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Transcript of UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAeprints.utm.my/id/eprint/47823/5/MuhammadZairilMFKE2013.pdf · 2017....
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BEAM RECONFIGURABLE ARRAY ANTENNA WITH DUAL BAND FORWLAN APPLICATION
MUHAMMAD ZAIRIL BIN MUHAMMAD NOR
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
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BEAM RECONFIGURABLE ARRAY ANTENNA WITH DUAL BAND FORWLAN APPLICATION
MUHAMMAD ZAIRIL BIN MUHAMMAD NOR
A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Engineering (Electrical)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
FEBRUARY 2013
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This thesis is dedicated to:
My beloved wife, SITI NURUL NADIAH ADNAN for your patience, kindness andfull support over entire period of my postgraduate program
My beloved mother, NOR AZIAH MANSOR, my father, MUHAMMAD NOR BINABDUL AMAN SHAH and all my siblings for your love and cares.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah, Praise to Allah S.W.T for His blessing and guidance that has
inspired me through this project which was able to be completed within the required
time and gain enormous knowledge that is useful for the future undertaking.
I would like to gratitude to my supervisor, Associate Professor Ir Dr Sharul
Kamal bin Abdul Rahim for his support, guidance, advice and willingness to help me
in completing my master project.
I would also like to thank all the WCC Principal researchers, Professor
Tharek Abd Rahman, and all WCC staffs for their valuable support and discussion
during my master. A special thanks to Mr Mohamed Abu Bakar and Mr Norhafizul
Ismail for their help in to use the facilities to measure the performance of the
antenna.
I also want to dedicate my appreciation to my entire colleague for all the help
and assistance during my project especially to Mursyidul Idzam Sabran, Mr Johari
Ahmad, Mr Arsany Arsad, Mr Ahmad Marwan Mohamad Dahlan, Mr Muhammad
Faizal Bin Ismail, Ms Noorlindawaty Md Jizat and Mr Khairul Rashid.
I also want to give special appreciation my family for their support through
my study here in UTM. I would thanks to my wife, Siti Nurul Nadiah Binti Adnan
for all the love she gives to me, her pray, moral support along my study. Not forget, I
would like to thanks my dad, Muhammad Nor Bin Abdul Aman Shah, my mum,
NorAziah Bte Mansor and all my siblings for their attention to me during this time.
Alhamdulillah, I have managed to complete the project and gained valuable
knowledge and experience during that time. May Allah S.W.T repay all their
kindness and bless all of us. AMIN
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ABSTRACT
Wireless communication technology is a fast developing technology which
gives a huge impact on social life nowadays. This non wired technology urges a
sturdy need for antenna development where antenna can be said as the core device
for this technology. Researches on antenna are rapidly developing in the current
research trend resulting in many antenna designs of various capabilities.
Reconfigurable antenna is among popular designs in modern wireless technology
because it allows single antenna to be employed in many systems. Originally,
reconfigurable antenna can be categorised into three parts which is frequency,
polarisation and beam pattern. This thesis is focusing on the beam pattern
reconfigurable concept for antenna that operates at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz band. This
dual band reconfigurable is capable to steer the beam to three different directions by
using only single design of planar array antenna. Three patch antennas are introduced
in this thesis where these antennas are designed with the main beam facing three
different directions. Partial ground plane and parabolic ground plane are used in
developing the proposed reconfigurable antenna and finally, these patch antennas are
combined with array configuration on single antenna design. This planar array
reconfigurable antenna hence integrated with PIN diode as to make it a
reconfigurable antenna. This proposed antenna can steer beams at -20°, -59°, and 61°
at 2.45 GHz band while at 5.8 GHz band, proposed antenna can give steering angle
of -9°, -20° and 23°. All the simulated and measured results are presented and
compared in this thesis.
