UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

PERFORMANCE OF PENAEUSINDICUS, CULTURED UNDER THREE SALINITIES WITH DIET CONTAINING

VARYING ENERGY LEVELS AND KILKA, CLUPEONELLA DELICATULA, OIL SUPPLEMENTATION IN THE

NORTH OF PERSIAN GULF, I.R. IRAN

ABDUL HAMID YAZDANI JAHROMI

IB 2001 9

PERFORMANCE OF PENAEUS INDICUS, CULTURED UNDER THREE SALINITIES WITH DIET CONTAINING VARYING ENERGY LEVELS AND KILKA, CLUPEONELLA DELICATULA, OIL SUPPLEMENTATION IN THE

NORTH OF PERSIAN GULF, I.R. IRAN

BY

ABDUL HAMID YAZDANI JAHROMI

Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Institute of Bioscience

Universiti Putra Malaysia

May 2001

To my parents

for their true love, constant trust and principles that guide my life

To my wife

for her devotion, understanding and support during all difficulties

To my children

for making everything worthwhile

and

to many people whose works hard to improve the knowledge of human for peaceful living

i i

Abstract of the thesis presented to the Senate ofUniversiti Putra Malaysia in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Phylosophy

PERFORMANCE OF PENAEUS INDICUS, CULTURED UNDER THREE SALINITIES WITH DIET CONTAINING VARYING ENERGY LEVELS AND KILKA, CLUPEONELLA DELICATULA, OIL SUPPLEMENTATION IN THE

NORTH OF PERSIAN GULF, I.R. IRAN

BY ABDULHAMID YAZDNI JAHROMI

May 2001

Chairman: Che Roos Saad, Ph.D

Faculty : Institute of Bioscience

The effects of varying energy and kilka oil levels on the performances of

Indian prawn Penaeus indicus were evaluated in a 35 day experimental period

in three water salinities (25, 35 and 45 ppt). For each salinity, four

experimental diets with energy levels of 3500, 3800,4 100 and 4400kcallkg,

each containing three kilka (C/upeonel/a de/icatu/a) oil levels of 2, 4, 6%

(totaling 12 experimental diets) were fonnulated using Lindo softwear

program. All diets were isonitrogenous (40% protein) and fed at 8 percent of

body weight to 36 groups of200 juvenile shrimps (P. indicus) in each level of

salinity. The results showed that under 25 ppt salinity, the diet containing

4 100 kcaV kg with 4% kilka oil showed the best results. For 35 ppt, 3800

kcaV kg with kilka oil level of 6 % was the suitable energy level. At 45 ppt,

iii

the best result was observed for the shrimp fed with 3500 kcall kg at 6% kilka

oil level. It thus appeared that energy requirement vary with salinity. It also

revealed that the energy to protein ratio of 1 10-1 1 8 kcaU g proteins was the

most suitable ratio for the growth of the shrimp under different salinities. The

incorporation of kilka oil in the diet as a source of energy and essential fatty

acids showed a satisfactory growth performance of the prawn. The n-3 fatty

acid of shrimp body tissue increased with the increasing the dietary n-3 fatty

acid levels.

iv

PER,fDSTAKAAN UNIVERSITI PlJTRA MALAYSIA

Abstrak tesis dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai memenuhi syarat untuk mendapatkan Ijazah Doktor Falsafah.

