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UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
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COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT
DEPARTMENT OF REAL ESTATES AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
ASSESSMENT OF HOUSING MARKET IN KISUMU: A CASE STUDY OF COLLEGE
STUDENTS HOUSING
ONYANGO EMMACULATE
REG NO; B04/36487/2010
A RESEARCH PROJECT PRESENTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF REAL
ESTATE
MAY, 2014
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DECLARATION
I, ONYANGO EMMACULATE,hereby declare that this project proposal is my original work
and has not been submitted for a degree in any other university.
SIGNATURE ………………………… DATE…………………………………..
This project has been submitted for examination with my approval as a University supervisor.
SIGNATURE ………………………… DATE…………………………………..
DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my loving parents, Mr. Raphael Onyango and Mrs. Dolly Onyango and
all my family members who have been my source of inspiration and encouragement throughout
the study period.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Luke Obala, for his valuable contribution, support,
guidance and especially their patience with me throughout the writing process. I am most
grateful to my family for their wonderful love, encouragement and support, giving me the
inspiration to carry on when the times were hard.
I am very grateful to all my lecturers in the School of Built Environment, Department of Real
Estate and Construction Management for educating me for the time I have been in College, I say
thank you.
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ABSTRACT This study focuses on the assessment of students housing market in Kisumu. The purpose of
thestudy being to ascertain how the enrollment of college students in the higher learning
instituteshas influence on their housing provision. To achieve this, the study focuses on the
followingobjectives; to establish the situation of college students housing, to determine the
factorsdriving students housing delivery and to propose appropriate solutions to students housing
inKisumu. The study will be carried out in Kisumu. The study will employ the theory of ekistic
andconceptual framework focusing on students housing provision. The sample size will be
120students as calculated using the formulae of Singleton. The sampling procedures will
beprobability sampling technique of both stratified random sampling and systematic
randomsampling, as well as non-probability sampling technique of convenience and
purposivejudgmental sampling will be used to obtain the data through applying descriptive
designmethod. The analysis will be descriptive in nature and proportions, graphs, percentages
andaverages will be used to draw up conclusions. Data presentation will be done through,
piecharts, graphs and maps. The expected output of this study will contribute to the
generalknowledge in planning and development of Kisumu County.
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TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION............................................................................................................................ i
DEDICATION............................................................................................................................... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ iii
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. iv
TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................................................ v
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ x
LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... xi
LIST OF ACRONYMS .............................................................................................................. xii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Problem Statement ................................................................................................................ 2
1.3 Objectives of the Study ......................................................................................................... 5
1.4 Research Questions ............................................................................................................... 5
1.5 Hypotheses ............................................................................................................................ 5
1.6 Justification ........................................................................................................................... 5
1.7 Case Studies .......................................................................................................................... 6
1.8 Research Methodology .......................................................................................................... 7
1.9 Organization of the Study ..................................................................................................... 8
1.10 Scope of the study ............................................................................................................... 8
1.11 Definition of Key terms ....................................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................... 10
2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 10
2.2 AN OVERVIEW ON HOUSING MARKET ..................................................................... 10
2.2.1 Rental housing market .................................................................................................. 11
2.2.2 House purchase markets ............................................................................................... 11
2.3 STUDENT HOUSING ........................................................................................................ 11
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2.3.1 Existing Situation of Students Housing ........................................................................ 11
2.3.2 Students Housing Adequacy ......................................................................................... 12
2.3.2.1 Easy access............................................................................................................. 12
2.3.2.2 Affordability .......................................................................................................... 13
2.3.2.3 Legal security of tenure ......................................................................................... 13
2.3.2.4 Habitability ............................................................................................................ 13
2.3.2.5 Neighbourhood amenities and services ................................................................. 13
2.3.2.6 Cultural adequacy .................................................................................................. 13
2.3.3 Challenges in Access and Occupation of Student Accommodation ............................. 14
2.3.3.1 Costs ....................................................................................................................... 14
2.3.3.2 Accessibility and convenience ............................................................................... 14
2.3.3.3 Security and safety ................................................................................................. 14
2.3.3.4 Space ...................................................................................................................... 15
2.4 STUDENT HOUSING MARKET ...................................................................................... 15
2.5 DEMAND AND SUPPLY FOR STUDENTS HOUSING ................................................. 16
2.5.1 Students housing demand ............................................................................................. 16
2.5.1.1 Students household income.................................................................................... 17
2.5.1.2 Government Policy ................................................................................................ 17
2.5.1.3 Taste ....................................................................................................................... 17
2.5.1.4 Students Population ............................................................................................... 17
2.5.2 Students housing supply ............................................................................................... 18
2.5.2.1 Price ....................................................................................................................... 18
2.5.2.2 Aspirations ............................................................................................................. 18
2.5.2.3 Input prices............................................................................................................. 19
2.5.2.4 Technology ............................................................................................................ 19
2.6 STUDENTS HOUSING MARKET DYNAMICS ............................................................. 19
2.6.1 Building costs ............................................................................................................... 19
2.6.2 Market stakeholders’ structures .................................................................................... 20
2.6.3 Land infrastructure and property rights ........................................................................ 20
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2.7 STUDENTS HOUSING DELIVERY ................................................................................ 21
2.7.1 The Legal Frameworks for Land Use and Development of Residential
Neighbourhoods..................................................................................................................... 22
2.7.1.1 Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA, 1999) ..................... 22
2.7.1.2 The Physical Planning Act of 1996 (Cap 286) ...................................................... 23
2.7.1.3 The Local Government Act (Cap 265) .................................................................. 23
2.7.1.4 The Public Health Act (Cap 242)........................................................................... 23
2.7.1.5 Constitution of Kenya, 2010 .................................................................................. 23
2.7.2 Factors driving students housing delivery .................................................................... 24
2.7.2.1 Infrastructure Development ................................................................................... 24
2.7.2.2 Monetary and fiscal policies .................................................................................. 24
2.7.2.3 Housing finance market ......................................................................................... 25
2.7.2.4 The approval and conveyance processes ............................................................... 25
2.8 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ...................................................................................... 26
2.8.1 Ekistic theory ................................................................................................................ 26
2.8.2 Conceptual Framework................................................................................................. 26
2.9 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 27
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ......................................................... 28
3.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 28
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN ........................................................................................................ 28
3.3 SELECTED CASE STUDIES ............................................................................................ 28
3.4 STUDY AREA AND SELECTION OF CASES FOR THE STUDY ................................ 29
3.4.1 Case study1: Maseno University .................................................................................. 29
3.4.2 Case study 2: Kisumu Polytechnic ............................................................................... 30
3.4.3 Case study 3: Kenya College of Accountancy- Western campus ................................ 30
3.4.4 Case study 4: Nairobi Aviation College-Kisumu Campus .......................................... 30
3.4.5 Criteria for choosing sample higher learning institutions ............................................ 31
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3.5 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION ............................................................................. 31
3.6 TARGET POPULATION ................................................................................................... 31
3.7 SAMPLING PROCEDURE AND SAMPLE SIZE ............................................................ 32
Table 3.1 Sample Size ............................................................................................................... 32
3.8 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE AND PROCEDURES ............................................................ 32
3.8.1 Probability Sampling Technique .................................................................................. 32
3.8.1.1 Stratified Random Sampling .................................................................................. 32
3.8.1.2 Systematic Random Sampling ............................................................................... 33
3.8.2 Non Probability Sampling Technique .......................................................................... 33
3.8.2.1 Convenience Sampling .......................................................................................... 33
3.8.2.2 Purposive Sampling ............................................................................................... 33
3.9 METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS, DISCUSSION AND PRESENTATION................. 34
3.10 ETHICAL ISSUES ........................................................................................................... 34
3.11 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS ......................................................................................... 34
3.12 PILOT STUDY ................................................................................................................. 35
3.13 VALIDITY OF THE INSTRUMENTS. ........................................................................... 35
3.14 INSTRUMENT RELIABILITY ....................................................................................... 35
3.15 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES ........................................................................... 35
3.16 DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES ................................................................................. 36
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION ..................................... 37
4.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 37
4.2 RESPONSE RATE ............................................................................................................. 37
4.3 LEVEL OF STUDY ............................................................................................................ 38
4.4 MODE OF STUDENTS’ ACCOMMODATION ............................................................... 39
4.5 ADOPTION OF HOUSING POLICIES ............................................................................. 40
4.6 CONTRIBUTING FACTOR TO THE SELECTION OF HOUSING FACILITY ............ 41
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4.7 MODE OF ACCESSING ACCOMMODATION .............................................................. 42
4.8 ACCOMMODATION COST PER SEMESTER ............................................................... 43
4.9 OCCUPANCY RATE OF STUDENTS ............................................................................. 44
4.10 ASSESSMENT ON THE ADEQUACY LEVEL OF HOSTEL ACCOMMODATION . 45
4.11 ASSESSMENT ON THE ADEQUACY LEVEL OF PRIVATE RENTED HOSTEL
ACCOMMODATIONS ............................................................................................................ 46
4.12 ASSESSMENT ON THE ADEQUACY LEVEL OF THE ACCREDITED HOSTELS . 47
4.13 CHALLENGES FACED BY STUDENTS IN THE HOUSING FACILITIES ............... 48
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................... 50
5.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 50
5.2 SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS ................................................................................. 50
5.3 TEST OF HYPOTHESES ................................................................................................... 51
5.4 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................. 52
5.5 RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................... 52
5.6 AREA FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ................................................................................ 53
REFERENCE ............................................................................................................................ 55
APPENDICES 1: QUESTIONAIRES TO THE STUDENTS COMMUNITY ....................... 58
TOPIC: ASSESSMENT OF HOUSING MARKET IN KISUMU ....................................... 58
APPENDICES 2: QUESTIONAIRES TO PROPERTY STAKEHOLDERS ......................... 61
TOPIC: ASSESSMENT OF HOUSING MARKET IN KISUMU ....................................... 61
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 sampling procedure and sample size ........................................................................... 32 Table 4.1 Response rate ............................................................................................................... 37 Table 4.2Level of study ............................................................................................................... 38 Table 4.3Mode of accommodation .............................................................................................. 39 Table 4.4Response on adoption of housing policies .................................................................... 40 Table 4.5Contributing factors ...................................................................................................... 41 Table 4.6Mode of accommodation .............................................................................................. 42 Table 4.7Rates of accommodation ............................................................................................... 43 Table 4.8Students occupancy rate ................................................................................................ 44 Table 4.9Assessment ofadequacy level of hostel accomodation ................................................. 45 Table 4.10Assessment level of the adequacy of private development ........................................ 46 Table 4.11Assessment on the adequacy of the accredited hostels ............................................... 47 Table 4.12Response on challenges faced by the students on housing facility…….………........48
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4.1Response rate .............................................................................................................................. 37 Figure 4.2Level of Study ........................................................................................................................... 38 Figure 4.3 Mode of students accommodation ............................................................................................ 40 Figure 4.4 Response on adoption of housing policy .................................................................................. 41 Figure 4.5 Contributing factor towards housing facility selection ............................................................. 42 Figure 4.6 Mode of accommodation access ............................................................................................... 43 Figure 4.7 Rate of accommodation costs ................................................................................................... 44 Figure 4.8 Students occupancy rate ........................................................................................................... 45 Figure 4.9Assessment of hostel accomodation adequacy level ................................................................. 46 Figure 4.10 Assessment on the adequacy level of private development .................................................... 47 Figure 4.11 Assessment on the adequacy of the accredited hostels ........................................................... 48 Figure 4.12 Response on challenges faced students on the housing facility. ............................................. 49
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LIST OF ACRONYMS
UN-HABITAT- United Nations
UNHC - United Nations Health Care -
GOK - Government of Kenya
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1INTRODUCTION
Since time immemorial, mankind has been known to strive for only one thing; development. This
is evidenced by the millions of inventions, innovations, and research activities we see and find
around us. Human development is a major factor contributing to urban development and thus
human beings are seen at the centre of concerns for sustainable development including adequate
shelter for all and sustainable human settlements (The Habitat Agenda, 1996).
