UNIVERSITY OF DURBA~-WESTVD:J:E - Discipline of...
Transcript of UNIVERSITY OF DURBA~-WESTVD:J:E - Discipline of...
UNIVERSITY OF DURBA...~-WESTVD:J:E
TEE ATTITUDES OF THE HINDU AND MUSLD1
FEMALE UNIVERSITY STUDENl'S
TOWARDS THE USE AND ACCEPTANCE
OF THE INDIAN TRADITIONAL
DRESS
D. CHETTY
STUDENT
REG NO.
COURSE
DATE
._-------
THE ATTITUDES OF THE HINDU AND MUSLIM FEMALE
UNIVERSITY STUDENTS TOWARDS THE
USE AND ACCEPTANCE OF THE
INDAIN TRADITIONAL DRESS
MISS D. CHETTY
21232
HOME ECONOMICS RESEARCH PROJECT
20-10-1988
, .L..at.~'T" _
LIST OF GRAPHS
GRAPH 1 THE PERCENTAGE OF STUDE~TS OF THE TWO GROUPS (HINDUS AXD
MUSLIMS) THAT POSSESS NONE, ONE, TWO, THREE-FIVE, FIVE-TEN,:2 ~
AND MORE THAN TEN TRADITIONAL OUTFITS.
GRAPH 2
GRAPH 3
THE PERCENTAGE OF STUDENTS THAT PURCHASE THE TRADITIONAL
OUTFIT ONCE A YEAR, ONCE I~ SIX MONTHS, ONCE EVERY FIVE
YEARS, RESPONSES NOT APPLICABLE.
THE PERCENTAGE OF STUDENTS THAT PURCHASE THE TRADITIONAL
OUTFITS IN THE DIFFERENT AREAS.
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27GRAPH 4 THE PERCENTAGE OF STUDENTS THAT PURCHASE ONE, TWO, THREE, OR
2()
. MORE THAN THREE TRADITIO~AL OUTFITS AT A TIME. ()
GRAPH 5 THE PERCENTAGE OF STUDENTS THAT WEAR THE TRADITIO~AL
OUTFIT DAILY, WEEKLY, MO~THLY, YEARLY. 2DGRAPH 6 :THE PERCENTAGE OF STUDENTS THAT WEAR THE TRADITIONAL
OUTFIT TO THE DIFFERENT OCCASIONS. 3 ()GRAPH 7 THE PERCENTAGE OF PARENTS THAT WEAR THE TRADITIONAL OUTFIT
DAILY, WEEKLY, MONTHLY, YEARLY, OTHERS.
The Centre does not claim respon~ibility forthe authenticity and accuracy of the contentsof unpublished material such as students'theses etc.
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: ;
LIST OF TABLES .---
A WESTERN OUTFIT.
TABLE 1
TABLE 2
THE PERCENTAGE OF STUDE~TS THrlT PAY THE DIFFERENT PRICES FOR
A TRADITIONAL OUTFIT. ~ f)
THE PERCENTAGE OF STUDE~TS THAT PAY THE DIFFERENT PRICES FOR
2G
THE PERCENTAGE OF STUDENTS THAT PREFER TO WEAR THE WESTERN
TABLE 3
TABLE 4
THE PERCENTAGE OF STCDE~TS THAT PREFER TO WEAR THE
TRADITIONAL OUTFIT TO UNIVERSITY.
OUTFIT TO SPECIAL OCCASIONS.
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31
. L. ::e
1) CHOLA
2) DHOTI
3) DUPATTA
4) KAMARBAND
5) MANTLE
6) SAFA
7) TUNIC
\
\,
TERMINOLOGY
A blouse that covers the upper part of the wooan's
body.
A piece of cloth fastened around the waist - worn
mainly by men.
: A mantle / veil.
A cloth girdle usually fastened around Den's waist.
A veil - worn by women & sooetirnes by men.
A turban or a cloth band for the hair.
A long shirt with slits either at the sides or at the
back.
$ . Q
CONTENT
1 ) INTRODUCTION
2 ) THE ART OF CLOTHING IN GENERAL
3 ) THE TYPES AND FORMS OF INDIAN CLOTHES
3.1 ) THE DHOTI
3.2) THE SARI
3.3) THE SKIRT
3.4) THE TROCSERS
3.5) THE BODICE
3.6) THE SHIRT
3.7) THE COAT
3.8) TBE MANTLE
3.9) THE TURBAN
3.10) THE CAP
3.11) pOOn'lEAR
4 ) I~DL~)J COSTUMES FROr-I THE EARLIEST THIES TO THE FIRST
CENTURY B. C.
5) I~DIAN COSTCMES PROM THE FIRST CENTURY A.D. TO THE
BEGI~~ING OF THE-POURTH CENTURY.
~) INDIAN COSTUMES FROM THE THIRD CENTURY TO THE END
OF THE SEVENTH CENTURY A.D.
7) INDIA);' COSTUMES FROM THE EIGHT CENTURY TO THE TWELFTH
CENT[RY.
8) COS~ETICS THAT WERE [SED IN ANCIENT INDIA.
9) THE DRESS OF THE WOMEN OF INDIA.
10) THE ~OGCL INFLCENCE ON THE INDIAN TRADITIONAL DRESS.
PAGE
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11) THE INFLUENCE OF THE WESTERX CCLTURE O~ THE I~DIA~
TRADITIONAL DRESS.
12) THE FUTURE OF I~DIAN CLOTHES.
13) AIM.
14) METHODOLOGY
14.1) THE SUBJECTS
14.2) THE PROCEDURE
15) RESULTS.
16) DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION.
17) REFERENCES.
18) APPENDIX
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1) INTRODUCTION:
The study is a report of the responses of certain groups of
Indian university students towards the use and acceptance of
their traditional dress. It is directly related to the impact
of westernisation on the current use of the Indian dress.
