University of Nigeria Research Publications

NWACHUKWU, Uchenna C.

Nam

e

PG/MBA./02/36930

Title

Re-Engineering the Printing Industry in Nigeria

Facu

lty

Business Administration

Dep

artm

ent

Management

Dat

e November, 2004

Sign

atur

e

RE - ENGINEERING THE PRINTING INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA

BRESENTEDBY

NWACHUKWU. UCHENNA C

A project presented to the department of management.

faculty of Business Administration, University of Nigeria.

Enugu Campus (UNEC)

partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of

Masters degree in Business Administration (MBA)

November 2004

NWACHUKWU, UCHENNA a post graduate student of the department of

Management, with registration number PG/MBA/O2/36930 has satisfactorily

completed the requirements for the course and research work for the masters in

Business Administration in management.

This work embodied in this project is original and has not been submitted in part

or full for any Degree of this or any other university.

DR U. J. # EWURUM J

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

I /

I/ DR. U. J. F E WURUM

SUPERVISOR

DEDICATION

I dedicate this work to God Almighty whom by his grace all was made possible.

To Chris, Chris - Jesse, C. Strong and Chrystal for their love and support.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The success of this research work is attributed to individual who in their various

ways contributed and assisted me directly or indirectly. At the apex of my

gratitude is the God Almighty who gave me the knowledge, zeal, power and

inspiration to produce this wonderful work. I am profoundly grateful and indebted

to my project supervisor; Dr U. J. F. Ewurum who not only patiently read the

manuscript before final production but also encouraged me.

The encouragement, moral and financial support of people like my husband Mr.

Chris Nwachukwu, My parents Mr & Mrs Victor Ezika. My gratitude also go to

the following, Miss Ngozi Ugwu for her kind adviser, Mrs Cornelia Echendu, a

mother and sister too, Evang. Uchechi Elechi for her prayers and others. My

thanks also go to the staff of Aplic and Vogasen, Powernet Cyber Cafe who

immensely contributed to the success of this work by supplying the necessary

information sought.

May God reward you all in Jesus Name.

ABSTRACT

The topic "Re-engineering the printing industry in Nigerid' was chosen as a

result of its importance and proximity to the economy of the nation and very

crucial too for the printing firms.

This dissertation seeks

being faced by them in

their jobs match up to

to explore various printing firms and the present problem

trying to fully embrace the re-engineering process to get

that of their foreign counterparts. With this in view, the

research utilized data from boih primary and secondary sources and the data

collected properly analyzed to quantify some of the information.

APLlC and VOGASEN all in Enugu were the firms used for the emphasis.

The dissertation is divided into five chapters, which beautifully roll into one

another with considerable sequence. Chapter one treats the anticipatory part of

the work, starting with the introduction. Chapter two briefly reviews some related

literature on the topic and exposes certain views considered relevant to the

Nigeria situation. Chapter three and four introduced the empirical foundation of

the work through the research design, methodology, data presentation, analysis

and interpretation.

Chapter five summarizes the work and proffers certain recommendations

Tde Page

CerWate

Dedcation

Acknowledgment

Abstract

, T~ofContents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I

ii

... 111

N

v

vi

CHAPTER ONE

1 .O Introduction Background of the study

12 Statement of the problem

1.3 Reseatchquestions

1.4 Objectives of the study

1.5 The Sign'mcanCe of the Study

1.6 Defin'rtion of terms

CHAPTER TWO - UTERANRE REVlEW

2.1 Prospect for Re engineering in the Nigeria Printing Industry 9

2.2 Origin of business re -engineering 11

2.3 Opportunities offemi by the new ted7nolog-y for the printing, publishing

and converting industry in a developing country

2.4 How to Re - engineering a business 16

2.4.1 Re engineering prqmms not cost 17

2.42 Reengineering Prwcess 19

2.4.3 The basic change process 21

2.5 The effect of reengineering with the use of modern trends in

package printing 27

2.6 Print equipment for *mum print reproduction 33

2.7 Re- engineering thmgh Calibrating the Computer System 41

2.8 Problems of printing Industry in Nigeria 43

2.8.1 Procedure for equipment maintenance 44

2.82 Need to motivate the print operator 46

2.9 .Weather as it affects printing industry in Nigeria 49

2.9.1 Need to get qualified engineers to maintain the machines 51

References

CHAFT'ER THREE

3.0 ResarchMethodolosy

3.1 Area of Study

3.2 Sampling frame and sampling methods

3..3 Source of data

* 3.3.1 Primary Sources of data 5

3.32 Secondary Sources of data

3.4 Method of questionnaire distribution

3.4.1 Pattern of guestroruraire diitribution

3.5 Method of data analysis

3.6 Researchinstrumentused

3.7 Scopeof the Shrdy

3.8 Lim'rtations of tk Stuct)l

'CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Data Presentation and analyss

4.1 Distribution and return of quesiionnaire

u

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Summary of Findings, recommemiations and condusions 76

5.1 Summary of findings 76

5.2 Recommendations 77

5.3 Conclusions 78

Bibliography

Questionnaire.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

The Background of the study

The development of Third world countries depends on the education of the

people. Armed with Knowledge people can embrace change and pursue'

development. So in turn, the development of Nigeria depends on the

printing industry whose duty it is to produce the necessary learning aids.

Due to lack of sophistication in alternative mediums the printed word

should hold centre stage because of its accessibility, approachability and

tendency to sustain a lasting impression on its audience.

According to Dipi - Ing Albrecht Bolza Schunemann, chairman of the

Board of PRINT PROMOTION and President of drupa 2000 "Printed

information has been and will continue to be the most important

communication means as far as quality, important and effect are

concerned' The development and thus the prosperity of a Country are

determined by the peoples store of Knowledge and the efficiency of the

communication System. There is no doubt that education and information

form the basis of all cultural, social and economic developments. ,

The essence of this project work is to re -examine what modern printing is

all about and what can be done to improve the quality of Jobs produced in

this country in order to match or get close enough to that of our foreign

counterparts. Christian Weiss said that" The heart of men will be won

through printed words'. This is true because virtually everything used to

improve human life, thinking and eliminate ignorance ranging from postage

stamps, paper money, Bible textbooks, magazines, government securities,

writing pad etc are all printed items, so the importance of printing industry

cannot be over - stressed.

According to Adewale Oyebolu, the editor Printers Digest" The

globalization of business demands sophisticated and compatible

products and services, these needs are only met by current or

contemporary technology" The industry is almost phasing out letter

press to a re -engineered process like graphics and digital printing, other

types of printing like offset and screen printing have been greatly re -

engineered too. The project will also review the problems of the printing

industry in Nigeria like:

- Lack of training for both operators and instructors

- Financial Problem, loan acquisition problem,

- Total dependence on foreign countries

- Intruders in the printing industry

- Lack of workshops, seminars and exhibitions

- No qualified engineers to service and maintain the machine

- Need for modern printing school in the country

- Inadequate support from government as well as new technologies,

challenges and opportunities for the printing and publishing industry in

Nigeria.

The project will also examine the modem trends in package printing, latest

development of package printing, need for a planned maintenance

procedure in a print outfit, motivating the print operators among others

which are measures to be used in re-engineering the printing industry, it

will also suggest ways of improving the industry through re-engineering

process

1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Re-engineering the printing industry in Nigeria talks about change in the

way of Operators using appropriate print equipment for optimum print

production, partnership with customer's, calibrating the computer system

and the like. In the past few years, business environment which include

printing industry has undergone rapid and tremendous changes which

many find so difficult to embrace. For effective and viable industry to exist

in the printing firms there must be mutual trust and cooperation between

the government, employers and the employee. When high level of co

operation is achieved among these three levels, it will naturally lead to

promoting efficiency in production, eliminating wastes, reducing cost and

improving the quality of products.

1. As the printing industry is experiencing advancement in technology

by use of modern and supplicated n~achines, to what extent will re-

engineered process help in the printing industry and assess the

problems facing this industry so as to improve the output.

2. What is the nature of re-engineering in the selected printing firms?

1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What is the prospect for re-engineering in the Nigeria printing and

publishing industry?

2. What Problems are encountered in the print industry and how can they

be solved?

3. How effective has modern trends and latest development help in the

printing industry?

4. What opportunities does new technology and re- engineering offer in the

printing and publish industry?

5. How effective has the application of re-engineering process been in the

two selected printing firms?

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The study would be undertaken with the following objectives in view:

1. To determine the prospect for re-engineering in the Nigeria printing and

publishing industry with particular reference to the two printing firms

chosen

2. To find out the problems encountered in the printing industry and proffer

solution to them.

3. To identify the effect of re-engineering in the Nigeria printing industry

with a view to the help modern trends and latest development in printing

industry will render to our country

4. To find out the opportunities offered by the new technologies for the

printing and publishing industry in Nigeria as a developing country

5. To understand the effectiveness of application of re-engineered process

in the two selected printing firms. . .

1.4 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is hoped that the study will be a ready source materials for investors in

the printing industries. In addition policy formulators as well as other I

agencies outside printing are likely to find the study useful in their day-to- I day activities.

It is also hoped that the study will add to the reference materials of the

printing and publishing industries and provide bases for future studies on

this topic.

1.5 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Re-engineering: is the radical re-designed of an organization process in

order to cut costs, improve quality, increase speed and enhance

competitiveness (Don Hellreigel, John Slocum Jr 1996 : 695) Process

that are crucial to customer satisfaction are candidates for re-engineering.

Industry: According to Encyclopedia: American Industry is a group of

enterprises that create a similar economic good or utility, for example the

printing industry. Each industry is based on labour specialization, groups of

individuals expert in particular fields strive toward improved skill and

efficiency in providing a particular goods or service.

Screen Printing: is basically the transfer of image by allowing ink to pass

through an opening or stencil. Stencil is just the type of mask that passes

ink in the image areas and block ink passage in non - Image areas.

Flexographic Printing: is a sharp departure from the traditional

lithographic printing achieved through a rubber stereo (photopolymer)

which represents the printing plate in the lithographic printing process.

