UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIASEDE MEDELLÍN

LIDAR OBSERVATORY OF THE ATMOSPHERE-LOALASERS AND SPECTOSCOPY GROUP

Radiative Forcing Effects on Planetary Boundary Layer Evolution in the Tropical Andean Zone, Medellin – Colombia: Synergy Lidar and Sun

Photometer

Daniel Nisperuza, Andrés Bedoya, Dairo Alegría, Mauricio Múnera, and Álvaro Bastidas

2

OUTLINE

SITE AND INFRASTRUCTURE

OVERVIEW

MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS

CONCLUSIONS

3

SITE The Lasers and Spectroscopy Group, promotes the development and use of technologies for atmospheric observation of aerosols in Colombia. The support of Latin American Lidar Network - LALINET with technical workshops to effective training of students and young researchers on lidar techniques, and local sponsorship of Air Quality Laboratory - CALAIRE, have enabled the building of the first Lidar Station at Medellín city (Lat: 6.26038°, Long: -75.5778°, Alt: 1471 m.a.s.l.). Overview of the aerosol remote sensing activities is shown here.

LIDAR SYSTEM

S

W E

N3000 m asl.

210 kmPacificocean

Caribean sea

Amazon

476 km

SITE AND INFRASTRUCTURE

1471 m. a.s.l.

4

LALINET: Lidar Observatory of the Atmosphere

Weather Station

PM2.5

Observations of key atmospheric parameters related to aerosol and transport, air quality, and climate.

Lidar

Sun Photometer

5

Lidar SystemLaserGain medium: Nd:YAGEnergy: 0.4 J/1064 nm; 0.2 J/532 nm; 0.08 J/355 nmDivergence: 0.5 mradPulse length: 6 nsPRF: 10 Hz

ReceiverFocal length: 120 cmAperture: 20 cmDetectors: PMT´s

SpecificationsConfiguration: Vertical coaxialAcquisition: 20 - 40 MHz/16 bitSpacial resolution: 3.5; 7.5; 15; and 30 m

Observation of vertical profilesof optical aerosol properties.

6

Sun Photometer NASA-AERONET, Medellín Site

Instrument characteristics and observational specifications

DetectorNumber of filtersNumber of collimatorsField of view/ApertureSolar scanningSky scanningFrequency of Sun acquisitionFrequency of almucantarFrequency of principal plane obs.Frequency of zenith radiance obs.

Silicon5 to 821.2°; one has 10 times the aperture of the other4-quadrant detectorAzimuth and zenith motors0.5 airmass intervals for airmass > 2. Otherwise, 15 minutes apart.At airmass of 4 and 2; 4 times daily4 per dayEvery 10 min, when not in any of the other observing modesCE-318

8

A-Train Satellite constellation

Lase

r

TelescopeSpectral

selection

Register

Atmosphere

CALIOP instrumental characteristics Laser Nd: YAG.

Wavelength 532 nm, 1064 nm

Energy 220 mJ/@ 1064 nm110 mJ/@ 532 nm

Frequency 20.16 Hz

Telescope 1.0 m diameter

Polarization Lineal Paralell and Perpendicular at 532 nm

FOV 130 µrad

Vertical resolution 30-60 m

Horizontal resolution

333 m, 1.5km, 5km

Dinamic range 22 bits

CALIPSOCloud – Aerosol LIDAR Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations

CALIPSO

CALIOP

9

Polar trajectory Daytime trajectory

Daytime trajectory over America Daytime trajectoryover Colombia

Daytime trajectoryover Aburra Valley

CALIPSO Trajectories

13:46 Local Time18:46 UTC

300 m

10

The planet boundary layer (PBL) is directly influenced by the Earth’s surface and responds to surface forcing with timescale of an hour or less [Stull,1988].

Height above the earth surface

1 to 2 km

100 to 300 m

Sunrise Sunset Day Time

NBLNBL

Nocturnal Inversion

Residual LayerCBL

Entriment zone Inversion

Classical daytime PBL evolution

OVERVIEW

11

MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTSM

ay

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dic

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30 % Relative Humidity 20 - 50 % Relative Humidity 50 - 100

Days

Month

2013

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dic

02468

1012141618202224262830 % Relative Humidity 20 - 50

% Relative Humidity 50 - 100

Days

Month

2014

Relative Humidity trend since May 2013 to December 2014

12

Year Month Day

2013

Jan. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Feb. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Mar. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Apr. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

May. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Jun. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Jul. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Aug. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Sep. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Oct. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Nov. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Dic. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Year Month Day

2014

Jan. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Feb. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Mar. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Apr. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

May. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Jun. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Jul. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Aug. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Sep. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Oct. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Nov. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Dic. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