The three quarter million Indian population comprises of
Hindus (70%) ;Muslims (20%); and Christians (10%) (Department
of Information ,1975 in Lambey 1980 ). The Christian group
was not considered for the purpose of this research because
of their minority. It was only the females that were
considered for this research. The styles of clothing are
among many of other readily observable acceptances of westernJ
cultural itens that bear evidence of the progessive influenceI
of the process of westernisation. Westernisation is a change
towards a mode of life characteristically found and developed
in Western Europe and North America(Schoombee and
Mantzaris,1985). Schoonbee & Mantzaris (1985) quote Srinivas as saying
"The social contact that takes place in everyday life between varlOUS
people ,ethnic and class groups has a direct effect on their
behaviour,custons,culture,and way of life"
1
2) THE ART OF CLOTHING IN GENERAL :
Dress denotes all the various arts and devices invented by
man to transform his physical features by means of covering,
mutilation or paints."There are three stages in the history
of dress namely nakedness,covering and clothes;and they are
the three stages in civilisation. It is good a division as
any -man naked,man covered,man clothed - nature,decency,art -
nothing,something,beauty,"(Cavers in Dar,1982). This
thought can be easily illustrated in the history of Indian
clothing. The Indian population originated as a group dressed
very barely but as time passed they became accustomed to
covering their bodies,something which they eventually
considered a neccesity. An increasing fashion trend today is•
the displacement of emphasis from the mere covering purpose
of clothes,to the beauty thereof.
clothes are besides the only channel through which ·man can
fit himself into the colour scheme of Nature and impart a
loveliness to his physical characteristics. The apparel
shapes man. The human body does frequently stand in need of
clothes for the formation of its correct aesthetic outline.
However the chief attribute of clothes is their shape which
gives them character (Dar, 1982).
2-
•
3) THE TYPES AND FORMS OF INDIAN CLOTHES ~
The evolution of Indian costume has been a process of
expansion and survival. A brief description of the types
and forms of Indian clothes will be discussed:
3.1) The dhoti (waist ~ cloth of men)
This garment, for the lower limbs, is a scanty piece of cloth
fastened around the waist , its ends carried tightly between
the legs to the back and tucked at the waist. This dress is
conmon anong Hindus in Madras. However a p1ece of fabric
is also worn by the Muslins but in a different forn,(Dar,
1982).
3.2) The sari or the body cloth of women ~
The sari is a feminine garment which even ln its most modernI
state seems to have retained sonething of its original
antique charm. It is worn in numerous ways depending upon the
province.It can be very simple or elaborate depending on the
type of fabric it is made of. The sari is worn over a tight~
fitting ,short-sleeved or sleeveless bodice or sometimes even
a long-sleeved bodice. A long petticoat is worn which reaches
to the ankles and is tied at the waist with a dra"string. The
sari is wrapped around the petticoat,pleated in front and
tucked in at the ~aist. The long end is draped over the
shoulder. It can also be draped over the head or tucked into
the waist to form a drape,(Dar,1982).
3.3) The skirt :
The Indian skirt,denied from the immenorial sari 1S a garment
adopted mainly by Hindu women in the western and northern
parts of India. They are designed 1n var10US styles and are
3
given different names. The Muslim ~oman's go~n also ccnsis~
of a skirt. An ornamental border at the lower edge is a very
characteristic feature of nanv of the skirts worn b~ the
females (Dar, 198~).
3.4) The trousers ~
The pajana,or trousers,is both a male and a female garment in
India. It is made ~ '-<=OI a palr 0-,- legs of medium width, dropping
straight fron the waist to the ankles, and joined toget~e~
at the uppe r part by means of a gusset. There is also a f::>:-::-i '.JI: ::lose-
fitting trousers which 'sit glovetight' from knees to ankles.
These are worn both by the Hindus and Muslims of the upper
classes (Da.r , 198~).
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3.5) The bodice fa choli :
Most Indian women drape the upper part of their bodies
in a kind of brassiere - a garment designed to support the
breast whose form it d~fines and, by its pattern accentuates.
The Indian bodice 1S fastened i~ £ron~ ~y buttons or
ribbons and the collar is generally adorned tv~tt ~n edging of
silk cord. The bodice is worn bv both the Hindus and Muslims.
( Da r, 1982).
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3.6) The shirt
The shirt is a loose upper garment which is worn outside
the drawers. When worn by women,the shirt is short-sleeved
and seldon reaches lower than the hips. A hip - length
shirt is rapidly being displaced by a knee - length
shirt with a low cut neckline. The shirt worn long with a
sari is shorter in length (Dar, 1982).
The Indian coat has seen so many changes in the course of its
history. These were also available in various, styles ego
a shaggy leathern coat,or long coat buttoned tightly from
the neck to the waist but open in the skirt (Dar, 1982)
3.8) The mantle:
This lS a wonan's garment though i~ IS occassionally also
worn bv men. The mantle forms a Hindu woman's only veil
in that it is the only garment at her disposal with which
she can screen her face frOD public view. A Muslin wonan's
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veil is much more COplOUS. It consists of a long closely -
pleated skirt,half slit in front and furnished with small,
square-cut eye-holes and a round skull cap. The skirt
encircles the whole body and covers her from head to foot
(Dar, 1982).
3.9) The turban
The term ~turban' embraces the entire range of cloth bands
for the head. These bands are a complete head-dress. The
manner of tying the turban denotes a man's social position
and culture. Those who lay claim to a superior culture
and more refined tastes,wrap them round their-heads with
such care that the outer surface looks polished and smooth.I
(Dar, 1982).
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3.10) The cap:
Towards the eastern parts of India,the head-dresses became
smaller and scantier which maybe due to the descending
degree in which Indian society was influenced by Islamic
culture. The cap is not a female article of dress in
India,it is essentially a part of man's dress. The Muslims
wear cylindrical caps while the Hindus prefer low round
caps (Dar, 1982).
3.11) Footwear:
Shoes are not generally worn in India especially in Southern
and Eastern India. In Northern India,the common shoe is
boat-shaped constructed of leather with a low heel and
flat sole. In the past it was very coarse and heavy but
nowadays the various European-shaped slippers and shoes
are extensively being used by men and women in large
Indian towns (Dar,1982).
Athough the wardrobe of Indian men and wonen continues
to be replenished due to the influence of the West,it
still retains enough of its orientalisn (Dar,1982).
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4) INDIAN COSTUMES FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE FIRST CENTURY B.C.
The costumes from the very begining have played a very
important part in expressing the advancement of material
culture of the human race. In India with its warm climate the
articles of clothing in the beginning were quite simple.
A dhoti, a dupatta, a safa and a ka~arband completed a man's
wardrobe. A sari, a mantle and exuberance of ornaments were
sufficient for the women. These simple articles of dress
were worn in different ways to give them artistic touch.
The Indians continued to patronise their own national dress.
An interesting phase in the history of Indian costume arose
in the fourth century when sewn garments became prevalent•
especially on the bodies of servants, dancers and soldiers.