Wirth (1938) defines urbanism as a way of life that reflects an organization of a society in terms
of complex division of labour, high levels of technology, high mobility, and interdependence of
its members in fulfilling economic functions. This understanding hereby associates urbanization
with economic progress, promotion of literacy and education, the improvement of the general
state of health, greater access to social services and cultural, political and religious participation
as mostly evidenced in the third world cities and towns propelling engines of the unparalleled
growth and incubators for civilization. In the process of globalization and interdependencies,
rural- urban migration has increased steadily to access these services. However at steady constant
growth, there are 60% of the world’s population, estimated at six (6) Billion, in the urban areas
who all need housing, land, water, health and services. These possess one of the greatest
challenges to face humankind in the next decade.
Housing is considered as the central need to social and economic development for everyone
(Byrne and Diamond, 2007). It is the most valuable asset for many household and the most
significant item of expenditure (UNHC, 1996) and hence the importance cannot be overlooked
by policy makers. Establishment of housing in any given context reflects socio-economic
prosperity and posterity and thus availability and affordability levels remain key vital aspects in
economic development as they can influence the location of the population within and between
human settlements. Housing’s potential to spur economic growth provides deliberate
interventions to be made for the realization of the desired goals. This is provided for by the
government who takes roles in regulating the markets, provision on conditions for social
reproduction and creation of regulatory and institutional frameworks hence generating aspects of
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housing markets that is moulded in terms of demand and supply, depending on the interaction of
the parties involved in participation and their competition.
In Kenya the real estate sector has managed to provide for a strong flow of inward investments in
the property market out of the real estate sector boom in which Kenyan real estate agents,
property managers and marketers have proved to the wider world that the property market in
Kenya offers investors with strong capital growth potential and substantial yields. This could be
evidenced by strong property demand in the capital where price growth is intense and increased
rent rates in the most desirable areas being at par with those of major cities around the world
(info@property kenya.com, 2005). The strength and the durability of the property market system
have also been demonstrated by the success of these economies that have allowed it to
proliferate.
Kisumu’s property market is fast taking shape with the lake side city welcoming new players
every month (standard digital, 2013). The city has shown tremendous changes in property market
as quest for more land to develop has led to a widening of the urban boundaries of the city to see
through permanent and commercial units constructions in places of temporary buildings.
Infrastructure development over the years has also opened up the city to mean increased
confidence for both individuals and institutional investors. This has resulted to increased
construction boom with property prices rising by more than 500 per cent in some areas and real
estate agents and developers reaping massive returns (Nsoko property, 2012).
The study showed out the challenges of access and occupation of housing by the college students
as the target population and further determined the factors that influenced the delivery of college
student housing from property developers in Kisumu City.
1.2 Problem Statement
Housing is a basic societal need that attracts high expenditure from many households around the
world. It has always remained a contentious issue on the continent that struggles to satisfy the
basic necessities for human survivors including adequate housing for all. Investment in housing
has enabled high economic growth rates. This results from the active property market. This also
fuels rapid urbanization and growth in consumption and demand for certain types of goods and
services.
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Kenya’s housing problem can be traced back to the independence period. Increasedrural
population to the urban centres in search of better lifestyle intensifiedresulting in increased
population in the urban areas creating pressure on existing housing units. This coupled with
urban migration with population growth and lack of government interventions in housing
(George, 2013), also increased problems in housing sector.
Inadequate data hampers articulate and precise planning for housing. However, the Ministry of
Lands and Housing estimates that about 50,000 units of houses are constructed annually. In
addition, the situation estimate of the current shortage is about two million units thus majority of
households are homeless and live in temporary shelter or in extremely poor houses. This is
reinforced by UN-Habitat (2010)that argues that more than thirty percent of world’s urban
population are either living in poor housing conditions in slums or are homeless due to lack of
housing. According toWorld Bank (2012), the slow growth and development in Kenya’s
property market have led to a gap of 156,000 units per annum and that low income households
only receive about 20% that is 6,000 of all houses produced.
Kisumu is one of the urbanizing towns in Kenya with the highest urbanization rate and an annual
growth rate estimated at about 3% per annum (UN-Habitat, 2005). This brings with it the
associated complexities in urban management. The residential market in the City is fairly active,
majorly driven by the increased demand for housing by the low income households. Recent years
has seen increase in the number of middle income group who are seen to be the largely a class of
professionals and top civil servants. This group are keen on access to housing in the quiet and
affordable peri-urban areas. The new demands created by these populations lead to development
of the housing in these areas.
Education is perceived as one of the principal motivating factors behind national economic
development and it is one of the most effective ways in which individuals can ever hope to
achieve better opportunities and a higher standard of living. For these reasons education sector in
Kenya has received heavy investments from the Government to promote literacy and improve
access and affordability for being central to transformationof the society. Since independence,
Kenya’s struggle for independence was marked by an increased clamour for radical changes in
education. Subsequently, in its election manifesto, Kenya National African Union Party (KANU)
identified education as one of its key pillars for economic development and committed itself to
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bring social change through education (Standard Digital, 2013). In addition, The Kenya Vision
2030 states that “investment in education will make significant contributions to other social
sectors particularly health, water and sanitation, the environment and housing” to outline the
significance of learning institutions in every context.
Provision of education in Kenya is done by both private and public investors. Private sector is
motivated by profit maximization objective, who would genuinely not find it economically
prudent to invest in expansion of students housing facilities. However there has been limited
government attention paid to accommodating the increasing number of students in academic
institutions. Provision of student housing to meet accommodation demands is generally regarded
by the State as the responsibility of the higher education institutions themselves. Local studies
have been done in relation to students housing; results shows that, expansion of students’
admission in higher learning institutions has seen more students being enrolled in schools’
systems due to increased demand for education. The result of this is increased population that
generates high accommodation demand, a lot, of which universities cannot provide with existing
facilities and amenities. This is a result of changing universities policies that prioritize provision
of learning opportunities as opposed to provision of accommodation.
The undersupply of accommodation for on-campus housing has also posed one of the challenges
facing students. This is the outcome of proliferation of colleges across the country that has seen
all competing ranks of universities making it to the suburbs and outskirts of the capital to meet
the rural demand for education through their established institutional branches that offer efficient
training to the target student population with a huge popularity among people. A consequence of
large turnouts of students to these institutions creates congestion and strains in housing. This
scenario poses the hostels standards to be questioned where colleges find themselves stretched
for space to accommodate the large number of students that are constantly flowing to pursue
higher education.
The study therefore aims to examine the challenges of housing access and occupation
encountered by student community, both in the higher institutional hostels that offer on campus
accommodation and those that are housed in the private developments that provide for
offcampus housing in Kisumu County.
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1.3 Objectives of the Study
The objective of the study;
1. To establish the situation of student housing market in Kisumu;
2. To assess driving factors of student housing delivery in Kisumu; and
3. To propose appropriate solutions to student housing in Kisumu
1.4 Research Questions
The study will embark on the following research questions
1. What is the situation of college student housing market in Kisumu?
2. What are the driving factors towards college student housing delivery?
3. What are the appropriate solutions to college student housing?
1.5 Hypotheses
The study deals with assessing the housing market in Kisumu, a case of college students housing;
the study seek to fulfil the following research hypothesis;
H1 There is a positive relationship between challenges faced by the students in access of
accommodation and general accommodation demands.
H1 There is a positive relationship between housing adequacy and housing provisions in
Kisumu.
1.6 Justification
Housing for Kenya is guided by among other legislations: Kenya Vision 2030, which aims at
ensuring an adequately and decently housed nation in a sustainable environment.This sets the
pace for what housing needs to be achieved by 2030.The study will contribute to the broad
understanding of the students housing situation and contribute to the realisation of the goals set
under this vision.
Kisumu being a city has witnessed rapid growth and expansion of university education facilities
that has given rise to growing demand for housing services in the environs of the established
universities. Evidences of university students growing demand for accommodation facilities
within the institutions proximity, is a genuine and compelling development need for which
emphasis and investment should be driven to address the situation. This has been followed by
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conversion of a number of residential houses near academic institutions into student hostels to
cater for the unmet demand.
The study therefore seeks to access the current state of residential development with a view of
understanding the mode of housing, access and occupational challenges faced by the target group
i.e. the student population and consequently outline recommendations to improve their quality
for functional, healthy and environmentally friendly housing. In addition, the study is hopefully
expected to be relevant to the real estate agents, property developers, planners, policy makers
and the institutional administrations since it will entail the intended information to give insight
on theresidential estate in student housing market and the situation of on-campus
accommodations in the study area.
This information includes the unique factors to which the demand of student housing and
distribution as well as the supply and also to determine what trends Kisumu should take.
The researcher also intends the findings of the study will in future contribute to the body of
knowledge relating to the residential real estate market as a whole.
1.7 Case Studies
The researcher will involve a comparative study focused on four different colleges; two private
institutions and two public institutions all of which in the same County for ease of access during
data collection.
Private institutions will refer to those colleges supported by private individuals rather than a
public agency. They will help bring in sight on housing facilities and accommodations provisions
that appear to be better than the public ones. The entities are usually run for a profit motive and
thus at all aspects struggles to give their clients value for their money. In this category the
researcher intends to use Nairobi Aviation College-Kisumu Branch to represent the newly
established private colleges in the region that struggles for popularity and enrolments turn outs
and Kenya College of Accountancy (KCA)-Kisumu campus that has been in existence for a
desired time period to represent established private universities in Kisumu.
Public institutions will refer to those higher learning institutions predominantly funded by public
means through the National Government. They will bring out knowledge on needs of such
institutions and their major facilities in the provision of quality education to its users- Kenyan
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Students. In these institutions, the students are provisioned with on-campus housing that is
highly subsidized to encourage more access and affordability to majority of students’ population.
The researcher in this category intends to use Maseno University that is situated outside the town
but within the County boundary to represent such of a type and Kisumu Polytechnic that is
within the City to represent other public colleges of similar location both of which have had their
establishment and growth emanating within the study area.
The four universities are likely to adopt different types of accommodation for their students’
depending on their enrolment rates, with varying amounts of tuition fees that will be charged
depending on the variable factors of housing provisions such as availability and the selection
criteria to be adopted for qualifications of hostel provision. These are likely to flow from
different student housing policies adopted by each institution that brings with it the unique
measures for their enforcements.