REFERENCES

Print promotion: 2000; A news letter for training information in Printing

and Paper Converting Technology - Printed by Druckerei Henrich GmbH,

Germany.

Helleriegel, Slocum Jr.; Management southwest college Publishing

(1 996) 695, 697.

Central Bank of Nigeria (1996:; Economical, Financial Review, Journal of

Economic Studies 24 (4)

Cl-OAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW-

PROSPECTS FOB RE-ENGINEERING IN THE NIGERIA

PRINTING INDUSTRY

Re-engineering has made a remarkable impact across the printing world.

The reason is obvious, since re-engineering is a response to competitive

circumstances. It helps organization to go through unprecedented change.

In the case where markets are becoming more turbulent and when rate of

change is accelerating, the application of a re-engineered process

becomes crucial for organizational effeciivciiess. In times of market

turbulence, it is not the market position or strung financial base which gives

competitive advantage; but the ability to move quickly into markets and

develops effective products and services. The challenge of how best to

restructure Associated Printing and Lith~graphic Company (APLIC)

and Vogasen Nigeria Limited improved both the flow of resources and

finance through purchase of more modem machines and information in

order to re-engineer their business process .

Re-engineering is concerned explicitly with process analysis and changing

the way things are done and then focusing on the outcome with a view to

keeping only those process that add value to the customers. Employee

change in behaviors and for the managers to communicate openly with

employees by giving them sound reason and explanations for the design

which have effect on their department are pre-requisite for process-re-

engineering. Re-engineering is what people must do to achieve success,

they implement the change and deliver the benefits.

Re -engineering has made a remarkable impact in the printing industry.

There is no disputing to the fact that it is a response to the dynamics of the

business environment. Business re-engineering eliminates unnecessary

process and procedures in the operation of an organization while

introducing a more advanced technology. In re-engineering process people

are expected to implement the change and deliver the benefits; so it

requires effective leadership and control so as not to fail.

A re-engineered printing firm is expected to make use of the most current

information technology, to effect changes in their area of operation so that

they can come out with a better output. For example; in APLlC and

VOGASEN being the two chosen firms, obsolete printing machines like

letter press has been phased out making way for digital and more colorful

printing. Customers are then satisfied because jobs are delivered at the

shortest moment with quality too.

2.2 ORIGIN OF BUSINESS RE-ENGINEERING

It is generally agreed that the concept of re-engineering emerged from the

study concluded by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

from 1984 - 1989. However, it was Professor Michael Hammer of the

same institute that gave the idea under publicity in 1990 Havard business

review.

United states managers' perceptions of the business and 'economic

conditions in the early 1990's drew them to the re- engineering message.

The quest for its adoption becomes imperative due to the new global

competitive pressure. It was first used by American telephone and

telegraph(ATCT). This was a response to the recession and turbulent

market condition that prevailed in the 1990's. The response of wall street

was that it was the right strategy for business and for shareholders.

The print promotion pioneered the use of this concept in the printing

industry by running numerous training courses that are tailored to

participants from Third world countries with regard to contents and

organization for 25 years now. (Print Promotion - New technologies

2000) Re-engineering is seen as a reversal of the basic principles of the

scientific management propounded by Fredrick Taylor. Under the theory

work is believed to be the most efficiently performed when it is broken

down into. small, often repetitive task to be performed by different

individuals departments. t-lowever, this tl-icoi-y has become dysfunctional.

Printing industry re-engineering re-assembles task into meaningful units of

work through the use of modem printing machines and information

technology both in traditional printing and digital so that printing jobs can

be easier and less demanding.

*

2.3 OPPORTUNITIES OFFERED BY THE NEW TECHNOLOGY (RE-

ENGINEERING) FOR THE PRNTING, PUBLISHING AND

CONVERTING INDUSTRY BN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY.

Opportunities they say come but one - or better still: "fortunes knock at

one's door once''. Seeing the next millennium already here with us tells us

we are moving into a new era of life, a rapidly changing world with focus

on how to beat the time. The new technologies through the new modern

developed machines like computer added systems devices will help in no

small way to work at a faster rate, thus enhancing the efficiency of their

services. When the rate at which computer added systems devices

operate is compared with that of camera devices in reproduction, it is

obvious that the inefficiency of the camera system reproduction would

have remained as a major factor of setback in the printing industry and

which sets men at each others throats and has for long stigmatized the

industry will be brought under control through a re-engineered process. In

addition, a re-engineered process would boast the relationship between

the printers and their customer's, seeing Il-tc customers' jobs are delivered

at the stipulated time. On the other hand, the re-engineered process will

now improve the health of the printers as they will now live a stress-free

life. The menace, psychological stress and pressure usually experienced

by the printers as a result of the problcms with the traditional process in

reprint and press, of course have robbed many of their good health.

Further still is the'deterioration of their health, caused by anxiety and worry

as a result of the impossible in anticipating the outcome of production.

The printing house owners and managers must make wise decision to

invest in new modem techniques for higher productivity in the print media I

which kill encourage patronage over other media and thus increase the

number of jobs being received by the printers. Therefore, the turnover in

the industry will grow steadily. In Nigeria for example 50% of the

population live in the rural areas where there is no electricity supply to

power their appliances. Those that are in urban areas do abandon these

appliances because of the epileptic electric supply. As a result of this

inefficiency in power supply h e people have to depend on print media for

their enlightenment. However. the print media have proved to he the best

agent of enlightenment in the society today. In fact, it lives longer than

any other form of communication. Advantages abound in the printing,

publishing as well as converting industries in Nigeria. Firstly. It minimized

the level of malerial wastage and secondly, i t maximizes profits through

the new high-tech machines in association with the new techniques in the

printing industry. Considering the system of computer-to-plate and

computer-to-press, the later surpasses in cost effectiveness in respect of

quotations with a view to reducing wastage of materials incurred through

the analogous process. The invaluable advantages of the new techniques

over the old techniques with regard to wastage of resources cannot be

quantified especially regarding materials that cannot be recycled in

connection with .the system of process in reproduction and press. The

trend in global environmental problem has become a concern to every

individual and cooperate institution on how to make the world a better

place for all to live. With regard to these environmental issues, the new

technologies in place are less dependent on materials that further

contribute to environmental hazards, thus making the printing the

publishing industry free from contributing to the environmental hazards of

the world.

The standard of any product is determined by its quality. The quality of job

and its durability gives the customer a great confidence in the printing

industry. In the 80's to 90's the standard of printing was very shabby in

Nigerian. There was no diversity in printing. The processing of colour jobs

is usually by handicraft. Hand was used to separate the colours especially

the half tone jobs. Using a case of almanac, planned and printed by this

ugly system, the job cannot in any way be compared with that aided,

designed and planned by the computer. Recently, the acceptability of the

new techniques is spreading faster than one would imagine. The new

techniques ensures good and improved quality. The former however is

preferred to the later because of its quality improvements. A client once

came to receive his job, a highly reputable university vice chancellor in

Nigeria and remarked thus" Oh I like this, I tell you I really like this" This

testimony shows that the modern world requires modem re-engineered

technologies. This is an affirmation of the fact that the new techniques in

prepares and digitalization of printing machines will be of greater

opportunities if not the greatest. The operators will be less exposed to

unwarranted .industrial accidents. In retrospect of the drupa exhibitions in

the past five years, when drupa 1995 was held, it revealed the

technologies attained so far iri the printing industry since then there has

been remarkable developments in the printing industry. For any printer to

ignore this big offer, that is the re-engineered process is like a cobbler

whose children have no shoes. The contemporary form of democratic

system would not have been possible in present day Nigeria without the

high speed presses and new techniques in printing for rapid

communication with large numbers of people over the vast area. Before

the enthronement of democratic rule in Nigeria, during the regimes.of the

past ministry rulers, a lot of daily news-papers came into being to educate

the populace on the roles tliey need lo play to ensure an enduring

democratic government. Therefore, any printing house by 2010 without

improvement on it productions with all these new innovations would be

found weighed and wanting

"Most of the truly great inventions and developments of history started out

as images in the mind of dreamers" - Mido R-Qubein. So truly is the

invention of moveable printing by Johannes Gutenberg who through his

dream has brought the world into the light of print media.

2.4 HOW TO RE-ENGINEER A BUSINESS SUCCESSFULLY

The activities involved in Re-engineering of the printing industry in Nigeria

is not theoretical but can be shown as a logical series of staff. The steps

are shown below:

Steps in Re-engineering

communicates alms anti approach to the whole organization members

I CONFIRM ORGANIZATIO *Ensure programme is driven by a clear strategy

*Choose key process Identify ilrrprovement opportunities *Quality opportunities

I DESIGN SOLUTION I New work methods I I 'New structure and its systems

*Supportin<g reward and recognition system I

2.4.1 PRE-REQUISITE FOR SUCCESSFUL RE-ENGINEERING

IMPLEMENT NEW METHOD

Though the re-engineering process is necessary, it is equally complex and

*Launch pilots Test, refine and measure

difficult. It involves re-thinking how the organization work and how it serves

Roll out

its customer's. However, it requires almost a major shift in power from

functional barons to process managers and it is extremely rare to find a

functional manager willing to give up power without a determined fight to

implement a business re-engineering programme successfully, the

following approach must be adopted by management to ensure efficient re-

engineering.

e It must be a top-downlbottom up programme: unless it is strongly

driven from the highest level of the organization, employees will

resists it. However only the employees who do the actual work are

able to develop effectively new ways of working. There is the need

for top management to communicate openly with employees. (Don

Hellriegel and John SIocum Jr. 1996:694)

It must be customer focused: Management mostly decide to re-

engineer in order to reduce cost and increase profit which gives

useful financial benefits. Unless the aim of the business re-

engineering exercise is to improve the way an organization works

with it customers, it will not ultimately lead to any competitive

advantage.

Top management must drive the press for the whole project:

Most often, top management launch the project with a great fanfare

and then, delegate when they lose interest to the middle manager

who does not have the power to overcome the resistance therein.

Management must change tho promotion, reward and

recognition system to support the programme: you cannot

expect someone to be dedicated to a new cross-functional team if

their performance evaluation bonus or promotion is not received

and improved.

