1 University of MichiganElectrical Engineering and Computer Science

Cost-Efficient Soft Error Protection for Embedded Microprocessors

Jason Blome1, Shuguang Feng1, Shantanu Gupta1, Scott Mahlke1, Daryl Bradley2

University of Michigan1

ARM, Ltd. 2

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The Soft Error Problem

transient fault soft error

0CLK

DQ1

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Fault Masking

• Logical: faulted value does not affect logical operation of the circuit

0

0

• Latching-Window: the fault pulse does not reach a state element within the latching window

• Electrical: the fault pulse is electrically attenuated by subsequent gates in the circuit

• Architectural/Software: incorrect state is written before it is read

CLK

tsetup thold

mov r5, 8

mov r2, 4------

…d

eco

der

Register File

012345

add r6, r2, r5

mov r5, 8

mov r2, 4

98

4add r6, r2, r5

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Soft Error Rate Trends

Shivakumar 2002

Soft Error Rate Contributions

Mitra 2005

49%

11%

40%

StaticCombinationalLogicUnprotectedSRAMs

SequentialElements

Increasing contribution of faults in combinational logic to the overall soft error rate

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Outline

• Soft error analysis setup• Summary of fault analysis results• Fault tolerance techniques

► Register value cache► Strategic deployment of fault detectors

• Conclusion

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Fault Analysis Frameworktestbench

referencedesign

testdesign

report generationreport generation

benchmarkbenchmark

fault injection/error analysis framework

error checkingand logging

fault injectionscheduler

RegisterBank

RegisterBank

Data InterfaceData Interface

InstructionAddress

Logic

InstructionAddress

Logic

DataAddress

Logic

DataAddress

Logic

MultiplyMultiply ALU

ShiftShift

Instruction DecodeInstruction Decode

ARM926EJ-S

Instruction FetchInstruction Fetch

Datacache

Datacache

MMUMMU

Instructioncache

Instructioncache

MMUMMU

Bus Interface

Write Buffer/Bus Interface

MuxArray

MuxArray

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Observed Error Rates

Error Site Error Rate

Microarchitectural State 94%

Architectural State 7%

Error Site Error Rate

Microarchitectural State 16%

Architectural State 4%

Faults Occurring in Registers

Faults Occurring in Combinational Logic

At the software interface, error rates within 3%

94%

16%

7%

4%

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Impact of Fault Injection

05

101520253035404550

0 5 10 15 20Cycle

Nu

mb

er

of

Err

ors

Comb. Logic:Microarchitectural StateErrors

Comb. Logic: ArchitecturalState Errors

Seq. State:Microarchitectural StateErrors

Seq. State: ArchitecturalState Errors

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Targeting the Faults that Count

• ARM926EJ-S register file consumes 8.7% of total core area

► Responsible for 57.4% of architectural errors

• Register file area dominated by combinational logic

► ECC cost, efficacy?

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The Register Value Cache

Register Value Cache

Register File

CMP

CMP

CMP

Stall/Check CRC

…

dec

ode

r

012345

x

x…

10

32

54

Read/WriteAddr/Data Read Result

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The Register Value CacheValid

Read/WriteAddr

ReadData

Index Array

Value Array

Previous Read Values

CRC

CRC

WriteData

WriteData

Error

CMP Error

Read OperationWrite OperationCheck Operation

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Example

------

…

dec

ode

r

Register File

Register Cache

x

x…

----

4

8

40

48

mov r5, 8

mov r2, 4

add r3, r1, r4

mov r5, 8

mov r2, 4

add r3, r2, r5

CheckCRC

012345

10

32

54

---

-8 crc4 crc

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RVC Fault Coverage

57.4%

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RVC Overhead

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What About the Rest?• Leverage fault fanout to place detectors at

likely targets

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Fault Fanout

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Transient Fault Detector

Main Flip-Flop

ShadowLatchDelay

D

CLK

Error

Q

ShadowLatch

A Self-Tuning DVS Processor Using Delay-Error Detection and Correction: S. Das 2006

Main Flip-Flop

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Glitch Detector CoveragePower Area

Percent Overhead Percent Overhead

Co

ve

rag

e

Co

ve

rag

e

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Combined Technique CoveragePower Area

Percent Overhead Percent Overhead

Co

ve

rag

e

Co

ve

rag

e

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Conclusion

• Circuit level soft error analysis offers significant insight

• Faults in combinational logic do not require structural duplication

► Coverage versus cost tradeoffs available► Significant benefits in compromise

• 85% fault coverage for only 5.5% area► 2-3x increase in MTTF

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Questions?

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RVC Hit Rates

0.7

0.75

0.8

0.85

0.9

0.95

1

6 8 10 12 14 16

Cache Size

Hit

Rat

e

cjpeg

djpeg

epic

unepic

g721decode

g721encode

pegwitdecode

pegwitencode

rawcaudio

rawdaudio

average