1.8 Research Methodology
Relevant data was collected from two main sources; primary and secondary sources. Primary
data collection was obtained from the field through observation, individual interviews and key
informant interviews to the college administrators, personal site visits and administration of
questionnaires to the students’ population and property stakeholders. These were adopted to
capture the real housing situation and their associated challenges.
Stratified random sampling technique was adopted in which case the technique within the strata
was simple random sampling. Purposive sampling also helped to establish the sample population.
Both made contributions to generalize assumptions over the students housing market correctly
depending on the availed information and its sources.
Secondary sources of information also played a key role in evaluating the study where data was
obtained from areas relevant to the study and include published and unpublished materials on
housing market, issues on college students housing and policies, education systems in Kenya,
Acts of Parliament and International Conventions dealing with housing issues, property
stakeholders markets and the internet.
Data was analysed using both qualitative and quantitative techniques. Data presentation involved
pie charts, tables, and graphs.
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1.9 Organization of the Study
This study will be divided into five chapters. These sections of the study are highlighted below;
Chapter one: this part of the study outlines the problem statement, objectives of the study,
research questions, hypotheses, justification, case studies introduction,and research
methodology.
Chapter two: this chapter reviews literature on the research topic of assessment of Student
Housing Market in Kisumu County. The chapter concludes by giving a conceptual framework of
the study.
Chapter three: this chapter outlines research methodology as well as providing an outline for
each of the studies.
Chapter four: this entails data analysis and presentation. It will give a detailed analysis of the
findings of the study. The responses from the research questions will be analysed in detail. The
findings are very important in fulfilling the hypothesis of the study to help the researcher make a
general conclusion of the findings.
Chapter five: this section of the study will evaluate the findings of the case studies and develop
conclusions and recommendations for areas of further study.
1.10 Scope of the study
The study will deal with assessing the housing market in Kisumu with specific study into college
students housing while focusing on the access and affordability of housing units to assess their
adequacy to meet students housing needs. The respondents to the study will be the college
students within Kisumu, the respective college administrators and property stakeholders.
1.11 Definition of Key terms
House; it is a dwelling unit for human habitation that provides shelter and protection from
vagaries of nature.
Housing; is a development sector within a national economy that can be defined in three
contexts namely;
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Physical product- Is a dwelling unit house or home integrated with other units in the
neighbourhoods or settlements, through infrastructure and community facilities, streets,
and roads. Ordinarily it entails physical, tangible space with built forms, artifacts, walls,
roofs, doors, fences, gates etc.
Housing as a process-Involves a number of actors who participate in undertaking a
number of activities including but not limited to organising the family or a social group to
decide on how to acquire or built a house or home.
Cultural reality-Is a social aspect through which people express identity, search for
security and hope for opportunity. It is generated by, and a generator of lifestyles and
world views reflecting aspirations, joys, achievements conflicts and pains of real people
within their specific cultural context.
Student housing; is defined as the acquisition, development and use of land for student
accommodation in academic institutions.
Hostel; this is a shelter facility that provides affordable long-term accommodation for a variety
of clients including students, providing shared amenities such as kitchen, entertainment lounge
and washrooms.
Housing Market; refers to the general active market of houses that are bought and sold directly
by owners or through brokers, usually in a particular country or region. The key elements that
define a typical housing market include; the house prices, government interventions in the
housing market, rented sector, housing demand and supply.
Niche market; this defines a specialized letting in which supply has become adopted to satisfy
the particular needs of a specialized or definite groups of persons, and displays reluctance to
meet needs from another source in terms ofaccommodation type, letting arrangements and type
of landlord. The students’ household letting is hereby under the provision materially different
from letting to other types of tenant.
Overcrowding; this is viewed against the maximum number of people that a residential space
can accommodate in relation to the size of the room and the requisite amenities available.
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CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1INTRODUCTION
This section provides an assessment ofthe student housing situation in Kisumu. It reviews the
previous studies which have focused onhousing of students who are the target population in the
study, as well as the challenges they encounter in access and occupation of housing facilities,to
reflect the real concerns in Kisumu’s housing sector through construction and delivery in
general. It aims at comparing and contrasting the different authors’ views on these concerns,
relating this research study to the conclusions drawn, highlighting any gaps and summarizing on
the specific gap that this research study hopes to contribute to.
2.2 AN OVERVIEW ON HOUSING MARKET
A housing market is defined as a representation of the interaction of demand and supply for
housing and related services (Njenga, 1991). The market requires the application of economic
technique which uses real estate economics to try and describe, explain and predict patterns of
prices, demand and supply.
A housing market is modelled by the interaction of different actors like the owner, user and
renter who comprises of the demand side of the market and the developers and renovators who
form the supply side. These parties express different interest in relation to a property to initiate
differing housing markets for property buyers and sellers.
In a buyer’s market, the ability of the available units to satisfy demand depends on the
composition of the housing such as the location, size, unit type, or condition and the number of
housing units needed in a market. On the other hand, a seller’s market is characterized by a
balance in the housing market that can shift the control power towards the seller in conditions of
scarcity in supply in which the demand outstrips the availed properties in a particular area. With
this situation, sellers are at liberty to wait for good offers and their properties that will reach or
exceed their minimum selling prices as superfluous demand for good quality properties is
experienced in the market.
There exist two categories of housing market according to Njenga,(1991). An individual
financial status and ability will determine whether the person belongs in the owner occupier
housing market or the rental housing market.
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2.2.1 Rental housing market
This market arises from a free market economy in which households opt to purchase their
housing services through a periodic rent payment to guarantee ownership for a certain time
period dependent on the existing terms of the contract between the landlord and the tenants. The
interaction of demand and supply to the rental market hereby determines the rents payable. In the
short term, the stock of accommodation remains fixed and in the short run, supply schedules
becomes elastic. However in long run, the excess profits are spawned by the tenants offering
relatively higher rents. Developers are motivated to construct more rentals and increase supply in
cases of completion where limited amount of housing exists.
2.2.2 House purchase markets
This exhibits availed market for individual housing ownership processes dealing with the factors
affecting demand and supply of these houses. Here, demand arises from households who wish to
purchase their housing services by buying the asset for owner occupation. Housing needs in the
urban housing market is looked in terms of the peoples’ expression of housing needs, their ability
and willingness to pay that will determine their access to housing at different prices. This helps
to appreciate the housing market that can be relatively volatile at both local and national level
due demand fluctuations (Marcus, 2000). Realistic estimates for the overall marker can be drawn
from separate analysis of the various categories of housing market.
2.3 STUDENT HOUSING
2.3.1 Existing Situation of Students Housing
The current student accommodation demand in higher learning institutions in Kisumu County is
provided for by both private and public bodies. Public hostels are provided for within the
university premise by the respective institution whereas the private hostels are developed on
private land with most locations near colleges or universities or commercial areas. In more
scenarios, the limited nature of the higher learning institutions to provide for student
accommodation has initiated a reliance on the private rented sector to provide housing to a
substantial proportion of students. However both bodies reveals mixed outcomes on adequacy in
catering for students needs as majority of the cases are characterised with awful situations with
respect to quality against value for money and occupational health and safety due to
overcrowding and minority embracing best practices.
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Inadequacy in hostel accommodation provided for by the public higher learning institutions are
evidenced by challenge of overcrowding as four or more students occupy one room and lack of
common facilities such as indoor sport facility, reading room and kitchen. The private hostels are
however viewed to provide for better accommodation facilities and services in exchange of high
cost of hostel accommodation but on the contrary, they are challenged by experience of water
and sanitation problems as some of these areas are not served by sewer and insecurity and poor
access remain key issues to be addressed. In addition, few hostels are developed in compliance
with the principle development in the area.
Incidences of students studying from parental home especially from colleges serving local
demand and newly established institutions in the study area has also been marked to provide for
accommodation to some portion of student population.
2.3.2Students Housing Adequacy
Students have identifiable housing needs that seeks to be satisfied with the provision of
accommodation facility either through public hostels for on campus accommodation or through
private rented sectors that provides for off campus accommodation. Their rates in access and
occupation by this group can be defined through adequacy levels to content the standards of
living. Student housing adequacy can be defined from the context of the UN Committee on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights that observed that the right to housing should not be
interpreted in a narrow sense which equates shelter to merely having a roof under one’s head, but
rather to live somewhere in security, peace and dignity (General Comment No. 4 of 1991) .The
following facets ware identified by the Committee to form Integral components of the Right to
adequate housing for all people namely:-
2.3.2.1 Easy access
Adequate housing must be accessible to those entitled to it, including the disadvantaged groups.
Both housing laws and policies should cover fully and take into account the housing needs of the
physically disabled, children and elderly as the identified vulnerable groups.
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2.3.2.2 Affordability
Personal or household financial costs associated with housing should be at such levels the
attainment and satisfaction of other basic needs are not threatened or compromised, whether one
is an owner occupier or tenant.
2.3.2.3 Legal security of tenure
Whether rental, owner occupation, emergency or informal settlement, all persons should possess
a degree of tenure security, which guarantees legal protection against forced evictions,
harassment and other threats.
2.3.2.4 Habitability
Adequate housing should be made in terms of adequate space and protection from threats to
health, security and comfort of occupants.
2.3.2.5 Neighbourhood amenities and services
Adequate housing must be in a location which allows access to employment options, healthcare
services, schools and other social facilities so as it reduce temporal and financial costs of
accessing the work place and social facilities.
2.3.2.6 Cultural adequacy
The way housing is constructed and the building materials as well as the policies supporting
these activities must appropriately enable the expression of cultural identity and diversity of
housing.
A student house that fails to meet the above conditions is to be regarded as inadequate and will
therefore symbolize a failed student housing structure. Relevant repairs and maintenance of
constructions should be emphasized to provide for quality living environment to the students
while reconstruction would be recommended for the dilapidated structure that can no longer
serve as a dwelling unit to ensure habitability and comfort in occupation.
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2.3.3Challenges in Access and Occupation of Student Accommodation
2.3.3.1 Costs
High demand for student housing near urban campuses or large schools may cause price increase
in the local housing market, making the nearby apartments and rental houses unaffordable for the
students. Off campus housing also places the burden of paying fund for utility service and
community to and from campus on the students themselves. For students who take out loan to
fund an education, expensive hostels, which may also require students to get a meal to eat on
campus, add to graduation debt.
2.3.3.2 Accessibility and convenience
This presents one of the most concerns in students housing as they try to find places to live in
that are close to campus. On campus dormitories and apartments are considered to offer one
solution, but with established universities having so many students, auxiliary campuses are the
only way to provide for enough accessible housing. However, this situation turns to be
worsening in cases where there are students who cannot be incorporated into the school’s
accommodation systems and lack sustainable rates of income to support them in access of any
kind of permanent housing provided in the formally regulated markets and at the same time
sustain them in school and transport or for those institutions that does not offer accommodation
facilities at all. The result for these students is subjection to stressful social and psychological
events that that is drawn from the frustrations.