The program must be based on multi-disciplinary teams: There

is need to involve fully people in all areas so that they could come

up with a comprehensive universally accepted solutions, if not the

solution may not be accepted as relevant by the rest of the

organization.

-

2.4.2 RE-ENGINEERING PROGRAMMES

Management seems to be very good at working out where it want the

organization to go. However, it becomes inefficient when it comes to

implementation - the process of change. There is need to describe the

main phases of how one may manage a change programme in the hope

that this will give a better idea of what good change management should

look like.

FOCUS ON IMPROVEMENT NOT LOST

The basic drive here is the need to reduce cost usually personnel cost.

This focus on cost reduction will tend to cripple most change programmes

from the start for some obvious reasons.

Firstly, excessive costs are normally the result of poorly operating

processes. If the staffs are reduced without fixing the processes, there is

tendency that the remaining staff will be unable to support the work load

leading to fall in service levels, with cost increase gradually again.

On the other hand, management could launch a change programme which

is genuinely targeted at process improvement. This could start a self

reinforcing positive spiral, where the improvement made create

opporlunities for the employees to operate new and more efficient I

processes. Real performance improvement can take away the original

need for personal reductions.

Cost focus Improvement Focus

Target = Cost reduction Target = process improvement

Reduce staff . . Run new processes with excess staff

Inefficient process lower Allow performance improvements I

Service levels and start to create opportunities for excess staff. to push up cost again

Fig above: few change programmos succeeded if they are aimed too directly at cost reduction

2.4.3 THE BASIC CHANGE PROCESS

This can divided into four phases:

Joint analysis of the existing situation

Programme design and Organization Buy-in

I Proy ramme launch I I I

Implementation

V

Refine approach and full roll-out

Phase one: Joint Analysis of the existing situation.

The phase is deliberately called joint analysis because the purpose is not

just to find out why the organization must improve, but to do this jointly with

people who work in the key business processes so that the conclusion

obtained represents the operatirig reality and so that employees will begin

. to share the same levels of understandirrg with management on why the

processes should be changed.

This phase will enable the organization to:

P Identity where improvement changes should be made

P Check whether the organization strategy is appropriate considering

market realities

> Help employees build a share view of what can be improved.

It starts with series of interviews with executives and middle management

as well as employees. This gives an idea of:

o Where each group sees the main strategic and operational

problems

- To what extent the different management levels are in

agreement on the issues and problems

Phase two: Prograinme design and Organization Buy - in

The purpose of the phase is to:

- involve as many people as possible in the building of a broad

view of what the new working methods and structure should

look like

- Design a change programme to move to these new methods

and structures.

- Ensure that. the programme design suits the organizations

position in the market.

- Ensure that the employees have the chance to contribute to

the design as well as being ge~~orally in agreement with it.

- Ensure thqt top managemerli approve the plan and supply the

needed resources to implement it.

The phase consist of;

o Running cross functional worltshop around the key processes

to build a market ol how they should work. B"

f - Laying down some ideas of what the areas of work should be L r

r' in the change programme ,' 4 . - , P - r - Testing the ideas wiih executives, key implementations and

department manager

FUTURE PROCESS DESIGN WORKSHOPS

Here local process experts, customers and users are involved outlining

they way they would like to see the process work.

Three main parts of the workshop are;

- Agreeing on the analysis of the strength and weaknesses of

the existing process

- Developing on idea of how the perfect process could work

- Outlining how near to the "13erfect process" the participants

think thc organizatims could realistically come

Phase Three: Programme launch

The purpose of this phase is to:

- Comnwnicate to the organization the structure of the

programme and its aims

- - Ensure that people understanding what their required

contribution might

- Enable the people to discuss their concerns about the

proposed changes and also tell the change team the

opportunities whilih may not have been fully recognized

during the initial joiilt analysis phase.

- Continue the process of opening up the organization to the

need for change.

Phase Four - First pilot irnp:cmentation

The purpose of this phase is to:

- Test the approach by implementing the new ways of working

- Prove that the new system are better that than what existed

before

- Deal with the emotional and political problems which has to be

overcomed for the prograrnmes to be successful.

- Train the first group of people Ihat will accept the new ways of

behaviors required to work with the process.

Normally most pilot implementation will follow this pattern: Finalize analysis,

*Confirm* gap analysis*existing situation Verfect process* comment perfect

process * build proposal .* gain approval implement new methods on a pilot

area.

PILOT IMPLEMENTATIONS

-In finalizing analysis of the existing situation, management should take

. the initral process analysis co~lducted at the programme and review it with

a wider audience to ensure that the real sources of problems rather, than

just the symptoms have been identified . Also statistical, financial or

operational analysis are conducted to know exactly how comment

preformed can be measured and what results of redesign should be.

- in confirming the perfect process, management takes the

initial view of how the process should work and gain using a :

wider audience and examples from other companies and

industries to build a perfect process design.

- Gap analysis involves identifying what would have to change

to move from the existing situation to the perfect process.

- Build proposal - this is based on the existing situation

analysis the perfect process and the gap analysis. The

management then put together a recommendation as to how

the process being worked on should operate in the

organization particular environment.

- -Management then gains approvals through one on one

meetings and set piece presentations, build support with

executives and key managers to the proposed new process

- Lastly management implements new methods in a pilot area.

' PHASE FIVE: Refine Approach and full roll-out

The purpose of this phase is to:

-Take what has been learned on the pilot implementation stage out,

reconfigure the change approach to take account of these lessons.

-Fully implement all key business processes

-Implement any required organizational and system changes.

- Measure quantifiable business benefits

The time required for this phase to be implemented will depend on weather

rollout is concerned with moving on the different business process or just

take processes, which have already been re-configured and repeating the

same implementation in different geographical locations . Also the extends

of the necessary organizational structure and information system change

will have a major effect on the work load. The depth of re-engineering

efforts is measured by the number of roles and information technologies

that are changed (James Stoner David,2000:695)

2.5 THE EFFECT OF RE-ENGINEERING WITH THE USE OF

MODERN TRENDS IN PACKAGE PRINTING LIKE HEIDELBERG

SPEED MASTER CD74 AND CB 102 RE-ENGINEERED

When we look around us today, we find that there is an important aspect of

printing that has touched our lives more than other forms of printing. It is

package printing. Package printing is a specialized aspect of printings that

has no doubt brought printing to relevance.

This is because it evokes human emotion which in turn create

psychological appeal and approval for an adequately packaged product

that is characterized by beautiful and imaginative shape, colour, logo and

text design.

Different product containers we use every day are through package

printing. The idea of impulse - buying a product on the visual appeal of the

package has thus sky rocketed the deinand for high quality multi colour

package that attract the consumers attention. Drinks labels, water

sachets, video and audio jackets, toilet roll wrappers, cosmetic packaging,

pharmaceutical, do not form the exclusive list of what packaging is all

about. This is due to the facl that packaging is not restricted to paper or

plastic containers printing alone. Thus apart from decorating and forming

hundreds of millions of folder paperboards boxes each year, package

printer job also include metel decorating. This is done on steel and

aluminum soft drink and beer containers we buy every day.

Package printing can be achieved by the following printing processes:

Gravure Flexography and corrugated metal extrusion which provides

aesthetics apart from creaiing markck for various products we see

around.

Package printing which started in Nigeria as early as the 1950's still

remains the bedrock of product branding today. Companies like Nigerpack,

Newpack both at Kaduna; Triumph packaging, Kano; Rigidpack, Zaria;

lterpack Ibadan; Eagle Packqing, Vee Pee Industries, Shongai packaging

all in Otta, Ogun State; Printspecialty, Bordpak Premier packaging in

Lagos, began the business of packaging ill the Nigeria print and graphic

industry. Except lor few, quite a number of these packaging firms either

folded up or run epileptic services. #.

It is however an incoritestable fact that package printing has contributed

immensely to the nation economy. For one thing it has propelled sales

and kept the jobs of millions of employees intact. For another, it has the

largest number of employees in the prinling industry With the emergence

of new technologies around the world of which Nigeria is not left out, the

resurgence of the industry is evolving by the day as skilled manpower

backed with the acquisition of state-of- the art package printing equipment

that enhance printing quality, are out to put the industry where it rightly

belongs.

The reason for this is that the image creation drive of corporate

organizations which is on the increase has no doubt step up the crave for

high quality packaging of various products in the Nigerian market. This is

because, while trying to create a product with lots of beauty, corporate

organization also yearn for a special effect for branding purposes, which

ultimately evoke brand loyalty from consumers.

In this vein, packaging in Nigeria and the world over has therefore been

subjected to quality transformation reinforced by innovative printing. Infact,

the question now on the lips of would be package printer buyer is how

positioned is our package industry to this towering crave for an

exceptionally creative and enduring product packaging that position

products for compotitivenoss in this world of many choices. Again how

are the Nigerian Packaging (Printing) Operators bracing up to the

challenges of seeing to the reduction (if not a end) in the movement of

package printing jobs outside the country?

While alluding to the fact that packaging increase the value of products

and services Kunle Akinola, M,D, Demark Prints, Enugu gave an instance

of perfumery packaging. He said that packaging which encompasses

beautifully design imaginative shapes, colour, logo and text, enhances

perfumes that arev relatively worthless. All' this to Akinola makes the

perfume (fragrance) mot only appealing but also valuable. Again, the

Demark boss submitted that tho entertainment industry which hiterto was

the scorn of most Nigerians has now developed to a sector of relevance

due to the activities of'package printing.

One of the first package priniors to develop colour video jacket" The

Biafran war" Akinola said that video Jacket designing and production was

done in black and white then, but with the innate ability to always strive for

best, he produced a colour video Jacket which not only became the talk of

the town but also helped tremendously on the sale of the firm. That time

analogue colour separation was adopted. The process, according to

Akinola is the use of lithographic process of scanning picture on the drum

scanner, which is then transferred to firm. This is eventually developed into

and with the change of baton in which the southern zone of Nigeria uses

corrugated flashes now the industry has greatly improved. To Fabulous

Igwe, the nations transport system should be one of the priorities the

a CMYK colour separation process and consequently ready for printing.

