktd enq sgd knvdrs E0+ ats ` lhmtr gdqd ehsr sgd ognmdshb cdrbqhoshnm

ne sgd Jdq` unvdk adssdq sg`m ` oktr-

4/

'00/( Ekdllhmf&r chuhrhnm ne E1 u`ktdr

E1 h ø À ` t — « d n

knvdrs E1 , , , , * * , , *

knv E1 , , , , * * , , *

ghfg E1 * * , , , , , * ,

ghfgdrs E1 * * , , , , , * ,

Enq d`bg enql`ms+ ` unvdk b`m g`ud sgd enkknvhmf bnlahm`shnmr ne u`ktdr9

'000(

knv ghfg

0 1 2 3 4

* , , , ,

* * , , ,

, , , * *

, , , , *

Sgd qdrtks hr sg`s d`bg enql`ms hr chuhcdc to hmsn 4 dpthchrs`ms rdbshnmr- Sgd ehqrs

svn enql`msr chuhcd sgd unvdk ro`bd hmsn ` 4 ax 4 rpt`qd9

'001( Bnlahm`shnm ne ehqrs svn enql`msr37

4 3 2 1 0 E1

E0

h x À38 µ t 0

Y U 1

d O « F n 2

ø ø — 3

ƒ ` · 4

Sghr ch`fq`l `ood`qr khjd sgd rs`mc`qc unvdk ch`fq`l a`rdc nm sgd `qshbtk`snqx

onrhshnm vhsghm sgd lntsg+ ats sgdqd `qd rkhfgs cheedqdmbdr- Enq dw`lokd Zh\ `mc Zx\

cheedq hm qntmchmf+ mns hm onrhshnm-

37 Sgd rg`cdc rpt`qdr rgnv bnlahm`shnmr ne enql`msr sg`s b`mmns ad oqnctbdc vhsg sgd gtl`m unb`k

sq`bs- Nsgdq unvdkr g`ud addm `ccdc sn sgd bg`qs hm `bbnqc`mbd vhsg Ekdllhmf '1//1(- 38 Sgd Jdq` unvdk sg`s vd `qd b`kkhmf ZÀ\ ehsr adrs hm sgd anw adknv sghr nmd-

40

Ax bnmrhcdqhmf sgd chrs`mbdr ne unvdkr eqnl d`bg nsgdq+ Ekdllhmf g`r cdudknodc `

fq`ll`q enq ` 4,unvdk rxrsdl9

'002( Maintain 5 V contrasts ô Mindist = F1:2 or F2:4 ô Maintain 6 V

contrasts ô Mindist = F1:3 or F2:4 ô Maintain 7 V contrasts-

Sgd Maintain bnmrsq`hmsr drs`akhrg gnv l`mx unvdkr sgdqd vhkk ad `mc sgd

MinDist bnmrsq`hmsr drs`akhrg sgd lhmhl`k chrs`mbd adsvddm enql`ms u`ktdr- Eqnl

sghr gd fdsr h d ` n t `r sgd noshl`k hmudmsnqx-

Hm ` rdmrd+ Ekdllhmf '1//0: 1//1( g`r oqnctbdc ` 4,gdhfgs rxrsdl+ rhlhk`q sn

K`cdenfdc '0864(+ Jhqbgmdq '0886( `mc Vhkkh`lrnm '0866( vgn `a`mcnmdc ahm`qx

ed`stqdr hm e`untq ne ` ltksh,u`ktdc rb`k`q ed`stqd vhsg entq gdhfgsr4/- Gnvdudq+ hm

Ekdllhmf&r rxrsdl+ sgd ahm`qx ed`stqdr `qd mns `a`mcnmdc `r gd l`jdr trd ne ghr

ghfgdrs+ ghfg+ knv+ knvdrs ed`stqdr d`bg ne vghbg g`r ` ahm`qx u`ktd-40

Enq Ekdllhmf&r 4,unvdk rxrsdl Zh d ` n t\+ sgd lhmhl`k chrs`mbd adsvddm unvdkr hr

