UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS (0610... · 2019-01-29 · The retina contains...

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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education

BIOLOGY 0610/31

Paper 3 Extended May/June 2010

1 hour 15 minutes

Candidates answer on the Question Paper.

No Additional Materials are required.

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.

Write in dark blue or black pen.

You may use a pencil for any diagrams or graphs.

Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.

DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.

Answer all questions.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.

The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

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© UCLES 2010 0610/31/M/J10

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1 (a) Define the term sensitivity.

[2]

Fig. 1.1 shows a horizontal section through the eye.

X

YA

B

C

D

E

Fig. 1.1 (b) (i) Name structures A to D.

A

B

C

D [4]

(ii) State the functions of structures B and E.

B

E [2]


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© UCLES 2010 0610/31/M/J10 [Turn over

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The retina contains light-sensitive cells known as rods and cones. The distribution of rods in the retina from point X to point Y, as shown on Fig. 1.1, was investigated.

Fig. 1.2 shows the distribution of rods in the retina from point X to point Y.

number

of light-

sensitive

cells

X G H Y

distance along the retina

Fig. 1.2 (c) (i) G and H, as shown on Fig. 1.2, are parts of the retina. Name G and H.

G

H [2]

(ii) Describe the function of the rods.

[2]

(iii) Draw a line on Fig. 1.2 to show the distribution of cones in the retina. [2] [Total: 14]


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© UCLES 2010 0610/31/M/J10

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2 A student measured the uptake and release of carbon dioxide from a plant during 24 hours. It was a very bright, sunny day between sunrise and sunset.

Fig. 2.1 shows the student’s results.

0000 0600 1200

time / h

1800 2400

uptake of

carbon

dioxide

release of

carbon

dioxide

no net

uptake

or release

Fig. 2.1

(a) (i) Use the information in Fig. 2.1 to state the time that sunrise occurred.

[1]

(ii) Using Fig. 2.1, state the times when there is no uptake or release of carbon dioxide.

1.

2. [1]

(iii) State why plants release carbon dioxide at night.

[1]

(iv) Explain why it is important for plants that carbon dioxide uptake during the day is greater than carbon dioxide released at night.

[2]


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Question 2 continues on Page 6


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© UCLES 2010 0610/31/M/J10

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The yields of tomatoes grown in open fields in India are very low compared with yields of tomatoes grown in glasshouses in Europe.

In a study, scientists in India grew tomato plants in glasshouses and in open fields nearby.

The growth of the plants and the yields of tomatoes were recorded. The results are shown in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1

tomato plants grown in

glasshouses open fields

mean final height of tomato plants / cm

84.1 69.0

mean number of leaves per tomato

plant 123.0 82.0

mean fresh mass of tomato plants / g

988.3 491.7

mass of tomatoes per plant / g

2986.0 818.9

mean fresh mass of tomatoes / g

95.0 84.4

(b) (i) The mean fresh mass of tomatoes grown in glasshouses was greater than the

mean fresh mass of tomatoes grown in open fields. Calculate the difference in mean fresh mass as a percentage of the mean fresh

mass of tomatoes grown in open fields. Show your working.

Answer = % [2]


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(ii) Suggest how an increase in the height of the plants and the number of leaves on each plant affects the yield of tomatoes.

[3]

(c) The scientists made sure that the only differences between the two groups of plants

were the result of the protection provided by the glasshouses. Suggest the factors that the scientists should have kept the same for the two groups of

plants in this investigation.

[3]

(d) The growth and final yields of crops grown in open fields are often limited by

environmental factors. Describe how these factors are controlled in commercial glasshouses to give high

yields of crops such as tomatoes.

[4]

[Total: 17]


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© UCLES 2010 0610/31/M/J10

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3 Fig. 3.1 shows a human egg cell and a human sperm cell.

10 µm

human sperm cellhuman egg cell

100 µm

Fig. 3.1 (a) (i) What is the name given to the release of eggs from the ovary?

[1]

(ii) Sperm cells and egg cells are haploid. State the meaning of the term haploid.

[1]


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(b) Complete the table to compare egg cells with sperm cells.

feature egg cells sperm cells

site of production

relative size

numbers produced

mobility

[4] (c) Three hormones that control the menstrual cycle are:

• follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

• luteinising hormone (LH)

• oestrogen. (i) Name the site of production and release of oestrogen.

[1]

(ii) Describe the role of oestrogen in controlling the menstrual cycle.

[2]

(d) Artificial insemination is sometimes used as a treatment for female infertility. Outline how artificial insemination is carried out in humans.