Fabulous D.C Igwe, Manager Stagon Nigeria Enterprises while defining

package printing based on the type of Packaging albeit display .packaging

which carries the product in dozens or twenties and individual packaging

which houses the actual product, submitted that as the industry is quite

important and given its relative significance in the Nigerian economy, the

Federal Government has to do more in rejuvenating the economy after

years of military interregnum.

While commending the government's liberalization policy, Fabulous also

suggested the re-introduction of the United Nations Development

Programme (UNDP) assisted Urban Informal Sector Support Programme

(UISSP) which helped the packaging industry in the 1980's. Concentrated

in East (Aba) the UNDP assisted UISSP was considered of one of the best

efforts at repositioning the Nigeria print and Graphic industry as packaging

and printing machines like those for dicoting, creasing, stitching etc were

indigenously fabricated and developed with code names like" Man among

Men", which greatly impacted positively on the Nigeria economy.

Structurally corrugated flashes is one prevalent in the North than the South

Government should look into. .Going down memory lane, he pointed out

that in the 1980's when the nations railway system was well organized,

. the manufacturing sector (more importantly the package printing sub

sector) of the Nigeria economy not only boosted production and profit but

also a positive multiplier affect on the overall Gross Domestic product

(GDP).

Thus he advocated for the resuscitation of the railway system, likewise the

introduction of programme like the UNDP assisted UlSSP which fully

engaged the Nigeria youths who were without jobs but able and willing to

work. Packaging and label printing are among today is hottest print

markets, package printing equipment that com bine the pressure of time,

. cost and flexibility are evolving daily. These include Heidelberg

speedmaster CD 74 and CD 102, which are powerful printing solution for

packaging and labeling, another is Gallus EM 280, while gives you an

edge in today competitive market for flexo labels. Other package printing

equipment that are within the shores of this country which are comparable

with their counterparts in other developed parts of the world are

Gallus/Arsonna range of Narrow Web presses (for flexo, hot foil, varnish

UV etc),' Saddle stitches, stahl folding machines, Six colour gravure

machines Sixlfour colour flexographic machines, photo polymer plate

making machines, extrusion machines and various ancillary machines for

drink labels. Again, cylinder machine from Heidelberg's stable meant for h

dicoting and the computerized Hydrogen from South Korea are among the

innovative and re-engineered package prinling equipment in Nigeria that

are at per with their counterpart in other parts of the world.

2.6 PRINT EQUIPMENT FOR OPTIMUM PRINT REPRODUCTION

(Printers digest 2003 : 10)

Despite strong growth in the electronic media, the market for print media

still remains large and attractive as high proportion of the ever-growing

advertising expenditure flows into print media. This is even more so as the

literacy level in Nigeria demands a great use of printed literatures for

dissemination of information.

Resultantly, the need for effective and efficient printing machinery in the

' printing industry has therefore increased tremendously. More importantly

also, the pressure from print buyers for better quality print reproduction has

made manufacturing of printing machines come up with innovative high

level print equipment that fulfills this need. The business of print

equipment, marketing -a sub-sector of the printing industry has

unquestionably grown to be a strategic one. It survival invariably connotes

the survival of the industry, as lbukun Ogunsina succinctly puts it "without

printing machines there is no printing" Ogunsina who is the managing

Director of Bumatech Eng. Services, reckons with the industry as it

contributes not only to the nations Gross Domestic Product (GDP) but has

over the years imparted greatly .on the socio economic development of

Nigeria.

The business of print equipment marketing in Nigeria is believed to have

started during the 1950's with the activities of East Asiatic company's

:representative R.T Briscoe - dealers in new automobile and heavy ,

machinery especially Heidelberg range of print equipment. There were

about 4,000 employees at that time among whom were 90 expatriates",

according.'to Jakob Bejer, managing director, Heidelberg (Nig) Ltd

discussed further that with the full presence of Heidelberg in Nigeria five

years ago as a one stop print solution provider, "the business of print

equipment has been getting better every year, the whole market is like a ,

rubber band, and it keeps expanding".

Over the years as gathered from printers digest, the business has

undergone varied changes. Positive changes in the early 1970's that was

propelled by the Oil boom of the 1970's which saw the emergence of more

dealers in new print equipment such as man Roland, Komori. Ryobi and

Heidelberg printing machines. These companies apart from R.T Briscoe

that dominated the business of that time include Wigging Teape (now

WTN), VYB, Mototype, Spicer, Voltra and IPP (Ferrostaal), dealing in

printing machines that cut across the pre press, the press and the post

. press of printing. The prices of print equipment were relatively cheap

during the 80's as compared to today that an average printing machine

goes for millions of naira. This is largely due to the exchange rate and the

vibrant economy. "In 1980181 a brand new Kord 64 from R.T Briscoe was

#32,000 while fairly used Gestetner was #3,000. The exchange rate was

#1 to a United States dollar "express Hadji J.K Oduye the president of

Olubamise printers. Expatiating further, Oduye went down memory lane

and disclosed that during the early 1980's to 1982, many Nigeria printer

could still afford new printing machines as the economy was buoyant

enough to support investment that greatly enhanced print quality as printer

could easily afford brand new printing machines. But during 4he Late

1980's and the mid 1990's the economy down-turn characterized by high I

interest rate, dwindling fortune of the Nigeria Naira against American dollar ,

and unfavorably socio-economic atmosphere really bit hard on most

Nigerian printer as it made them unable to purchase new, high level

printing machines whose prices kept shooting up. Alternatively they saw

solace in fairly used print equipment in order to meet up with the ever

increasing print buyers needs. The general consensus now is that the

manpower development coupled with the huge market potential in Nigeria

are major factors that should have propelled a remarkable growth and

establishment of print equipment sellers in Nigeria. But with military

intervention in governance, unstable economic policies and insecure

polity, observers believe the marketing and assembling of print equipment

. in Nigeria have been adversely affect.ed. However, the democratic

dispensation has gone a Ic;ilg way tu p11 confidence on investors in

britqing in high level priilt ecylilxnent intu the country. Issues that bother

on high level print equipment hare always seen controversial. While some

see the introduciion of niodc!;-;I, state-01-the-art print equipment into the

prii'liing industry as a facal:le, ;tiid as a wl!ile-elephant-project others see it

as a welcome developmcnt thtzt can jirrlyj start and propel growth in the

industry. Being uxpcnsive 1:; buy, run and maintain and capable of

rendering many Nigerians ulici, ~ployed lilicbvise not suitable to the Nigerian

envi;mrnent. Bul advocalc:; kc1 the i:~:;oduction of hicji level printing

maci:ine will spell doom tu 11w industry, others believe that the introduction

c:f ! i : t ~ ~ t models ol ;:~rintin;j i,;;lr.liines has tcally helped the printing industry

' nay :he Nigerian econoi~ly. Accordin<! lo Jakob Bejer., new printing

mad lii~cs sets rlcw perlolrna: ;;e standard in the market. Bejer is also of

the opinion that the usage d i l $ h level pri~it equipment in the industry has

contributed in no srnall mcasurcs to the Nigerian economy. t-le notes that

high level print equipment hils made rrwe Nigerians employed. It has

more quality print produclions achievabl:, in the country and has reduced

capikl light, mow jobs are bcci: printed Ircre than what it used'to be due

to hish level prinl eqiripmel-L i l l the area of jobs creation, Bejer said with

compute~to-film (c4-I) c3uinput::i-4o-plate (c-4-p) Computer-to-press (c-t-p)

and Direct Imaging (Dl), rrlvre jobs have been created as these printing Hi-

tech processes require manpower to work. Press outfits that hitherto has

less that 5 people working there, now have 15 or more people employed

because of this high level print equipment, many jobs can be obtained now

than before. 100% high quality print output can now be achievable

because of the print equipment re-engineered. A printer that has lost touch

with the latest development in the printing world should not blame these

modern machines as their advantages in the industry supersede job loss,

"it improves the quality of everything around. Quality print, quality life,

quality education even quality government, Bejer emphasized. This is so

because the content. and design of print media from appropriate ,print

techniques create new opportunities that make fundamental contribution to

our economical social and private environrnent by increasing the standard

, of living and securing and augrrienting our culture. There has a mix of

claims about the benefit of appropriate print technologies in the country -

the most dominant era the relative cost and the speed in plates per hour

alongside quality reproduction. Though the rate at which new print

equipment is coming into the country is commendable, observers still

believe Nigeria is a huge market for printing, thus more printing machinery

are needed for the growth of the industry nay country. Nigeria is not

lagging behind in developing modern print techniques, we are only slow

about it, express Dr Anthony Azzez of Rainbow Cards Ltd. As a German

trained printer, DI- Azeez shares the opinion of Bayo Abiri of Heptagon

.*

ventures that socio- economic indices such as unstable polity, dearth of

capital, lack of adequally trained marlpower, infrastructure ,problems,

deprcciating value of the naira and uncooperative financial institutions

make acquisitions of modern state-of-the-art printing machinery difficult. A

lot of Nigerians want to invest in the industry but the uncertainties are not

encouraging business at all" submits Dr Azeez. Investment in the printing

press sector quite often involve millions. Investors' therefore, rightly take

', their time when making investment decision of this scale. This is because

printing industry worldwide is a dynamic industry. It will never experience

stagnation. As a way of making the printing industry more healthy for

stakeholders, print equipment dealers now device various marketing

strategies that enhance their sales. For some, business incentives such 1

. as phased payment plans, warranties on spare parts, training and

retraining of operators, after-sale-service and aggressive publicity are

used to increase their market share. Others use ethics such as reliability,

love, honesty and loyalty to maintain patronage of their customers. But

there are other business concepts, which could help in the development of

high level printing machines into the country.

Trading-in, bundling, upgrade observers believe and facilitate the rise in ..

the usage of modern printing machines in \he country. Trade-in is a good

idea but carefulness is needed in implementing it because of level of trust

in business", said Bola Adesina. For this noble concept to work, Abiri

advises that they should only be well exposed and discussed in a seminar

or workshop which in themselves form a very important tool for reshaping

the printing industry. He further said that as the core of printing machines

used in the industry are very old (Between 30 and 40 yeas), Shey could

readily fit for museum in Europe and other parts of the world. This is

because in today's printing, discerning printers from around the world

deploy worlds' best print equipment from prepress, press on to the post

press of printing in a bid to give their clients optimum print reproduction.