PENAMPILAN PENAEUS INDICUS YANG DlKULTUR DALAM AIR MENGANDUNGI TIGA SALINITI BERLAINAN DENGAN DIET

MENGANDUNGI PELBAGAI TINGKAT TENAGA DAN MINY AK KILKA, CLUPEONELLA DELICATULA, DI UTARA TELUK PARSI, I.R. IRAN

Oleh

ABDULHAMID YAZDANIJAHROMI

May 2001

Pengerusi: Che Roos Saad, Ph.D

Faculti: Institut Biosains

Kesan perbedaan tenaga dan peringkat minyak ikan kilka (C/upeonel/a de/icatu/a)

yang berbeda terhadap penampilan udang India Panaeus indicus yang dipelihara

selama 35 hari di dalam air yang mempunyai tiga saliniti (25, 35 dan 45 ppt) telah

dinilaikan. Untuk setiap peringkat saliniti, empat diet uj ian yang mengandungi 3500,

3800, 4 1 00 dan 4400 kcal/kg tenaga, di mana setiap peringkat tenaga pula

mengandungi tiga peringkat minyak 2, 4, dan 6% (keseluruhan berjumlah 12 diet

ujian) telah disediakan dengan penggunaan program perisian LINDO. Kesemua diet

adalah isonitrogenus (40% protein) dan telah diberi makan sebanyak 8 peratus dari

berat badan kepada 36 kumpulan yang setiap kumpulan terdiri dari 200 juwana

udang P. indicus bagi setiap tahap saliniti. Untuk udang yang dipelihara dalam air

ber saliniti 25ppt., diet yang mengandungi 4 1 00 kcal/kg dan 4% minyak ikan kilka

telah memberikan hasil yang terbaik. Bagi udang yang dipelihara dalam air

v

bersaliniti 35 ppt pula, diet mengandungi 3S00kcal/kg bersama 6% minyak ikan

adalah paling sesuai. Sementara udang yang dipel ihara dalam air bersaliniti 45 ppt

pula, diet yang sesuai ialah yang mengandungi 3500 kcal/kg dan 6% minyak ikan.

Kajian ini telah menunjukkan keperluan tenaga adalah berbeda bagi udang yang

dipel ihara dalam air bersalainan salinity. Kaj ian ini juga menunjukkan nisbah tenaga

kepada protein 1 1 0-1 1 S kcal/g adalah yang paling sesuai untuk pertumbuhan udang

dalam saliniti yang berbeda. Pertambahan minyak ikan kilka dalam diet sebagai

sumber tenaga dan asid lemak yang penting, telah memberikan prestasi pertumbuhan

udang yang memuaskan. Kadar n-3 asid lemak dalam daging udang meningkat

dengan meningkatnya kadar n-3 asid lemak dalam pemakanan.

vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Words are not enough to express my sincere appreciation for the people who were

involved in my training towards obtaining this degree. I am very grateful to Iranian

Fisheries Company and Iranian Fisheries Research Centre for giving me an

opportunity and financing this research project which leads to my Ph. D study. First

and formost I am very thankful to my supervisor, Dr Che Roos Saad for his

guidance, objective discussions and criticisms, encouragement and support

throughout the course of the study. I am also indebted to the members of my

supervisory committee, Dr. Razak bin Alimon, Prof Dr. Ali Nikkhah for providing

guidance and constructive suggestions.

I would like to thank Mr. Jalali, Mr. Lahijanian, Dr. Salehi, , Mr. Yasaei Dr,

Shafiepour, Dr. Riezvani, Dr. Masomiyan, Mr. Karimi, Mr. Abdolhi, Dr.

Hossinzadeh and Dr. Matinfard.

Thanks are extended to Dr. Pyman Rostaeian for providing guidance and analyzing

fatty acids of the samples during early stages of this study. I am also thankful to

technical staff of Kolahi Hatchery at Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan Province, I .R, Iran,

especially Mr. Mahdavi, Mr. Ataei and Mr. Furozan who are my technical advisors,

Mr. Massandani, Mr.Amimegad, and last but not least is Dr. Banadarakhshan other

staffs involved direct or indirectly in this project.

vii

I am also very thankful to the staff of Kilka Company especially Mr. Abdullahi, Mr.

Fahim, Mr. Solehi and also the Director General of Shilat Trade Company, Mr.