[2]

[Total: 11]


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© UCLES 2010 0610/31/M/J10

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4 Acid rain is a serious environmental problem in some areas of the world. Lakes in Canada, Norway and Scotland are highly acidic as a result of acid rain.

Fig. 4.1 shows a cause of acid rain.

power stations and

factories release

sulfur dioxiderain becomes acidic

harming vegetation

and organisms that

live in water

wind-blown chemicals

combine with water

vapour in the air

lake

Fig. 4.1

(a) (i) State one cause of acid rain other than that shown in Fig. 4.1.

[1]

(ii) Describe two effects of acid rain on forest ecosystems.

1.

2.

[2]

(b) Describe two different ways to reduce pollution so that there is less acid rain.

1.

2.

[2]


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Fig. 4.2 shows the pH ranges that some animals that live in lakes can tolerate.

trout

bass

perch

frogs

salamanders

clams

snails

crayfish

mayfly larvae

blackfly larvae

fish

amphibians

molluscs

crustacean

insects

group examples 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5

animals pH

Fig. 4.2 (c) State one feature of molluscs that is not a feature of crustaceans.

[1]

(d) Using the information in Fig. 4.2, (i) name an animal that could be found in a lake with a pH of 4.0;

[1]

(ii) name the animals that are most sensitive to a decrease in pH;

[1]

(iii) suggest why some animals cannot tolerate living in water of pH as low as 4.0.

[2]

[Total: 10]


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© UCLES 2010 0610/31/M/J10

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5 Fig. 5.1 shows the processes involved in the manufacture of yoghurt.

milk

milk heat treated at 85–95 °C for 15 to 30 minutes

milk homogenised to give an even consistency

starter culture of bacteria added

mixture incubated at 37– 44 °C

mixture cooled

yoghurt is packed and sent at 4 °C to shops

sugar may be added

food additives and fruit added

milk cooled

oxygen used up

pH decreases

Fig. 5.1 (a) (i) Explain why the milk must be cooled before the bacteria are added.

[2]

(ii) Explain why the pH decreases only after the oxygen in the milk has been used up.

[2]

(iii) Suggest one type of food additive that could be added to yoghurt.

[1]


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The starter culture contains two species of bacteria, Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus.

Fig. 5.2 shows the growth of these bacteria during the production of yoghurt.

0 1 2 3

time since start of incubation / h

4 5 6

numbers of

bacteria

S. thermophilus

L. bulgaricus

Fig. 5.2 (b) Using your knowledge of population growth and the factors that affect it, describe

and explain the growth of S. thermophilus, as shown in Fig. 5.2.

[5]


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© UCLES 2010 0610/31/M/J10

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(c) Suggest why the numbers of L. bulgaricus do not start to increase until after the increase in the numbers of S. thermophilus.

[2]

[Total: 12]


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Question 6 begins on page 16.


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© UCLES 2010 0610/31/M/J10

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6 The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) collects data on food supplies worldwide.

The FAO classifies the causes of severe food shortages as either by natural disasters or as the result of human action.

Natural disasters are divided into those that occur suddenly and those that take a long time to develop. Human actions are divided into those that are caused by economic factors and those that are caused by wars and other conflicts.

Fig. 6.1 shows the changes in the number of severe food shortages between 1981 and 2007.

1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007

total

naturaldisasters

result ofhumanaction

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

year

number

of severe

food

shortages

Fig. 6.1


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Fig. 6.2 shows the causes of severe food shortages in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s.

natural

disasters

result of

human

action

key sudden onset

economic factors

slow onset

war and conflict

1980s 1990s 2000s

86 % 80 %73 %

14 % 20 %27 %

14 %

2 %

20 %27 %

11 %

98 % 89 %73 %

27 %

11 %

27 %

98 % 89 %73 %

Fig. 6.2

(a) (i) State two types of natural disaster that occur suddenly and may lead to severe food shortages.

1.

2. [2]

(ii) State one type of natural disaster that may take several years to develop.

[1]


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© UCLES 2010 0610/31/M/J10

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(b) Use the information in Fig. 6.1 and Fig. 6.2 to describe the changes in food shortages between 1981 and 2007.

[5]

(c) Explain how the increase in the human population may contribute to severe food

shortages.

[3]


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© UCLES 2010 0610/31/M/J10

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The quality and quantity of food available worldwide has been improved by artificial selection (selective breeding) and genetic engineering.

(d) Use a named example to outline how artificial selection is used to improve the quantity

or quality of food.

[4]

(e) Define the term genetic engineering.

[1]

[Total: 16]


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