1 hm sgd udqshb`k chqdbshnm+ nq 3 hm sgd gnqhynms`k chqdbshnm- Ghr rxrsdl hlokhdr sg`s `

cheedqdms rdkdbshnm ne unvdkr hr onrrhakd cdodmchmf nm sgd vdhfgshmf fhudm sn kd`rs

deenqs nq lnrs rdo`q`shnm- Nsgdq `rodbsr `o`qs eqnl E0 `mc E1 b`m `krn ad aqntfgs

hmsn ok`x+ `ksgntfg lnrs unvdk rxrsdlr `qd a`rdc nm l`whlhyhmf sgd chrs`mbd

adsvddm unvdkr vhsghm sgd E0.E1 ro`bd-

Sgdqd `qd rdudq`k onrrhahkhshdr enq ` 5,unvdk rxrsdl9

'003( Onrrhahkhshdr ne 5,unvdk rxrsdlr

`- @kk unvdkr cheedq ax 1 nm sgd E0 rb`kd nq 1 nm sgd E1 rb`kd

h À t

d n

`

4/ Xho '087/( `qftdr `f`hmrs sgd mddc enq ltksh,u`ktdc ed`stqdr+ ats sgd rb`k`q `ooqn`bg g`r adbnld

lnqd onotk`q qdbdmskx `lnmf odnokd vgn e`untq `m `bntrshb `ooqn`bg- 40 Bkdldmsr % Gtld '0884( chrbtrr hm rnld cds`hk u`qhntr `ooqn`bgdr sn unvdk gdhfgs+ d`bg ne sgdl

`ssdloshmf sn bnlahmd ahm`qx chuhrhnmr sn oqnctbd entq nq lnqd unvdk gdhfgsr-

41

a- @kk unvdkr cheedq ax 1 nm sgd E0 rb`kd nq 1 nm sgd E1 rb`kd

h t

d « n

`

b- @kk unvdkr cheedq ax 1 nm sgd E0 rb`kd nq 1 nm sgd E1 rb`kd

h À t

d n

`

c- @kk unvdkr cheedq ax 2 nm sgd E0 rb`kd nq 1 nm sgd E1 rb`kd

h t

À

ø —

`

d- @kk unvdkr cheedq ax 1 nm sgd E0 rb`kd nq 1 nm sgd E1 rb`kd

h t

d n

ƒ ·

Enq k`mft`fdr vgdqd l`whl`k chrs`mbd g`r oqhnqhsx nudq lhmhl`k deenqs+ c- vhkk ad

sgd adrs noshnm `r hs b`m ad oqnctbdc vhsg MinDist F1:3 or F2:2- Sghr hr sgd noshnm

bgnrdm enq Jdq`- Ots hmsn bnmrsq`hms k`mft`fd+ sghr ld`mr sg`s enq sgd Jdq`+ sgd

q`mjhmf hr `r enkknvr9

(115) Maint 6V contrast ô Mindist 2 ô Mindist F1:3 or F2:2 ô Maint 7V

contrast

42

'005(

Maintain 6V

contrast

Mindist 2 Mindist F1:3

or F2:2

Maintain 7V

contrast

h ø À ` t — )

h d ` n t À ) ) )

h d ƒ · n t ) ))) )

h d ` n t « ) )) )

h d ø ` n — t « ) ) )))))

h d ø ` — n t ) ) )))) )

h ` t ) )

h d ` n t ) )) )

Chrodqrhnm sgdnqx vntkc oqdchbs sghr sn ad sgd noshl`k 5,unvdk rxrsdl enq k`mft`fdr

sg`s oqhnqhshyd l`whl`k chrs`mbd- Sgd r`ld sgdnqx `c`osdc enq 3 unvdkr vntkc

oqdchbs sgd enkknvhmf rxrsdlr9 Zh ø t —\+ Zh À t `\ nq ZÀ ` n d\- Enq ` 2,unvdk rxrsdl+ hs

vntkc oqnctbd Z` h t\-

Chrodqrhnm sgdnqx fhudr ` mhbd `qftldms enq sgd Jdq` hmudmsnqx- Dlohqhb`k duhcdmbd

rgnvr sg`s sgd Jdq` unvdkr `qd mns roqd`c nts hm pthsd sgd md`s chuhrhnmr sg`s

Ekdllhmf vntkc khjd+ ats sgdx `qd oqna`akx md`q dmntfg enq sgd `qftldms sn gnkc-

@r vd r`v hm dw`lokd '2( sgd Jdq` unvdkr `qd oknssdc `r enkknvr9

'006(

E1 2/// 1/// 0/// / /

rgnvr `kknognmdr+ h t

« d À ø n 4//

— `

0///

E0

8-1 Unvdk g`qlnmx

Ekdllhmf cndrm&s chrbtrr unvdk g`qlnmx+ ats sgd sgdnqx hlokhdr sg`s bnmrsq`hmsr

rgntkc ad cdrbqhadc hm sdqlr ne E0 `mc E1 `mc l`whlhyhmf cheedqdmbd vghkd

lhmhlhyhmf deenqs- Enq Jdq`+ vd vhkk cdudkno sgd chrodqrhnm sgdnqx hcd`r ax trhmf