However kings and queens went bare bodied. Each period had
its own fashion and the mode of dressing shows that the
Indians were as much alive to the vagaries of fashion as any
other nation in the world. The skirt or sari worn during
this period terminated well above the knees. The upper par~s
of the bodies of men and women were covered by another
~arment which was either a jacket or bodice. The drapi\
WaS worn by Den and WODen of social standing. The queen\
wore a turban as a token of her status (Chandra,1973)
Patterned and coloured garments were prohibited anong
certain subgroups within the Hindu religion. So was the use
of cloth with cut borders, long borders and enbroiderd
borders. Shoes and sandals of different shapes,colours and
materials formed an important article of the costume. Shoes
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that covered the ankles, full boots and shoes padded with.
cotton-wool were in great fashion. But these were forbidden
to certain groups within the Hindu religion. The garnents
were worked in gold and ornamented with precious stones.
The upper part of most of the female figures seem to be
devoid of clothing. The heads of the women are always
covered with beautiful veils (Chandra,1973).
\
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5) INDIAN COSTUMES FROM THE FIRST CENTURY A.D. TO THE BEGINNING OF
THE FOURTH CENTURY •
In North-Western India, besides the typical Indian costume consisting
of dhoti, mantle and turban, and the sari, there are foreign elements
consisting of tunics, trousers, high boots and caps. The dress of the
Tamil people differed according to their rank in society. People of the
middle class in the Tamil society wore two pieces of cotton cloth-
one wrapped around the limbs and the other tied around the
head. They wore their hair long, loose or plaited. coloured
strings of silk fibres were used by the people of the higher
class to fasten their hair. The Tamil women ordinarily wore a
sari reaching to the ankles; the upper part of the body was /
entirely b~re. The torso .was decorated with sandal paste and
other fragant powders.
However the female costume also consisted of shirt,coat
and tunic. The shirt generally fell to the knees, was
fastened with a button and was so cut as to leave the naval
exposed. The shirt is either worn over. the petticoat or under
it. The women in South India did not over-burden their
bodies with unnecessary garmen~s; a sari, a scarf and a
mJntle being sufficient. Some primitive women wore leaf
skirts. Generally the women were fond of hairdressing an~ thev
showed preference for crowns and veils (Chandra,1973).
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6) INDIAN COSTUMES FROM THE THIRD CENTURY A.D. TO THE END OF THE
SEVENTH CENTURY A.D.
Although it must be admitted that the Indians knew of sewn
garments from very early times, the introduction of sewn
garments in India on an extensive scale influenced to a
certain extent the costumes of majority of the people. It is
one of the prerequisites of fashionable society that its
members should be well dressed. It was common knowledge that
the majority of Indian garments were unsewn and that men
wore dhotis and the women saris. Throughout the year, the
country experiences high to extremely high temperatures. As a
result the dhoti and the sari remain the most suitable,
apparel from any point of view. However this did not preclude
the Indians f~~~"';;earing sewn and tailored garments.
Nevertheless there were variouss modes of wearing the unsewn
garments which imparted grace to the wearer and broke the
monotony. The clothes were adjusted by the women to the
seasons. The people of higher social status dressed in the
-garments befitting their position in society.The kurta was an
\article of clothing worn commory.ly in Northern India during
\,this period. The mode of wearing sewn garments of Central Asiatic
patterns (originated in Central Asia) seem to have made
headway among all classes of Indians. The costumes of ladies
of high rank were simple except for their ornamentation. It
can be seen that mere aesthetic considerations did not Dove
them to discard the mor~ convenient and hygienic dhoti,scarf
and sari in favour of tight tunics and trousers which were
12
the most uncomfortable articles in summer. Nonetheless the
simplicity of the costumes of the majority of the ancient
Indians lent itself to artistic modes of wearing
them (Chandra,1973).
7) INDIAN COSTUMES FROM THE EIGHT TO THE TWELFTH CENTURY :
The dress for girls and boys was not specifically defined.
However the description of the girls' dress was given. Girls
covered their breasts with a bodice and wore short saris to
cover their lower limbs. While growing up she tried the dress
befitting a young woman. They smeared their bodies with ash,
and applied collyriun (black substance) to their eyes.The
women of Northern and Western India wore hanging earrings and.~';;r~~~~.·'-,~";
hanging tremulous necklaces. In keeping with ancient
tradition the medieval Indian kings changed their garments
according to the weather ego in spring he wore smooth and
light and in rainy weather he wore red or brown garments
(Chandra,1973 ).
~ith the close of the thirteenth century the costume history
of India entered another phase. The Muslim conquest of
Northern India and subsequent consolidation of Muslim power
introduced alien fashions into the costumes of the century
{Chandra,1973l. However for a century,South India remained
imnune from the Muslim intrusion but by the end of the
thirteenth century, the costume history of parts of India
became one. Describing the dress of the Muslims,Barbosa in
"13
Chandra (1973) observes, "They go very well attired in rich
cloth of gold ,silk,cotton and camlets (mixed silk and
wool). They all wear turbans on their heads which are
long;drawers,and boots that are up to the knees. These boots
are made of very thick leather worked in very dainty devices
within and without the tip of the shoe."
8) COSMETICS THAT WERE USED IN ANCIENT INDIA:
Among the ancients certain colours were looked upon as life
givers; they were thought to have a magical power to increase
the vitality and strengthen the health of those who wore !
them. Today, also in Hindu rituals tumeric powder and red powder
are used as they are auspicious colours to the dieties to
which the Hindus pray. Different colours indicate particular
states of mind and body eg.black is associated with evil
passion and it must be inspired with an efficacy which is
powerful enough to drive away evil spirits. Cosmetics played
an important part in the ritual while they also satified the
vanity of men and women by adding charm to their personality\and increasing their natural beauty. Women and men used the
\
black substance for their eyes. Scents were favoured by
women (Chandra, 1973).
In India certain articles of perfumes such as sandalwood,
bdellium and camphor are supposed to be endowed with magical
qualities which drive away evil spirits. As an aid to their
natural charm the women painted their bodies and used
14
./
fragrant ointments. The women also dyed their finger tips and
toes with crimson red-like copper coloured substance. In
ancient India lips were coloured with beetle juice or herbal
dyes for increasing one's attractiveness. Curds and clotted
creams were sometimes rubbed into the hair - roots before
being washed to increase their gloss and softness. The
natural sheen and blackness of the hair were further
heightened by constant application of oils and by frequent
exposure to the rays of the sun (Dar,1982).
The people of India were fond of flowers and perfumes yielded
by the flowers. The women wore flower garlands on their
heads. widows were forbbiden to wear them. Garlands wreathed
of particular flowers were also worn by the Tamil kings as a
distinguishing mark. Women's ornaments consisted of anklets,
girdles,bracelets,bangles and earrings which gave them
adequate opportunity to bedeck themselves as they pleased.
ego below is an illustration of the Hindu mode of wearing dress and
ornaments.