They now use printing machines from world's best print solutions

providers such as AGFA,Creo Scitex, HP, Heidelberg, KBA, Kodak,

ManROland, Oce, Presstek, Xerox etc.

Refurbishing a used press is an alternative that enables printers to get

started in high quality but investment intensive printing business. To

ensure highest quality in used machines, the owners should refurbish,

upgrade or re-condition them as incentives to their customers to make

them compete favourably with their counterparts in other parts of

developed world in terms of quietly print output.

The printing industry as a wholc has generally been undergoing enormous

structural and technological changes for some time now. It is thus more

imperative for stakeholders in the Nigerian printing industry to start how by

adopting these structural and lechnological innovations (as seen in other

parts of the developed world) and deploy them in their presses so that

optimum print reproduction can generally be achieved in the country. The

benefits from this will in no doubt impart positively on the overall economy.

Printers Digest magazine shares \he opinion of stakeholders in the industry

who believe that for the industry to grow albeit the print equipment

marketing, sub soctor, proper pricing that take cognizance of the African

market which will make high level print equipment affordable should be

cortically looked at. Again, tripartite financial arrangement (as applicable in

other parts of the developed world) should be worked out by banks, print

equipment marketers and end-users (printers) that will speedily facilitate

the acquisition of modern, state-of-the-art printing machines in the country.

Aside these, business concepts such as trade-in together with trade

promotions that involve adequate awareness like open house, print

exhibition and publicity should be religiously used by dealers in creating

the right awareness as regards usefulness and feasibility of these high

level print machinery in t e r m of quality and profitability. In all, the

government being the nation major user of print products, needs to create

an enabling environment for printing expatriates in bringing into the country

direct foreign investment.

2.7 RE-ENGINEERING THROUGH CALIBRATING THE COMPUTER

SYSTEM

Often time, pre-press personal are at loss on what to do when issue that

bother on calibrating their computer system come up. This is compounded

with print buyers complaints that the colours of their designs are not

always true representation of the samples given. All these boil down to the

fact that Computer system are always in use, leaving little or no time for

them to be calibrated. Most importantly however the fact remains that

majority of graphics persons have little or no knowledge about calibration.

To forestall these ugly trends, it has been suggested that expensive

monitors should be acquired as they are mostly calibrated. "Monitors are

just made, so as to see the images one is working on" opines Akintunde

Ogunlolu, Business unit Manager prepress and Consumable Hiedelberg

(Nig) Itd. Ogunlolu said further that because monitors are quite complex in

configuration, they have to be on for at least 6 hours before they stabilize.

And for this, the prepress specialist informs that" a monitor gets weak after

a-year of calibration" it is inline with this assertion that Ogunlolu advises

that prepress personnel should calibrate their system' regular. But what

does calibration mean?, How often does one need to calibration the

Computer system? What are the steps to calibrate the computer system? '

What are the steps in achieving this?

'L.

Calibration according to Ogurdolu is simply trying to make sure. the job

rerrtains what it is supposed to be. Its achieving, for instance, 10% dot size

throughout the press" Expatic?:iny further, he informs that calibrating the

computer systern is when one creates a profile of all devices ie monitor,

colour proofing device and !he press and now uses the software to

integrate them to get the right eolours. In achieving calibration, apart from

getting an experlsive monitors, he suggests the use of colour calibrating

devices such as Heidelberg view which monitors calibration softwares

measuring the radiation in kelvir~ 2000 and 5000 ranges. Others are X rite,

Gretag and HDM view maker. All these are latest devices that ensure

calibration and guides against colour disparity in printing.

, The output process on an offset press, or rather the conversion to analog

data is much more complex. A specific data pattern must first be

transferred to film or directly to plate before it can appear on the print

medium in the press. The task of calibration is to reproduce always the

optimum quality defined once. It comprises not only tho calibration of

individual devices such as film ur plate recorders, but also the definition

and control of all press parameters such as paper Ink coverage and many

more. Controlling such a distributed production process is normally

referred to as process control or quality assurance.

2.8 PROBLEMS OF PRNT!P1G INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA

NEED FOR A PLANNED MAINTENAINCE PROCEDURE IN A PRINT

OUTFIT.

In ?he past, maintenance has been looked upon as a necessary evil. It

should however be looked upoil now as a necessary production procedure

without which deadlines will be difficult to meet at the same time, quality

production is bound to suffer when a well planned maintenance procedure

is laken unserious. No doub!, maintenmce of graphic equipment is as

essential to a graphic comm~.mication organization as the staff's welfare.

For this, any delay in production that result from equipment failurelrun

down is bound to create problem for the firm not only due to the fact that

the industry is a service industry, but primarily because the act of graphic

designing and reproduction requires ;I. time bound duration for job

con~pletion. Therefore, tachr~iw.l delay could rnar this all important factor of

grsphic and priniing production which naturally results in an unsatisfied

client. For the fact that high qualily output is what a print buyer wants from

a print shop, pooily maintained machine equipment can drastically reduce

this. This maintenance of equipment in terms of lubrication, inspection,

adjustment repair and replaccrnent is quile essential in order to satisfy

consistently, the dcrnands of print buyers.

Research conducted recently by printers Digest reveals that the cost of

maintenance in the printing industry is approximately 4.4-5% of the gross

sale. The summation here is that a graphic printing communication outfit

that does not figure this fixed expense as part of its Budget Hourly Rates

(BHR) will find it difficult to be competitively positioned against its rival in

this ever competitive industry. Therefore it should be realized that a

planned maintenance procedure will bring about an:

-Increased mechanization and automation of equipment

- Prompt detection of errors that will result in prompt inventory supply,

-Increased quality tight control of production procedure

-Increased quality output and

-Long-term reduction in cost of production

Now it is easy to see how a well thought-out maintenance programme will

assist in maintaining overall benefit of the Nigeria print and Graphic

industry.

2.8.1 PROCEDURE FOR EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE

There is a formalized procedure in handling customers' needs for the

maintenance of machines and equipment. At customer's invitation, maybe

through personal call,' telephone or letter, a technician is immediately

dispatched to the firm requesting for the maintenance on payment of a

broken fee coverage basically the traveling expenses for survey inspection

of the equipment concerned full appreciation. of the problems bedeviling

the equipment is thus highlighted for correction procedure to be taken.

Immediately the technician is back from inspection, quotation is raised and

dispatched by the fastest available means. It is possible that at the

technicians first visit, the machine could be put right temporally thus giving

both customer/client enough tirne to prepare for a more permanent

solution.

JOB CARD

This is an important procedure in equipment maintenance. For every

equipment to be maintained, a job card is raised indicating the machines

serial number and description model. Again part of the features on the job

. card will also state the problems and what is needed to rectify it. On

completion of the repair the custorner will certify in the column provided on

the job card his satisfaction or objection with a view to getting a

satisfactory job done. On satisfactory completion of the job which is ably

certified by the client, an invoice is raised for subsequent payment. It is

recommended that a printing out fit must have an effective and efficient

maintenance department comprising of electrical mechanical and parts

sections with the aim of maintaining, repairing and replacing equipment

within its capacity. In as much as printing machines are nowadays very

costly, they are also subjected to heavy work load coupled with perpetual

incidence of powcr fluctuation in this part of the world. It is against this .

backdrop that, lhere is need for all lo embrace the culture of prompt

equipment maintenance in order not to lament at the end of the day.

2.8.2 NEED TO MOTIVATE THE PRINT OPERATOR

Different theories .of motivation as propounded by scholars and

psychologists like Abraham Maslows' Hierarchy of Needs Theory, Douglas

McGregors X and Y Theories or Fredriclc Herzberg's motivation-Hygiene

Theory will be used. What are basically after is to proffer how best to

motivate printers in the printing firm. Therefore, below are some tips on

how to motivate print operators

' A. WORK & WORKING ENVIRONMENT

Though, employees (in this case printers), view work as being as natural

as rest or play due to the interest they have in the job,, the work

environment should be adequately taken care of. In this sense, operators

of printing machines should be provided with adequately working tools and

safely gadgets like overalls gloves etc. Like wise, corlveniences like toilets

and shower rooms, this can motivate printing machine operators to

achieve optimum results. 'An open-door policy deviced by the

management helps not just in management decision making process but

also in motivating printers tha'l rnanagemcnt cares, and communication is

thus enhanced.

B. RESPONSIBILITY

When operators are given responsibilities in planning and controlling of

their work, they are motivated to be their best, there by transferring this to

the general performance of the organization. It should also be noted that if

printing machine operators participate in goal-setting, they are more likely

to accept even difficult goals than if arbitrarily assigned it by their boss.

This is because individuals are more committed to choices in which they

are part of.

C. BEST SUITED, TRAINED AND RETRAINED

Printers should first be tested, interviewed and evaluated as to the degree

to which they possess the necessary sltills abilities in accomplishing tasks.

Apart from the fact that priniers need training and retraining to keep

abreast of the latest trends in the industry, it serves as a motivational tool

for them who sees it as a kind of investment on them by improving on their

sltills and abilities as times arvi conditions change. They will also see this

management gestures as confidence boosting which would in turn

eliminate strain relations between the management and the printers.

D. RECOGNITION

Printers are not the same and should not be treated alike. Moreover time

should be spent with them not just as a boss but as colleagues and friends

to understand what's important to each operator. They should also be

recognized as part and parcel of the organization. Again their opinions,

views and orientations should be held in high esteem. The management

should do this as a from of motivation which inturn will make the printers

exercise self-direct and self control while being committed to the

objectives of the organizatioi~. In the same vein recognition via

acltnowledgemenf of their works and dceds as in instituting awards like

staff of the month, cleanest printer, etc while pasting their deeds with their

photographs on notice boards also serve as motivation but to the general ,

staff. Appreciation and trust arc the primary motivators to workers, not

money or winning.