Hosseini and Mr. Shakori with whose help I could continue my study in Malaysia.

viii

I certify that an Examination Committee met on 16th April 2001 to conduct the final examination of Abdulhamid Yazdani Jahromi. on his Doctor of Philosophy thesis entitled " Performance of Penaeus Indicus, Cultured Under Three Salinities with Diet Containing Varying Energy Leveis and Kilka, Clupeonella Delicatula, Oil Supplementation in the North of Persian Gulf, I.R. Iran" in accordance with Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree) Act 1980 and Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree) Regulations 1981. The Committee recommends that the candidate be awarded the relevant degree. The Committee Members for the candidate are as follows:

Dahlan Ismail, Ph.D Professor Faculty of Agriculture Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman of viva)

Che Roos Saad, Ph.D Lecturer Institute of Bioscience Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member)

Razak Alimon, Ph.D Associated Professor Faculty of Animal Science Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member)

Ali Nikhkah, Ph.D Professor Faculty of Animal Science University Tehran I.R. Iran (Member) (Member)

Ahyaudin B. Ali Ph.D Professor Universiti Sains Malaysia

(Independent Examiner)

MOH . Ali MOHA YIDIN, PH.D, Profes 7Deputy Dean of Graduate School, Universiti Putra Malaysia Date: 1 5 MAY WDl

ix

This thesis submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia has been accepted as

fulfilment of the requirement for degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

AINI IDERIS. Ph. D. Professor Dean of Graduate School Universiti Putra Malaysia

Date: 1 4 JUN 2001

x

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the thesis is based on my original work except for quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at UPM or other institutions.

xi

� Abdul Hamid Yazdani Jahromi 15 May 2001

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

DEDiCATION...... ...... .......... ........ ... ......... ... ......... ........ ii ABSTRACT.................................................................. iii ABSTRAK... ............... .................. ... ..•...... ...... ............. v ACKN"OWLEDGMENTS................................................ Vii APPROVAL SHEETS ix DECLARATION FORM xi LIST OF TABLES......................................................... xii LIST OF FIGURES...... .................. ........................... ..... xix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS............ ............ ............ ........ Xxi

CHAPTER

I INTRODUCTION ............................................ . Background of the study ...................................... . Statement of the problem ................................... . Significance of the study ..................................... .. Objectives

II LITERATURE REVIEW .................................. .. Penaeids .......................................................... . Penaeus indicus ................................................ ..

Biology ................................................. .. Distribution ............................................. .. Fisheries ............................................... .. Culture .................................................. .

Penaied shrimp nutrition ................................... . Protein requirement in shrimp Lipid and fatty acid requirements ......................... . Essential fatty acid for penaeid shrimp ...................... . Effects of salinity on shrimp growth . . ....................... . Least cost ........................................................ .

III GENERAL MEmODOLOGY ........................... .. Proximate Analysis .....•..................................•.•..

Crude protein ............................................ . Lipid ....................................................... . Moisture ................................................. .. Crud Ash .................................................. . Crud Fiber ................................................ . Nitrogen-Free Extract ...•..•....•.••.....•............

Total Carbohydrate ...................................... . Gross Energy .............................................. . Determination of the total l ipids ................... .. Amino acid analysis .................................... ..

xii

I I 5 6

1 1

12 12 14 14 16 17 17 18 2 1 23 25 30 36

38 38 39 39 40 4 1 4 1 42 43 43 44 44

IV

V

VI

Page Fatty acid analysis........................................ 45

Linear Programming............................................. 46 Additives......................................................... 5 1 Preparation of test diets......................................... 54 Pellet Stability.................................................... 61 Prawn Maintenance............................................. 62 Study Area....................................................... 63 Concrete Experimental Tanks................................. 63 Feeding Rate...................................................... 65 Nutritional Parameters.... ...................... .... ... ......•.. 66 Water Quality Measurements.................. ...... .......... 66

Dissolved Oxygen (D.O.).............................. 66 PH.......................................................... 67 Ammonium Ion.......................................... 67

Statistical Analysis.............................................. 68

EFFECTS OF VARYING ENERGY LEVELS AN KILKA OIL SUPLIMENTAION ON TH PERFORMANCE OF THE WHITE INDIA PRAWN PENAEUS INDICUS CULTURED UNDE 25 PPT SALINITY IN THE NORTH OF PERSIA GULF, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN ............. .. Materials and Methods ........................................ .. Results ........................................................... .