15 a
DOLL SHO\VING HINDU MODE OF WEARING DRESSA:"'D OR~A:-'lE~TS, 19th CE~T. •
\ .DOLL SHOWING MODE OF WEARING DRESS AND
JEWELLER Y IN NORTH INDIA, 19th CENT.
-----,-.."",...~--,. -
9) THE DRESS OF THE WOMEN OF INDIA:
The dress of the people differed from place to place and from
class to class. The dress of the Hindus generally consisted of
two pieces of broad cotton cloth- one folded around the waist
reaching the ankles; the other was cast gracefully over the shoulders
There was also a shawl or turban tied round the head. It appears that
the Hindus of lower classes did not use sewn clothes. Meadow Taylor i:
Raychoudary(1978l said "Until after the Muhammadan(ie.Musliml
conquest, no clothes cut out and sewn together appear to have
been worn by Hindus ." However the Hindus of the higher
classes dressed like the Muslim nobility.
/
Women usually wore two types of garments
CI)A long,fine sheet of muslin-like the modern sari and a
bodice with the hem of the muslin.
(2) A long and very loose skirt and a chola .A long scarf was
also used for covering the head. The Hindu and Muslim
communities prefered light colours and prints on the fabric.
Musl im women hot....ever took to the sewn garments in place of
draped costumes, tRaychoudary,1978l. The dress of the women
of Kashmir were often criticised for being effeminate. They
wore loose gown buttoning at the neck and falling to the
ankles. Women wore skull cap surrounded by a fillet of red
colour for Muslims and a fillet of white colour for Hindus
(Iqbal and ~irash,1978). The leisured and rich classes paid
greater attention to physical adornment. However the women
paid greater attention to their physical charm than men. They
used antimony (black) for their eyes,vermillion for making
the parting of the hair, mask for the breast and betel-leaves
1C
for the lips. They also used black powder for the eye-brows.
Nevertheless widows did not use jewellery or any other forms
of ornamentation.
10) THE MOGUL INFLUENCE ON THE INDIAN TRADITIONAL DRESS
It was not until the time of the great Akbar(became a ruler of
India) that the task of creating that mutual sympathy between
the ruler and the ruled was really achieved. To achieve
this,the most effective method was to shatter the tradition
of the earlier Muslim courts by showing a greater interest in
the religion and customs of his subjects(Moguls - ie.Mongolians
that came from Mongolia). He tried to remove any communal
differences in dress and external appearances of the people
that might have tended to disturb the communal harmony which
he strove to bring about. When the Mogul ladies first set
their foot in India,they were dressed in long gowns,caps and
trousers. An inner garment was worn beneath the gown as a
short bodice reaching to the hips. A jacket was put on over
\the gown like a vest (Dar,1982).
There were frequent contacts between the Indians and Moguls.
Hindu and Muslim festivals were publicly celebrated with
great ceremonies and arrangements. The Mogul kings were very
found of organizing wonen's bazaars in which buyers and
sellers were exclusively women. The skirted robe which was
slit in front from the waist to the bottom,was similar to the
17~.. ----.-~---
gown Korn by the ~ogul females. Thus the garment can be seen
as a derivation,an imitation or a modification of the Mogul
gown. Hindu women wore either long drawers or a short under-
petticoat. Some of the Hindus and ~uslims were easily
influenced bv the Mogul dress whilst others were not.
They were not left uninfluenced altogether by the costumes of
the rulers. Cnder the influence of the Moguls, there was an
inclination for the shortening of the skirt;and the ~uslin
pants appears to have been
their looseness.
LADY IN TRADITIONAL MOGUL COSTUME
tapering shape, reducing
keep their women hidden; thick veils had become a nark of
respectability among both the Eindus and the ~usliDs. for a lady of
respectable rank to walk unveiled in public was consideced to be an ae
of extreme humiliation (Dar,198~).
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The turban and coat laid the foundation what maybe called the
Indo-~ogul style of costume, ego a man in a ~ogul costune.
Akbar tied the turban after the popular Indian style of costune ~nc
altered the shape of the coat to make it conforn to the fashi0~
favoured by the Hindu. By the time the religion and culture oE ~~~
~!ogu13 had nade a pernanent nark on Indian history,the intergro~~h o~
the old and new forms of clothing had resulted in a multiforn
subdivision of costumes. )Jevertheless conDon bODd.
social fellowship or affiliations that united bodies of
people into groups with a conDon costume. Within the sane
""y::ial o r ecc;nODlC r,J.nr;e,nl~n of all c a s t e adopted t he s arne
class of atire. A Hindu can be easily distinguished by his
d~ess EroD a ~llisliuQ (Darf198~).
J9
\
11) THE INFLUENCE OF THE WESTERN CULTURE ON INDIAN TRADITIONAL DRESS
It was in the beginning of the seventeenth century that the English
first set foot in India as a company of traders. The Englishmen never
actively encouraged the adapt ion of European styles by the Indians.
Even after their rule was established, they did not seem to have any
ambitions beyond exploitation of wealth. It was when benevolent
administrators turned to the redress of India's social evils, the
greatest being the illiteracy of her masses, that western culture
began to cast its shadow on the Indian mind. with changes in Indian
fashions, English dresses were being worn more extensively by the
enlightened section of the Indian people. To a certain extent there
was an admixture of Eastern and Western fashions. New patterns
supplemented old ones thus there was an expansion of the mode of
dress (Dar,1982).
In India, the earliest types of dresses are today observed side by
side with modes of recent origin (Dar, 1982). Nevertheless with all
these styles in existence the sari stands today as the principal
national costume of the Indian woman. The costumes of the modern Indi
women gained in complexity and scantiness. However the wonen's costum
did not get repleted like the men's costume with strange English
dresses. But by the twenties of the present century Indian girls bega
to receive education in English schools and have close association
with Englishwomen. The Hindu and" Muslim ladies were emerging from
their seclusion, they began to move in public. Some of the women
utilised their impressions in modernising their present attire and a
race for seductiveness was started in woDen's fashions (Dar,1982).
20
Novelty and sensuousness are being looked upon as the essence of
modernity in fashions in India. Women's clothes are now being priced
for their sensual appeal and seductiveness. Novelty and change
are finding expression in the revival of some of the old modes of
personal adornment. It was the trappings of "modernised westernized
make-up that found most favour although antiquity at times seemed to
hold its own. The attainment of freedom by Indian women opened up ne~
vistas of" progress. Finally they attained a rich heritage of ornament
and clothing which given proper lead has a bright and glorious future
ahead (Dar, 1982).