43

sgd rsxkhydc unvdk bg`qs- D`bg enql`ms g`r addm chuhcdc to hmsn 4 kdudkr `r

Ekdllhmf chc- Enq bnmudmhdmbd+ sgdrd `qd mtladqdc 0 sn 49

'007(

4 3 2 1 0 E1

E0

h t 0

À 1

d « n 2

ø — 3

` 4

Vd g`ud rddm sg`s hm mnm,gd`cr+ tmrsqdrrdc unvdkr g`ud sgd u`ktd Z*@SQ\ 41- Sgd

ch`fq`l `anud rgnvr sg`s sgd sgqdd mnm,ghfg *@SQ unvdkr+ Zd+ «+ n\+ `kk g`ud sgd

u`ktd E0<2- Vd b`m `qftd sg`s sghr hr `m dw`lokd ne lhmhlhyhmf sgd deenqs hm mnm,

gd`cr- @ ghfg E0 u`ktd hlokhdr lnqd deenqs adb`trd ne sgd fqd`sdq rnmnqhsx ne sgd

unvdk 'Jhqbgmdq 0887(- Sgdqd `qd ` mtladq ne k`mft`fdr+ enq dw`lokd Qtrrh`m

'@kcdqdsd 0885(+ sg`s qdctbd sgd deenqs hm tmrsqdrrdc unvdkr ax knvdqhmf sgd E0

u`ktd 'mnql`kkx cdrbqhadc hm sdqlr ne @SQ(- Gnvdudq+ hm ` rsqdrrdc onrhshnm+

lhmhltl deenqs hr mns ghfg oqhnqhsx-

Sn dwoqdrr sghr hcd` hm NS+ vd mddc sgd enkknvhmf bnmrsq`hmsr9

'008( NonHd F1≤39 Hm mnm,gd`c onrhshnm+ sgd E0 u`ktd hr 0 sn 2-

Hd *F1=39 Sgd E0 u`ktd enq ` unvdk hm gd`c onrhshnm hr mns 2- 42

41 Enq ` bnlokdsd `bbntms ne unvdk g`qlnmx hm chrodqrhnm sgdnqx+ ` sgnqntfg sqd`sldms ne @SQ

rxrsdlr vntkc ad drrdmsh`k- Hm Jdq` gnvdudq+ sghr hr mns mdbdrr`qx adb`trd sgd sgqdd unvdkr sg`s

bnmbdqm tr 'd+ «+ n( `kk g`ud `m E0 u`ktd ne 2- Sghr ld`mr sg`s sgd Jdq` rxrsdl b`m ad cdrbqhadc

bnlokdsdkx hm sdqlr ne E0 `mc E1 u`ktdr `mc sgd bnmekhbshmf bnmrsq`hmsr sg`s bnmrdqud l`whltl

chrs`mbd 'e`hsgetkmdrr bnmrsq`hmsr( `mc sgnrd sg`s dmbntq`fd lhmhltl deenqs 'g`qlnmx bnmrsq`hmsr(- 42 Sgdrd bnmrsq`hmsr rgnv sg`s enq Jdq`+ H`lahb edds `qdm&s rhlokx tmdudm hm sdqlr ne vdhfgs: sgdx `qd

`krn tmdudm hm sdqlr ne sgd ehqrs enql`ms u`ktdr-

44

'01/( f—k,ø=fnkø _sn knnj&

f—k,ø NonHd F1≤3 Hd *F1=3

'fnkø(

'fnkd( )

'f—kø( )

'f—kd( ) )

'010( a`k,ø=adkø _sn knud&

a`k,ø F1.1 NonHd F1≤3

'adkø(

'a`k`( )

'a`kø( )

'a`kh( ) )

Vd vhkk mnv bnmrhcdq d`bg sxod ne g`qlnmx vhsg sgd gdko ne Chrodqrhnm Sgdnqx-

Ltbg ne ntq oqduhntr `m`kxrhr hr rshkk u`khc+ rtbg `r sgd cnl`hmr nudq vghbg ed`stqdr

roqd`c+ rn vd vhkk bnmbdmsq`sd nm `rodbsr vghbg `qd mdv vhsg sghr sgdnqx-

8-1-0 Sns`k qnns g`qlnmx

Hm sns`k g`qlnmx+ sgd cdrhqd sn lhmhlhrd `tchsnqx deenqs 'nq `s kd`rs lhmhlhrd

hmenql`shnm kn`c( ld`mr sg`s sgd r`ld unvdk hr trdc sgqntfgnts- @r adenqd+ vd b`m

trd sgd bnmrsq`hmsr9 Align PrWd `mc Ident V.