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ABSTRAK
Teknologi komunikasi tanpa wayar adalah satu teknologi yang berkembang
pesat yang memberi impak besar dalam kehidupan sosial masa kini. Keperluan
pembangunan antena dalam teknologi tanpa wayar ini meningkat di mana antena
boleh dikatakan sebagai alat utama dalam teknologi ini. Penyelidikan dalam bidang
antena telah membangun dengan pantas dan menghasilkan pelbagai reka bentuk
antena dengan pelbagai fungsi. Antena-boleh-konfigurasi adalah antara istilah
popular di dalam teknologi moden tanpa wayar kerana ia membenarkan sesuatu
antena itu bekerja dalam banyak sistem. Pada asalnya, antena-boleh-konfigurasi
boleh dibahagikan kepada tiga bahagian iaitu yang boleh-konfigurasi frekuensi,
boleh-konfigurasi polarisasi dan corak radiasi antena-boleh-konfigurasi. Dalam tesis
ini, tumpuan adalah tentang konsep antena-boleh-konfigurasi corak radiasi
beroperasi di 2.45 GHz dan 5.8 GHz. Antena-boleh-konfigurasi dua set frekuensi
yang mampu menghalakan corak radiasinya ke tiga arah yang berbeza dengan
menggunakan hanya satu reka bentuk antena. Dua jenis antena dwi jalur telah
diperkenalkan dalam tesis ini di mana antena ini direka dengan rasuk utama antena
diarahkan pada tiga arah yang berlainan. Lapisan belakang antena dengan bentuk
parabola digunakan dalam membangunkan antena boleh konfigurasi yang
dicadangkan dan akhirnya, antena ini akan berada di pelbagai konfigurasi dalam
satah tunggal. Antena boleh konfigurasi ini akan digabungkan dengan diod PIN
untuk membuat mereka antena boleh konfigurasi. Antena yang dicadangkan ini akan
menghalakan corak radiasinya pada -20⁰, -59⁰ and -61⁰ pada 2.45 GHz dan -9⁰, -20⁰and 23⁰ pada 5.8 GHz. Semua keputusan simulasi dan keputusan dibentangkan dandibandingkan dalam tesis ini.
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TABLES OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS xv
LIST OF SYMBOLS xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES xvii
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1. Research Background
1.2. Problem Statement
1.3. Objectives of Research
1.4. Scope of Work
1.5. Layout of the Thesis
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5
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2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND RESEARCH
MOTIVATION
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Microstrip Antenna
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2.3. Antenna Parameter
2.3.1. Return Loss
2.3.2. Bandwidth
2.3.3. Radiation Pattern
2.3.4. Gain and Directivity
2.3.5. Efficiency
2.4. Feeding Methods
2.5. Smart Antenna System
2.5.1. Adaptive Array Systems
2.5.2. Switched-Beam Systems
2.6. PIN Diodes Switches
2.7. Related Research
2.7.1. Dual Band Microstrip Antenna
2.7.2. Reconfigurable Antenna
2.7.2.1. Frequency Reconfigurable
Antenna
2.7.2.2. Radiation Pattern Reconfigurable
Antenna
2.8. Summary
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11
12
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13
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16
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3 RESEARCH METHODOLY
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Design Methodology
3.3. Design Specification
3.4. Simulation Tool
3.5. Fabrication Process
3.6. Measurement Process
3.7. Summary
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4 DEVELOPMENT OF BEAM RECONFIGURABLE
LINEAR ARRAY ANTENNA
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4.1. Introduction
4.2. The Development of Dual Band Antenna