2.3.3.3 Security and safety
Safety is an issue throughout students housing. Schools employ security staffs to maximize on
safety by keeping the hostels and the whole school’s environment safe. Students who move to off
campus are however no longer under the protection of campus security. As a result, the students
neighbourhoods may become target for theft and burglary because of the computers and money
students have that are disproportionate to the level of income of the surrounding area, coupled
with the inexperience levels of the surrounding area, coupled with the inexperience of student
renters, who may fail to take precautions such as investing in an alarm system or barring
windows.
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2.3.3.4 Space
Overcrowding has become the norm on most housing facilities adopted by students. UN-Habitat,
(2003) associates these conditions of overcrowding with a low space per person, high occupancy
rates, cohabitation by different group of people among others. This puts the students to high risk
of diseases, mortality and misfortune thereby undermining their performances and general
productivity within the school’s environment.
2.4STUDENT HOUSING MARKET
The incapacity of the higher learning institutions to accommodate the increasing student
population has amplified the dependence on private rented market to provide for alternative
students housing. Few higher learning institutions have managed to cater for growing student
numbers with simultaneous increase in accommodation provision despite massive increased
spending on new build and the development of existing infrastructure. This has resulted out of
the move by these institutions to expand student admission irrespective of their ill-equipped
nature to respond to rapid increases in student population that translates to increased
accommodation demand. Expansion of education facilities has also overlooked the aspect of
scarce accommodation, to reveal imposition of self interest in tackling the inadequacy of the
sectorial approach to planning.
Student housing demand has been met by development of new and existing vigorous niche
markets that attends specifically to students housing needs. The reliance of students on
accommodation in the private sector has been substantial and growing thus, a fair competition
for property and letting by the students in the housing sector has remained active. The fact that
this group seek properties of lower rent in a circumscribed radius, the student population seeking
accommodation is exuberated as generally, they would want to minimise travel cost by living
close to their place of education. This has initiated students participation in the property market
as landlords grow confident about entering the students market because; demand is steady and
predictable; there are few requirements relating to the need of property type as the students
household size are considerably elastic to adopt to any property and that the market is clearly
defined geographically.
Local rental markets in most cases are dominated by students who hold strong position within
them and thus ready supply of properties are almost always available to meet demand. These
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markets tend to perpetuate themselves in cases where there is concentration of student demand in
specific locations. The clear geographic definition to the students market translates to
investments in student housing by the interested landlords to be easier to pinpoint the more
appropriate locations in which to buy property.
The growth in letting to students has associated consequences in acquisition of properties along
with other groups of tenants. The student niche market operates to the advantage of the students
and thus in situations where pressure for student accommodation is becoming acute; it is more
likely for the conversion of owner occupied property market to student hostels through purchase
by student market landlords in these areas. The outcome of this is the substantial shift of
properties away from the owner occupied sector, into the private rentals hence the strength of the
student niche market commonly leads to tenure competition.
2.5 DEMAND AND SUPPLY FOR STUDENTS HOUSING
Housing transactions forms the underlying market activities that concern the housing market. It
is dependent on the aspects of the buyers’ willingness to pay and the sellers’ willingness to
accept on exchange for goods.
Housing demand issues (such as household income, availability and terms of housing finance,
government subsidies) and housing supply issues (such as availability of developed land,
building regulations, productivity of construction industry, direct involvement of government in
house building, current and new stock in housing, involvement of government through subsidies)
impact upon affordability of housing (Bertaud, 2007) in the general housing market. The
following discussion will hold for the individual facets on housing demand and supply
understanding.
2.5.1 Studentshousing demand
This is defined by astudent’s ability to identify housing needs met by the purchasing power that
backs it up to create effective demand. The real transactions hereby results from the drawn
effective demand that can be measured so that students’ behaviour can be analysed for a variety
of purposes. The following are the students housing demand factors towards:-
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2.5.1.1Students household income
According to Marcus (2000), a consumer’s purchasing power will be primarily determined by
the disposable income that they have left after all deductions have been taken away. A student’s
ability to obtain an adequate accommodation facility will be dependent on the affordability levels
with which to make purchase.As a consequence of being able to obtain tenancy in a desired
property type, more students have opted for joint tenancy in these premises so as to boost their
total potential purchasing power that will turn out to be likely greater than that suggested by their
individual disposable income. A rise in student household income can cause a change in the type
of unit and amenities demanded by this group.
2.5.1.2 Government Policy
The level of demand for property in the student housing markets can be highly influenced by a
range of government policies at both local and national level. This can be in form of property
taxes, interest rates on mortgages, policy influence on environment that may trigger student
demand for certain property types, transport and its associated infrastructure among others that
have a great influence and effect on the property market in general. Just to mention, students
housing demand in this case would be affected as the cost of mortgages riseto render private
rented sector properties expensive in terms of rents chargeable by the student housing landlords
to cater for the provisions thereby crippling majority of the student population’s ability to obtain
decent housing.
2.5.1.3 Taste
Influencing factors ranging from brand loyalty to fashion and advertising are some of the variety
that influence consumer tastes. A perceived best location for student hostel in any given context
attracts a high level of students housing demand. A student’s personal preferences or peer
pressure of his friends’ expectations of what life ought to be poses housing to be little more than
shelter provisions from animals and weather elements.
2.5.1.4Students Population
The presence or absence of students housing affects its demand. An increase in demand for
students housing must be followed by growth in the number of housing units. The demographic
composition of a student population dictates different housing needs and hence remains vitally
important in determining the level of demand for general and specific types of properties. This
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creates a cycle of property demands that are satisfied as astudent transition from one stage to
another.
2.5.2Studentshousing supply
Supply comes from a variety of sources in an economy ranging from an individual’s willingness
to supply his labour to the supply of products on to the market by a large multinational
corporation (Marcus, 2000). This follows that all suppliers will essentially respond to a variety of
stimuli that will encourage them to provide housing. The supply of student housing consists of
the total number of units and the sustainability of these units. Buyers and renters in this case tend
to seek amenities which are the benefits of ownership or occupancy and are dependent on status,
taste and public opinion. The influencing factors to supply of students include:-
2.5.2.1 Price
This influences the students housing landlords’ willingness to supply students housing as a
commodity. In this scenario, the actual level of the supply response would depend upon the
elasticity of supply. Ready markets for students housing encourages greater output in which
scarcity in supply of these housing units will lead to high market prices to guarantee high profit
levels. This will boost the supplier’s efforts to maximization, as the rewards from production are
clear to see. The law of supply shows that there is a positive relationship between price and
quantity supplied and thus any change in pricing will cause movement along existing housing
supply function.
2.5.2.2 Aspirations
Most production decisions are taken in advance as they take time to come on line and as such
developers are needed to forecast the future state of the market. If student housing landlords or
other interested developers in the student housing market are optimistic about the future and
believe that they are able to rent or sell more at any given price, they are likely to gear up
production so that supply can be increased. Consequently, these parties are likely to reduce their
production if they are less pessimistic about the future and foresee declining student property
markets so that they are not left with idling properties.
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2.5.2.3 Input prices
Housing construction requires a huge array of building inputs of which has associated costs. If
input prices decreases, the student housing landlords or other interested developers in the
students housing marketare likely to produce more students housing units to increase supply at
any given price. This will increase the available number of student housing units to ensure
enough housing for all interestedoff campus students at affordable rates. However, reduction in
supply may come about in response to a rise in input prices and as a result prices of developed
students housing units are likely to shoot higher leaving the affordability rates for these units
beyond the affordability levels of the majority of the student population.
2.5.2.4 Technology
Technological improvements in the production process through positive technological changes
normally allow for more to be produced at a lower price through higher levels of efficiency.
Through the newly developed construction techniques developed by the intensified research in
building and construction industry, student housing landlords or other interested developers in
the student housing market are likely to supply more students housing units at any given price as
they will be receiving the incentive of greater profits as the cost of production have been
lowered.
2.6 STUDENTS HOUSING MARKET DYNAMICS
2.6.1Building costs
Building materials to be incorporated in constructions should be permanent, inflammable, long
lasting and able to protect occupants from vagaries of nature. However use of rudimentary
materials adopted by different student housing landlords or other interested developers in student
housing development has increased tremendously in order to achieve cheap housing delivery.
This has been as a result of the high standards set by the policy makers that do not reflect
students housing realities and inadequate capacity of the policy makers to ensure strict
compliance to obtaining density in the study area has remained a reason for most of students
housing standards remaining unattainable over the years. Other issues may include low income
generated from lower rent payment by the inhabiting students, poor planning regulations and
tenure insecurity. Due to low levels of investment in research for low cost building materials to
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offer solutions to alternative housing construction, student housing market expectations about
building solutions have ceased to be negligible or non-existent and thus drive costs of
accommodation facilities upwards.
2.6.2 Market stakeholders’ structures
This refers to the private sector involvement in the supply of students housing to meet the
housing needs of the majority of the student population. Research shows that there are only a
handful of private developers in Kenya that can afford to invest into medium to large scale
developments of 200 units and above for the middle to low income segments (AEB Vol. 4, No.3,
2012). The refusal of the students housing market participants to co-operate in their interactions
within the market has also compounded to these complexities as individual interest to maximize
in their investments are treated with personal and not collective benefits angles. Lack of
technical know-how in order to build and market large scale real estate developments and
difficulty in raising adequate funds has also proved to be key obstacles for the growth of
developer’s class.
2.6.3 Land infrastructure and property rights
Regulations to registration ownership of secure land tenure are important when involving
different actors’ participation to support student housing development and delivery processes.
Land servicing and off-site infrastructure are also paramount. Lack of master planning
undermines the sustainability of student housing developments, paving way for the informal
settlements which in turn put pressure on existing infrastructure.
Despite student housing inadequacy experiences, college students housing has been at the
topmost concerns of higher learning institutions where considerations of having a quality
housing for a significant number of students and a safe comfortable accommodation has been
regarded as of competitive advantage to them. Housing provision by the colleges has evolved
and deepened to increase the number of students living in the institution’s hostels that provide
for on campus accommodation with an aim of promoting a sense of community and to foster
collaboration among students and within faculties.
The rapid expansion of in students’ enrolment however, has been a nightmare for these
institutions to meet the students housing needs as the massive increase in enrolments without
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allocation of funds, the universities can neither expand their facilities in order to support the
growing number of students nor maintain the existing ones. The result has been decaying
infrastructure and buildings that have stalled at different stages of construction seen in our
universities. Also the students’ needs and preferences have also changed overtime presenting a
difficult situation to the institution’s capabilities to satisfy them with the current existing
facilities. Moi University for example, was designed to accommodate 6000 students in 1995 had
8000 students in 2005 who had exceeded to 12,000 students with the 1999 facilities (Moi
Academic Plan, 1987). This therefore shores clearly the extent of constrains of the availed
resources at our universities in terms of accommodation space and the availed communal utilities
that were initially intended to maximize social interaction.
2.7 STUDENTS HOUSING DELIVERY
Housing delivery in higher education institutions has ever since remained the responsibility of
these institutions themselves to meet the students housing needs to ensure quality, habitable and
adequate housing for the general student population. Despite increasing commitments to
empowering higher learning institutions, limited government attention has been paid to
accommodate increasing student numbers. The student housing delivery system is constituted in
both the public sector who is the key player in making laws and policies in its legislative and
institutional framework to govern and control the interaction of the different players in the
students housing market and manage this sector’s activities through building codes, building
laws and by-laws, planning and approval issuance among other functions and the private sectors
that facilitate the students housing provision in a free market in which market forces are left to
determine the demand and supply for housing.