General measurements schedule (371 days)

13

09:20 10:00 10:40 16:2016:5517:3018:0518:4019:150

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

<1337m>

<3504 m>

Heig

ht [m

]

Local time [hh:mm]

PBL J uly 14 - 2014

<912 m>

Error = 10,7%

PBL obtained by using WCT method

14

0

2

4

6

8

3.9

4.0

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025

Aerosol [sr-1km-1]

Hei

ght [

km]

January 20 - 2013

Aerosol layers from CALIOP

15

June 16 - 2014

0

2

4

6

8

2.9

3.0

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

4.0

0.00 0.05 0.10

Aerosol [sr-1km-1]

Hei

ght [

km]

16

1500 1800 2100 2400 2700 3000 3300 3600 3900 4200 45000

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

CA

LIO

P -

Aero

sol l

aye

r heig

ht [

m]

Lidar-UNAL - PBL height [m]

R=0.72

Line at 45°

Aerosol layer height and PBL height correlation

17

08:45 09:00 09:15 09:30 09:45 10:00 10:15 10:300

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000PBL J une 16 - 2014

Hei

ght [

m]

Local time [hh:mm]

<817 m>

<3030 m>

Error = 20,7%

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1815

18

21

24

27

30

Tem

prat

ure

[°C

]

Local time [hh:mm]

dT/dt = 1.96°C/h

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 180

20

40

60

80

100

% R

elat

ive

Hum

idity dHR/dt = -10%/h

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

0.0000 0.0005 0.0010 0.0015 0.0020

Error=21%

Total [sr-1km-1]

Hei

ght [

km]

Error=21%

0.0000 0.0003 0.0006 0.0009

Aerosol [sr-1km-1]

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

0.0000 0.0005 0.0010 0.0015

Error = 21%

Total [sr-1km-1]

Hei

ght [

km]

Error = 21%

0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003

Aerosol [sr-1km-1]

07:30 09:00 10:30 12:00 13:30 15:00 16:30 18:00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

Error = 11,5%

07:30am - 10:12am

AO

D a

t 532

nm

Local time [hh:mm]

24 DecemberClear sky RH:34%

dAOD/dt = -0.07/h

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1815

18

21

24

27

30

Tem

pera

ture

[°C

]

Local time [hh:mm]

dT/dt = 1.73°C/h

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 180

20

40

60

80

100

% R

ela

tive H

um

idity

dHR/dt = -8%/h

18

08:45 09:00 09:15 09:30 09:45 10:00 10:15 10:300

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

<801 m >

Error= 18,7%

Hei

ght [

m]

Local time [hh:mm]

PBL J une 17 - 2014

<2415 m >

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1815

18

21

24

27

30

% R

ela

tive H

um

idity

Local time [hh:mm]

dT/dt = 1.82°C/h

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 180

20

40

60

80

100

Tem

pera

ture

[°C

]

dHR/dt = -7.6%/h

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003

Error = 39%

Total [sr-1km-1]

Hei

ght

[km

]

Error = 39%

0.0000 0.0005 0.0010 0.0015 0.0020

Aerosol [sr-1km-1]

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

0.0000 0.0005 0.0010 0.0015 0.0020

Error= 39%

Total [sr-1km-1]

Hei

ght [

km]

Error= 39%

0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006

Aerosol [sr-1km-1]

07:00 08:24 09:48 11:12 12:36 14:00 15:24 16:480.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30Error = 14,3%

28 DecemberClear sky RH:29%

AO

D a

t 532

nm

Local time [hh:mm]

07:04am - 10:01am

dAOD/dt = -0.05/h

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1815

18

21

24

27

30

Tem

pera

ture

[°C

]

Local time [hh:mm]

dT/dt = 2,1°C/h

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 180

20

40

60

80

100

% R

ela

tive H

um

idity

dHR/dt = -11%/h

19

09:0

0 - 09

-15

09:1

5 - 09

:30

09:3

0 - 09

:45

09:4

5 - 10

:00

10:0

0 - 10

:15

10:1

5 - 10

:30

10:3

0 - 10

:45

10:4

5 - 11

:00

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

5.6%5.6%

22.2%

38.9%

16.7%

Day

s

Local time [hh:mm]

11%

Time of PBL lifting

20

CONCLUSIONS

Synergy between Lidar-UNAL, sun photometer and satellite measurements allows the study of vertical structure of the atmosphere in Medellin – Colombia.

On days with similar weather conditions like relative humidity below 50% at 12:00 local time and clear sky, there is a predominance of the effects of solar radiation on Medellin atmosphere giving place to spatial redistribution of aerosol within of PBL around 09:30 – 09:45 local time.

