UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

GREEN CYCLING HELMET WITH ADJUSTABLE LIGHT

“BE SAFE BE SEEN”

This report submitted in accordance with requirement of the Universiti Teknikal

Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor Degree of Engineering Technology

In Product Design (Hons)

by

AHMAD FATHUL HAKIM BIN ROSLI

B071210396

901122-08-6243

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNLOGYs

2015

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA

TAJUK: MACHINABILITY STUDY UTILIZING VORTEX MACHINING APPROACH

- DELCAM SOFTWARE

SESI PENGAJIAN: 2014/2015 SEMESTER 2

Saya NUR EZZY FAZYRA BINTI MD.YUNUS

mengaku membenarkan Laporan PSM ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti

Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Laporan PSM adalah hak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dan penulis. 2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan

untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja dengan izin penulis. 3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan PSM ini sebagai bahan

pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.

4. **Sila tandakan ( ) SULIT

TERHAD

TIDAK TERHAD

(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan

atau kepentingan Malaysia sebagaimana yang termaktub

dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan

oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)

NUR EZZY FAZYRA BINTI MD.YUNUS

Alamat Tetap:

LOT 1696, JLN TANJUNG

LORONG NIPAH, KG TELUK

MENEGUN, SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR

Tarikh: ________________________

Disahkan oleh:

Cop Rasmi:

Tarikh: _______________________

** Jika Laporan PSM ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi

berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh laporan PSM ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai

SULIT atau TERHAD.

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

i

DECLARATION

I hereby, declared this report entitled SMART CYCLING HELMET WITH

ADJUSTABLE LIGHT is the results of my own research except as cited in

references.

Signature : …………………………………………………………………………

Author’s

Name

: AHMAD FATHUL HAKIM BIN ROSLI

Date :

ii

APPROVAL DECLARATION

A report entitled “SMART CYCLING HELMET WITH ADJUSTABLE LIGHT" has been submitted, checked and certified as meeting the requirements and need

Writing Project as specified.

Checked By:

Supervisor Name : MR. SYAHRUL AZWAN BIN SUANDI @

SUNDI

Supervisor Signature :

………………………………………………………………

Date :

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Assalammualaikum wbt. Firstly, I want infinite gratitude to the Almighty for His

divine grace and mercy. Bachelor Degree Project (BETU 3764) on title "Green

Cycling Helmet with Adjustable Light" is accomplished with criteria required and in

a timely manner.

I would like to express my gratitude to the Vice-Chancellor of the Universiti

Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Head of the Department of Engineering

Technology Faculty, Project Supervisor, Mr. Syahrul Azwan Bin Suandi @ Sundi

and Co Supervisor of Mr. Syafik Bin Jumali. Because of their support, I can set up

this Bachelor Degree Project with smoothly.

I would once again like to thank goes to any of the parties involved directly or

indirectly. A lot of love to my parents Mr. Rosli Bin Mohd Ghaus and Mrs. Rapitah

Binti Mohd Shariff who have a lot of encouragement and gave words of

encouragement to progress and continued success in this project So, the speech

ended with wabillahitaufik walhidayah wassalamualikum

warahmatullahiwabarakatuh.

iv

ABSTRACT

The Green Cycling Helmet is a new invention which strongly believed could give

impact in current industry especially green technology. This main focus in this

project is on the development of electronic circuit with electronic device such as

voltage booster, solar panel, rechargeable battery, USB port device and electronic

components. The casing was fabricated by using rapid prototyping machine. The

illumination light let the rider clearly visible in the night time which from supported

voltage from 12V to 30V. Super Flux LEDs 12V were used to increase the

illumination distance which could be used for recreation purpose or cycling activity

especially in night time. The functional prototype was fabricated based on the

research, ideation and proposed mechanism. There were few analysis carried on in

this project in order to validate the function of prototype to ensure the functionality

of the solar panel. In the result, the USB Port Device and solar panel was received

electric power source. The power from the sources is stored in the rechargeable

battery. As the conclusion, the development of a prototype of Green Cycling Helmet

is successful. In addition, research on the internet and thesis has been reviews relates

on this project. The idea, objective, scope of study and problem statement is

highlight to make the project is demand on the market.