The public institutions have over the years provided for on campus housing through the student
hostels. Much of the accommodation demand were largely satisfied with adequate housing
facilities that ensured all students are in good housing because there was a balance in the level of
intake and the availed accommodation. This meant that all students were catered for in the intake
process and adequate student housing policies were sufficiently established and monitored.The
rapid growth and expansion of university education facilities however has given rise to increased
accommodation demand. In reform rationalisation, the public universities are more likelyto limit
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their future investments to addressing the obtaining overcrowding in their facilities and not to
expand housing services to meet the new demands.
In the private sector, students housing delivery is promoted by the government’s role to develop
market oriented systems for property rights, facilitate housing supply by increasing investment,
and enhancing building industry competition. The creation of requisite incentives to facilitate
stakeholders to provide students housing and services will initiate delivery of quality housing for
the students at the standards they may choose. The role of this sector countrywide has proved to
be more significant to help bridge the shortfall in housing stock from the escalating demand that
far surpasses supply, especially in the urban set ups.
2.7.1 The Legal Frameworks for Land Use and Development of Residential
Neighbourhoods
The student housing delivery like any other developmentsis guided by provisions in legal
document that go a long way to ensure habitable and healthy conditions of students in occupation
of accommodation facilities. Actors in the delivery of student housing are therefore legible to
comply withformulated policies and legislations that sets rulesand regulations aiming at ensuring
consistency of the development process and environmental sustainability.
In Kenya, there are several Acts of Parliament that regulate urban growth and urban growth
management in relation to the housing sector. The following Acts of Parliament have gone a long
way in ensuring sustainable urban environment:
2.7.1.1 Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA, 1999)
This is an Act of Parliament enacted to ensure that every Kenyan enjoy a clean environment.
Environment here has been defined to include the physical factors of the surroundings of human
beings including land, water, atmosphere, climate, sound, odour, taste, the biological factors of
animals and plants and their social factors and the social factors of the aesthetics and includes
both the natural and the built environment. Part VI of the Act in Section 58 provides that before
the proponent of any project starts its execution, a project report should be submitted to NEMA
which will subsequently scrutinize the environmental consequences of the project.
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2.7.1.2 The Physical Planning Act of 1996 (Cap 286)
This is an Act of Parliament that provides for the preparation and implementation of physical
development plans and for connected purposes. Physical development plans are prepared by the
director of physical planning for councils for the purpose of improving land and they help in
securing sustainable provision for different land uses. The physical development plan will
indicate appropriate sites for various neighbourhood facilities such as hospitals, schools, roads,
shops and markets, petrol stations, garbage dumping sites, religious centres and community
centres.
2.7.1.3 The Local Government Act (Cap 265)
The Act empowers the local authorities to control or prohibit all businesses, factories and
workshops that by reason of smoke, fumes, chemical gases, dust or other causes may be a source
of danger, discomfort and annoyance to the neighbourhood and to prescribe the condition subject
to which businesses, factories and workshops shall be carried on.
This act also gives power to the local authorities such as city commission and municipal, town,
urban and county councils to undertake sewerage, drainage and water supply works.
2.7.1.4 The Public Health Act (Cap 242)
This is an Act of Parliament that makes provision for securing and maintaining health. The Act
defines an environmental nuisance to include the emission from premises of water, gases and
smoke, which could be regarded as injurious to health. Section 116 empowers every Local
Authority to taker lawful, necessary and reasonably practicable measures for maintaining its
district at all times in clean and sanitary conditions, and for preventing the occurrence therein of,
or for remedying or causing to be remedied, any nuisance or condition.
2.7.1.5 Constitution of Kenya, 2010
Under the social and economic rights stated in Section 43 of the Kenyan Constitution, it provides
for housing as a basic need where everybody has the right to accessible and adequate housing,
and to reasonable standards of sanitation. Every person has also the rights to the highest
attainable standards of health, which includes the right to health care services, including
reproductive health care. Under Section 42 concerning the environment, every person has the
right to a clean and healthy environment which includes the right to have the environment
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protected for the benefits of the present and the future generations through legislative and other
measures.
2.7.2 Factors driving students housing delivery
Since real estate represents a significant portion of most people’s wealth, the size and scale of the
upcoming real estate market potentials in Kisumu has made it attractive and lucrative sector for
many investors to participate in this market through housing developments and other varieties of
investments available. The following factors are considered to be the motivating factors towards
students housing delivery:-
2.7.2.1 Infrastructure Development
Housing and basic infrastructure provides an enabling environment for the development and
urbanization. In addition all cities attempt to provide better housing and basic infrastructure for
its residents through increased public spending, policy interventions and other various enabling
conditions (Pritika and Pigush). These includes water, sewerage disposal systems, storm water
drainage, roads and solid wastes disposals and community facilities like basic education and
health provision to set a minimum level of basic housing.
The urban local bodies, county government or regional development authorities should take
responsibility for providing for land preferably within the city limits or create new land by
investing in expanding infrastructure corridors where the first option is not available and develop
basic sites that developers can purchase in order to address service provision to commensurate
students housing demand in relation to the availed infrastructure. The local housing market is
student dominated in most cases and thus their participation should be embraced so as to give
them their preferences. In addition the governments should also give incentives to the private and
informal sectors so that they can participate in infrastructure provision as well as initiate cost
recovery mechanisms to ensure replication and maintenance.
2.7.2.2Monetary and fiscal policies
Students housing is one of the many sectors in the economy which competes for finances from
lending institutions and thus a sound students housing program must hinge on adequate finance.
It must exist to provide funds which the students housing landlords and other interested
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developers in the students housing market can access to develop student hostels for sale or
rentals.
Policies which tend to increase the supply of money available in the economy will lead to
reduction in the interest rates. Lower interest rates stimulate consumptions and investment and as
a result of low credit costs, there is high demand for housing expenditure (Thomas, 1967). The
monetary and the fiscal policies set therefore should be adequate and sustainable over a long
time period for significant progress in macroeconomic management and implementation of key
structural and government reforms to boost the financial institutions participation and
survivorship in the finance market. Different actors should also be motivated by the policies to
continue participating in the capital market through their borrowing and savings.
2.7.2.3Housing finance market
The financial market is defined as the total sum of all capita, money and security market
institutions operating in an economy. These also include individuals, companies, institutions and
governments who borrow and lend money to different parties at an interest determined by the
market forces of demand and supply. The efficiency of these markets has an impact in the
availed money for borrowers in finance supply to meet the existing demand. Their ability to
provide finance should be able to facilitate the purchase and sale of shares and other securities,
offer long term finance to student housing market actors which is used to acquire fixed assets and
encourage foreign investment in the securities companies. The market should also be responsible
for any orderly secondary market, which facilitates the liquidation of long-term investments,
provide permanent finance necessary for a strong base of going concerns and useful information
as well as useful advices to investors. However factors such as variation in interest rates will
affect the cost of finance and the taxation rates.
2.7.2.4The approval and conveyance processes
The slow approval system in Kenya has had a shortfall in meeting timely delivery of building
and construction approvals. Also the land rights delivery system has had complications in its
performance manifesting the generated problems in inadequate delivery of plants and serviced
land for orderly urban development through a designated students housing market and
inadequate rights of ownership in rural areas that has disadvantaged student housing delivery in
these areas. In this regard, both processes have been lengthy, time consuming and costly in the
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long run thereby discouraging efforts to get into the legal process in dealings relating to land and
constructions. Impacts have been informal land markets that do not guarantee any security of
tenure, substandard housing, illegal structures, overcrowding and low living standards. These
compromises the adequacy of the provisioned students hostels to meet students housing needs.
2.8 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Theoretical approach have been adopted in this research study as a framework for understanding
settlement sustainability and for re-orienting thinking away from the conveyor-belt model to a
holistic lifecycle approach. These include a number of theories which are discussed below:
2.8.1 Ekistic theory
Architect and urban planner Constantinos developed ekistic theory, or the science of human
settlements, in the 1950s and 1960s (Doxiadis 1968, 1970). Walker (1976) proposed that,
commonly, ekistics is a framework for research into human settlements and their particular
problems. The theory has had a widespread influence in planning and regional development, and
continues to guide thinking about discrete settlement establishment and regional development.
Major settlement planning projects using ekistic theory are under way in many parts of the
world. A fundamental ekistic concept is that human settlements are metabolic, and have a
tendency to proceed to either ‘death’ or transformation (Seemann 1997). The theory contends
that human settlements have no predetermined life. Their elements, however, may have a
predetermined life. This theory is relevant to the study since it brings the connection between the
demand for students housing and human settlement in urban settlement.
2.8.2 Conceptual Framework
The study focuses on the assessment of the college students housing market in Kisumu. Specific
focus will be tuned tothe following study objectives; Toestablish the situation of students
housing market in Kisumu; To assess the driving factors towards students housing delivery in
Kisumu; and To propose appropriate solutions to students housing in Kisumu. The following is a
conceptual framework that shows the relationship between the independent variable and the
dependent variable.
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Independent Variable
The situation of students housing market
Driving factors towards students housing delivery
Dependent Variable
College Students Housing
Appropriate solutions to students housing
Figure 1: Perceived Conceptual Framework
From the conceptual framework there are various factors that influence the students housing
market for the college students in Kisumu. These factors have formed the study objectives and
each has indicators that contribute to the current situation. Driving forces towards accessing the
students housing and accommodations could be determined by the existing number of college
students against the supply of housing. This will influence the adequacy of the student housing
facility and equivalently contribute to be among the challenges of housing among the college
students.
2.9 CONCLUSION
The chapter has reviewed the literature relevant to the topic of the study, which included the
review of critical literature which entailed the specific objectives of the study. It has also covered
the theoretical and conceptual approach to the study.
27
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1INTRODUCTION
Mouly, (1978) defined research as a process of arriving at effective solutions to problems
through systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of data. According to Kothari, (1985),
research is a structured enquiry that utilizes acceptable scientific methodology to solve problems
and create new knowledge that is generally applicable.
Research classification follows different forms as revealed from the literature review. Borg and
Gull (1997) for instance classifies research mainly by data collection whereas Mugenda and
Mugenda (1999) base their classification on three criteria and notes that these broad
classifications are not mutually exclusive; and the research could use more than one
classification from Murigu, (2005) quotations.
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN
This refers to the conceptual structure within which research would be planned and conducted. It
has been defined as the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data, in a
manner that aims to combine relevant research purpose with economy in procedure; Kothari
(2004) citing Seltiz, et al. (1962). It also refers to the specific plan for studying the research
problem and constitutes the blue print for the proposed data collection and analysis (Bryman,
2001). The procedure comprises of choosing a population sample to participate in the study,
methods and approaches of data collection from the sample population, as well as measurement
and analysis of data.