Structure with Half Ground Plane Approach
4.2.1. Proposed Antenna Structure
4.2.2. Simulation and Measurement Result
4.3. The Development of Dual Band Antenna with
Parabolic-Shaped Slot Ground Plane Structure
4.3.1. Proposed Antenna Structure
4.3.2. Simulation and Measurement Result
4.4. The Development of Dual Band Reconfigurable
Planar Array Antenna
4.4.1. Proposed Antenna Design Process
4.4.2. Antenna Performance Result
4.5. Summary
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50
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59
63
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5 CONCLUSION
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Future Work
80
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REFERENCES 84
Appendices A-D 90
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
4.1 Dimension of Proposed Antenna 41
4.2 Simulation and Measurement Return Loss Value 46
4.3 Proposed Antenna Parameter 53
4.4 Simulation and Measurement Result for Proposed Antenna 61
4.5 PIN Diode Configurations 69
4.6 Optimized Design Parameter 72
4.7 Measurement and Simulation Data 75
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
1.1 Flow Diagram of Reconfigurable Antenna 2
1.2 Antenna with Beam Steering Capability 4
2.1 Microstrip Antenna Structure 9
2.2 Bandwidth Determination from Return Loss
Graph for Most Application [8]
12
2.3 Typical Feeding Methods for Microstrip
Antenna
15
2.4 Adaptive Array Scheme 17
2.5 Switched-Beam Scheme 18
2.6 Layout of PIN diode 19
2.7 Equivalent Circuit of PIN Diode (a) Forward
Biased; (b) Reverse Biased [10]
20
2.8 Proposed Antenna; (a) Front View, (b) Back
View
22
2.9 Basic Design of Printed Monopole Antenna 23
2.10 Dual band Printed Monopole Antenna 23
2.11 P-Shape Printed Monopole Antenna 24
2.12 (a) Proposed Antenna [14]
(b) Return Loss of Proposed Antenna
25
2.13 Proposed Antenna Design [20] with Their
Return Loss Result
26
2.14 (a) Proposed Antenna [21]; (b) Return Loss
Value
27
2.15 (a) Proposed Antenna Design, (b) Pattern 29
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Reconfigurable Capabilities of Proposed
Antenna [24]
3.1 Flow Chart of Whole Project 31
3.2 CST Simulation Tool 38
3.3 R&S ZVL Network Analyzer 36
3.4 Pictures of Anechoic Chamber for Outside and
Inside View
36
4.1 Parametric Studies on Width of L-Slot 42
4.2 Dimension of Proposed Antenna 42
4.3 Image of Fabricated Antenna 43
4.4 Surface Current for Proposed Antenna 44
4.5 Parametric Study on effect of Ls (Length of Slot
at Antenna Arm)
45
4.6 Simulation and Measurement of Proposed
Antenna
46
4.7 Radiation Pattern at 2.45 GHz (a) Horizontal Cut
(b) Vertical Cut
48
4.8 Radiation Pattern at 5.8 GHz (a) Horizontal Cut
(b) Vertical Cut
48
4.9 3D Simulated Radiation Pattern at 2.45 GHz 49
4.10 3D Simulated Radiation Pattern at 5.8 GHz 50
4.11 Design Evolution of Proposed Antenna; (a)
Antenna Design Different Ground Plane Shapes;
(b) Return loss Graph for Each Antenna
52
4.12 Proposed Antenna with Defected Ground Plane
Structure: (a) Front View Diagram, (b)
Perspective View
53
4.13 Parametric Studies on varying width of L-slots 54
4.14 Parametric Studies on La values 55
4.15 Surface Current at 5.8 GHz 56
4.16 Parametric studies as value of R varied 56
4.17 (a) Normal axis for parabolic curve; (b) 40°
rotated axis for parabolic curve in proposed
57
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antenna.
4.18 The effect of rotation angle of parabolic shaped
slot on the steering angle of proposed antenna
58
4.19 The radiation pattern obtained when attaching
two mirror-image parabolic-shaped slots.