Diet Fonnulation using Linear Programming .. Quality of Pellets ................................ .. Water Quality in Experimental Tanks ....... .. Growth Response of P. indicus ............. ..

Discussion ...................................................... .

EFFECTS OF VARYING ENERGY LEVELS AN KILKA OIL SUPLIMENTAION ON TH PERFORMANCE OF THE WHITE INDIA PRAWN PENAEUS INDICUS CULTURED UNDE 35 PPT SALINITY IN THE NORTH OF PERSIA GULF, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN ............. .. Materials and Methods ........................................ ..

69

70 7 1 75 75 76 8 1

1 00

1 04

1 05 Results............................................................ 106

Water Quality in Experimental Tanks................ 106 Discussion........................................................ 1 28

THE EFFECTS OF VARYING ENERGY LEVEL AND KILKA OIL SUPLIMENTAION ON TH PERFORMANCE OF THE WHITE INDIA PRAWN PENAEUS INDICUS CULTURED UNDE 45 PPT SALINITY IN THE NORTH OF PERSIA GULF,ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN ............... ..

xiii

1 3 1

x

Page

Materials and Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 32 Results............................................................ 133

Water Quality in Experimental Tanks................ 1 33 Discussion........................................................ 1 53

GENERAL DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AN RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Salinity and energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . Dietary lipid effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Effects of salinity on fatty acid profile and biochemica composition ..................................................... . Effects of salinity on FCR ............................... .. Conclusions ..................................................... . Recommendations ............................................. ..

1 56 1 57 1 63 1 65

1 69 1 70 1 7 1

REFRENCES..... .•...•..... ......•.. .•.. .•... .•.. ••.•. •••.•••.•••. ••....• 1 73

VITA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1 9 1

xiv

Table

I . l

1 .2

1 .3

1 .4

2 . 1

3 . 1

3 .2

3 .3

3 .4

3 .5

3.6

3 .7

3.8

3 .9

3 . 10

3 . 1 1

4 . 1

LIST OF TABLES

Annual production per hectare in different provinces i I.R.IRAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .

Annual Shrimp production in Islamic Republic of Iran between 1 992 to 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

Some physico-chemical parameters of water and soil in different provinces in I.R. Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Comparison Kilka oil fatty acid profile with some other commercial fish oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , ..... . . . . ... . . . .... . . . .

Relation ship between hemolymph osmolality and external osmolality for different penaeids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

Complete Mineral Premix for Shrimp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Multivitamin Supplement for Prawn in Compound Feed.

Physical Characteristics for Shrimp Feed ... . . . . . . . . . ... . . .

Composition of dietary kilka (Clupeonella delicatula) oil in the test diets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Composition of feed A (3500 kcal energy) . . . . . . . . .. .... .

Composition of feed B (3800 kcal energy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Composition of feed C (4 1 00 kcal energy) . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .

Composition of feed D (4400 kcal energy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Specification of experimental diet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Description of Experimental Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Daily Feeding Rate and Schedule for Shrimp of Variou Sizes .............. ............................................ ..... .

Proximate Analyses on the Whole Body of Wild Shrimp P. indicus (wet basis) . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xv

Page

4

4

5

8

35

52

53

54

S5

56

57

58

59

60

65

65

72

Table

4.2a

4.2b

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

4.9

4. 1 0

4. 1 1

4 . 12

4.13

Percentage of amino acids in whole tissue of wild shrimp, P. indicus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Percentage of fatty Acids in Whole tissue of wild shrimp, P. indicus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ..