.

v

ABSTRAK

Green Cycling Helmet adalah ciptaan baru yang amat percaya dapat memberikan

impak dalam industri semasa teknologi terutamanya hijau. Tumpuan utama dalam

projek ini adalah kepada pembangunan litar elektronik dengan peranti elektronik

seperti booster voltan, panel solar, bateri boleh dicas semula, peranti port USB dan

komponen elektronik. Perumah utama dihasilkan menggunakan mesin pembentukan

pantas. Pencahayaan membolehkan penunggang dapat dilihat dengan jelas di waktu

malam yang disokong oleh kuasa voltan dari 12V hingga 30V. Super Flux LED 12V

digunakan untuk meningkatkan jarak pencahayaan yang boleh digunakan untuk

tujuan rekreasi atau aktiviti berbasikal terutama di waktu malam. Prototaip berfungsi

berdasarkan kepada penyelidikan, penjanaan idea dan mekanisme yang dicadangkan.

Terdapat beberapa analisis yang dijalankan dalam projek ini bagi mengesahkan

fungsi prototaip untuk memastikan fungsi panel solar. Dalam keputusan itu, USB

Peranti Port dan panel solar telah diterima sumber kuasa elektrik. Penjanaan kuasa

daripada sumber-sumber yang disimpan di dalam bateri boleh dicas semula. Sebagai

kesimpulan, pembangunan prototaip Green Cycling Helmet adalah berjaya. Di

samping itu, penyelidikan di internet dan tesis telah ulasan berkaitan dalam projek

ini. Idea, objektif, skop kajian dan permasalahan adalah kemuncak untuk membuat

projek yang permintaan di pasaran.

vi

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION

APPROVAL DECLARATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

List of Figure

List of Table

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iv

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xiv

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction of a Project 1

1.2 Scope of Study 2

1.3 Problem Statement and Objective 3

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 4

2.2 Definition of Bicycle Helmet 4

2.2.1 Types of Helmet 5

2.3 Case Study (Internet and Journal) 6

2.3.1 Solar Power

2.3.1.1 Type of solar panels 2.3.1.2 Size of solar panel

7

8

11

2.3.2 Eye Vision 11

2.3.3 Green Technology 12

2.3.4 Health Awareness and Safety 14

2.3.5 Survey (Recreation) 24

2.3.6 Bicycle Sales 30

2.3.7 Cycling Participation 36

2.3.8 The Future in Bicycle 37

vii

3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Project Criteria 39

3.2 Flow Chart Process 41

3.2.1 Brief Explanation from Flow Chart Process 42

3.2.1.1 Research and Methods 42

3.2.1.2 Design Process 42

3.2.1.3 Design Output 43

3.2.1.4 Development Process 44

3.2.1.5 Testing and Analysing 44

3.3 Conceptual Design of Green Cycling Helmet 44

3.4 Pugh Method 47

3.5 Material Selection 48

3.5.1 Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)