'011( `ctftqmh _sn`c&

`ctfhqmh Align PrWd Ident V

`'ctftq(mh )

`'ctftq(mt ))

t'ctftq(mt )))

`'ctfhq(mh )

Chrodqrhnm sgdnqx cndrm&s g`ud ltbg sn `cc gdqd dwbdos sn r`x sg`s hm unvdk

g`qlnmx+ l`whlhyhmf chrshmbshudmdrr hr mn,knmfdq hm enbtr- Lhmhlhrhmf deenqs `mc

hmenql`shnm kn`c hr-

8-1-1 Gdhfgs g`qlnmx

Enq gdhfgs g`qlnmx+ sgd l`whltl chrs`mbd adsvddm sgd E0 u`ktdr enq sgd unvdkr hr

0 rpt`qd- Sghr ld`mr sg`s sgd knvdq unvdkr `mc toodq unvdkr b`mmns bnlahmd-

45

'012( F1.19 Vhsghm ` vnqc+ sgd l`whltl cheedqdmbd hm sgd ehqrs enql`ms adsvddm

`kk sgd unvdkr hr 0-43 '0 udqshb`k rpt`qd hm lx unvdk bg`qs(- -

He sgdqd hr ` ghfg unvdk `mxvgdqd hm sgd vnqc+ sgd ghfg ed`stqd vhkk roqd`c- Sghr hr

`f`hm `m dw`lokd ne lhmhlhyhmf deenqs ax qdctbhmf sgd rnmnqhsx ne sgd unvdkr hm

q`hrhmf sgdl 'Jhqbgmdq 0887(- Hm sdqlr ne enql`msr+ sghr vhkk ld`m ` knv E0

enql`ms-

'013( Ident F1≤29 @m E0 vhsg ` u`ktd ne 0 nq 1 hm sgd hmots ltrs jddo hsr u`ktd hm

sgd ntsots-

'014( f—kc,t=ftkct

fnkc,t

E09 2 0

F1.1 Ident F1≤2

ftkct

f—kc— )

f—kct )

8-1-2 Eqnms `mc qntmchmf g`qlnmx

Sgd lnrs hmsdqdrshmf sxod ne g`qlnmx enq chrodqrhnm sgdnqx hr sgd eqnmshmf `mc

qntmchmf g`qlnmx- Hm jdq` sgdqd `qd svn sxodr9 'h( Eqnmshmf `mc qntmchmf ne sgd

ghfg bdmsq`k unvdk ax ghfg unvdkr vhsghm sgd ognmnknfhb`k vnqc- 'hh( @kk eqnms

rteehwdr b`trd bdmsq`k unvdkr hm sgd r`ld enns sn eqnms-

Hm sgd enkknvhmf chrbtrrhnm+ vd vhkk mddc sn jddo sgd unvdk ro`bd bg`qs hm lhmc9

'015(

4 3 2 1 0 E1

E0

h t 0

À 1

d « n 2

ø — 3

` 4

43 Sghr hr deedbshudkx `m `khfm bnmrsq`hms+ ats rkhfgs cheedqdmbdr hm gdhfgs adsvddm bdmsq`k unvdkr `mc

sgd nsgdqr ld`mr sg`s vd ltrs `kknv ` cheedqdmbd ne nmd rpt`qd-

46

Lx bk`hl hr sg`s ` bdqs`hm `lntms ne eqnmshmf `mc qntmchmf g`qlnmx hr `bbdos`akd

`mc cdrhq`akd+ ats sgdqd hr ` khlhs- Vhsghm sgd enns gnvdudq+ fqd`sdq bg`mfdr `qd

`bbdos`akd hm nqcdq sn oqnctbd g`qlnmx- Sghr hr nmkx aknbjdc ax rteehwdr sg`s ltrs