Radiative forcing in Medellin can be seen in behavior of aerosol optical properties: AOD and backscatter coefficient. Backscatter coefficient show a spatial redistribution of aerosol facilitating a decreasing of AOD values while temperature is increasing on surface.

21

REFERENCESKovalev K, Eichinger W, Elastic LIDAR: Theory, Practice and Analysis Methods, Ed. John wile & Sons, 2004.

Francesc Rocadenbosch, Lidar sensing of the atmosphere: Reciever design and inversion algorithms for an elastic system, Doctor-Egineer thesis, Universidad Politecnica de Cataluñoa, 1996.

Wallace, J., Hobbs, P. Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey, Ed. Academic Press – Elsevier, 2006.

Stull R.B., Wallace, J., Hobbs, P. The Atmospheric Boundary Layer: An introductory survey, Segunda Edición, Ed. Academic Press. 2006.

Daniel Nisperuza and Álvaro Bastidas, Development of a Tropospheric Lidar for Observations of the Planetary Boundary Layer above Medellín, Colombia, Journal of Physical Science and Application 1, 163-169. ISSN: 2195-5348, 2011.

S. Nuñez, Altura de la Capa de Mezcla: Caracterización Experimental y Aplicación de un Modelo Meteorológico para el Estudio de su Evolución Diurna, Tesis Doctoral, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 2001.

Mariana Adam, DEVELOPMENT OF LIDAR TECHNIQUES TO ESTIMATE ATMOSPHERIC OPTICALPROPERTIES, PhD Thesis, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 2005.

Weitkamp, C. Range- Resolved Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Germany: Springer. (2005).

De Tomasi Fernandino, Perroni Maria, PBL and Dust Layer Seasonal Evolution by LIDAR and Radiosounding Measurement over a Peninsular Site, Elsevier-doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2005.06.010.

Wolfram, E., Salvador, J., Orte, F, D’Elia, R., Quel, E., Systematic Ozone and Solar UV Measurements in the Observatorio Atmosférico de la Patagonia Austral, Argentina, Revista Boliviana de Física Vol. 20, ISSN 1562-3823, Pág: 13-15, 2011.

Ana María Díaz Rodriguez, Caracterización de los aerosoles atmosféricos y su influencia en los niveles de radiación UV en la región de Canarias. Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de la Laguna, Islas Canarias, 2005.

Vergaz Benito Ricardo, Caracterización de los aerosoles atmosféricos, Óptica Pura y Aplicada Vol. 34, Pág: 57-77, 2001.

INFORME DEL ESTADO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE Y DE LOS RECURSOS NATURALES RENOVABLES, IDEAM, 2010.

Jiménez J., Palacio C., Aproximación Conceptual al Diseño de una Red de calidad del Aire en el Valle de Aburrá – Colombia, IX Congreso Colombiano de Meteorología, Publica: IDAEM-Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2011.

WILFORD ZDUNKOWSKI, THOMAS TRAUTMANN, ANDREAS BOTT, RADIATION IN THE ATMOSPHERE: A Course in Theoretical Meteorology. Ed. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, ISBN-13 978-0-511-27560-9, 2007.

22

M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics: Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffraction of Light, Ed. Pergamon Press, 1970.

J. Cabrera, F. Agulló, F. López, Óptica Electromagnética II: Materiales y Aplicaciones, Ed. Addison-Wesley, 2000.

Amnon Yariv, Quantum Electronics, Ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc. 1989.A. Sepúlveda, Notas de Electrodinámica Clásica, Universidad de Antioquia, Departamento de Física, 1986.

J. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, Ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc. 1962.Álvaro E. Bastidas, Construcción y montaje de un lidar elástico aplicado al estudio de partículas atmosféricas en suspensión y a la contaminación atmosférica en la región del Cauca, Tesis Doctoral, Universidad del Valle, 2004.

http://www.wolfram.com/mathematica/new-in-10/?src=google&416&gclid=CKG2tqT008MCFYQvgQodfWsAkw

B. A. Bodhaine, N. B. On the rayleigh depth calculations. Journal of atmospheric and oceanic tecnology, 8. (1999).

Whiteman, D. N. Examination of the traditional Raman lidar technique. I. Evaluating the temperature- dependent lidar equations. Applied Optics, 22. 2003.C. Fröhlich, G. E. New determination of Raylegih dispersión in the terrestrial Atmosphere. Applied Optics, 3. (1980).

http://ready.arl.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT.phpH. M. J. Barbosa, F. J. S. Lopes, A. Silva, D. Nisperuza, B. Barja, P. Ristori, D. A. Gouveia, C. Jimenez, E. Montilla, G. L. Mariano, E. Landulfo, A. Bastidas, E. J. Quel, The first ALINE measurements and intercomparison exercise on lidar inversion algorithms, Opt. Pura Apl. 47 (2) 99-108. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7149/OPA.47.2.99 , 2014.