Material

3.5.2 VisiJet® M3 Crystal

48

49

3.6. Rapid Prototyping Technologies (Fabrication) 50

3.6.1 ProJet™ HD 3500 3D Printers

3.6.2 BFB 3D Printer Machine

3.6.3 Advantages

50

51

52

3.7 Electronic Components Selection 53

3.7.1 Light Emitting Diode (LED)

3.7.2 3-LED Short Light Bar

3.7.3 Resistor

3.7.4 Capacitor

3.7.5 Printed Circuit Board

3.7.6 Two Pin Jumper Cap

3.7.7 Diode

3.7.8 Switches

53

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3.7.9 Terminal Block 61

viii

3.8 Electronic Device Selection 62

3.8.1 Boost Converter

3.8.2 Solar Panel

3.8.3 USB Port Device

3.8.4 Rechargeable Battery (3.7V)

62

63

63 64

3.9 Circuit Development 65

3.9.1 Sketching the Idea

3.9.2 Designing circuit diagram in software

3.9.3 Process of Development Circuit

3.9.4 Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

3.9.4.1Component Connection by Ratsnest

and Auto Router

3.9.5 Assembly stage

65

66

67

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69

3.10 Product Development and Assembly 70

3.10.1 Generate ideation and Concept Screening

3.10.2 Detailed Design

3.10.3 Assembly and Fabrication

3.10.4 Final Touch-Up

3.10.5 Finishing and Painting Stage

70

71

72

74

77

3.11 Bill of Material 79

4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Actual Prototype 80

4.2 Weight of each Assembly Parts 82

4.3 Designing Phase Utilizing Solidwork 2014/2015

CAD Sofware 83

4.3.1 Front parts

4.3.1.1 Drawing of Front Parts

4.3.2 Side Parts

4.3.2.1 Drawing of Front Parts

83

85

86

88

ix

4.3.3 Rear parts

4.3.3.1 Drawing of Rear parts

90

92

4.4 Assembly 93

4.4.1 Assembly of Front Parts

4.4.2 Assembly of Side Parts

4.4.3 Assembly of Rear Parts

93

94

94

4.5 Validation and Analyses Phase

4.5.1 Battery Charging Testing

4.5.1.1 Charging by Solar Power

4.5.1.2 Charging by USB Powered Electrical

4.5.2 Battery Reliability Testing

4.5.2.1 Only front LED light switched on.

4.5.2.2 Only rear LED light switched on.

4.5.2.3 Rear and Front LED Lights were

switched on

4.5.2.4 Charging Hand Phone

4.5.3 Illumination testing

95

96

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99

101

102

103

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106

108

4.6 Discussion

4.6.1 Discussion in Selection Components

4.6.2 Discussion in Development Prototype

111

112

113

5.0 CONCLUSION AND IMPROVEMENT FOR FUTURE

WORK

5.1 Conclusion

5.2 Improvement for Future Work

5.2.1 Improvement on Design and

Prototyping.

114

115

115

REFERENCE 118

APPENDIX A : GANTT CHART

APPENDIX B : APPLICATION FORM 1

APPENDIX C : APPLICATION FORM 2

121

124

125

x

LIST OF FIGURE

No. of Figure Figure Page

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

Figure 10

Figure 11

Figure 12

Figure 13

Figure 14

Figure 15

Figure 16

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Figure 18

Figure 19

Figure 20

Figure 21

Figure 22

Figure 23

Figure 24

Figure 25

Figure 26

Figure 27

Figure 28

Figure 29

: Complete System of Solar Mechanism……………………..

: Type of solar panels………………………………………...

: Various size of solar panel………………………………….

: Western Australia Head Injury Trends……………………..

: New Passenger Car and Bicycle Sales On 2012……………

: European Bicycle Sales in 2000-2011……………………...

: European Bicycle Production in 2011……………………...

: Flow Chart Process…………………………………………

: Flow Design Process……………………………………….

: Concept Design 1…………………………………………..

: Concept Design 2…………………………………………..

: Concept Design 3…………………………………………..

: Mechanism System and Assemblies Part Concept…………

: ABS Materials……………………………………………...

: ProJet™ HD 3500 3D Printers……………………………..

: BFB 3D Printer Machine…………………………………..

: Super Bright Light Emitting Diode (White LED) physical

size………………………………………………………….

: Bright Light Emitting Diode (Red LED) Physical size…….

: Light Emitting Diode (Green) Physical Size……………….

: 3-LED Short Light Bar……………………………………..

: Resistor 470 Ohm…………………………………………..

: Diagram of Resistor………………………………………...

: Capacitor 10uF 50V………………………………………...

: Printed Circuit Board……………………………………….

: Pin Jumper Cap……………………………………………..

: Diode………………………………………………………..

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Figure 30

Figure 31

Figure 32

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Figure 46

Figure 47

Figure 48

Figure 49

Figure 50

Figure 51

Figure 52

Figure 53

Figure 54

Figure 55

Figure 56

Figure 57

Figure 58

Figure 59

Figure 60

Figure 61

Figure 62

: Rocket Switch………………………………………………

: Power Toggle Switch………………………………………

: Terminal Block……………………………………………..

: Boost Converter…………………………………………….

: Solar Panel………………………………………………….

: USB Port Device……………………………………………

: USB Port Device…………………………………………… : Sketching of Complete Circuit Diagram…………………...

: Sub Schematic diagram (ISIS Sofware)…………………… : Full Schematic diagram (ISIS Sofware)……………………

: Completed Printed Circuit Board…………………………..

: Front Part Assembly………………………………………..

: Concept Selection…………………………………………..

: 3D Parts Assembly…………………………………………

: Result ( HD3500 Printer Machine )………………………...

: Melting Process…………………………………………….

: BFB 3D Printer Machine Parts……………………………..

: Front Part Assembly………………………………………..

: Acrylic and Aluminium Foil………………………………..

: Rear Part Components……………………………………...

: Rear Part Assembly………………………………………...

: Rear Part Assembly Connection……………………………

: Painting Stage (Front)………………………………………

: Painting Stage (Front)………………………………………

: Painting Stage (Rear)……………………………………….