C. TARGET, ACHIEVEMENT AND GRO'JVTH

The drive to excel, to achieve in relation to a set of standards and to strive

to succeed when given set goals should be aptly rewarded by the

management. Recall the recent strike action by some officers of the

Nigerian police - first of its kind in the history of the nation That showed

that, a dejected frustrated and overtly confused printer could not be made

to per-form a task of which he is not adequately motivated. Be it in reward

(Monetary or material), promotion or pay rise, all these motivate printers to

work better. The fact is, when printers are promoted coupled with pay rise,

it goes a long way in making thein have free and undiluted minds to work.

But it should be born in mind that, management decision regarding these

forms of motivation should not be bias while management discretion

s i i d d be held in high regards.

2.9 WEATHER AS IT AFFECTS PRINTING INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA

THERE BY DEMORALIZING THE RE ENGINEERED PROCESS (Disu

Omo tayo Print promotion 2000: 75)

The science of meteorology and climatology has evolved ever more

sophisticated methods of studying the weather, and accounting for

changes or variations in clirrlatic factors from place to place. The

prevailing climatic conditions of the tropical areas like Nigeria are very

important and need be taken into consideration by the printing

manufacturing industry. Capital investment in modern and efficient

equipment are necessary for effective colour printed papers. But the life

expectancy of these huge investments is threatened by the weather. All

the machines and equipment that is being used here are manufactured in

the temperate regions where the effect of surllight is less. But most of the

buyers and the users of these machines are from the tropical regions

especially in the third world countries like Nigeria where the effect of the -

. radiation of the scoring heat from sunlight is prominent in accordance with

our nearness 20 the equator. Nigeria is one of the West African countries

with a tropical weather. She has the larycst coastal area arnong others and

receive constant sunlight almost throughout the year on its meridian as

She lies on latitude 10 degree riorth and longitude 5 degree east, bordered

in the south by the Atlantic ocean. The problem in the printing industry is

the shortened life expectancy of the expensive printing machines that we

are using every day for production. The majority of the printers do not

know that priniing machines depreciate faster in a very warm and dusty

environment like Nigeria. This phenomenon affects the paper, paper board

and other subslrates includilig the developing chemicals. It also affects

most of the imported ink for printing.

Weather is a natural phenomena which controls the well-being of colours

printed paper board in package which are going for display with products

already manufactured at the local market places. They are exposed to the

sunlight which contains excessive ultra-violet rays (UV) and to radiation of

the heat it generates in the atmosphere. Uespite the fact that printers print

the colour with varnishes to protect them from being attacked by the rays

frorn sunlight, the colour printed package tend to fade off and turn whitish

after the product have been an display lor a few months on exposure to

sunlight, advertisernent bill board on display are no exception.

Printing industry in Nigeria would like a new technology to be introduced

which will proffer a long-term protection for colour-printed packages on

shelves. The printing machine designers should be able to design a

machine that can accommodate our climatic conditions and other variables

such as relative humidity (RH), voltage fluctuation, inconsistent paper full

of fluff and dust. The fact that printing plants are air-conditioned to an ideal

stage prevents only little out of the enormous problems. The designers

should incorporate a voltage stablizer and dust blower into the printing

machines. The ambient air for the feeding fable should be extended to the

rear of the stock to assist the vacuum air during press-run.

2.9.1 NEED TO GET QUALIFIED ENGINEERS TO MAINTAIN THE

MACHINES

In a bid to increase the lifespan of printing machinery printers have been

enjoined to enter into a service agreerr~ent with qualified mechanical

engineer that will see to it that the machines are in good condition there by

fore stalling unwanted mechanical break down (Bola Adesina Printers

digest 2002:6) advised that due to power fluctuation and environmental

dust which affect the operation of printing machines, contracting qualified

mechanical engineered who should be visiting in at least a six months

interval for maintenance check-up would keep the equipment in good

condition.

Reacting to the prevalence of unqualified persons who call themselves

printers in the industry thereby soiling the name of professional printers,

Adesina implored printers to step up their knowledge in the print and

graphics industry so,.as to churn out quality print output from their press

houses likewise forming alliance to protect their interest so that people who

are not trained printers will not be getting the larger chunk of the profit in

the industry. When qualified engineers are employed to maintain the

machines used in the printing firms, it will go a long way to stop

unnecessary machine breakdowns because the machines are maintained

as and,when due.

NEED EOR EXHIBITIONS

Recent research has shown that 83% of the most successful companies at

a range of exhibitions ,were the ones that took the trouble to mail to their

prospect and customers before the show.

Marketing is a peculiar discipline often full of impenetrable complex

strategy. But the more you simplify the art and science of marketing to its

basic truths, the more one medium emerges as a uniquely powerful force:

Exhibitions

An exhibition is the only medium that brings straight to your company for

face-to-face' interactions. Its also the only medium to harness all five

senses letting you demonstrate products, answer questions, overcome

a,

objections and most importantly build relationship with your customer's

and products. Exhibitions are incredibly versatile but one need to focus on

his most important goals. Establishing specific, measurable goals is

probably the single most important thing you can do before every

exhibition.

Maximizing the power of exhibition helps an organization to set specific

goals, plans the stand to meet the goals set, tell people why they should

visit you, make the most of pre-show PR arid advertising, train you show

staff, make use of the web and imbibe sponsorship opportunities.

The power of exhibition cannot be over stretched since it promotes both

the image of organization and that of customers too.

REFERENCES

Priestly, Carol 1995: "Development Directory of indigenous publishing", African Publishers Network

Oluwasanmi, Maclean Zell 1973: "Publishing in Africa in the seventies", University of Ife press

Rathgeber, Albach 1980: "Publishing in the third world", Praeger publishing

Kotei, S.1.A 1981: "The book today in Africa, UNESCO

.. Printers Digest 2002: "Modern Trends in package printing" Planet press Ltd Lagos

Printers Digest 2003: "Appropriate Equipment for optimum print production", planet press Ltd Lagos

Print Promotion 2000: New Technologies -New Markets: Challenges and Opportunities tor the printing, publishing and converting industry of my country", Druckrei Henrich Gmbh, Germany

Print Promotion 2000: a newsletter for taming information and news in priniing and paper converting Technology - Druckerei Henrich GmbH, Germany

Muluka, 1995: The African Experience: Textbooks and Children's book: APNET 1995< jouhnbh. Html iaione world . org webside : http: Institute Africa >

Chandler A, 1 SG2, Strategy at~d Structure, Massachusetts Institute of Technology press

Hammer, Champy 1993, Re-eilgineering the corporation; A manifesto for business resolution, I-larper Business Helleriegel, Slocum Jr 1990, Management, South - we i t College publishing, 695,697

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 THE AREA OF STUDY

Associated printing and Lithqtaphic Company Limited (APLIC) is a

printing, graphics and publishing firm owned by a printer. This company is

charged with gr;:?hics, pl-intini.. and publishing. It is situated at No 45

Amawbia Street

Uwani Enugu. TIw company which has a kbour force strength of 50 has

been experiencing a lot of problem and dilii(.;ulties as a resalt of changing

/unskble policies ai t t ~ e federni level and tlrc issue of re-engineering the

firm.

The company nlaterials rages horn magazines, textbooks, lithography,

banners stickers, files, project works, designs in various forms etc The

materials used are mainly sourccd locally and some of them are imported.

The machines used to accornylish the task of modern re-engineered

printing in APLIC ranges from ROTA print ir~mhine which can print A3 Size

Paper, Kord 64 which prints sl~arper and double the size of A3 paper,

Gestctner 21 1 machine which prints A4 and foolscap size printings, Polar

cutting machine which trims and brushes c?!ready printed materials. Also

available in APLIC are six Cowputers vv!:lt updated to enable graphics

possible using modem A3 cornputer laser printer to accomplish this task.

This A3 computer laser prints nlainly on film and makes it possible to film

direct from computer without the use of plates.

VOGASEN is also a printing concern. It printing materials ranging from

journals, envelops, textbook, novels, wedding invitations, corr~plementary

cards etc. It is also situated at kenyetta Street, Uwani Enugu. It has a staff

strength of nearly 30 persons. It is also subjected to the same problems

and socio-economic conditions to which APLlC is subjected. This is

because both of them are operating in the same socio-economic

environment

The two printing firms operate two categories of labour force; the senior

staff and the Junior staff. The companies operate using modem machines

and to a large extent have re--engineered their printing firms while doing

away with out dated information, models arid issue of letter press. The

central management of the two firms is made up of six major divisions, the

managing director, the deputing rnanagirg director, the manager in charge

of graphics and computer department, the manager in charge of the

printinglpublishing section, the finance manager and the marketing

manager. The other five levels of nlanagers report to the managing

director who overseers the whole environment.

3.2 SAMPLING FRAME AND SAMPLING METHOD

In choosing the two firms studied, the researcher listed all the printing firms

in the state and assigned random numbers to them. The researcher then

randomly selected the two firms.

The two firms Af2LIC and VOGASEN have staff population of 50 and 30

respectively. Wlier~ you sum then up, you have a total population of 80

from which you can select a representative sample for the study. The

researcher therefore used Burlcys formula to determine the sample size of

the study.

Formula - - N - 1 -tNe2 = n

Where N = The population of Study

E = tolerable error

Our e = 10% with 90% Confidence limit

rr = desired samplo size.

But N = 80

E - 10°/~orO.10

N = ?

Therefore, n = 80

Round up = 44

Therefore, the sample size of the study is 44

3.3 SOURCES OF DATA

The study made of two sources of data firstly, the primary sources of data

and the secondary sources of data.

3.3.1 THE PRIMARY SOURCES OF DATA

The primary source of data col?sists of personal interviews, responses to

the questionnaires distributed to the population of the study, internet

browsing and other data generated in the field.

3.3.2 THE SECONDARY SOURCES OF DATA

Secondary sources of data were also used. These include the internal

records of Associated Printing and Lithographic Company (APLIC) and

VOGASEN Nig Limited, magazines, journals, Seminar papers, books from

UNEC Library and IMT Library.

