Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Annex 1 105...

Annex 1103

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UUnniivveerrssaall DDeeccllaarraattiioonn ooffHHuummaann RRiigghhttss ((11994488))aa

The plain language version is given only as aguide. For an exact rendering of each prin-ciple, refer students to the original. This

“simplified” version is based on a French text pre-pared in 1978 for the World Association for theSchool as an Instrument of Peace by a ResearchGroup of the University of Geneva under the res-ponsibility of Prof. L. Massarenti. In preparing theFrench “simplified” version, the Group used abasic vocabulary of 2,500 words in use in theFrench-speaking part of Switzerland. The Englishtranslation of the French version was prepared bythe United Nations. Teachers may adopt thismethodology when they translate the text of theUniversal Declaration into the language in use intheir region.

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a See <http://www.ohchr.org> for the text of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in morethan 300 different languages.

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Annex 1105

You should be able to ask for legalhelp when the rights your countrygrants you are not respected.

Nobody has the right to put you inprison, to keep you there, or to sendyou away from your country unjust-ly, or without a good reason.

If you must go on trial this should bedone in public. The people who tryyou should not let themselves beinfluenced by others.

You should be considered innocentuntil it can be proved that you areguilty. If you are accused of a crime,you should always have the right todefend yourself. Nobody has theright to condemn you and punishyou for something you have notdone.

You have the right to ask to be pro-tected if someone tries to harm yourgood name, enter your house, openyour letters, or bother you or yourfamily without a good reason.

You have the right to come and go asyou wish within your country. You

against any discrimination in violation of thisDeclaration and against any incitement to suchdiscrimination.

Article 8

Everyone has the right to an effective remedy bythe competent national tribunals for acts violat-ing the fundamental rights granted him by theconstitution or by law.

Article 9

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest,detention or exile.

Article 10

Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair andpublic hearing by an independent and impartialtribunal, in the determination of his rights andobligations and of any criminal charge against him.

Article 11

1. Everyone charged with a penal offence has theright to be presumed innocent until proved guiltyaccording to law in a public trial at which he hashad all the guarantees necessary for his defence. 2. No one shall be held guilty of any penaloffence on account of any act or omission whichdid not constitute a penal offence, under nation-al or international law, at the time when it wascommitted. Nor shall a heavier penalty beimposed than the one that was applicable at thetime the penal offence was committed.

Article 12

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interfer-ence with his privacy, family, home or correspon-dence, nor to attacks upon his honour and repu-tation. Everyone has the right to the protectionof the law against such interference or attacks.

Article 13

1. Everyone has the right to freedom of movementand residence within the borders of each State.

When children are born, they arefree and each should be treated inthe same way. They have reason andconscience and should act towardsone another in a friendly manner.

Everyone can claim the followingrights, despite- a different sex- a different skin colour- speaking a different language- thinking different things- believing in another religion- owning more or less- being born in another social group- coming from another country.It also makes no difference whetherthe country you live in is indepen-dent or not.

You have the right to live, and tolive in freedom and safety.

Nobody has the right to treat you ashis or her slave and you should notmake anyone your slave.

Nobody has the right to torture you.

You should be legally protected inthe same way everywhere, and likeeveryone else.

The law is the same for everyone; itshould be applied in the same wayto all.

...

Article 1

All human beings are born free and equal in dig-nity and rights. They are endowed with reasonand conscience and should act towards oneanother in a spirit of brotherhood.

Article 2

Everyone is entitled to all the rights and free-doms set forth in this Declaration, without dis-tinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, lan-guage, religion, political or other opinion,national or social origin, property, birth or otherstatus. Furthermore, no distinction shall be madeon the basis of the political, jurisdictional orinternational status of the country or territory towhich a person belongs, whether it be indepen-dent, trust, non-self-governing or under anyother limitation of sovereignty.

Article 3

Everyone has the right to life, liberty and securi-ty of person.

Article 4

No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slav-ery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in alltheir forms.

Article 5

No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel,inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

Article 6

Everyone has the right to recognition every-where as a person before the law.

Article 7

All are equal before the law and are entitledwithout any discrimination to equal protectionof the law. All are entitled to equal protection

Annex 1104

PPllaaiinn llaanngguuaaggee vveerrssiioonnOOrriiggiinnaall tteexxtt PPllaaiinn llaanngguuaaggee vveerrssiioonnOOrriiggiinnaall tteexxtt

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Annex 1107

You have the right to think whatyou want, and to say what you like,and nobody should forbid you fromdoing so.You should be able to share yourideas – also with people from anyother country.

You have the right to organizepeaceful meetings or to take part inmeetings in a peaceful way. It iswrong to force someone to belong toa group.

You have the right to take part inyour country’s political affairs eitherby belonging to the Governmentyourself of by choosing politicianswho have the same ideas as you.Governments should be voted forregularly and voting should besecret. You should get a vote and allvotes should be equal. You also havethe same right to join the public ser-vice as anyone else.

The society in which you live shouldhelp you to develop and to make themost of all the advantages (culture,work, social welfare) that are offeredto you and to all the men andwomen in your country.