12) THE FUTURE OF INDIAN CLOTHES :
We, fh~~ndividuals of human society, throw off dogmas and beliefs a
we grow in knowledge; reject ideals and standards as our experience 1
widened. Most people are however inclined to interpret and assess the
life-patterns of the different ages with their personal, moral and
civic standards. The future of clothes is bound up with the future of
the world. Because of the advance towards democracy, ideas of caste
and gentility have declined and there are no more queens to set the
fashions. In the future men's dresses are likely to be plainer and
more variable then the past. Two of the main elements in the social
history of India today that are likely to affect the structure of her
dress in the future are urbanisation and anti-feudalism (Dar, 1982).
Urbanisation is a process in which people begin to be drawn off in
large nunloers to the big cities because of greater social and economic
opportunities. Dress will cease to be an indicator of social
21
ttiH&,'rm ht
hierarchy. Similar modes and patterns will be manufactured by
designers to suit all pockets and tastes. Anti-feudalism is a social
philosophy which resents the denial of human rights. It will be the
task of the fashion-artists to make their products acceptable to all
ranks of consumers. They will be the ones to lead public taste and se
the future of fashions which has started in urban areas (Dar, 1982).
The Indian woman does not forget to appear presentably therefore she
is hardly likely to suffer from neglect regarding her dress. Clothing
is bound to hold a place of primary importance as one of the essentia
coefficients of existence. There is a rising popularity and growth of
fashions]
I
??
13) AIM:
The attitudes of the Hindu and Muslim female university students
towards the use and acceptance of the Indian traditional dress.
14) METHODOLOGY
14.1) SUBJECTS : Fifteen Muslim and fifty three Hindu fenale students
irrespective of age, were chosen randomly from the main library at th
University of Durban Westville.
14.2) PROCEDURE :
14.2.1) FORMULATION OF QUESTIONAIRE :
Open-ended questions were formulated with emphasis on subjective
possession and use of the Indian traditional outfit. The Likert scale
was used in rating the responses.
14.2.2l DISTRIBUTION OF QUESTIONAIRES ~
The questionaires were handed out to .Muslin and Hindu female students
in the library. Th~y were asked to fill in their responses; the
questionaires were then collected.
14.2.3) COLLECTING OF DATA---The questionaires answered by the Hindus were separated fron those
answered by the Muslims. They were numbered 1-140 and 1-40,
respectively. Using the randon number tables, fifty three numbers wer
chosen for the farner group and fifteen nunbers were chosen for the
latter group. These numbers were then used as a criteria in choosing
the corresponding questionaires. The responses recorded in these
chosen guestionaires were used in the analysis of results.
15) RESULTS
15.1) GRAPH 1 ~ THE ~ OF STUDENTS OF THE TWO GROUPS (HINDUS AND MUSLIM)
THAT POSSESS NONE L ONE L TWO L THREE-FIVE
THAN TEN TRADITIONAL OUTFITS.
L FIVE-TEN AND MORE
50
40
10
o-t-----r-
NONE ONE
• HindusII Muslims
TWO THREE-f l\J.f IVE- TEN ) 10
No _of Outfits
\Froothe above it can be seen that 0% of the students possess none,
,\
"28,3% of the Hindus possess only one traditional outfit , " 1wnlJ.e
the Muslims possess just one outfit. 16,9% and 13,3% of the Hindus and
Muslims,respectively,possess two outfits. 18,9% of the Hindus and 33,3%
of the ~luslims possess three - five outfits. 13. :':0, and 13.3:: of the
Hindus "and ~usliDsrrespectivelYr plJssess five-ten Olltfits. ~~(6?: of the
Hindus and 40% of the Muslims possess more than ten traditional
outfits.
?L:l
]
]
]
}5.2) GRAPH
]
]
J] - t,z...
Q
~
]Q'I
~ J".)4'04-.1t: ~W W
] O"tlL. ='111+'Oau)
]
]
]
]
1 ~ THE % OF STUDENTS THAT PURCHASE THE TRADITIONAL OUTFIT
ONCE A YEAR, ONCE IN SIX MONTHS, ONCE EVERY FIVE YEARS.
NOT APPLICABLE :
bll • Hindus.II Muslims
50
40
30
20
10
(I
OiiC~ -d YO?-:tl"-Orl()(l in 6 m·OnoQ Qt¥ory 5yNot ;,pplio~bl~
Time
),The graph above illustrate? that 41,5% of the Hindus and 46,7% of the
Muslims,purchase the traditional outfit once a year; 33,9% of the
IHindus and 53,3~ of the Muslims purchase the outfit once in six nonths.
2~,6~ of the Hindus purchase the outfit once every five years while to
1,9~ of theD the above responses are not applicable.
15.3) TABLE 1 ~ THE ~ OF STUDENTS THAT PAY THE FOLLOWING PRICES FOR A
TRADITIONAL OUTFIT :
+--------+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+: GROUP <R30 :R30-R50 :R50-R150 :R150-R500: >R500+--------+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+:Hindus 1,9 15,1 49,1 26,4 11,3+--------+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+:Muslims : 6,7 13,3 73,3 6,7+--------~----------+---------+---------+---------~---- - - - - - +
The above table illustrates that 1,9% of the Hindus and 6,7% of the
Muslims pay less than R30 for a traditional outfit. 15,1% and 13,3%
of the Hindus and Muslims,respectively, pay R30-R50 for a traditional
outfit. 49,1% of the Hindus and 73,3% of the Muslims pay R50-R150;26,4 J,
and 6,7% of the Hindus and Muslims,respectively, pay RlS0-R500 for a
traditional outfit. However it is only the Hindus (11,3%) that pay
more than R50d for a traditional outfit.
15.4) TABLE 2: THE % OF STUDENTS THAT PAY THE FOLLIWING PRICES FOR A----- ------ ---
WESTERN OUTFIT :
~----------~-------+------------~-------------+-------~
, STUDENTS :< R 50 : RSO - RI00 : R100 - R1S0 : >RlS0 :T~---------+-------+------------~-------------+-------~
: Hindus 13,2 ~ 52,8 24,5 11, 3 :~----------~-------+------------~-------------~-------+
: Muslims 20,0 :26,6 33,3 13,3 :T----------~-------+------------~-------------+-------~
The ~bove table illustrates that 13,2% of the Hindus and 20:0~ of the
Muslims pay less than R30 for a weste=n outfit. 52,8% of the Hindus
and 26,6% of the ~uslims pay R30-R100 for a western outfit. 2~,5% and
33,3% of the Hindus and Muslins, respectively, pay R100-R150; 11,3% of
the Hindus and 13,3% of the Muslims pay more than R150 for a complete
we'3tern outfit.