Proximate composition of ingredients used in the twelve formulated test diets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . ..

Optimal Solution for the Formulation of Feed with Varying Levels of Protein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Proximate Composition of Twelve Experimental Diets Fed to P. indicus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Selected fatty acid content of the experimental feed ( total fatty acids) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Water quality data in experimental tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mean final body weight, Body weight gain, Specific growth rate, survival rate, Feed conversion ratio and Yield of P. indicus fed experimental diets after 35 day culture period in the water with salinity of25%0 . . . . . . . . .

Proximate composition and fatty acids of P. indicus fed experimental diets after 35-day culture period in the water with salinity of250/00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mean body weight, Body gain, Specific growth rate, survival rate, Feed conversion ratio Yield, of P. indicus fed experimental diets after 35 day culture period in the water with salinity of25 pt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Proximate Composition and fatty acids of P. indicus fed experimental diets after 35 day culture period in the water with salinity of25 ppt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Mean body weight, Body weight gain, Specific growth rate, survival rate, Feed conversion ratio and Yield of P. indicus fed experimental diets after 35 day culture period in the water with salinity of250/00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .

Proximate Composition of body Shrimp Fed Test Diet (dry basis) .................................................................. ..

xvi

Page

72

73

74

77

78

79

80

82

85

86

90

9 1

92

Table

4. 14

5 .1

5 .2

5 .3

5 .4

5.5

5 .6

5 .7

6.1

6.2

6.3

6.4

Selected fatty acid content of the shrimp reared on 25ppt water salinity (% total fatty acids) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . ... . . . .. .

Water quality data in experimental tanks . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

Mean final body weight, body weight gain, specific growth rate, survival rate, feed conversion ratio and yield of P. indicus fed experimental diets after 35 day culture period in the water with salinity of 35%0 . . . . . . . . . . . .

Proximate composition and fatty acid content of P. indicus (base of energy levels) reared on 35ppt water salinity (% total fatty acids) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Growth response, proximate composition and fatty acid content of P.indicus reared on 35ppt water salinity (base of Kilka oil level.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mean final body weight, Body weight gain, Specific growth rate(SGR), survival rate(SVR), Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and Yield of P. indicus fed experimentaldiets after 35 day culture period in the water with salinity of 35%0 . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .

Proximate Composition of body Shrimp Fed Test Diets (dry basis) Reared in Sea Water with 35ppt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selected fatty acid content of the shrimp reard under 35ppt water salinity (% total fatty acids) .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

Mean final body weight, Body weight gain, Specific growth rate, survival rate, Feed conversion ratio and Yield of P. indicus fed experimental diets after 35 day culture period in the water with salinity of 45960 .. . . . . . . .

Proximate Composition and fatty acid content of P. indicus (base on energy levels) reared under 45 ppt water salinity (% total fatty acids) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .

growth response Proximate Composition and fatty acid content of P.indicus (base on energy levels) reared on 45ppt water salinity (% total fatty acids) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

Mean final body weight, Body weight gain, Specific growth rate, survival rate, Feed conversion ratio and Yield of P. indicus fed experimental diets after 35 day culture period in the water with salinity of 45960 . . . . . . . . . .

xvii

Page

95

1 06

107

III

1 1 6

1 1 7

12 1

1 23-124

134

137

138

140

Table

6.5

6.6

7 . 1

Proximate Composition of body Shrimp Fed Test Diets (dry basis) Reared in Sea Water with 45ppt. . . . . . . . . . . .

Selected fatty acid content of the shrimp reard on 45ppt water salinity (% total fatty acids) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

Yield of the P .indicus fed experimental diets in different salinity levels(25, 35 and 45 ppt) with effect energy /protein ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

xviii

Page

142

144- 145

16 1

Figures

2. 1

3. 1

4 . 1

4.2

4.3

4.4a

4.4b

5 . 1

5.2

5 .3

5.4

5.5

5.6

LIST OF FIGURES

Production of shrimp, by species in the world 1999 FAO, ( 1 999) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

Map of the Islamic Republic of Iran Showing the Study Areas and Distribution of P.indicus in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . ... .