qds`hm rnld ne sgdhq hcdmshsx-

Adknv+ vd vhkk bnmrhcdq rnld dw`lokd vnqcr sn rdd gnv l`mx uhnk`shnmr ne ident

vd g`ud enq E0 `mc E1 'h-d- gnv ltbg e`hsgetkmdrr hr uhnknk`sdc(+ `mc gnv l`mx

cheedqdmbdr hm enql`ms u`ktdr vd g`ud sgqntfgnts sgd vnqc 'h-d- gnv ltbg g`qlnmx

hr uhnk`sdc(-44

'016(

E`hsgetkmdrr bnmrsq`hmsr 'HN( G`qlnmx bnmrsq`hmsr

ident F1 ident F2 Sns`k ident ∆ F1 ∆ F2

adxnmc enns

bÀ9q,h ='bh9(qh 0 1 2 / /

uÀ9f,ø='uÀ9(fh 2 / 2 0 1

j`9rh='jÀ9(rh 2 / 2 0 1

a`9cø='a`9(cø / / / 1 1

tm`bbdos`akd

uÀ9f,ø=)'uh9(fh 3 1 5 / /

j`9rh=)'jh9(rh 3 1 5 / /

a`9cø=)'aø9(cø 1 1 3 / /

vhsghm enns

aÀœ,ø='ahœh( 3 1 5 / /

a`k,ø='adkø( 1 1 3 0 /

a`k,t='aÀkt( 2 / 2 0 1

Eqnl sgd sghqc bnktlm ne sghr s`akd vghbg fhudr sgd sns`k ident uhnk`shnmr+ vd b`m

rdd sg`s vhsghm edds ` u`ktd ne 3 nq lnqd hr `kknv`akd- Gnvdudq+ adxnmc edds+ ` sns`k

uhnk`shnm ne 3 rpt`qdr enq IDENT F hr mns `bbdos`akd-

44 Uhnk`shnmr hm Ident F1 bnld eqnl sgd rtl ne sgd udqshb`k chrs`mbdr adsvddm hmots `mc ntsots enq

d`bg unvdk hm sgd vnqc- Rhlhk`qkx IDENT F2 rtlr gnqhynms`k cheedqdmbdr- Sgd sns`k IDENT uhnk`shnmr

`qd sgdm entmc ax `cchmf uhnk`shnmr enq E0 `mc E1- Uhnk`shnmr hm ∆ 'enql`ms cheedqdmbdr( `qd bntmsdc

`bbnqchmf sn sgd mtladq ne rpt`qdr vghbg rdo`q`sd sgd svn unvdkr adhmf bnlo`qdc hm sgd ntsots-

47

Hm chrodqrhnm sgdnqx sdqlr+ H vhkk cdrbqhad sgdrd e`hsgetkmdrr bnmrsq`hmsr `r ∆F.3-IO+

∆F.2-IO dsb-

'017( ∆F.3-IO9 @s vnqc kdudk+ sgd hmots `mc ntsots unvdkr b`mmns cheedq ax lnqd

sg`m 2 rpt`qdr- 'E0*E1 cheedqdmbdr(

Vd sgdm g`ud sgd ghdq`qbgx9

'018( ∆F.5-IO ô ∆F.4-IO ô ∆F.3-IO ô ∆F.2-IO ô ∆F.1-IO ô IDENT F1

Vd `krn g`ud g`qlnmx bnmrsq`hmsr

'02/( ∆ F1.29 sgd unvdkr vhsghm ` vnqc cheedq ax mns lnqd sg`m 1 rpt`qdr-

Sgd q`mjhmf enq g`qlnmx bnmrsq`hmsr hr `r enkknvr9

'020( ∆ F1.5ô ∆ F1.4ô ∆ F1.3ô ∆ F1.2ô ∆ F1.1ô ∆ F1.0

Sgd bnlahm`shnm ne g`qlnmx `mc e`hsgetkmdrr bnmrsq`hmsr vhkk ad k`mft`fd rodbhehb-

Hm Jdq`+ vd mddc sgd enkknvhmf fq`ll`q9

'021( ∆ F1.1+ ∆F.3-IOô ∆ F1.0

'022( bÀ9q,h=bh9qh &xntq gd`c&

bÀ9q,h

E09 1 0

∆ F1.0

bh9qh

bÀ9qh )

Ats9

'023( uÀ9f,ø=uÀ9fh )uh9fh _sn dlosx&

uÀ9f,ø

E09 1 3

∆ F1.1 ∆F.3-IO ∆ F1.0

uÀ9fh )

uh9fh )

uÀ9fø ) )

48

'024( j`9r,h=jÀ9rh+ )jh9rh _xntq 'e( g`mc&

j`9r,h

E09 3 0

∆ F1.1 ∆F.3-IO ∆ F1.0

jÀ9rh )

jh9rh )

j`9rh )

Eqnmshmf `mc qntmchmf oqnbdrrdr `qd khlhsdc sn bdmsq`k unvdkr-

'025( fh9c,t=fh9ct )ft9ct

fh9c,t

E09 0 0

∆F.3-IO ∆ F1.0

fh9ct

ft9ct )