: Actual Prototype (Side)…………………………………….

: Actual Prototype (Top)……………………………………..

: Actual Prototype (Back)……………………………………

: Actual Prototype (Front)……………………………………

: Actual Prototype (Isometric View)…………………………

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Figure 63

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Figure 93

: Front Part Concept………………………………………….

: Front Part 1 (Isometric View)………………………………

: Front Part 2 (Isometric View)………………………………

: Front Part 3 (Isometric View)……………………………… : Actual Front Part……………………………………………

: Drawing of Front Part 1…………………………………….

: Drawing of Front Part 2…………………………………….

: Drawing of Front Part 3…………………………………….

: Side Part Concept…………………………………………..

: Side Part 1(Isometric View)………………………………..

: Side Part 2 (Isometric View)……………………………….

: Side Part 3 (Isometric View)……………………………….

: Actual Side Part…………………………………………….

: Drawing of Side Part 1……………………………………..

: Drawing of Side Part 2……………………………………..

: Drawing of Side Part 3……………………………………..

: Rear Part Concept…………………………………………..

: Side Part 1(Isometric View)………………………………..

: Side Part 2(Isometric View)………………………………..

: Side Part 3(Isometric View)………………………………..

: Actual Rear Part 1…………………………………………..

: Actual Rear Part 2………………………………………….. : Drawing of Rear Part 1……………………………………..

: Drawing of Rear Part 2……………………………………..

: Drawing of Rear Part 3…………………………………….. : Assembly of Front Parts……………………………………

: Assembly of Side Parts……………………………………..

: Assembly of Rear Parts…………………………………….

: GDM-394 Multimeter………………………………………

: Laser Thermometer…………………………………………

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Figure 94

Figure 95

Figure 96

Figure 97

: Charging by Solar Power ( Battery Voltage and Current

Input)……………………………………………………......

: Charging by USB Powered (Percentage of Battery vs

Time)………………………………………………………..

: Charging by USB Powered (Voltage and Current)………...

: Battery Usage Testing (Percentage of Battery)…………….

: Battery Usage Testing (Rear Light)………………………..

: Battery Usage Testing (Percentage vs Voltage)……………

: Charging Handfone (Time vs Percentage of Battery)……...

: Charging Handfone (Battery Voltage vs Total Battery

Input)……………………………………………………….

: LEDs 3V……………………………………………………

: Comparison Size of Actual Battery and Improvement

Battery………………………………………………………

: Comparison Actual Solar Panel And Improvement Solar

Panel………………………………………………………...

107

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xiv

LIST OF TABLE

No. of Table Table Page

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Table 8

Table 9

Table 10

Table 11

Table 12

Table 13

Table 14

Table 15

Table 16

Table 17

Table 18

Table 19

Table 20

Table 21

Table 22

Table 23

Table 24

: Types of Helmet………………………………………………

: Types of Usage………………………………………………..

: Solar System Design…………………………………………..

: Advantages and disadvantages solar system design…………..

: Health Benefit…………………………………………………

: Recreation Activities by Gender (Men)……………………….

: Recreation Activities by Gender (Women)…………………...

: Percent and number of people 16 years and older in the U.S

participating in 12 types of outdoor recreational activities,

1999-2003……………………………………………………..

: Injury savings predicted by case-control studies……………...

: The bicycle unit sales from 2000-2013……………………….

: Specialty Bicycle Sales By Year, Units, 2005-2012………….

: European Bicycle Sales Data in 2000-2011…………………..

: European Bicycle Production Data in 2011…………………..

: Pugh Evaluation Method (Decision Matrix Method)…………

: Properties of VisiJet® M3 Crystal……………………………

: Technical Specification and Description of BFB 3D Printer

Machine……………………………………………………….

: Advantages of 3D Printer……………………………………..

: Super Bright Light Emitting Diode (White LED) Properties…

: Bright Light Emitting Diode (Red LED) Properties………….

: Bill of Material………………………………………………..

: Weight of Each Assembly Parts………………………………

: Charging by Solar Power……………………………………..

: Charging by USB Powered Electrical………………………...

: Analysis Testing 1(Front LED’s)……………………………..

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Table 25

Table 26

Table 27

Table 28

Table 29

Table 30

Table 31

Table 32

Table 33

: Analysis Testing 2 (Rear LED’s)……………………………..

: Analysis Testing 3 (Front and Rear LED’s)………………….

: Analysis Testing 4 (Charging Handfone)…………………….