Mean body weight (g) of P. indicus reared in 25 ppt water salinity within each energy level during the culture period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mean body weight, Gain and SGR shrimp reared in 25 ppt salinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

Some fatty acid profile of shrimp reared in 25ppt water salinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Some fatty acid profile of shrimp reared in 25ppt water salinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . .... . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

Some Fatty acid profile of shrimp reared in 25ppt water salinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

Mean body weight (g) of P. indicus reared in 35ppt water salinity within each energy level during the culture period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mean body weight (g) of P.indicus reared in 35ppt water salinity within each energy level during the culture period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

Fatty acid profile 14:00, 16 :00, 1 6: 1 n-7 and 1 8 :00 in feed and shrimp body reared in 35 ppt water salinity . . . . .

Fatty acid 1 8: 1 , 1 8 :2n-6, 1 83-n-3 and 20:4n-6 profile in feed and shrimp body reared in 45 ppt water salinity . . . .

Fatty acids 20:5n-3, 22:6n-3, PUF A and MUF A profile of feed and shrimp reared in35 ppt water salinity . . . . . . .

Fatty acid n3/n6, UnsatlSat, n3 and n6 profile of feed and shrimp reared in 45 ppt water salinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xix

Page

1 8

64

83

89

97

98

99

1 09

1 14

1 20

1 22

1 26

1 26

Figures

6.1

6.2

6.3

6.4

6.5

6.6

7. 1

7.2

Average mean body weight (g) of P. indicus reared in 45 ppt water salinity within energy level during the culture period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Average mean body weight (g) of P. indicus reared in 45 ppt water salinity within each energy level during the culture period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fatty acid profile 14:00, 1 6:00, 1 6: 1 n-7 and 1 8:00 in feed and shrimp body reared in 45 ppt water saHnity

Fatty acid 1 8: 1 , 1 8 :2n-6, 1 83-n-3 and 20:4n-6 profile in feed and shrimp body reared in 45 ppt water salinity

Fatty acids 20:5n-3, 22:6n-3, PUFA and MUFA profile of feed and shrimp reared in45 ppt water salinity

Fatty acid n3/n6, UnsatlSat, n3 and n6 profile of feed and shrimp reared in 45 ppt water salinity

Mean body weight, Gain , Specific growth rate, Survival rate, Yield and Feed conversion ratio P. indicus fed experimental diets after 35 day culture period in the water with different salinities 25, 35, & 45 ppt . . . . . . . . . .

Yield of the P.indicus fed diets in different salinity levels(25, 35 and 45 ppt) with effect energy /protein ratio fed with diets containing different lipid levels . . . . . .

7.3 Mean body weight, Gain , Specific growth rate, Survival rate, Feed conversion ratio, Yield and fatty acids of P. indicus fed diets after 35 day culture period in the water

7.4a

7.4b

7.5

with different salinities 25, 35, & 45%0 ppt . . . . . . . . . . . .

Selected fatty acid content of the shrimp reared in different salinities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

Selected fatty acid content of the shrimps fed diets with different level of energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Proximate composition of P. indicus fed experimental diets after 35 day culture period in the water with different salinity 25, 35, & 45%0 ppt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