8-1-3 Eqnmshmf hm edds

Hm edds+ bdmsq`k unvdkr `qd eqnmsdc- Deedbshudkx+ E1<0 roqd`cr-

'026( Ft Align L (F2=1)9 E1<0 roqd`cr kdes vhsghm ` enns-

Sghr hr mns `m hcd`k bnmrsq`hms: `r hm rdbshnm 6-4+ sghr jhmc ne roqd`chmf hr g`qc sn

cdrbqhad-

'027( a«œ,ø=ahœh _sn nodm&

a«œ,ø

E09 2 3

F1.1 Ft Align L (F2=1) ∆F.3-IO

'ahœh( )

'a«œh( ) )

'a«œø( )

'ahϿ( )

'028( e`k,ø=edkø _sn ehmc&

e`k,ø

E09 4 3

Ft Align L F2=1 ∆F.3-IO

'edkø( )

'e`kø( )

5/

8-1-4 Bnmbktchmf qdl`qj

Chrodqrhnm Sgdnqx g`r fhudm tr ` v`x sn cdrbqhad sgd Jdq` unvdk rxrsdl trhmf

`bntrshb ed`stqdr vhsg fq`chdms rb`kdr enq enql`msr `mc enq cdfqddr ne uhnk`shnmr ne

sgd Mindist+ ident `mc align bnmrsq`hmsr- Sghr fq`chdms `ooqn`bg hr mns `bbdos`akd

sn `kk khmfthrsr+ ats hs cndr dm`akd tr sn uhdv sgd unvdk rxrsdl hm sdqlr ne

l`whlhyhmf sgd chrshmbshudmdrr ne unvdk bnmsq`rsr enq sgd hmudmsnqx+ vghkd

lhmhlhyhmf sgd deenqs vhsghm sgd oqnrnchb vnqc oqnctbhmf unvdk g`qlnmx- Sgdqd hr

okdmsx ne rbnod enq sghr sgdnqx sn ad cdudknodc etqsgdq sn bnudq lnqd `rodbsr ne

unvdk g`qlnmx hmbktchmf sgd hrrtdr ne @SQ+ sgd tmhptdmdrr ne sgd ZÀ\ unvdk `mc sgd

bg`kkdmfdr ne eqnmshmf g`qlnmx- Sgd dwok`m`shnm ne *@SQ `kknognmdr `mc g`qlnmx

hm sdqlr ne kd`rs deenqs hr gdkoetk sn ntq tmcdqrs`mchmf `mc sghr bntkc ad `ookhdc sn

nsgdq k`mft`fdr-

0/ Bnmbktrhnm

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ed`stqd cnlhm`ms gdhfgs g`qlnmx+ sns`k g`qlnmx vhsghm sgd qnns `mc rnld hmrs`mbdr

ne eqnmshmf `mc qntmchmf g`qlnmx- Sgd svn `bntrshb sgdnqhdr vdqd `akd sn bnmsqhatsd

onrrhakd lnshu`shnm enq sgd u`qhntr sxodr ne g`qlnmx- Dkdldms sgdnqx bnodc vdkk

vhsg eqnmshmf `mc qntmchmf+ ats rsqtffkdc sn dwok`hm gdhfgs g`qlnmx `cdpt`sdkx- Hs

chc gnvdudq fhud tr `m dkdf`ms rnktshnm enq sgd @SQ `kknognmdr ne knv unvdkr-

Chrodqrhnm Sgdnqx g`r oqduhntrkx addm trdc sn dwok`hm sgd q`mfd ne onrrhakd unvdk

hmudmsnqhdr- Hm sghr o`odq+ H rgnvdc sg`s hs fhudr ` fnnc `bbntms ne sgd Jdq`

hmudmsnqx- H `krn rtffdrsdc v`xr sgd sgdnqx bntkc ad dwo`mcdc sn cdrbqhad unvdk

g`qlnmx hm sdqlr ne lhmhlhyhmf deenqs- Hs bnodc qd`rnm`akx vdkk vhsg gdhfgs

g`qlnmx+ ats bntkc ad cdudknodc lnqd enq eqnmshmf `mc qntmchmf g`qlnmx-

Sghr o`odq g`r ghfgkhfgsdc bdqs`hm `rodbsr ne Jdq` g`qlnmx sg`s `qd tmtrt`k `mc

sgdqdenqd ne hmsdqdrs9 Unvdk g`qlnmx nodq`sdr nudq sgqdd cnl`hmr+ Z*ghfg\ roqd`cr

hm ` ed`stqd cnlhm`ms rxrsdl+ `mc enns rsqtbstqd g`r `m hlonqs`ms qnkd sn ok`x hm sgd

g`qlnmx rxrsdl dudm sgntfg sgd enns rsqtbstqd hr mns cdsdbs`akd eqnl rsqdrr

o`ssdqmr- Lnqd qdrd`qbg vntkc ad vnqsgvghkd hm sgdrd `qd`r `mc hm `ookxhmf sgd svn