The study will adopt a descriptive survey design. According to Orodho (2005), “descriptive
survey design is used in preliminary and exploratory studies to allow researchers to gather
information, summarize, present and interpret for the purpose of clarification.” The design will
therefore be used by the researcher in gathering information, summarizing, presenting and
interpreting information in order to clarify the influence of housing market on college students’
access and occupation on accommodation.
3.3 SELECTED CASE STUDIES
The study will explore four different higher learning institutions in Kisumu County: two public
institutions and two private institutions. The researcher in public higher learning institutions
28
category intends to study Maseno University that is situated outside the town but within the
County boundary to represent such of a type and Kisumu Polytechnic that is within the City to
represent other public colleges of similar location both of which have had their establishment and
growth emanating within the study area.
While in the choice of private institutions, the researcher intended to explore Nairobi Aviation
College-Kisumu Branch to represent the newly established private colleges in the region that
struggles for popularity and enrolments turn outs and Kenya College of Accountancy (KCA)-
Kisumu campus that has been in existence for a desired time period to represent established
private universities in Kisumu.
3.4 STUDY AREA AND SELECTION OF CASES FOR THE STUDY
The study will be conducted in Kisumu County with reference to the four higher learning
institutions which have been in operation for different timeframes.
Kisumu is a port city in Kisumu County, Kenya at 1,131 m (3,711 ft.), with a population of
409,928 (2009 census). It is the third largest city in Kenya with an area of 417sq km (157 sq.km
of water and 260 sqm.km of land). Because of its strategic position, the town is the principal city
of western Kenya that has seen it as a hub for commercial and administrative activities for the
surrounding communities of Luo, Maragoli and Nandi who inhabit the three transverse provinces
of Nyanza, Western, and Nandi respectively. It was the immediate former capital of Nyanza
Province and the headquarters of Kisumu County. It has a municipal charter but no city charter.
It is the largest city in Nyanza region and second most important city after Kampala in the
greater Lake Victoria basin. Kisumu has a warm, tropical climate. The amount of rainfall
depends essentially on season. The rainiest months are April and May, while in January to
February the rainfall is minimal. Current low land utilization and yields are driven by the lack of
guaranteed markets and associated support services.
3.4.1 Case study1: Maseno University
Founded in 1991, Maseno University is one of the seven public universities in Kenya. It is the
only university on the globe that lies along the Equator (00) located in Maseno Township along
Kisumu-Busia road, 25 km from Kisumu City and approximately 400 km west of Nairobi the
capital city of Kenya. Maseno University currently has four Campuses, aCollege and a
29
Constituent College. The core activities and central administration of the University takes place
on its main campus. For the purposes of this study, the main campus was selected and a
population of eight thousand students are enrolled in the institution. On-campus accommodation
is provided for through eight hostels in which three of these are dominated by the female
population, two of these offer male accommodation and the other three are shared between the
two genders.
3.4.2 Case study 2: Kisumu Polytechnic
Kisumu polytechnic institution was started in 1967 as a technical secondary school. Gradually, it
was upgraded to Technical Training Institution in 1988. Kisumu Polytechnic is situated within
the Lakeside city of Kisumu about 3 km east of the City Centre and is about 400 km from
Nairobi, the capital city of Kenya. The institution has a student population of three thousand six
hundred and eighty. The students within the institution are provided with two storey building for
female accommodation and a three storey building for male students.
3.4.3 Case study 3: Kenya College of Accountancy- Western campus
Kenya College of Accountancy-Western Campus is located at Swan Centre along OgingaOdinga
Street in Kisumu Central Business District. The university has built a reputation as a
comprehensive business university that delivers innovation to aid and delight its customers. The
student population is four hundred and fifty two and at current situation does not provide for
accommodation to its students.
3.4.4 Case study 4: Nairobi Aviation College-Kisumu Campus
The Nairobi aviation College- Kisumu Campus is located at the Central Business District of the
City, on Mini Mall Building, Apindi Street. The college is registered by the ministry of Higher
Education Science and Technology to offer tertiary vocational training. The institution has made
tremendous steps in provision of A level training to majority of its students from the first it
opened its doors in the year 1999 having its first campus in Nairobi. The Kisumu campus has a
student population of one thousand two hundred and fifty six and has no previsions on students’
accommodation.
30
3.4.5 Criteria for choosing sample higher learning institutions
The four higher learning institutions chosen for the study fulfilled a number of the study
requirements. The researcher chose the institutions because of the proximity to the city center
where most of the students find alternative off campus accommodation. Additionally, the two
public institutions have been in operation for a long time period and both have their
establishment and growth emanating from the study area, while the two private institutions, have
come up as a result to meet the increased rural demand for higher education and trainings both of
which operates from branching of their respective main campuses outside the study area.
3.5 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
Two types of data to be collected will include both primary and secondary. The primary data will
be collected from the field through use of both closed and open ended questionnaires, interview,
and the observation guide as the data collection instruments. This will include the first hand
information got from the respondents. Questionnaires will be distributed to student community
and property stakeholders. The key informants who are the college administrators are to be
consulted to help get relevant information which will be used for the purposes of this research.
Primary data will be collected through research’s observation, and use of questionnaire, oral
interview and taking field notes.
Secondary data will be collected from areas relevant to the study and include published and
unpublished materials on housing market, issues on college students housing, education systems
in Kenya, Acts of Parliament and International Conventions dealing with housing issues and
property stakeholders markets.The information on students housing market and trends in students
housing in higher education institutions will be gathered.
3.6 TARGET POPULATION
Mugenda and Mugenda (1999) define target population as an entire group of individuals, events
or objects having common characteristics. This includes defining the population from which the
sample is from. The researcher will consider Maseno University main campus, Kisumu
Polytechnic, Kenya College of Accountancy- western Campus and Nairobi Aviation–Kisumu
Campus. The four cases study the general population of higher learning institutions operating
31
within Kisumu County, in which they give a total student population of 13,388 (Institution
websites, 2014).
3.7 SAMPLING PROCEDURE AND SAMPLE SIZE
According to Singleton et al (1988) sampling design is that part of the research plan that
indicates how cases are to be selected for observation. The concept of sampling involves taking a
fraction of the population, making observation in this smaller group and then generalizing the
findings to the larger population.
In order to get the size of respondents from each stratum, the following calculation will be used.
Study population = 13,388. Stratum is defined according to the students from each institution
(N=120)
Table 3.1Sample Size
Category of the population Total population Sample Size
(i) Maseno University 8000 71
(ii) Kisumu Polytechnic 3680 33
(iii) Kenya College of Accountancy 452 4
(iv) Nairobi Aviation College-Kisumu Branch 1256 12
Total 13,388 N=120
3.8 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE AND PROCEDURES
Orodho&Kombo (2002) defines this as a process of selecting a number of individuals or objects
from a population such that the selected group contains elements representative of the
characteristics found in the entire group. The study will employ the following sampling
techniques:
3.8.1 Probability Sampling Technique
3.8.1.1 Stratified Random Sampling
The study will employ stratified sampling where the institution will be stratified into the years of
study based on institution admissions. This will be further broken down to form homogenous
strata based on population gender densities. After identifying institutional admissions criteria,
32
simple random sampling techniques will be employed to help define better ways of
administering the questionnaires that will be used in the study to gather information.
3.8.1.2 Systematic Random Sampling
According to Joyce, (2006), this method involves drawing nth element in the population starting
with a randomly chosen element between 1-n. The nth element is included in the sample. During
the administration of questionnaires, transects will be identified in each of which definite number
of questionnaires will be administered depending on transects which will be made. This implies
that in each transect, a given number of students will be sampled using systematic random
sampling whereby students along the identified transects will be enumerated and the first student
chosen using simple random sampling. Subsequent students households sampled will be arrived
at by use of the systematic sampling formula N/n where N represented the total number of
students along transect while n represented the number of questionnaires to be administered. A
total of 120 questionnaires will be used.
3.8.2 Non Probability Sampling Technique
The study will use purposive and convenience non random sampling methods. These will be
used particularly when administering interview and choosing institutions to be interviewed.
3.8.2.1 Convenience Sampling
This is a non-probability sampling technique where subjects are selected because of their
convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher. In this technique, subjects will be
selected just because they are easiest to recruit for the study but the researcher will not consider
selecting subjects that are representative of the entire population. It will be preferred because it is
fast, inexpensive, easy and the subjects are readily available. This method will be used to identify
the various transects and respondents be used during the research due to their convenient location
within. It involves the selection of cases and or units of observation as they become available.
3.8.2.2 Purposive Sampling
This technique will allow the researcher to investigate cases that have the required information as
per the objectives of the study. This method will be employed in the identification of the various
interest groups for instance property stakeholders, and other relevant institutions with useful
information for the study.
33
3.9 METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS, DISCUSSION AND PRESENTATION
Qualitative description and quantitative methods will be used to analyse the information
collected from the respondents. The quantitative techniques will be done through coding the data
from the questionnaires based on broad thematic areas then undertaking analysis using the aid of
Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS). Areas of analysis will be respondents’
expressions and perceptions on housing issues involving current higher education institutions
and their students in Kisumu County. It will involve grouping answers to various questions as
answered by respondents. Proportions and percentages will be used to make general inferences.
The analysis will be descriptive in nature and proportions, graphs, percentages and averages will
be used to draw up conclusions. Data presentation will be done through, pie charts, tables, and
graphs. To select an appropriate statistical technique, a two set criterion will be considered which
will include; the appropriateness of the technique to the research question and the characteristics
of data.
3.10 ETHICAL ISSUES
Mugenda&Mugenda (1999) defines ethics as that branch of philosophy which deals with ones
conduct and serves as a guide to one’s behaviour. Since researchers are people genuinely
concerned about other peoples’ quality of life, they must be people of integrity who will not
undertake research for personal gain or research that will have a negative effect on others. In
order to obtain the required information, it will therefore be necessary to guarantee respondents'
anonymity. The respondents’ names will not be recorded in the final project. The research permit
to conduct the study will be sought from the relevant authority and the major stakeholders to
participate in the study will be informed in writing. The researcher also commits himself to
release accurate research findings irrespective of the findings from the study.
3.11 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
The study will use questionnaire and observation schedule. The questionnaires will be
administered to the college students and the to the property stakeholders. The questionnaires will
gather information from the respondents concerning the situation of the students housing market,
the driving factors to students housing delivery and the propose solutions to students housing
challenges in Kisumu. The questionnaires will also be used to collect data from the key
34
stakeholders in the housing sector in Kisumu. The observation schedule will apply to both cases
of data collection.
3.12 PILOT STUDY
The researcher will conduct a pilot study in order to pre-test the instruments just before the actual
data collection. The researcher visited four higher learning institutions which will not be
involved in the main study. The purpose of the pilot study is to reveal deficiencies in the design
of a proposed study or procedure so that they could be addressed before the actual study is done.
3.13 VALIDITY OF THE INSTRUMENTS.
According to Kombo and Tromp (2006), validity of a test is a measure of how well a test
measures what it is supposed to measure. In order to ensure the validity of the instruments,
content validity will be used where the items in the questionnaire will be checked against the
research objectives. An expert judgment will also be sought from the supervisors who will assist
in the validation of the instruments. The validity will help in identifying items in the
questionnaires that need restating and removing those that are not important in the study.