59
4.20 The Image of Fabricated Proposed Antenna 60
4.21 Comparison between Measurement and
Simulation Return Loss Data for Proposed
Antenna
60
4.22 Surface Current at Both Operating Frequencies
at; (a) 2.45 GHz, (b) 5.8 GHz
61
4.23 Radiation Pattern; (a) H Plane for 2.45 GHz, (b)
E Plane for 2.45 GHz, (c) H Plane for 5.8 GHz,
(d) E Plane for 5.8 GHz
63
4.24 Diagram of Proposed Beam Reconfigurable
Antenna from Front View
65
4.25 Diagram of Proposed Beam Reconfigurable
Antenna from Back View
66
4.26 PIN Diode Location within Proposed Antenna
Structure
67
4.27 Schematic Design of Biasing Circuit using Basic
Series Single Pole Single Throw Switches
Circuit
68
4.28 Fabricated Biasing Circuit 68
4.29 Parametric Studies on Location of PIN diode 1,
p; (a) Lower Frequency Response, (b) Higher
Frequency Response
69
4.30 Parametric Studies on L100 Parameter at Both
Operating Frequency; (a) Lower Frequency
Response, (b) Higher Frequency Response
70
4.31 Parametric Studies on L50 Parameter, Lf; (a)
Lower Frequency Response, (b) Higher
Frequency Response
71
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4.32 Fabricated Antenna Design in Different
Perspective; (a) Front View; (b) Back View
72
4.33 Integration of Biasing Circuit with Proposed
Antenna
73
4.34 Return Loss Value When Antenna at First
Condition
73
4.35 Return Loss result as PIN diode 2 and 3 in ON
state
74
4.36 Return Loss result when PIN diode 2 and 4 in
ON state
75
4.37 Measurement Data of Farfield Result at First
Condition (a) H- field for 2.45 GHz; (b) E- field
for 2.45 GHz; (c) H- field for 5.8 GHz; (d) E-
field for 5.8 GHz
76
4.38 Measurement Data of Farfield Result at Second
Condition (a) H- field for 2.45 GHz; (b) E- field
for 2.45 GHz; (c) H- field for 5.8 GHz; (d) E-
field for 5.8 GHz
77
4.39 Measurement Data of Farfield Result at Third
Condition (a) H- field for 2.45 GHz; (b) E- field
for 2.45 GHz; (c) H- field for 5.8 GHz; (d) E-
field for 5.8 GHz
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LIST OF ABREVIATIONS
BW - Bandwidth
CST - Computer Simulation Technology
dB - Decibel
EM - Electromagnetic
FR4 - Flame Resistant 4
ISM - Industrial Sciences Medical
ITS - Intelligent Transportation Systems
PCB - Printed Circuit Board
PEC - Perfect Electric Conductor
SMA - Sub Miniature version A
UV - Ultra Violet
VSWR - Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
EBG - Electromagnetic Band Gap
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LIST OF SYMBOLS
c - Speed of light
D - Outer Probe feed diameter
d - Inner probe feed diameter
εr - permittivity
εe - Effective permitivity
e0 - Total efficiency
er - Reflection (mismatch)
ec - Conduction efficiency
ed - Dielectric efficiency
λ0 - Free Space wavelength
fc - Center frequency
fH - High frequency
fL - Low frequency
h - Height of substrate
L - Length of patch
Leff - Effective length∆ - Delta LengthQ - Material’s quality factor
S - Area of patch∆ - Delta area of patchΓ - Reflection coefficient
t - Thin Metallic Strip
- Reflected voltage
- Incident voltage
W - width of patch
Weff - Effective width
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ZL - Load impedance
≤ - Less then
ZO - Characteristic impedance
Ω - Ohm
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LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A List of Author’s Publication 90
B Product Specification FR4 Datasheet 94
C SMA Drawing Datasheet 99
D PIN Diode BAP51-02 Datasheet 101
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Background
Printed antenna is one of the terms that have been widely used in the recent
antenna technologies. This type of antenna has been rapidly developed over the past few
decades. In this century, the needs of antenna with high performance and simple
manufacturing process have become more interesting to be reviewed in research area.
On top of that, the uses of printed antenna have become intensively popular among
researchers because of its properties. This antenna can provide compact size, low
profile, light weight, low cost and easiness in the fabrication process [1]. Although this
antenna comes with low efficiency, low power and poor polarization [2], many
researches had been conducted recently to overcome these matters [3-7]. In addition,
printed antenna can be integrated with lump elements (resistor, capacitor and inductor),
adaptive elements (PIN diode, Varactor Diode) and several active devices (amplifier).
By adding these entire elements, several changes in resonance frequency, impedance,
polarization, and pattern can be adopted into this antenna [8, 9]. This mechanism is
called reconfigurable antenna.