15.5) GRAPH 1 :THE ! OF STUDENTS THAT PURCHASE THE TRADITIONAL OUTFIT
IN THE FOLLOWING AREAS .---
m Hindusm t-tushrns
100
80...C
G1 60~
tTl '".... otJC C" I' 40o~L ~G.J ....0..(1)
20
o OY..•
\
India Durban Jhb R.S.A Overseas
Pl~c~ of Purchase
It can be seen froD the above graph that 15,1% of the Hindus and 13,3%
of the Muslims purchase their traditional outfits from India whereas
86/8~ and 93,3~ of the H~ndus & Muslims,respectively, purchase thei~
traditional outfits froD Durban. 6,7% of the Muslims(only) purchase
then fron Johannesburg.1,9~ of the Hindus purchase the outfits from
R.S.A. & 6,7% of the Muslims purchase them overseas.
27
15.6) GRAPH 4 :THE ~ OF STUDENTS THAT PURCHASE ONE, TWO,THREE, OR MORE
THAN THREE OUTFITS :
'4oJ1ttili'lj Vl~" $I~ Ct!J OJ(,)~
6 :1<11 .....o..fJ)
80
E.O
40
20
(lne
• HindusII !"'1uslirns
Two Three More than ThroeNo_of Outfits
The above graph shows that 73,6% of the Hindus and 53,3% of the Muslins
purchase only one outfit at a time. 16,9%- and 40% of the Hindus and
Muslims,respectively, purchase t\VO outfits. 5,6% of the Hindus and 6,7%
of the MusliDs purchase three outfits. However only 3,8% of the Hindus
purchise more than three outfits at a time.
15.7) GRAPH 5 _ THE ~ OF STUDENTS THAT WEAR THE TRADITIONAL OUTFIT
DAILY,WEEKLY,MONTHLY,YEARLY
80
'¥o 600Q,IOJ." Vi
40+'+,c cCI! G,J
0"L :st1r+,0.00 20 -
o
• Hindus.. Muslims
'w'a?8kly Month19
Oecurene~
It can be seen from the above graph that 13,3~ of the Muslins,only,
d!ess in the traditional outfit daily. 16,9;; of the Hindus and 40% of
the Muslims wear the traditional outfit weekly. 28,3% and 26,7% of the
Hindus and Muslims,respectively, wear then nonthly. Nevertheless, 50,9~
of the Hindus and 20,0% of the Muslins dress in their traditional
outfit yearly.None of the above responses were applicable to 3,8% of
the Hindus.
29
15.8) GRAPH &~ THE % OF STUDENTS THAT WEAR THE TRADITIONAL OUTFIT TO
THE THE FOLLOWING OCCASIONS
BI Hindus1m i"'1u51ims
80
.... 600
4,1Q'I~ VI 40.........c CGI 4,10"0... ='~+' ,Q.tIJ 20
oPr .aIJer Funer .aCht-istenin'w'~dl P.at-ent Pt->?S;;l OUI~?t-5
Occasion
The above graph shows that 47,2% of the Hi·ndus and 66, 7% of the
Muslins wear the traditional outfit to prayer; 9,4% of the Hindus and
33,3% of the Muslims wear the outfit to a funeral. A wedding pronpts
73,6 3) of the Hindus and 20,0% of the Muslims to wear the traditional
outfit. 6,7% of the Muslims wear the traditional outfit due to parent
pressure. 18,9~ and 26,7% of the Hindus and Muslims,respectively,
dreS3 traditionally for other reasons.
30
15.9) TABLE 1 ~ THE % OF STUDENTS THAT PREFER TO WEAR THE TRADITIONAL
OUTFIT TO UNIVERSITY ~
+---------------+---------+---------+: STUDENTS YES NO+---------------~---------+---------+
HINDUS 22,6 77,4+---------------+---------+---------~
MUSLIMS 40,0 60,0+---------------+---------._-------_.
It can be seen from the above table that 22,6% of the Hindus and 40.0%
of the Muslims prefer to wear the traditional outfit to university;
while 77,4% and 60,0% of the Muslims do not prefer to do so.
15.10) TABLE 4 : THE % OF STUDENTS THAT PREFER TO WEAR THE WESTERN__ _ _ _ .:..cc.=.=:...=c::::.=::..:.
OUTFIT TO SPECIAL OCCASIONS
+--------------+---------+--------+STUDENTS YES NO
._-------------+---------+--------+HINDUS 7L7 28,3
~-------------_._--------+--------+
MUSLIMS 60,0 40,0~--------------+---------~--------~
It can be seen from the table above that 71,7% of the Hindus and 60.0~
of the Muslins do prefer to wear the western outfit to special
occasions; 28,3% of the-Hindus and 40,0% of the Muslims do not pr~~~c
to wear the western outfit to special occasions.
31
15.11) GRAPH 7 THE % OF PARENTS THAT WEAR THE TRADITIONAL OUTFIT---- ------
DAILY,WEEKLY,MONTHLY,YEARLY,OTHERS
Hindu:.
t'luslims
60
50
...0 40
"C'lI'Q 30.... ItI .'
,
c ....4,1 Co IIL. L 20II ."0-11.
10
0D~ily "tleekly Monthly
Oeeurence
The above graph sno~~s that 35,8% of the Hindu parents and 53,3% of the
Muslim parents wear the traditional outfit daily. 33,9% and 6,7% of the
Hindu and ~uslim parents,respectively,wear their traditional outfit
weekly. 11,3% of the Hindus and 20,0% of the Muslims wear them monthly.
11.3% and 6,7% of the Hindus and Muslirns,respectively, Kear them
yearly. 7,5% of the Hindu parents and 13,3% of the Muslin parents have
si~en others as their responses.
16) DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:
It is evident from the results obtained that although there are
students who accept the traditional outfit, they do not prefer to wear
them daily. It is interesting to see that 40.0% of the Muslim students
possess more than ten traditional outfits; and the greatest number of
Hindu students (28,3%) possess just one outfit. This may imply that the
Hindus are more prone to western influences but this is rather crude,
as the Muslims are increasingly becoming more inclined to western
dress. However this process is a gradual change in the latter group.
It is not very often that these traditional outfits are purchased.