N. Sanna, Vector spherical harmonics: Concepts and applications to the single center expansion method, Computer Physics Communications 132 66–83, Elsevier, 2000.

A. Bedoya, Lidar Ultravioleta para estudiar el origen de aerosoles en la baja tropósfera de Medellín. , Tesis de Maestría, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín, 2014.

J. L. Guerrero-Rascado, E. Landulfo, J. C. Antuña, H. M. J. Barbosa, B. Barja, A. E.Bastidas, A. E. Bedoya, R. da Costa, R. Estevan, R. N. Forno, D. A. Gouveia, C. Jiménez, E., G. Larroza, F. J. S. Lopes, E. Montilla-Rosero, G. A. Moreira, W. M. Nakaema, D. Nisperuza, L. Otero, J. V. Pallotta, S., E. Pawelko, E. J. Quel, P. Ristori, P. F. Rodrigues, J. Salvador, M. F. Sánchez, and A. Silva, Towards an instrumental harmonization in the framework of LALINET: dataset of technical specifications, Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9246 92460O-1· doi: 10.1117/12.2066873, 2014.

James D. Klett, LIDAR Calibration and Extinction Coefficient, Applied Optics, Vol. 22, No 4, 1983.

James D. Klett, LIDAR Inversion with Variable Bascatter/Extinction ratios, Applied Optics, Vol. 24, No 11, 1985.

James D. Klett, Extinction Boundary Value Algorithms for LIDAR Inversion, Applied Optics, Vol. 25, No 15, 1986.

Fenn, R. Correlation between atmospheric backscattering and meteorological visual range. Applied optics, 5, 615-616. (1966).

Cattall, C. R. Variability of aerosol and spectral lidar and retrodispersión and extinction ratios of a key aerosol types derived from selected Aerosol Robotic Network Locations. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110. (2005).

23

He S. Q., L. C. A study on the aerosol extinction-to-retrodispersión ratio with combination of micro-pulse LIDAR and MODIS over Hong Kong. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6, 3243-3256. (2006).

J.D. Spinhirne et. al, Vertical distribution of aerosol extinction cross section and inference of aerosol imaginary index in the troposphere by lidar technique, Journal of Applied Meteorology, 1979.

Nikolay Kolev, Ivan Grigorov, Ivan Kolev, P.S.C. Devara, P. Ernest Raj y K.K. Dani, Lidar and sun photometer observation of atmospheric boundary-layer characteristics over an urban area in a mountain valley, Boundary-Layer Meteorol 124: 99-115, DOI 10.1007/s10546-006-9131-z,2007.

Rascado, J. L. Técnica lidar para la caracterización atmosférica mediante dispersión elástica y Raman. Granada: Universidad de Granada. 2009.

http://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov/www.nasa.gov/http://gaw.empa.ch/gawsis/reports.asphttp://www.actris.net/A. Smimov, B. N. Holben, T. F. Eck, O. Dubovik, and I. Slutsker, Cloud-Screening and Quality Control Algorithms for the AERONET Database, REMOTE SENS. ENVIRON, 73:337-349, Elsevier 2000.

http://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov/new_web/Documents/AERONETcriteria_final1.pdfhttp://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/giovanni/overview/index.htmlhttp://www-calipso.larc.nasa.govhttp://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/about/atrain.phphttp://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/about/payload.phpWinker, D. M., W. H. Hunt, and M. J. McGill, 2007: Initial performance assessment of CALIOP, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L19803, doi:10.1029/2007GL030135.Winker, D. M., W. H. Hunt, and C. A. Hostetler, 2004: Status and Performance of the CALIOP Lidar, Proc. SPIE vol 5575, 8-15.

Kathleen Powell, Mark Vaughan, David Winker, Kam-Pui Lee, Michael Pitts, Charles Trepte Pauline Detweiler, William Hunt, James Lambeth, Patricia Lucker, Timothy Murray , Olivier Hagolle, Anne Lifermann and Michaël Faivre, Anne Garnier, Jacques Pelon, Cloud – Aerosol LIDAR Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) Data Management System Data Products Catalog, Document No: PC-SCI-503, Release 3.5 ii, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681-2199, 2013.

CALIPSO Quality Statements, Lidar Level 2 Cloud and Aerosol Layer Products, Version Releases: 3.01-3.02, Atmospheric Science Data Center.

CALIPSO Quality Statements, Lidar Level 2 Vertical Feature Mask Product, Version Releases: 3.01-3.02, Atmospheric Science Data Center.

http://www.siata.gov.co/newpage/index.php

24

THANKS