3.4 METHOD OF QUESTIONAIRE DISTRIBUTION

A set of questionnaires were printed and distributed to the firms studied viz

APLlC and VOGASEN.

In distributing the questionnaire, the study took cognizance of the staff

strength of each of the companies studied. The study used sample

proportion method to determine what each firm will receive. 50

questionnaires were printed and distributed thus: .

APLIC

,

where:

VOGASEN =

number of questionnaires printed

total population of the study

Staff strength of the study

3.4.1 PATTERN OF QUESTIONAIRE DISTRIBUTION

VOGASEN

Source Field Survey 2004

I I --

No. of-eceived I No of I Returned I

30

TOTAL

Source: Field Survey 2004

19

80

,

3.5 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS

The study made use of tables, and sample percentages to analyze the

38

data generated in the study. The tabulated result of my analysis both from

50

Name of firm

-lGm-

VOGASEN

the questionnaire and interview guides was to enable me acquire

and clearer picture of data for analysis and interpretation.

100

a better

Staff streryth

50

'30

uestionnaire ?do. received

--

3 1 - --

19

--

%

- 62

38

questionnaire No. returned

1 26

19

%

84

100

3.6 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT USED

The principal tool used for obtaining the data that answer the research

question include the structured questionnaire and interview guide. I used

the content analysis technique to validate the questionnaire by analysis the

attributes of the audience to the message provide for them.

3.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This Study analysis the amenability of the organization development

process to carry out re-engineering process of the printing industry for

better production, and more output. 1 specifically carried out a survey of two

printing firms located here in Enugu and restricted my questionnaire to the

two printing firms of printing industry. These two chosen firms must employ

men, machine and materials in the re-engineering process.

3.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Due to financial materials and time resources, I used a smaller sample to

conduct this research The study is limited to two firms in Enugu state and

cannot exceed that because of limited finance and bad roads. Enough

research was not carried out as a result of that and many people hoarded

some necessary information that would have helped to improve this work

more.

4.0 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 DISTRIBUTION AND RE'FURN OF QUESTIONNAIRE

50 questionnaires were distributed in the two printing firms, That is 31 to

APLlC and 19 lo VOGASEN here in Enugu State. Out of the 50

questionnaires disl~ ibuted 45 wcre complztcd and returned, representing a

response rate of 90%.

This chapter is devoted to the presentation of various data collected

throtrgh the use 05 questionnaires and interviews, and an analysis of these

data to arrive at some findings, recommendations and conclusions.

TABLE 1

What Is Your Educational Qualification?

SIN ~d ucat i O ~ ~ I I A F ) ~ L I G - - ~ ~ V O G A S E N I qualification 1 ~.espondents I 1 respondents

Primary school

Iii 2

Table one abovc depicts educational qcralilication of workers in the two

chosen printing firms (APLIC AND VOGASEN). From the table above, the

worl(ers that have primary school qualifications both in Aplic and Vogasen

are higher repros&ting a percentage rate of (38.5%) and 42%

respcctively. Howcvc!r, 23.1% m d 15.UC% of the two firms had no formal

education at all, while the nurriber of workers that attended secondary

school represent a percentage rate of (15.4%) and (10.5°h) respectively.

Some of ihe wor!ters were neillrcx in the above class of education but had

ONU and professivilnl qrlalificalion which enabled them to work in the

firms. On the whole, one can conclude tl-!at most of the workers started

with Primary school qualification.

TABLE 2

Assessing Whether The Firms Embark Un Training For The staff And How Qften?. SIN

I

li --

lii

I v

----- %

21 .I 53

26

- 100

--- Training for the

staff -

Once a yen;

On employment

On arrival ol I u w

equipment

No training

~ o t i i

-

APLIC

respondents - - .- -

5 - -- 15

ci

- 26

- YO

-- 19.2

58 -------

23.1

- ---

100 .- -

VOGASEN

respondents --

4

1 0

5

-

19

As the above table portrayed, the staff of both APLlC and VOGASEN

agreed that they yo for training as non indicated on the column of no

training. Assessing how often they go for the training, opinions differ since

they are in different departments. On the whole issue, majority from both

firm agreed that they are trained on employment representing percentage

rate of (58%) for APLlC and (53%) for VOGASEN respectively.

However, some categories of the staff receive their own training on arrival

of new and modern equipment representing percentage rate of 23.1 and

26 for the two firms while sonic of the staff receive training once a year

representing a percentage rate of 19.2 and 21.1 respectively.

One can then conclude that the two firnl:; embark on trail-ling their staff

more on arrival of ne\~/modem equipment.

TABLE 3

Assessing Whether They Engage On Exhibitions1 Workshops.

company respondents --

APLlC I YES

-.--- Name of Responses No. of 1

VOGASEN

NO

YO

That the work force in APLlC and VOGASEN engage fully in exhibition and

workshops to improve the quality of their print out can be seen from the

above table 3. This is evident frcm the (100%) response rate obtained from

the printing firms. Engaging in exhibition is essential for the following

reasons:

- it brings a firm on face-to face interaction with other firms

- lets you demonstrate your products

- helps you answer questions

- helps you overcome objections

- builds relationship with your customers and products.

- helps to bring out .:he hidden talent that will bring positive

effect on productivity.

TABLE 4

Are there qualified and stand by engineers incase of any machine break

down.

Name of

company -- APLlC

VOGASEN

L--

YO

100

- - 100

- 100% I

Responses

YES

NO . ---. A

YES

NO

TOTAL L--

No. of

respondents

26

- ----

19

- 45

Both agreed to this question that there are always qualified engineers in

the case of any machine break down as the responses showed a

percentage rate of 100. Therefore engineers are always available at any

machine break down, jobs are not to be suspended for a long time before

the engineers arrive, this goes a long way to promote to the good will and

image of the two firms.

TABLE 5

How often does your firm purchase current and modem ,equipment to

boast up their print quality'!

Name of

company

VOGASEN

Purchase of No. of

current I respondents

equipment

a. very often

b. once in a I 10

while I

a. very often 1-34

b. once in a 5

while I

I

Total 45

It is evident that in order to boast up re-engineering process, the

management of both firms are regular in the purchase of current and

modem equipment to boast up their firms image while improving their print

quality as well therefore retaini~~g their customers. This is an aspect of re-

engineering process and one can conclude that the purchase of new

/current equipment makes for a better and quality jobs and does not leave

the firm behind in any way since they follow modern trends. As can be

seen from the table above, both firms have a percentage rate of (62%) and

(47%) respectively where the staff agreed

that there is regularity in the purchase of modem and current equipment.

TABLE 6

Are there improvements in the quality of jobs produced by your printing

firm as a result of the re-engineered process?

Name of

company

APLlC

VOGASEN

Responses No. of

respondents

YES

NO -

YES -

NO

TOTAL

26

-

19

- 45

100

- 100

- 1 00%

It can be clearly seen from the table above that the workforce of both

APLlC and VOGASEN agreed that certainly the quality of jobs produced

by their printing firms has been greatly improved as a result of the re-

engineered process. Majority of them agreed that the use of computer for

typesetting and design and digital printing have made the quality of jobs

produced on their firms to rank high and can be compared with that of our

foreign counterparts. This is evident from the (100°/~) response rate

obtained from the two printing firms studied.

TABLE 7

What is the relationship between the managing director and workers in

your firm? - Relationship

A. Mutual

b. not so cordial

c. fair

Total

APLlC Yo

No. of l responses I

VOGASEN

Table 7 above depicted mutual relationship between workers and

management in both APLlC and VOGASEN. This is in accord with (69.2%)

and (84.2%) responses from APLlC and VOGASEN respectively.

68

However, there is a minority opinion representing (23%) of the respondent

from APLIC who said that the relationship is not so cordial. (7.7%) and

(6%) from APLIC and VOGASEN opined that the relationship is only fair.

One can concl~rcle that the relationship of workers and management is

cordial and mutual which makes for a better working environment

TABLE 8

FORM OF LEADERSHIP STYLE IN APLIC AND VOGASEN

Form of

leadership

A. democratic

b. not so cordial

b. Autocratic --- c. Laissez-faire

d. Participative

Combination of

a-d

Total

APLIC O/o

No. of I responses

G

----- VOGASEN

No. of responses

As portrayed in table 8 above, (46%) and (32%) from APLIC and

VOGASEN respectively opined Lhat the two printing firms combined both

democratic, autocratic, laissez fare and participatory leadership styles to

achieve harmonious working environmen:. Leadership is not question of

more exercise of authority and power. Ejiofor (1981:177) said that the

leader is the core of organizational effectiveness, that a good leader will be

sensitive to the problem of the subordinates. He further sustained that a

good relationship between the leader and the subordinate will create the

right atmosphere for high productivity and invariably right profit. It is also

pertinent to note that bad leadership will bring dissatisfaction and

frustration in work place and consequently to unrest and fall in

productivity. y @ t n * ,e*

9'- C. - TABLE 9

Assessing Whether The Firms Go For Nipex - Nigeria lnternational

Print Expo

Name

company Nipex -

APLlC a. very o f t e n

b. once in a chile

I I c. rarely 1 VOGASEN 1 a. very often

I I b. once in a while

I ( c. rarely

NIPEX - Nigeria International Print Expo is an expo held once in a year in

Nigeria where printers from o t tw countries are invited along with their

Nigeria counterparts to share ideas and views together. It is known as a

caLllyst for growtli and nalional developrncnt. From the table drawn above,

it can be seen that the two firms being studied go for NlPEX very often as

represented by the percentage. Rate of (58%) and (63%) respectively

while (31%) and (21%) represent the number of staff who are allowed to

parlicipate in NlPEX once in a while.

In a bid to follow the re-engineering trend invoke, the two firms participate

fully in NIPEX in order to know when new digital printing machine is

coming out in market, how to buy it and i~llprove on the quality of their print

out, and also learn how to add value to their customers and boost their

good image.

TABLE 10

By the reason of the re-engineering process, has

systems be calibrated for better print quality?

Name of

company ~ -

APLIC YES

NO - VOGASEN YES 19

NO - TOTAL 45

your computer

%I

The workforce of both APLIC and VOGASEN agreed wholly that their

computer systems has been rully calibmled for better print quality and

follows the re-engineering trend invoke, ltiis is clearly seen in their 100%

response to this questionnaire cy.restion.