3.14 INSTRUMENT RELIABILITY
Reliability of measurements concerns the degree to which a particular measuring procedure gives
similar results over a number of repeated trials. It also refers to the consistency of an instrument
to yield similar results at different times. According to Mugenda and Mugenda (1999) a
coefficient of 0.80 or more will simply show that there is high reliability of data. The reliability
of the instrument in this study will be 0.832 which will deem the instrument reliable.
3.15 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES
Before the collection of any data from the target population, an authorization letter was sought
from the University of Nairobi, Department of Real Estate and Construction Management, to
help the researcher to be allowed to collect the expected data in the sampled schools. The
researcher then made appointments with the administrations of the sampled institutions on when
to visit and collect data. On the material day, the researcher, upon visiting the institutions created
rapport with the administration and the students’ body and administered questionnaire to them.
The researcher also filled in the observation schedule as the students occupied their respective
accommodation facilities.
35
3.16 DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
Data analysis is the process of bringing meaning to raw data collected (Mugenda and Mugenda,
1999). After the data had been collected, there was cross-examination to ascertain their accuracy,
competences and identify those items that were wrongly responded to, spelling mistakes and
blank spaces. Quantitative data was then entered into the computer for analysis using the
Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Frequencies (f) and percentages (%) obtained
from the SPSS output were used to discuss the findings. Tables were used to present the data.
36
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the data analysis and interpretation. In addition, this chapter discusses the
findings in relation to the objectives of the study. The objectives of the study were to establish
the situation of students housing market in Kisumu, to assess driving factors of students housing
delivery in Kisumu and to propose appropriate solutions to students housing in Kisumu.
After the completion of all the interviews and administration of questionnaires, the data was
analyzed.Nicola, (2007), quotes Patton (in De Vos, 2005) in her work to state that qualitative
analysis transforms data into findings. This involves reducing the volume of raw information,
sifting significance from trivia, identifying significant patterns and constructing a framework for
communicating the essence of what the data reveal. Data analysis is also the process of bringing
order, structure and meaning to the mass of collected data.
4.2 RESPONSE RATE
Out of the 120 questionnaires which were issued to the students 87 questionnaires were correctly
filled and returned giving a response rate of 72.5% which was justified to give a reliable data.
This is shown in the Table 4.1 below;
Table 4.1 Response Rate
Frequency Percentage Response rate 87 72.5 Non response rate 33 27.5 Total 120 100%
37
Figure 4
4.3 LEV
Table 4.2
36.78% o
the stude
study. By
table 4.2
Table 4.2
L
4.1 Response
VEL OF STU
2 below repr
of the studen
ents were in
y implicatio
level of stud
2 Level of S
Level of StuYear1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
N
e Rate
UDY
resents the le
nts were in y
n year three
on majority o
dy below;
Study
udy
28%
Re
Response ra
evel of study
year two,33.
while a few
of the respo
esponse Rate
ate Non re
38
y of the stud
33% of the r
w 13.79% of
ondents were
Frequen12 32 14 29 87
72%
e
esponse rate
dents, the fin
respondents
f the studen
e in their sec
ncy
%
ndings indica
were in yea
nts were in y
cond year o
ates that maj
ar four,16.09
year one of
of study. Ref
Percentage13.79 36.78 16.09 33.33 100
jority
9% of
their
fer to
13.79%
36.78%
16.09%
33.33%
year1 year 2 year 3 year 4
Figure 4.2 Level of Study
4.4 MODE OF STUDENTS’ ACCOMMODATION
The study sought to establish mode of accommodation of the respondents, from the findings the
data obtained indicate that majority 35% of the students were in the school’s hostel for
accommodations, 32% of the respondents were in private developments, 18% of the respondents
were in accredited hostels while 15% of the respondents occupied other modes of housing,
implying that majority of the students were in the school hostels for accommodations other than
the private developments, accredited hostels and other modes of accommodations. Refer to the
table 4.3 modes of students’ accommodation below.
Table 4.3 Mode of Students’ Accommodation
Mode of accommodation frequency percentage School's hostel 30 35 Accredited hostels 16 18 Private developments 28 32 Others (specify) 13 15 Total 87 100
39
35%
18%
32%
15%
School's hostel Accredited hostels Private developments Others (specify)
Figure 4.3 Mode of Students’Accommodation
4.5 ADOPTION OF HOUSING POLICIES
The study sought to establish from the respondents whether their respective institutions adopt
housing policies, from the findings majority 87% of the respondents contends that their
respective institutions adopt policies that guide college students on housing while only 13% of
the respondents were not aware whether their institutions adopt a housing policy. This implies
that most of the institutions have adopted the housing policies for their respective students. Refer
to table 4.4 adoptions of housing policies.
Table 4.4 Response on Adoption of Housing Policies
Frequency Percentage Yes 76 87 No 11 13 Total 87 100
40
Figure 4
4.6 CON
The stud
from the
factor,25
the respo
reported
to the ch
facility d
contribut
Table 4.5
ContribuAffordabLocationServices Security Others(stTotal
4.4 Response
NTRIBUTIN
dy intended t
findings ma
.28% of the
ondents rep
other factor
hoice of the h
due to secu
ting factors b
5 Contribut
uting Factorbility n
tate)
e on Adopti
NG FACTO
to establish
ajority 26.43
respondents
ported good
rs while 13.9
housing faci
urity, securit
below;
ting Factors
r
13
Housing
ion of Housi
OR TO THE
the contribu
3% of the re
s reported af
services as
94% of the r
ility. By imp
ty and affo
s to Selectio
%
g Policy AdYes No
41
ing Policy
E SELECTI
uting factors
espondents r
ffordability
s a contribu
espondents r
plication ma
ordability am
on of Housin
F
doption
87%
ON OF HO
s to the sele
reported secu
as another c
uting factor,
reported loc
ajority of the
mong other
ng Facility
Frequency 22 12 17 23 13 87
OUSING FA
ection of the
urity as a m
contributing
,14.94% of
ation as a co
e students go
factors. Re
ACILITY
e housing po
major contrib
factor,19.54
the respon
ontributing f
o for the hou
efer to table
olicy,
buting
4% of
ndents
factor
using
e 4.5
Percentag25.2813.7919.5426.4314.94100
ge
25.29%
13.79 %
19.54%
26.44 %
14.94 %
Affordability Location services security Others(state)
Figure 4.5 Contributing Factor towards HousingFacility Selection
4.7 MODE OF ACCESSING ACCOMMODATION
The table 4.6 mode of accessing accommodations indicates the data from the students on the
modes they use in accessing the accommodation, from the findings majority 37% of the
respondents reported students admission as a way of accessing accommodation, 29% of the
respondents reported to use rental payment as a way of accessing the accommodations, 14% of
the respondents reported other modes of accessing accommodation facility. By implication
majority of the students access the accommodation through students’admissionand rental
payment processes. Refer to the table 4.6 mode of access accommodation below;
Table 4.6 Mode ofAccess to Accommodation
Mode of Access to Accommodation Frequency Percentage Rental payments 25 29 Students admission 32 37 Online student booking 18 20 Others 12 14 Total 87 100
42
29%
37%
20%
14%
Rental payments
students admission
Online student booking
others
CC
Figure 4.6 Mode of Accommodation Access
4.8 ACCOMMODATION COST PER SEMESTER
The study sought to establish the rate of accommodation per semester for the students, from the
data collected, majority 49% of the respondents reported the rate of accommodation to be
between 3500-5000, 30% of the respondents reported 30%, 9% of the respondents reported the
rate as above 5000 and 5% of the respondents reported the cost to be below 1500. By
implication most of the accommodation facility within the institutions ranges between 3500-
5000 as reported by the majority of the students. Refer to the table 4.7 rate of accommodation
costs below
Table 4.7 Rates of Accommodation Costs
Rate of Accommodation costs Frequency Percentage Below 1500 10 12 1500-3500 26 30 3500-5000 43 49 Above 5000 8 9 Total 87 100
43
12%
30%
49%
9%
Below 1500 1500‐3500 3500‐5000 Above 5000
Figure 4.7 Rate of Accommodation Costs
4.9 OCCUPANCY RATE OF STUDENTS
The study also intended to establish the occupancy rate of students per room, from the findings,
majority 47.13% of the respondents reported the occupancy rate in their institution to be 2
people, 32.18% of the respondents reported the occupancy rate as 1 person per room, while
9.20% of the respondents reported the occupancy as above three people. From the findings most
of the rooms within the institutions had an occupancy rate of 2 people per room. Refer to the
table 4.8 for rate of occupancy.
Table 4.8 Students Occupancy Rate
Occupancy Rate Frequency Percentage 1 person 28 32.18 2 people 41 47.13 3 people 10 11.49 Above three people 8 9.20 Total 87 100%
44
32.18%
47.13%
11.49% 9.20%
1 person 2 people 3 people Above three people
Figure 4.8 Students Occupancy Rate
4.10 ASSESSMENT ON THE ADEQUACY LEVEL OF HOSTEL ACCOMMODATION
The study sought to establish from the respondents on the assessment level of adequacy of the
hostel accommodation, from the data collected, majority 38% of the respondents reported that
the level of hostel accommodation was fair, 26% of them reported good, 12% reported bad, 14%
reported worse while 10% of them reported very good. By implication most of the housing
facilities in the Kisumu institution are very good as reported by most of the respondents. Refer to
table 4.9 assessment level below;
Table 4.9 Assessment of AdequacyLevel of Hostel Accommodation
Assessment Level Frequency Percentage Very good 9 10 Good 23 26 Fair 33 38 Bad 10 12 Worse 12 14 Total 87 100%
45
10%
26%
38%
12%14%
Very good Good Fair Bad Worse
Figure 4.9 Assessments of Hostel Accommodation Adequacy Levels
4.11 ASSESSMENT ON THE ADEQUACY LEVEL OF PRIVATE RENTEDHOSTEL
ACCOMMODATIONS
The study sought to establish from the respondents on the assessment level of adequacy of the
private development, from the data collected, majority 30% of the respondents reported that the
level of accommodation in the private development was good, 21% of them reported very good,
24% reported fair, 18% reported bad while 7% of them reported worse. By implication most of
the housing facilities in the private development are adequately good as reported by most of the
respondents. Refer to table 4.10 assessment of adequacy level of the private development below;
Table 4.10 Assessment of Adequacy Level of Private Development
Assessment Level Frequency Percentage Very good 18 21 Good 26 30 Fair 21 24 Bad 16 18 Worse 6 7 Total 87 100%
46
21%
30%
24%
18%
7%
Very good Good Fair Bad Worse
Figure 4.10 Assessment on the Adequacy Level of Private Development
4.12 ASSESSMENT ON THE ADEQUACY LEVEL OF THE ACCREDITED HOSTELS
The study sought to establish from the respondents on the assessment level of adequacy of
accommodation in the accredited hostels, from the data collected, majority 26.44% of the
respondents reported that the level of hostel accommodation was good in the accredited hostels,
21.84% of them reported fair, 18.39% reported very good, 18.39% reported bad while 14.94% of
them reported worse. By implication most of the housing facilities in the accredited hostels are
good as reported by most of the respondents. Refer to table 4.11 assessment level below.