NE = Essential amino acid ratio

ANOVA = Analysis of variance

CGAF = Calories per gram ash-free dry weight

CLO = Cod liver oil

DW = Dry weight

EPL= Early postlarvae

FAME = Fatty acid methyl esters

HUF A = Highly unsaturated fatty acids

LL= Late larvae

LSD = Least significant difference

MBW= Mean body weight

MDS = Mean developmental stage

MUF A = Monounsaturated fatty acids

PL = Postlarval

ppm = Part per million

ppt = Part per thousand

PUF A = Polyunsaturated fatty acids

sd = Standard deviation

SF A = Saturated fatty acids

SGR= specific growth rate

SVR= Survival rate

xxi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

From modest beginnings more than thirty years ago, cultured shrimp from

commercial aquaculture operations now contributes at least 25% to the world's total

supply of shrimp. Shrimp fanning continues to be one of the fastest growing sectors

of the entire aquaculture industry. The 1980's and 1990's have been a period of

particularly explosive growth. Over the last decade ( 1985- 1995), the contribution

from fann-raised shrimp to the total world supply of shrimp has grown by

approximately 400%(Rosenberry, 2000).

The major cultured shrimp producing countries at the present time are Thailand,

Ecuador, Indonesia, Philippines and India. Worldwide, there are approximately

50,000 fanns that occupy almost 1 .2 million hectares of land (approx. 3 million

acres). The Eastern hemisphere accounts for 75% of the total production while the

Western Hemisphere accounts for 25% of the production. Total revenues generated

from the production of fann-raised shrimp worldwide was recently estimated at

US$5-6 billion annually (Fish Fanning 2000).

Today's world market for fann-raised shrimp continues to be characterized by strong

product demand and all signs point towards the continuing expansion of the shrimp

2

farming industry. Many seafood buyers worldwide recognize that the farm-raised

product is superior to the wild product in many instances.

This is due to the farmers ability to freeze shrimp on-site within hours of the harvest,

locking in the freshness. In light of this, tremendous marketing oppOitunities exist for

premium quality farm-raised shrimp. The three major markets for farm-raised shrimp

are the United States, Europe and Japan. However, a number of new and developing

markets throughout the world are now demanding higher and higher levels of this

fine and easily accessible product (Fish Farming 2000).

Long southern coastline (2000 km) of the Islamic Republic of Iran along the coastal

waters of Northern Persian Gulf and Oman Sea offers a tremendous culture potential

for both marine fish and shrimp. This culture potential was first realized by Shi lat

(Iranian Fisheries Company) in mid 80, ( 1 984-1 986). Consequently in 1 989, the first

feasibility study and development project was funded jointly by United Nations

Development Program (UNDP) and Shilat, and was carried out with the help of

Asian experts contracted through the UN Food & Agriculture Organization (F AO).

Construction began in 1 99 1 on a national shrimp culture development center in

Kolahi, near Bandar Abbas. Preliminary studies were conducted on banana shrimp,

Penaeus merguiensis, the tiger green prawn, P. semisu/catus, and the Indian white

shrimp, P. indicus, which are indigenous to the coastal waters of Persian Gulf and

Oman Sea. The results of these early trials revealed that P. indicus has greater

3

potential in terms of production under Iranian conditions compared to P.

semisulcatus and P. merguiensis. Yields of up to 2250 kg/ha were obtained for P.

indicus at Kolahi Fisheries Station (Shilat, 1991 ). Based on the results of these trials,

Shi lat financially encouraged development of marine shrimp farming using Asian

technologies adapted by the Institute of Fisheries Research (IFRTO). The

development of shrimp culture industry in terms of area under shrimp culture and

production at Iranian southern provinces from 1 991 until now. Presently, there are

approximately 30 hatcheries and more than 4200 hectares in production Table 1 . 1

and Table 1 .2 respectively. Increasing trend can be seen in total shrimp production

during the last decade in I.R. Iran. It is important to mention that due to temperature

limitation, the shrimp culture is practiced from April to October in Iran. The growth

of shrimp culture has provided new perspectives and horizons in the economics of

the areas which are not suitable for agriculture Nash ( 1997).

In order to materialize the aquaculture aims of 3rd five-year economic development

plan of Iranian Government which forecasted the annual production of 30,000 mt of

shrimp by end of 2005, information on various aspects of shrimp culture including

brood stock management and rearing, larvae production, nutrition, disease, pollution,

environmental impacts, processing should be provided.