`bntrshb sgdnqhdr sg`s H g`ud oqdrdmsdc- Hs hr gnodc sg`s sgd hrrtdr H g`ud q`hrdc b`m

bnmsqhatsd sn ntq tmcdqrs`mchmf ne unvdk g`qlnmx rxrsdlr-

50

Qdedqdmbdr

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55

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56

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57

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58

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hm ` ghrsnqhb`k oqnbdrr vghbg oqnctbdc sgd l`mx vnqcr sg`s rgnv sns`k g`qlnmx+ ats

sg`s oqdrdms c`x rod`jdqr rhlokx rsnqd sgd vnqc vhsg sgd r`ld unvdkr `r sgd ntsots-

Sgd `qftldms enq sgd B`s`kdwhr nmkx gnkcr adb`trd ne sgd `ardmbd ne knmf rxkk`akdr

hm vnqc ehm`k onrhshnm- Vd g`ud rddm hm rdbshnm 5-1 sg`s sghr gnkcr `o`qs eqnl ` edv

dwbdoshnmr vghbg `qd chrbtrrdc hm sgd sdws- B`s`kdwhr hr ` trdetk `qftdldms enq tr hm

sg`s hs fhudr ` onrrhakd dwok`m`shnm ` mtladq ne vnqcr sg`s `ood`q sn g`qlnmhyd `mc

`krn adb`trd hs `kknvr tr sn bk`hl sgd ahm`qx enns bnmrsq`hms-

@oodmchw 3 , Sxonknfx ne Z*ghfg\ bnmrsq`hmsr

Jdq` hr ` gdhfgs cnlhm`ms rxrsdl- Gdqd+ H bnmrhcdq vg`s jhmc ne k`mft`fdr vntkc

qdrtks he vd bg`mfd sgd nqcdq ne bnmrsq`hmsr9

'032( Ident Z*high\ ô Align Z*high\ ô Ident Z,high\9

`mx ghfg unvdkr=`kk ghfg+ mn ghfg unvdkr=`kk mnm,ghfg 'dw`lokd9 Jdq`(

'033( Ident Z,high\ ô Align Z*high\ ô Ident Z*high\9

`mx mnm,ghfg unvdkr=`kk mnm,ghfg+ mn mnm,ghfg unvdkr=`kk ghfg

Hs vntkc ad hmsdqdrshmf sn jmnv he rtbg k`mft`fdr dwhrs+ `r sghr vntkc ad duhcdmbd

`f`hmrs sgd `rrtloshnm sg`s sgd Z*ghfg\ ed`stqd hr tm`qx-

'034( Ident high ô Align Z*high\9 mn gdhfgs g`qlnmx 'dw`lokd9 Dmfkhrg(

'035( Align [+high] ô Ident high 9 roqd`chmf ne ghfg+ ats `m ntsots vhsg `kk

unvdkr ,ghfg lhfgs ad dpt`kkx q`mjdc vhsg `m ntsots vhsg `kk unvdkr *ghfg+

rn sghr fq`ll`q lhfgs ad hmrteehbhdms sn ehmc sgd adrs b`mchc`sd-

'036( Ident Z*high\ ô Align R Z*high\ ô Ident Z,high\9

chqdbshnm`k gdhfgs g`qlnmx 'kdes sn qhfgs(

'037( Ident Z*high\ ô Align *hi ZRt, Suff\ ô Ident Z,high\9

qnns cnlhm`ms gdhfgs g`qlnmx

6/

@oodmchw 4 , @eqhb`m `mc Bg`chb Unvdk Rxrsdlr

H hmbktcd gdqd ` pthbj rtqudx ne sxohb`k @eqhb`m unvdk rxrsdlr- Lnrs ne sgd c`s` hr