Reconfigurable antenna is one of the upgraded technologies in wireless
communication system, where this kind of antenna can operate multiple applications in
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a single design. This antenna was developed by Brown in 1998 [10]. The beauty of
reconfigurable antenna can be seen at its switches that are being used as the RF switch
to change the antenna properties. The common switches used in research field are PIN
diode, field effect transistor (FET), piezoelectric transducer and electromechanical
system (MEMS) switches. Reconfigurable antennas are commonly grouped into three
categories; frequency, polarization and radiation pattern reconfigurable antennas. There
are some approaches that can be used to implement switches in reconfigurable antennas.
The reconfigure mechanism can be controlled by controlling the on and off-states of the
RF switches. Figure 1.1 illustrates a diagram representing the structure of a
reconfigurable antenna.
Figure 1.1: Flow Diagram of a Reconfigurable Antenna
A reconfigurable antenna enables a single antenna to perform multifunction
activities. This is the reason why reconfigurable antenna can ensure the improvement of
wireless communication systems. With the integration of switching mechanism,
reconfigurable antenna can configure its properties in one dimension. For frequency
reconfigurable antenna, it has the capability to select individual frequency as its
operating frequency. The advantage of this antenna is it can reduce the adverse effect of
co-site interference and jamming [11]. This antenna can also enhance the wireless
system performance in terms of polarization diversity for reception and transmission
activities. On the other hand, the polarization reconfigurable antenna enables square
patch antenna to reconfigure the polarization from linear to circular. The disadvantage
of circular polarization (CP) antenna is that it comes in large size and it cannot recover
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none line of sight (NLOS) signal. As in terrestrial communication, some multipath
signal is much needed to ensure NLOS reception can be done where in MIMO system,
multipath signal were contributed to the information bit reception. This drawback has
led the researchers to implement the advantages of CP into common linear polarization
antenna and they found out that the solution to this problem is by using polarization
reconfigurable antenna.
Lastly, the beam reconfigurable antenna can control the behavior of the main
beam for one antenna. This includes beam shaping reconfigurable antenna and beam
steering reconfigurable antenna. These radiation patterns of reconfigurable antenna have
big potential in upgrading the performance of wireless communication systems. Beam
shaping reconfigurable antenna enables an antenna to reconfigure its beam pattern by
altering broad beam pattern to a narrow beam pattern antenna. This type of antenna has
been rapidly developed in recent antenna research field where it gives several
advantages compared to the normal array antenna [12]. This reconfigurable antenna can
be applied to prevent environmental noise and electronic jamming, improves gain and
security of a system, energy saving as it only steers signals to desired location, and
increases the number of clients with the present of broad beam pattern in wireless
system. The major advantage of this antenna is it can reduce the interferences and fading
in multipath environments [13, 14]. These facts have motivated the author into creating
a simple design of beam reconfigurable antenna.
1.2 Problem Statement
The reconfigurable antenna is a new development of antenna that is very useful
in the recent wireless communication. Recent development in antenna technology
requires us to create an antenna that gives high performances with simple design. A
conventional array antenna is capable of producing a single directional beam pattern,
therefore it limited to a fixed direction of main beam. This limitation can be overcome
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by using beam reconfigurable antenna which is upgrading the single antenna into a
multifunctional antenna. Therefore, beam reconfigurable which capable to steer the
main beam at three different places in single antenna design was proposed in present
research. There only one beam can be steered at one time by triggering the PIN diode
configuration within the proposed design.
Figure 1.2: Antenna with Beam Steering Capability
The unique characteristics of printed antenna suit the recent development of the
antenna technology, where nowadays the researchers are trying to implement low cost
material with simple antenna structure in their design without neglecting the
practicability of that antenna. Many researches have been conducted for beam
reconfigurable antenna by using printed antenna technology and this has initiated a brief
idea to the author to create a simple structure of it. Although printed antenna is a low
efficiency antenna, the implementation of several techniques within the proposed design
will be done in order to make it reliable in practical field. The evolvement in printed
antenna technology has transformed reconfigurable antenna to a famous antenna
technology in recent times. Reconfigurable antenna is a normal antenna which is
integrated with number of RF switches and can perform several capabilities in a single
design.