: Illumination Testing 1 (Outside House/Front Light)…………

: Illumination Testing 2 (Outside House/Rear Light)………….

: Illumination Testing 3 (Recreation Park/Front Light)………..

: Illumination Testing 4 (Recreation Park/RearLight)………….

: Illumination Testing 5 (Dark Place/Front Light)……………...

: Illumination Testing 6 (Dark Place/Rear Light)………………

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1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction of a Project

In the present of era global competition through modernization and use of

advanced technology is rapid growing. Correspondingly, this competition also leads

to the impression that covers every corner of life aspects involving the upgrading of a

country. For this reason, economic stability and development can make a life be

more organized. In other words, the higher economy of country, the higher will be

seen by other countries in different perspective. Thus, the creation and renewal is

also an important skill that must be possessed by every individual, especially the

designer to produce forms in accordance with the concept of a product. Generally

speaking, the combination of technical skills and knowledge will produce a new

creation and produce a profitable business opportunity.

Process, creation and developments of design are a methods used in solving

problems that exists in everyday of life. So, the life can be more perfect pose. In the

context of the process as well as design, technology is an important element in

making project design. It will be more dynamic, creativity and efficient in

2

production. Scope designing is very important process in the production of a product.

Normally, this process takes time. The process of designing is the process where

rough ideas about a product which merged and formed an ergonomic and best

products.

To meet the challenges in the design, this project is design and develops

Green Cycling Helmet with Adjustable Light for cycling activity and recreation

purposes. This helmet gain power rather than absorb solar energy by solar panels and

electric power via USB. The power source is stored in the rechargeable battery.

Therefore, Green Cycling Helmet with Adjustable Light is a new platform that will

create from early stage of design until fabricates the prototype. For early design,

there are few combination parts and components is attach into this project to

accomplish the mechanism system on this project. In order to make sure this project

is implemented in right way, there is more research on how this project can be made

with successful in literature review and methodology.

In addition, Green Cycling Helmet with Adjustable Light is reflects to the full

system integrated to the design which is hoping to assists the user to be seen at the

night time with clear vision and the brightness of LEDs can lights up the dark area.

Furthermore, the mechanism system consist white LEDs and red LEDs mounted on

the front and rear helmet’s which light up the front vision and rear attention. Besides

that, the mechanism system required a solar powers panel, high intensity LEDs Light

system, electronics components such as relay and switch. Equally important, the

system will be created and to be adapted is a set of switch to turn ON or turn OFF.

Apart from its usefulness, in the day time the helmet being worn as safety for user on

the same time the solar powered battery can be recharged.

1.2 Scope of Study

Scope of this project covers on peoples in variety of age and gender. This

project is categorized into two phases which is the functionality and the mechanism

3

of the system. For functionality, this project is make the cycler or user use it at the

night time with clear vision and the brightness of LED can lights up the dark area.

The rechargeable battery is gain the power (volt) from the energy by harvested solar

panel and electric power. The solar panel is harvest the energy from the sunlight.

Other than that, electric power is gain through via USB. On the other hand,

the mechanism that we used involves LED high intensity, rechargeable battery and

electronic circuit system. The selection of material is also very important in

fabricating the casing and the adjustable part.

1.3 Problem Statement and Objectives

The main concept of Green Cycling Helmet was to increase the level of

community awareness towards their health by involving in doing recreational

activities either in the day or night time. Indirectly, this method can help people care

about their health and facilitates people during the activity. Since there were who are

not really aware about the concept of green technology towards the top and health

awareness in their health care. Therefore, the objectives of this project are as follow:

1. To design a complete functioning mechanism with system applying green

concept such as solar pad for alternative energy.

2. To develop a complete prototype with integrated LEDs light front and rear of

cycle helmet.

3. To validate the prototype by carrying out a few analyses such as battery

reliability testing, battery charging, time observation illumination intensity

testing.

4

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

To generate a Green Cycling Helmet with Adjustable Light project, reading

study was conducted to determine the type of materials to be used with appropriate

restraint systems. Various aspects need to be considered in this study. Every aspect

studied carefully to ensure the project runs smoothly. Additionally, this study can

reduce the overall cost of expenses. For the most part, this study examined the

technical and theoretical concepts that are related to mechanical and electronic

technologies used in the present. Overall, this study is to facilitate the launch of the

project during the manufacturing work plan schedule. Every study done must be

adopted in accordance with predetermined specifications to ensure that the project is

generated can be beneficial to consumers.