Table 4.11 Assessment on the Adequacy of the Accredited Hostels
Assessment Level Frequency Percentage Very good 16 18.39 Good 23 26.44 Fair 19 21.84 Bad 16 18.39 Worse 13 14.94 Total 87 100%
47
18.39 %
26.44%
21.84%
18.39%
14.94%
Very good good fair bad Worse
Figure 4.11 Assessment on the Adequacy of the Accredited Hostels
4.13 CHALLENGES FACED BY STUDENTS IN THE HOUSING FACILITIES
The study sought to establish from the respondents on the challenges they faced in the housing
facilities, from the data collected, majority 88.94% of the respondents reported that they faced
myriad of challenges in the housing facilities while 11.06 % of the respondent were not aware of
these challenges faced by their fellow students. By implication most of the housing facilities in
the Kisumu institution are faced with myriad of challenges regarding the accommodation
facilities.Refer to table 4.12 Challenges faced by the students on housing facilities below;
Table 4.12 Response on Challenges Faced by the Students on Housing Facilities
Frequency Percentage Yes 77 88.94 No 10 11.06 Total 87 100.00%
48
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
The chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions and recommendations based on
results in the previous chapter. Other recommendations will revolve around future areas of
research and study topics.
5.2 SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS
The objectives of the study were, to establish the situation of students housing market in Kisumu, to
assess driving factors of students housing delivery in Kisumu, to propose appropriate solutions to students
housing in Kisumu.
From the findingsthe results indicates that majority 36.78% of the students were in year
two,33.33% of the respondents were in year four,16.09% of the students were in year three while
a few 13.79% of the students were in year one of their study.
On the mode of accommodation the findings revealed that majority 35% of the students were in
the school’s hostel for accommodations, 32% of the respondents were in private developments,
18% of the respondents were in accredited hostels while 15% of the respondents occupied other
modes of housing, implying that majority of the students were in other accommodation facilities
other than the schools’ hostel for on- campus accommodation.
On adoption of the housing policies, the findings revealed that majority 87% of the students
contends that their respective institutions adopt policies that guide college students on housing
while 13% of the students were not aware whether their institutions adopt a housing policy. On
the contributing factor to the selection of housing facility, the findings revealed that 26.43% of
the students reported security as a major contributing factor, 25.28% of the students reported
affordability as another contributing factor, 19.54% of the students reported good services as a
contributing factor, 14.94% of the students reported other factors while 13.94% of the students
reported location as a contributing factor to the choice of the housing facility.
On the mode of accessing accommodation, the findings revealed that majority 37% of the
respondents reported students’ admission as a way of accessing accommodation, 29% of the
50
respondents reported to use rental payment as a way of accessing the accommodations, 14% of
the respondents reported other modes of accessing accommodation facility.
On the cost of accommodation per semester, the study findings confirmed that majority 49% of
the respondents reported the rate of accommodation to be between 3500-5000, 30% of the
respondents reported 30%, 9% of the respondents reported the rate as above 5000 and 5% of the
respondents reported the cost to be below 1500.
On the occupancy rate of the students, the findings confirmed that, majority 47.13% of the
students reported the occupancy rate in their institution to be 2 people, 32.18% of the students
reported the occupancy rate as 1 person per room, while 9.20% of the students reported the
occupancy as above three people. While assessing the adequacy level of the hostel
accommodation, majority 37.93% of the students reported that the level of hostel
accommodation was very good, 26.44% of the reported good, 13.79% reported worse, 11.49%
reported bad while 10.34% of them reported fair.
On assessing the adequacy level of the private development, the study revealed that majority
30% of the respondents reported that the level of accommodation in the private development was
good, 21% of them reported very good, 24% reported fair, 18% reported bad while 7% of them
reported worse.
On assessing the adequacy level of the accredited hostels the findings revealed that majority
26.44% of the respondents reported that the level of hostel accommodation was good in the
accredited hostels, 21.84% of them reported fair, 18.39% reported very good, 18.39% reported
bad while 14.94% of them reported worse.
On challenges faced by the students in the housing facilities, the findings revealed that majority
88.94% of the students reported that they faced myriad of challenges in the housing facilities
while 11.06 % of the students were not aware of these challenges faced by their fellow students.
5.3 TEST OF HYPOTHESES
The hypotheses of the study were; there is a positive relationship between challenges faced by
the students in access of accommodation and general accommodation demands; and there is a
positive relationship between students housing adequacy and housing provisions in Kisumu.
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From the findings of the study, both hypotheses have been proved. This is due to the fact that a
positive relationship existed between the challenges in access and general accommodation
demands; and also between adequacy and housing provisions in students housing.
5.4 CONCLUSIONS
From the findings, the study concludes that majority of the students were in other forms of
accommodations other than the school hostels to include accredited hostels and private
developments among other accommodation facilities, the study also concludes that most of the
institutions have adopted the housing policies for their respective student.
The study concludes that majority of the students go for the housing facility due to security and
affordability among other factors, majority of the students access the accommodation through
students’ admissions and rental payments specifically for the private developments.
Further the study concludes that most of the accommodation facilities costs within the
institutions range between 3500-5000 as reported by the majority of the students. From the
findings most of the rooms within the institutions had an occupancy rate of 2 people per room.
Also the study concludes that most of the housing facilities in the selected case studies of the
institutions within Kisumu are inadequate to meet full needs of housing for the inhabiting
students and access and occupancy challenges are still at high rates as reported by most of the
students.
Moreover the study concludes that, most of the housing facilities in the private development are
fairly good to provide for conducive and environmentally friendly housing for most of the
students who opt for off-campus accommodation, whereas most of the housing facilities in the
accredited hostels are perceived to provide for as reported by most of the students. It is out of
the findings that consequently conclude that most of the housing facilities in the Kisumu
institutions are faced with myriad of challenges regarding the accommodation facilities.
5.5 RECOMMENDATIONS
From the findings and conclusions, the study recommends that College students housing being at
the top most concerns of higher learning institutions should be given more consideration to
achieve quality housing for asignificant number of students and a safe comfortable
accommodation. Sufficient housing policies should therefore be adopted by the higher learning
52
institutions that conveys with it practicality in the application to solve the real issues of college
students housing. With this, the higher education sector should be encouraged to make a clear
statement concerning its housing responsibilities so as to integrate accommodation provision to
students and the core activities.
The study recommends that private sector should encouraged to invest more on college students
housing to improve the supply of housing to meet the students housing needs thus cater for the
majority of the population since research shows that there are only a handful of private
developers in Kenya that can afford to invest into medium to large scale developments.
Incentives to capitalize in these housing facilities should therefore be provided by the state in
which the Kenya Government must take a step in and harness the potential of alternative sources
of housing finance in order to alleviate the housing problem.
Research on low-cost building materials is also recommended by the study to be intensified and
respective research institutes be funded in order to increase available options to developers in use
of locally available building materials that remain reasonable and pocket friendly for more
housing developments. Consequently, costs of dwelling units will be made more affordable with
increased supply as majority of the population will be incorporated into the adequate housing
bracket thus enabling the government to fulfil its responsibility of ensuring that its citizens are
adequately housed.
5.6 AREA FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
The researcher suggests that further research needs to be done to establish the effects of poor
housing in the informal settlements in the study area; this will enable a conclusive
implementation to improve the problem of housing among Kisumu residents.
The researcher further suggests that further research should be done in other higher learning
institutions to draw a more general conclusion on the problem of housing among the students.
53
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APPENDICES 1: QUESTIONAIRES TO THE STUDENTS COMMUNITY
TOPIC: ASSESSMENT OF HOUSING MARKET IN KISUMU
(This questionnaire is administered to you by Ms EmmaculateOnyango, B04/36487/2010, in the
investigation of the above topic solemnly for academic purposes and in partial fulfilment of a
degree in Bachelor of Real Estate. Please note that the information given here will be treated as
confidential).
1. Name of the institution
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Level of study
a. Year 1 c. Year 2
b. Year 3 d. Year 4
3. What is your current mode of accommodation as a student in this institution?
a. School’s hostels
b. Accredited hostels
c. Private developments
d. Others (specify)
4. Are there housing policies adopted by the institution to guide college students housing
allocation?
a. Yes b. No
(b) If yes, how do they influence your choice of housing facility?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. What were the contributing factors to your preference for housing?
a. Affordability b. Location c. Services d. Security
e. Others (state)
6. How did you access your current accommodation?
58
a. Rental payments
b. Student’s admission
c. Online students booking
d. Others
7. What is your range of accommodation cost per semester?
a. Below 1500
b. 1500-3500
c. 3500-5000
d. Above 5000
8. What are the challenges faced in access of accommodation?
a. 1 person
b. 2 people
c. 3 people
d. Above 3 people
9. In your opinion, what would you say is the adequacy level of your accommodation facility?
(Tick where appropriate)
(a) In hostel accommodation
a. Very good b. Good c. Fair d. Bad e. Worse
(b) In private development
a. Very good b. Good c. Fair d. Bad e. Worse
(c) In accredited hostels
a. Very good b. Good c. Fair d. Bad e. Worse
10. (a) In your opinion, are there challenges students faces in these housing facilities?
a. Yes b. No
(b) If yes, state ……………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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11. In your opinion, what do you think should be done to improve college students’
accommodation in general?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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APPENDICES 2: QUESTIONAIRES TO PROPERTY STAKEHOLDERS
TOPIC: ASSESSMENT OF HOUSING MARKET IN KISUMU
(This questionnaire is administered to you by Ms EmmaculateOnyango, B04/36487/2010, in the
investigation of the above topic solemnly for academic purposes and in partial fulfilment of a
degree in Bachelor of Real Estate. Please note that the information given here will be treated as
confidential).
1. Name and contact (optional)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. What type of property do you own for students housing in this town?
1 Permanent
2 Semi-permanent
3 Temporary structures
4 Others(state)
3. (a) Did your housing development follow any housing standard provision?
a. Yes b. No
(b) If yes, what was the percentage of compliance?
a. 0-30%
b. 45-60%
c. 65-100%
(c) If no, state why
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. What were the driving factors that influenced your housing development?
a. Profit motives
b. Social problem solving
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c. Investment purposes
d. Others (state)
5. Apart from students, who else are your major tenants in the premises?
a. Family households
b. Mixed occupancy
c. Others (state)
6. What are their occupancy levels in the said premises?
a. Below 15% b. 20-50% c. 50-70% d. Above 70%
7. In your assessment, how would you rate housing occupancy verses the demand in relation to
your facilities?
a. Very good b. Good c. Fair d. Bad e. Worse
8. Are there established provisions for managing your facility?
a. Yes b. No
9. What are the key aspects that contribute to your rental charges?
a. Security
b. Maintenance
c. Location
d. Services and amenities
10. What are the challenges you perceive to be undermining adequate housing provision for
college students’ housing in Kisumu?
a. Costs of development
b. Lack of strategic markets
c. Lack of incentives
d. Others(state)
11. In your opinion, what do you propose as a remedy for inadequate supply to meet the
students’ housing needs in Kisumu?
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