Some students say that a wedding prompts them to purchase a
traditional. outfit. This may not occur every year. There lS a tendency
for the Hindus to spend more than R150 for a traditional outfit(37,7%)
which differed from the prices paid by the Muslims (6,7%). This could
be so because a sari is generally more expensive than a Muslim
traditional outfit. The price of a sari varies depending on the type
of fabric and the design of the sari ego a silk sari costs more than a
chiffon sari ; an embroidered silk sari costs more than a plain silk
sarlo
\
S~udents say that they have chosen the western dress over the
traditional dress because the former is more econoDical. This is
evident in the average prices they pay for a complete western outfit
as compared to a traditional outfit. In addition they feel that the
western outfit is more comfortable ,more durable and less
constricting. 73,6% of the Hindus and 53,3% of the Muslims (coDprising
the majority) purchase one outfit at a time and a meagre number of
33
students do purchase three and more.However the traditional outfits
are not purchased that often to be worn daily. Majority of the Hindu
students do wear the traditional outfit" to weddings (73,6%) whereas
majority of the Muslims (66,6%) we~r the traditional outfit to
prayers. Students say that they are becoming accustomed to western
dress because the dominating western influences mask their cultural
and traditional values,norms,and customs. They believe that they have
to adapt to the western standards and lifestyles in order to be part
of the crowd ie.to be in harmony with the rest of society.
Y. Patel of the Durban Islamic Centre stressed that: "Islam is not
against the qualities of westernisation or western civilisation such
as technolqgy. However they wished all Muslims to bear in mind all
the rules and laws of Islam ie.modesty;integrity and piety"
(Schoombee and Mantzaris 1985,p.19). The Indian community cannot be
resistant towards the rapid changes which dominate their everyday
life. It is unfortunate that they cannot completely retain their
cultural customs and traditions. Instead they are receptive to certain
social changes in the western society while at the same time still
monitoring certain ~spects of their traditional,cultural,living
~atterns.Srinivas has shown that "westernisation had a significant
i~pact on many social groupings ln India" (Schoombee and
Mantzaris 1985,p.21). It has to be borne in mind that India was not
influenced by a western dominating society as S.A. Therefore in
S.A.the impact of western values ,traditions and customs is
influential on the Indian society,likewise on any other cultural
group.
34
The fact that majority of the students show no preference for the use
of the traditional outfit to university and that majority do show
preference for wearing the western outfit to special occasions implies
that the traditional dress is being taken over by the western dress.
The western dress has, to a lesser extent, also influenced the
parent's use of the traditional dress. 40,0% of the Muslim parents and
35,8% of the Hindu parents dress daily in their traditional outfit.
Just a meagre percent dress seldom ln the traditional outfit. In a
study of Hindu Tamil-speaking females of three generations
grandmothers,mothers and daughters) regarding traditional and
westernised patterns of behaviour in relation to health, religion,
folkore,social and vocational activities,Pillay (1972) found ~hat
the third g~neration daughters identified with most of the values that
··are predominant in the western S.A.culture and they differed
significantly from both their mothers and grandmothers (in Schoonbee
and Mantzaris,1985). The mothers who constituted the second generation
and grown up in two cultures (Indian and Western) seemed to occup~ a
marginal position neither accepted by or adjusted to either culture.
In the case of grandmothers many aspects of their lives were unchanged
and deeply rooted in-the traditions of their country of origin.
We~tern trends projected through magazines and films are more uniforn
in all areas. with education and an improved social standing ,tastes
tend to be more uniform. Indigenous habits are shed and new ones are
acc2ted (Khanna, 1970).
It can therefore be seen that students are becoming accustoned to
western dress and they give preference for the use of the western
35
dress. But this does not seeQ applicable to all students. In
particular a few Muslim students have totally accepted the traditional
dress. Thus it can be deduced that the attitudes of the Hindus differ
from the attitudes of the Muslims. Generally ,from the results
obtained it can be seen that there is a trend towards western dress
due to western influences.
\
\
36
REFERENCES:
1) . BEHR, A. L . (1973) METHODS & TECHNIQUES IN EDUCATIONAL &
PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH. PRETORIA, J.L. VAN SCHAlK LTD.
2) CHANDRA, M. (1973): COSTUMES, TEXTILES, COSMETICS & COIFFURES
IN ANCIENT & MEDIEVAL I~DIA. DELHI, ORIENTAL PUBLISHERS.
3) DAR, S.N. (1982) : COSTUMES OF INDIA & PAKISTAN. I~DIA,
TARAPEREVALA SONS & CO.
4) FABRI, C. (1960) : I~DIA~ DRESS. NEW DELHI, ORIE~T LONG~~N LTD.
5) KHANNA, V. (1970) : INDIAN WOMEN TODAY. BOMBAY, VIKAS PUBLICATIONS.
6) LAMBEY, M.T.I. (1980) : A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE RESPONSES OF
CERTAIN GROUPS OF INDIAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS ON THE FAMOUS INDIAN
SAYINGS TEST. DURBAN, UNIVERSITY OF DURBAN - WESTVILLE.
7) MAYAT, Z. (1981) NANI~~'S CHEST. DURBAN, WOMEN'S CULTURAL GROCP.
8) NIRASH, R.L. & IQB~L, S.:!. (1978) : THE CULTURE OF KASH~IR. XEW
DELHI, ~nR~vAH PUBLIC\TIONS.
~) OPPE~HEI~, A.N. (1973): QUESTIO~AIRE DESIGN & ATTITUDE
:lEfSCRE?vlENT. LONDON, HEINE:'-L=\X:\ EDCC.=\TIONAL BOOKS.
10) RAYCHOUDARY, S.C. (1978) : SOCIAL, CCLTURAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY
OF INDIA. DELHI, SUKJEET P[BLICATIO~S.
11) SCHOO~BEE, G.F. & MANTZARIS, E.A. (1985) : ATTITUDES OF SOCTH
AFRICAN INDIA~S TOtvARDS ~ESTERNISATIO~ & ITS EFFECTS ON THEIR fA~ILY
LIFE. DURBAN, UXIVERSITY Of DURBAN - WESTVILLE.
37
APPENDIX A
THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS OF THE TWO GROUPS THAT POSSESS NONE, ONE,
TWO, THREE -FILE, FIVE -TEN AND MORE THAN TEN TRADITIONAL OUTFITS.
+--------------------+---------+---------+RESPONSES : HINDUS : MUSLIMS :
+--------------------+---------+---------+1.1 o
+--------------------+---------+---------+1.2 15
+--------------------+---------+---------+1.3 9 2
+--------------------+---------+---------+1.4 10 5
+--------------------+---------+---------+1.5 7 2
+--------------------+---------+---------+1.6 12 6
+--------------------+---------+---------+
APPENDIX B
THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS THAT PURCHASE THE TRADITIONAL OUTFIT ONCE A-- -- ----YEAR, ONCE IN SIX MONTHS, ONCE EVERY FIVE YEARS, NOT APPLICABLE.