Calibration is simply trying to make sure that the job remains what it is

supposed to be without shifting. It is achieving 10% dot size through out

the press. There are latest devices that ensure calibration and guides

against colour disparity in printing.

TABLE 1'1

Assessing Whcthcr The Firms Mas Fully Embraced Digital Printing. .-

Name of

company

. .---- . . -- Embraced di y

printing rospondents

b. PARTLY I 5 I 19

a. YES

B. PARTLY I 4 I 2 1

From the above assessment, some workers on the majority agreed that

21

their firms have embraced digital prinling fully represented by the

percentage rate of (81%) and (79%) for the two firms respectively while

8 1

othcrs opined that their firms still use rmre of digital printing and .less of

letter press whicl) they are ma.ltir)g every elfort to wipe away.

In conclusion digital printing has been embraced in this re-engineering

process while trying to do away with l e k r press and the equipment.

TABLE 12

Assessing How Good The Quality Of Jobs Produced Has Been As A

Result Of The Re-Engineering Process?

I company / Reporlses I respondents I I

t- - 1 b. Moderately good 1 5 I

l7 I ----

APLlC p~ely good I I

c. Fair

a. Very good

20

t-- -I- c. Fair 1

77

It can be discerned'from the above table that the quality of jobslprint out

produced by the two firm is of high quality, good, attractive and glaring and

can be compared to that of our foreign counterpart. This is evident in the

response rate of (77%) and (84%) of both APLlC and VOGASEN

respectively.

However some of the workforce opined that the quality of job produced

were moderately good while others agreed that they were just fair enough.

It can be concluded that with the introduction of re-engineered process, the

two firms have (JOIIQ far in the quality of jobs produced which has added

more value to the image of the firms and has introduced a lot more

customers from far and near.

TABLE 13

Assessing Whc:her The Firiris Tour 7'0 Other Countries During Their

Trade Fairs And Exhibitions

I company

I APLlC YES I 26 I 100

- YES - ~ - ~ l O O

O/O Tour on trade

fairs

The workers agreed totally that their fir~n, that is their managing directors

do often tour outside the country on invitation for their trade fairs and

exhibition. This touring enables them to get acquainted with the new

No. of

respondents

machines invoke and buy thorn at cheaper rate. It also helps them meet

with other printers and share ideas together, comparing the quality of their

L own print out with what they see there. This enables improvement and

progress in their firms. This can be seen clearly from the 100°/~ response

rate of both firms.

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND

CONCLUSIONS

5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

Based on data collected and presented in the previous chapter from the

questionnaires that were distributed and interviews conducted; the

following findings as to re-engineering the printing industry in Nigeria were

made:

i. Owing to the type of re-engineering process and effective communication

system adopted by APLIC and VOGASEN printing firms, there has been

relative improvement in the quality of jobs printed by both firms for the - .

some years now.

ii. The re-engineering process adopted also helped the two printing firm

under consideration to now dwell more on digital printing with the use of

new technology while doing away with old system of printing

iii. It was also discovered that jobs are delivered promptly too and

customers are satisfied as a result of this re-engineering process

iv. This exercise also brought about team spirit amongst the staff and

reduced alienation and anxioty among workers as a result of art

atmosphere that encouraged personal fulfillment.

v. This effective re-engineered process has helped to build mutual trust

between workers and management, dispel mutual suspicion, promote

peace and harmonious working relations within these two firms.

vi. During these findings I also discovered that there are some problems

that are being faced by these printing firms like - need for a planned

maintenance procedure in a print out fit, need to get qualified and standby

engineers and others. - .

vii. It was also discovered that finance is a major problem that prohibits

most printing firms from purchasing rriodern equipment to boost up their

print quality and also a hindrance to running their business smoothly.

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS.

The study is recommending that printing firms in Enugu State in particular

and Nigeria in general should under study the re-engineering processes

and strategies adopted by APLlC and VOGASEN Printing firms and apply

them in their respective firms so as to promote the print quality and high

productivity within their ow11 printing firm. If this is done, jobs will be

delivered promptly and the quality of jobs printed will be greatly improved.

For any effective, productive and func;tional printing industry to stand the

test of time in Enugu State and Nigeria as a whole, government active

involvement and participatior~ should be envisaged. Government should

also ensure that her policy 017 industrial development does not start and

die on drawing table, rather a liltle bit of sincerity and force is essential.

Banks and othcr financial insiitutions sllould be advised by government to

liberalize their Icnding policy especially to the srrlall scale industries where

printing firms fall into. ,

There is need for printing firms to form co-operative societies so as to be in

a position to benefit from the various government industrial policies

Most importantly re-engineerirlg process is not easy to embark on at all, a

business must be starled only after though feasibility studies have been

carried out aboul Llle product, l l i s will help reduce business failures.

5.3 CONCLUSIIQN

Re-engineering has made a remarkable impact in the business

environment. T'hcre is no disputing the fact that it is a response to the

dynamics of the business environment. Re-engineered process in the

printing firms i f properly handled by the owners and government will help in

economic development more Ihan before. These firms continue to play an

important part in the economic life of Nigeria. It is believed that printing

industry will help generate a number of job opportimities and self-

employment to many Nigerians thereby reducing high level of

unemployment. * m a r = - - . *w * -r*r ..-. -

Ultimately re-engineering is not something that happens to people, it is

what people do to implement change and deliver the benefits, therefore

executive leadership and con\rol must be firm in order not to fail.

a All activities in this process should as far as possible be aimed at ailing - .

value to the external customer who should decide what service they need,

what quality they require. Therefore re-engineering is concerned explicitly

with process analyzing and changing the way things are done and focusing

on the outcome with a view to keeping only those process that add value

to the customers.

It will be a thing of joy i f all or almost all Ihe printing firms in the counlry

embark fully on this re-engineering process, embracing fully Ihe new

technology that will enhance the quality of print out produced by them to

match up with that of our foreign counterparts, therefore this area is being

recommended for further stuciiss.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Priestly, Carol 1995: "Development Directory of indigenous publishing", African Publishers Network

Oluwasanmi, Maclean Zell 1973: "Publishing in Africa in the seventies", University of Ife press

Rathgeber, Albach 1980: "Publishing in the third world", Praeger publishing

Kotei, S.1.A 1981 : "The book today in Africa, UNESCO

Printers Digest 2002: "Modern Trends in package printing" Planet press Ltd Lagos

Printers Digest 2003: "Appropriate Equipment for optimum print production", planet press Ltd Lagos

Print Promotiorl 2000: New Technologies -New Markets: Challenges and Opportunities for the printing, publishing and converting industry of my country", Druckrei Henrich Gnlbh, Germany

a , Print Promotion 2000: a newsletter for tanning information and news in * printing and paper converting Technology - Druckerei Henrich GmbH,

Germany

Mu!ul<a, 1995: The African Experience: Textbooks and Children's book: APNET 1995< jouhnbh. Html iaione world . org webside : http: lnstitute Africa >

Chandler A, 1062, Strategy and Structure, Massachusetts Institute of Technology press

Hammer, Charnpy 1993, Re-engineering the corporation; A manifesto for business resolution, Harper Business

I-lellereigel, Slocum Jr 1990, Management, South - West College publishing, 695,697

k Hellereigel, Slocum Jr (1996): Managoment, South - West College Publishing, 695, 697

Central Bank of Nigeria (1996) Economical, Financial Review, Journal of Economic Studies 24 (4)

QUESTIONNAIRE

INSTRUCTION

Please tick 4 against your choice of answer

1. What is you sex?

A. Male 0

B. Female 0

2. What is your educational qualilicatioti? 3

L -- A. No formal education 0 a

B. Primary School 0

C. Secondary School/ec~uivalcnt 0

D. OND

F. Other higher qualificatior~ and professional qualifications. (Please

'-

3. Do you enjoy working in this printing firm?

A. Yes

B. No

&

4. How long have you worked in this firm? '

A. 1-2 Years 0

B. 3-5 Years U

C. 6-7 Years 0

5. Mow often does this firm embark on training for the staff?

A. Once a year 0

B. On employment 0

C. On arrival on new equipmerlt 0

I , D. No training at all C. 0

6. Does your firm often participate on extiibition/workshop?

7. Are there qualified and standby engineers in your firm in case of any

machine break down?

Yes 0

.. I*

8. Do you receive any form of support from government?

Yes n No Sometimes

9. How often does your firm Purchase currentfmodern equipment?

A. Very often 0

B. Once in a while U

C. Rarely

10. Are there improvement in the quality of jobs produced as a result of the

re-engineered process?

Yes 0 No D

11. What is the relationship between the Managing Director and workers in

your firm? 17

A. Mutual

B. Not so cordial 0

C. Fair 0

12. What form of leadership style exist in your printing firm

A. Democratic II

B. Autocratic II

C. Laissez-faire D

D. Participatory U

., .. E. A Combination of a-d 0 .- -

13. Iiow often do your firm go lor NlPEX - Nigeria International Print Expo?

A. Very often 0

U. Often

C. Rarely

14. By the reason of this re-engineering process, is your computer system

calibrated for better print quality?

15. How often do you motivate your print operators?

A. Very often u

B. Rarely 0

'i , .

r.: , C. Never 0

16 Has your company fully ernbraced digilal printing or still battling with old

fon-i~ of letterpress? 0

A. Yes 0

B. Partly 0

C. No

17. Does your company advertise? . " - A. Yes No 0

18. If yes above, how often?

s '5

A. Very Often I C n < - ,' B. Often n

C. Rarely n

19. As a result of this re-engineered process, how good is the quality of

jobs produced?

a. Very good El

b. Moderate n

c. Fair n

C r h .

w, 20. &n you compare the qualily with that of your foreign counterparts?

21. Is your office spacious and conductive enough?

A. Yes R No 0

22. Does your firm tour to other countries during their trade fairs and

exhibitions?

P .-. .. A. Yes

23. If yes above, how often?

A. Very often 0

B. Often I 3

C. Rarely n