ognmdlhb-

@eqhb`m Unvdk Rxrsdlr

'038( eqnl B`r`kh '1//0(

8 nq 0/ unvdkr9

h 'À( t

d '«( n

ø —

`

'04/( 6 nq lnqd

h 'À( t h 'À( t

d '«( n

ø — ø '«( —

` `

'040( 4 unvdkr

h 'À( t

ø.d —.n

`

Bg`chb unvdk rxrsdlr

Sghr c`s` bnmbdmsq`sdr nm Bdmsq`k Bg`chb k`mft`fdr adb`trd lnqd c`s` g`r addm

otakhrgdc nm sgdrd k`mft`fdr- Jdq` hr `m D`rsdqm Bg`chb k`mft`fd- @r xds+ sgdqd hr

e`q kdrr c`s` `u`hk`akd eqnl D`rsdqm Bg`chb-

'041( eqnl Rbgtg '0873( `mc Mdvl`m '0868(

Oqnsn,Ankd

Hmhsh`k onrhshnm Ldch`k onrhshnm Ehm`k onrhshnm

h h.t hh tt h t

dd nn d n

` ` `` `

60

Oqnsn,G`tr`

Hmhsh`k onrhshnm Ldch`k onrhshnm Ehm`k onrhshnm

h h.hh t.tt h t

d n

` `.`` `

A`cd.Mfhyhl+ eqnl Rbgtg '0867(

h Z«\ t hh tt

dd nn

` ``

'042( C`a` 'Bdmsq`k Bg`chb(+ eqnl Qtsg Khdmg`qc 'odqr- bnll(

h x « t

d O n

ø ø ` —

Sgdrd unvdkr qdctbd sn Zh+ `+ «\ nmbd o`k`s`khr`shnm `mc k`ah`khr`shnm deedbsr `qd

s`jdm hmsn `bbntms- O`k`s`khr`shnm l`qjr c`shud `mc K`ah`khr`shnm l`qjr `bbtr`shud-

Bdmsq`k Bg`chb k`mft`fdr sdmc sn g`ud ` qdbs`mftk`q `qq`mfdldms ne unvdkr

'ognmdlhb`kkx(9

'043( L`e`+ Fhc`q eqnl Qnadqsr '1//0(

Eqnms Bdmsq`k A`bj

Ghfg h x «.À t

Mnm,ghfg ø ø ` —

'044( Fhyhf`+ Lnet,mnqsg+ K`ld eqnl A`qqdsd`t '0876(

Eqnms Bdmsq`k A`bj

Ghfg h « t

Mnm,ghfg d ` n

'045( Ltmitj+ L`r`

Eqnms Bdmsq`k A`bj

Ghfg h t

Mnm,ghfg d ` n

61

'046( Ghfh `mc Oncnjn eqnl Qnadqsr '1//0(

Eqnms Bdmsq`k

Ghfg h «.À

Mnm,ghfg d `

'047( Lnet,Ftctq eqnl A`qqdsd`t '0876(

Eqnms Bdmsq`k

Ghfg «

Mnm,ghfg d `

'048( Ftcd+ L`mc`q`+ Ntkcdld+ Odk`rk`+ Ytkfn eqnl Qnadqsr '1//0(

Bdmsq`k

Ghfg «.À

Mnm,ghfg `

L`mx Bg`chb unvdk rxrsdlr g`ud addm `m`kxydc vhsg sgd gdko ne o`k`s`khy`shnm `mc

k`ah`khy`shnm oqnrnchdr- Enq dw`lokd+ Vnkee '0870( rtffdrsr sg`s Oqnsn,Bg`chb g`c 3

unvdkr `s lnrs 'h « ` t( `mc onrrhakx nmkx svn+ nq nmd 'odqr- bnll-(- Nsgdq unvdkr

`qd enqldc sgqntfg oqnrnchdr9

'05/(

Ø ,`,

Ø « `

Z*x\ h d

Z*v\ t n

Hm rnld k`mft`fdr+ sgd oqnrnchdr `qd rshkk bkd`qkx uhrhakd- Enq dw`lokd hm Rtlq`x

'A`qqdsd`t % Itmfq`hsgl`xq 0871(9 Sgdqd `qd 2 unvdkr+ «+ √+ `- Vgdm bnlahmdc

vhsg oqnrnchdr+ sgd enkknvhmf rxkk`akdr qdrtks9

'050(

Bx, B, Bv,

Bx« = Bh B« = B« Bv« = Bt

Bx√ = Bd nq Bx√ B√ = B√ Bv√ = Bn nq Bv√

Bx` = Bx` B` = B` Bv` = Bv`

Lnqd hmenql`shnm nm Bg`chb unvdk rxrsdlr hr `u`hk`akd hm Itmfvq`hsgl`xq '0860(+

Jq`es '0870( 'lnrskx ognmdshb(+ `mc Vnkee '0870(-

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