+---------------+------------+-----------+RESPONSES HINDUS MUSLIMS
~---------------+------------+-----------+
2.1 22 7+---------------+------------+-----------+
2.2 18 8~---------------+------------+-----------+
2.3 12~---------------+------------+-----------+
+---------------+------------+-----------+\
\
2.4 1
38
APPENDIX ~
THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS THAT PAY THE DIFFERENT PRICES FOR A TRADITIONAL
OUTFIT.
+---------------+------------+-----------~RESPONSES HINDUS MUSLIMS
+---------------+------------+-----------+3.1 1 1
+---------------+------------+-----------~3.2 8 2
+---------------+------------+-----------+3.3 26 11
+---------------+------------+-----------+3.4 14 1
+---------------+------------+-----------~
3.5 5+---------------+------------+-----------~
APPENDIX D
THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS THAT PAY THE DIFFERENT PRICES FOR ~ WESTERN
OUTFIT.
+--~------------+-----------+------------+
RESPONSES HINDUS MUSLIMS+---------------~-----------+------------~
4.1 7 3----------------~-----------+------------+
4.2 28 4+---------------+-----------+------------~
4.3 13 5+---------------7-----------+------------+
+---------------~-----------+------------~
\ 4.4
N/A
6 :2
1----------------+-----------+------------~
39
APPENDIX E
THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS THAT PURCHASE THE TRADITIONAL OUTFITS IN THE
DIFFERENT AREAS.
+---------------+------------+----------+RESPONSES HINDUS MUSLIMS :
+---------------+------------+----------+5.1 8 2
+---------------+------------+----------+5.2 46 14
+---------------+------------+----------+5.3 1
+---------------+------------~----------~
5.4 1~---------------+------------~----------+
5.5 1
+---------------+------------~----------~
APPENDIX F
THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS THAT PURCHASE ONE, TWO, THREE, OR MORE THAN
THREE OUTFITS.
+---------------+------------~-----------~
RESPONSES HI~DCS MCSLI:1S+---------------~------------~-----------+
6.1 39 8+---------------~------------~-----------+
6.2 9 6+---------------+------------~-----------+
6.3 3 1+---------------~------------~-----------+
6.4+---------------+------------~-----------+
\
40
APPENDIX G
THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS THAT WEAR THE TRADITIONAL OUTFIT DAILY, WEEKLY,
MONTHLY, YEARLY.
+----------------~-----------+-----------+RESPONSES HINDUS MUSLIMS
+----------------~-----------+-----------+
7.1 2+----------------+-----------+-----------+
7.2 9 6+----------------+-----------+-----------+
7.3 15 4
+----------------+-----------~-----------+
7.4 27 3+----------------+-----------~-----------+
N/A 2+----------------+-----------+-----------~
APPENDIX H
THE NUMBER OF. STUDENTS THAT WEAR THE TRADITIONAL OUTFIT TO THE
DIFFERENT OCCASIONS :
+---------------+------------+-----------+RESPONSES HINDUS MUSLIMS
+---------------+------------+-----------+8.1 25 10
+---------------+------------~-----------~
8.2 5 5+---------------+------------+-----------+
8.3+---------------~------------~-----------~
8.4 39 3+-------~-------+------------~-----------+
8.5 1+---------------+------------~-----------+
8.6 10+---------------7------------~-----------~
41
APPENDIX 1. :
THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS THAT PREFER TO WEAR THE TRADITIONAL OUTFIT
TO UNIVERSITY
+---------------+------------+-----------+RESPONSES HINDUS MUSLIMS
+---------------+------------+-----------+9.1 12 6
+---------------+------------+-----------+9.2 41 9
+--------------_._-----------+-----------+
APPENDIX J
THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS TEAT PREFER TO WEAR THE WESTERN OUTFIT TO
SPECIAL OCCASIONS.
+---------------+------------+-----------~• I
I RESPONSES HINDUS MUSLIMS+---------------+------------+-----------+
10.1 38 9+---------------+------------+-----------+
10.2 6+---------------~------------~------------
APPENDIX K:
THE NUMBER OF PARENTS THAT WEAR THE TRADITIONAL OUTFIT DAILY, WEEKLY,
MONTHLY, YEARLY, OTHERS.
+-------~-------+------------~-----------~
+---------------+------------~-----------~
+---------------+------------~----------_.~
\
,\
RESPONSES
11.1
11. 2
arxor s
19
18
;YIC S L IYlS
8
1+---------------~------------~-----------~
11.3 6 3~---------------~------------7-----------~
11.4 6 1~ ~ ~ l
11.5 47---------------+------------+-----------+
42
J]
DEPARTMENT OF HOME ECONOMICS----------------------------
How many traditional outfits do you have in your wardrobe?
1.1 none1.2 one1.1' twoI.• three to fi ve•. s fi ve to ten"" more than ten
] STUDENTS REG. NO.: .
RELIGION: .
]1.
]
]
]2. How often do you purchase these traditional outfits?
~.I once a year
]2.:1 once in six months'1.1 once every five years
] 3.
1.13.2
];.~"1.5
]4.140JJj.. "3
What are the average prices you pay for a traditional outfit?
less than R30R30 to RSOR50 to R1S0R1S0 to R500Greater than R500.
What are the avera~e prices you pay for a complete western dress?ego dress, tops and pants.
Less than RSOR50 to R100R100 to R150More than R150.
5, wh2re do you normally purchase the tr~di:iGnal outfits:1)5.1 Indi2.5.~ Durban5.1 Johannesburg5.4- el sewhere in R.S.A.'~.5 el sevhere overseas.
: 6. HOI" many outfits do you purchase at a time?
~.J one~.~ twoL.3 three
'l.1- and mOI'e than three
7. How often do you wear the traditional outfit?
/.1I.J
1.1
DailyHeek 1yt~onthly
Y~arl:(Cnoos~ the appropriate answer, where possible mention
~~ ---tiJ-----how many times you wear t~em.- -
8. What prompts you to wear a traditional outfit?
~.I A prayer~.'l funera1'i."3 Christen i ng~.... Wedding~.5 Parent pressure~.!. If other specify: .
9. Do you prefer to wear a traditional outfit to university?
'.1 Yes
,.1. No
10. Do you prefer to wear a western outfit to special occassions?
10.1 Yes
10.'1 No
11. How often do your parents wear the traditional outfits?
ill[TI
11.1
1I.'l
".31I.1f.
11.5
Da i lyWeeklyMonthlyYearlyIf other specify
12. If you have accepted western dress, why is this so?
--------------------------------
THANK.YCU FOR YOUR CO-OPERATION.\
~~ISS 0 I C:~€TT,{
S. HOME ECONOMICSDEPT. OF HOME ECONOMICS.