2.2 Definition of Bicycle Helmet

According from literature by Reeves and Christopher (August 06, 2014),

bicycle helmets are designed to protect the head and while minimizing side effects

such as irritation of peripheral vision. Under those circumstances, bicycle helmets

should generally be lighter in weight and with adequate ventilation. Equally

5

important, helmet is a kind of safety helmets used by cyclists. The main goal of a

helmet is to protect the cycler's head from bumps, although many helmets provide

additional facilities. Furthermore, bicycle helmets are constructed from plastic, often

comes with fabrics and foam on the inside for comfort and protection.

2.2.1 Types of Helmet

According from review journal by Liu BC, Ivers R, Norton R et al published

in The Cochrane Library (2009), these are descriptions the popular types of bicycle

helmet category. Table 1 shows the types of helmet and their description while Table

2 shows the types of usage.

Table 1 : Types of Helmet

Types Description Figure

Road

Helmet

The original bike helmets were made

for bicycling on roads and road

racing. As they have evolved, they

mostly had an elongated shape,

always with vents, and are usually

made with EPS foam covered by a

thin plastic shell.

Commuter

The term coined by Bell in 2004

when they introduced their Metro

model. It has come to mean a helmet

with a rounded shape, rather than the

elongated road style. Has vents, and is

usually made with EPS foam covered

by a thin plastic shell. It sometimes

has accessories such as mirrors,

winter ear flaps and rear blinkers that

are useful for commuting.

6

Table 2 : Types of Usage

Types Description

Youth

Usually a small or medium road or mountain helmet, designed for

riders from about 10 to 15. Graphics usually reflect youthful themes.

Has vents and is usually made with EPS foam covered by a thin

plastic shell.

Child

It is focus on children between the ages of 5 and 10. Can be just a

smaller youth model, resembling a road helmet, or can have a rounder

shape like a toddler helmet. It is tested under the CPSC standard with

exactly the same head form weight and drops as an adult helmet.

2.3 Case Study (Internet and Journal)

A case study is one of the research methods to review the previous history in

order to get the idea, project concept development, project methods and so on. In

other words, case study is one of the mechanisms for our references to grab and get

more knowledge about some research or product or what else that has done by

previous researcher. It viewed the scientific process and concept based on their

experimental. Usually, it comes out like journal, books, article and so on. The

component of case study is the actual research where they use the fact and logical

concept that nobody can argue their research.

The case studies made via the internet and certain reference materials.

However, the study is primarily made through the internet for a variety of

information can be obtained without limits. Via the internet, reading and facts listed

on the web site also helps get the problem statement. Internet is one of the studies

carried out to obtain a variety of information quickly and easily. Through this

medium, various theories can be attributed to this project.

7

2.3.1 Solar Power

Nowadays, there are a phenomenon discovered where a solar panel was

generate an electricity using the photovoltaic effect. Stated from Solar Electricity

Handbook 2012 Edition, Michael Boxwell, (2012), the phenomenon was found by a

scientist who observed that certain materials produced an electric current when

exposed to light. In addition, solar transfer the energy to electricity could be a

wonderful concept where it can take power from the sun to generate power to

electrical equipment.

According from review from internet (http://sciencelearn.org.nz) on title

Science Stories Harnessing the Sun Photovoltaic, sunlight can be converted into

useable electricity by using photovoltaic cells. ‘Photo’ means light and ‘voltaic’

means relating to electricity. In general, a solar cell is a device that converts the

energy of sunlight directly into electricity or energy by the photovoltaic effect.

Sometimes the term solar cell is reserved for devices intended specifically to capture

energy from sunlight. Assemblies of cells are used to make solar panels, solar

modules, or photovoltaic arrays. Henceforth, photovoltaic is the field of technology

and research related to the application of solar cells in producing electricity for

practical use. The energy generated this way is an example of solar energy.

In engineering, dozens of solar cells that connected together it can make a

larger energy can be generated by the solar panel. But, the efficiency of solar power

system still poor compare to other sources. There are several factors that affect the

efficiency of this system which is solar cell efficiency, intensity of source radiation

and storage technique. The output power has to be maximized in order to increase the

efficiency instead of the aesthetic value in design of solar panel. There are several

ways to generate this energy but the best way is by using solar cells packaged in a

PV module. PV modules are the basic element of each PV system that is consists of

many jointly connected solar cells. Figure 1 shows the complete mechanism system

is solar powered.