Antenna
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The integration of switches in conventional antenna design will alter the
characteristics of an antenna. The number of switches used in the design will contribute
to degradation of antenna performances. For every switch used in an antenna, a biasing
network is needed to activate and deactivate it. When the number of switches increased,
the biasing networks become more complicated and the antenna design will require
more space. In addition, this problem will give out a huge coupling between the biasing
networks and the elements in the antenna and it will degrade the performances of the
antenna. To overcome this problem, a new reconfigurable antenna design with reduced
number of switches will be constructed in this project.
1.3 Objectives of Research
This research will give a positive impact to the development of wireless
communication technology. The project will introduce a new design of a simple antenna
structure with an integration of RF switches to control the beam steering at desired
direction. The objectives of this project are:
i. To design, simulate and fabricate a dual band reconfigurable antenna with beam
steering capabilities which capable to steer the beam at three different directions
( right-side, left-side and front-side) using corresponding software.
ii. To integrate the PIN diode with microstrip antenna so that reconfigurability in
terms of radiation pattern can be performed.
1.4 Scope of Work
In order to achieve the objectives, several steps have been considered to
accomplish the proposed reconfigurable antenna. This includes a comprehensive
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literature review, which is required to obtain a reconfigurable antenna design. It is
important to build a basic knowledge on designing the proposed antenna and to identify
all the expected result in designing an antenna.
Proposed beam reconfigurable antenna was design at ISM and UNII band. For
this reason, this antenna is suitable to be used in WLAN application where proposed
antenna can generate three different radiation patterns with their main beam facing three
different directions at both operating frequencies (2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz). For
simulation process, Computer Simulation Technology in Microwave Studio software
was used as a simulation tools. All the antenna performances such as return loss, current
distribution and radiation pattern were carefully discussed and compared to
measurement result.
1.5 Layout of the Thesis
This thesis consists of 5 chapters which involve every step used to complete the
proposed reconfigurable antenna. The thesis layout is organized as follows:
Chapter 2 presents the basic literature review of printed antenna technology.
This chapter gives out an overview about the development of the printed antenna
technology which is very popular in current research field. This will include the usage of
printed antenna in smart antenna systems which incorporate the reconfigurable antenna.
The reconfigurable antenna is a subchapter in the smart antenna systems as this antenna
will allow the integration of RF switches within the antenna structures. This theoretical
knowledge will help to proceed with next subchapter as this subchapter is mainly about
the motivation of previous researches on the proposed reconfigurable antenna. As in this
chapter, all the previous researches related to dual band antennas, directive antennas,
and beam reconfigurable antennas are discussed. This reading will give basic knowledge
on the development of the proposed antenna structure.
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Chapter 3 discusses the steps taken to complete the design. This chapter will
focus on the design stage using appropriate software. Then, the fabrication stage had
stretched out on which involves software part, printing and hardware part. The final
stage of this chapter will include the measurement stage. This final stage can be used to
determine either the fabricated antenna is working at proposed frequency band or not.
Chapter 4 analyzes the proposed reconfigurable antenna design. This chapter
will discuss in details the proposed reconfigurable antenna, starting with dual band
antenna with half ground plane and dual band antenna with defected ground plane
technique. This chapter will continue on the integration of both antennas designed in
single plane array antenna configuration. As a final step in completing proposed antenna
design, there will be an introduction of PIN diode within the transmission line to
produce the proposed antenna to become beam reconfigurable antenna. This discussion
will discuss on the return loss data and radiation pattern data for each part. Finally,
conclusion and suggestions for future work will be concluded in Chapter 5.
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[11] M. A. Saed, "Reconfigurable Broadband Microstrip Antenna FED By A
Coplanar Waveguide," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 55, 227-
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[12] Brown, E.R.; , "RF-MEMS Switches For Reconfigurable Integrated Circuits,"
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pp.1868-1880, Nov 1998
[13] S. V. Shynu, G. Augustin, C. K. Aanandan, P. Mohanan, and K. Vasudevan,
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Using Varactor Diodes," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 60,
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Pattern And Frequency Reconfigurable Single Turn Square Spiral Microstrip
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