You have the right to work, to befree to choose your work, and to get

and in public or private, to manifest his religionor belief in teaching, practice, worship andobservance.

Article 19

Everyone has the right to freedom of opinionand expression; this right includes freedom tohold opinions without interference and to seekreceive and impart information and ideasthough any media and regardless of frontiers.

Article 20

1. Everyone has the right to freedom of peacefulassembly and association.2. No one may be compelled to belong to anassociation.

Article 21

1. Everyone has the right to take part in the gov-ernment of his country, directly or through freelychosen representatives.2. Everyone has the right of equal access to pub-lic service in his country. 3. The will of the people shall be the basis of theauthority of government; this will shall beexpressed in periodic and genuine electionswhich shall be by universal and equal suffrageand shall be held by secrete vote or by equivalentfree voting procedures.

Article 22

Everyone, as a member of society, has the rightto social security and is entitled to realization,through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organiza-tion and resources of each State, of the econom-ic, social and cultural rights indispensable for hisdignity and the free development of his person-ality.

Article 23

1. Everyone has the right to work, to free choiceof employment, to just and favourable condi-

PPllaaiinn llaanngguuaaggee vveerrssiioonnOOrriiggiinnaall tteexxtt

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have the right to leave your countryto go to another one; and you shouldbe able to return to your country ifyou want.

If someone hurts you, you have theright to go to another country andask it to protect you.You lose this right if you have killedsomeone and if you yourself do notrespect what is written here.

You have the right to belong to acountry and nobody can preventyou, without a good reason, frombelonging to another country if youwish.

As soon as a person is legally enti-tled, he or she has the right to marryand have a family. Neither thecolour of your skin, nor the countryyou come from nor your religionshould be impediments to doing this.Men and women have the samerights when they are married andalso when they are separated.Nobody should force a person tomarry. The Government of yourcountry should protect your familyand its members.

You have the right to own things andnobody has the right to take thesefrom you without a good reason.

You have the right to profess yourreligion freely, to change it, and topractise it either on your own orwith other people.

2. Everyone has the right to leave any country,including his own, and to return to his country.

Article 14

1. Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy inother countries asylum from persecution.2. This right may not be invoked in the case ofprosecutions genuinely arising from non-politicalcrimes or from acts contrary to the purposes andprinciples of the United Nations.

Article 15

1. Everyone has the right to a nationality.2. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of hisnationality nor denied the right to change hisnationality.

Article 16

1. Men and women of full age, without any lim-itation due to race, nationality or religion, havethe right to marry and to found a family. Theyare entitled to equal rights as to marriage, dur-ing marriage and at its dissolution.2. Marriage shall be entered into only with thefree and full consent of the intending spouses.3. The family is the natural and fundamentalgroup unit of society and is entitled to protectionby society and the State.

Article 17

1. Everyone has the right to own property aloneas well as in association with others.2. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of hisproperty.

Article 18

Everyone has the right to freedom of thought,conscience and religion; this right includes free-dom to change his religion or belief, and free-dom, either alone or in community with others

Annex 1106



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Annex 1109

You have the right to share in yourcommunity’s arts and sciences, andin any good they do. Your works asan artist, a writer or a scientistshould be protected, and you shouldbe able to benefit from them.

To make sure that your rights will berespected, there must be an “order”that can protect them. This “order”should be local and worldwide.

You have duties towards the com-munity within which your person-ality can fully develop. The lawshould guarantee human rights. Itshould allow everyone to respect oth-ers and to be respected.

No society and no human being inany part of the world should act insuch a way as to destroy the rightsthat you have just been readingabout.

nations, racial or religious groups, and shall fur-ther the activities of the United Nations for themaintenance of peace.3. Parents have a prior right to choose the kindof education that shall be given to their children.

Article 27

1. Everyone has the right freely to participate inthe cultural life of the community, to enjoy thearts and to share in scientific advancement andits benefits.2. Everyone has the right to the protection of themoral and material interests resulting from anyscientific, literary or artistic production of whichhe is the author.

Article 28

Everyone is entitled to a social and internationalorder in which the rights and freedoms set forthin this Declaration can be fully realized.

Article 29

1. Everyone has duties to the community inwhich alone the free and full development of hispersonality is possible.2. In the exercise of his rights and freedoms,everyone shall be subject only to such limitationsas are determined by law solely for the purposeof securing due recognition and respect for therights and freedoms of others and of meetingthe just requirements of morality, public orderand the general welfare in a democratic society.3. These rights and freedoms may in no case beexercised contrary to the purposes and principlesof the United Nations.

Article 30

Nothing in this Declaration may be interpretedas implying for any State, group or person anyright to engage in any activity or to perform anyact aimed at the destruction of any of the rightsand freedoms set forth herein.


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a salary that allows you to live andsupport your family. If a man and awoman do the same work, theyshould get the same pay. All peoplewho work have the right to jointogether to defend their interests.

Each work day should not be toolong, since everyone has the right torest and should be able to take regu-lar paid holidays.

You have the right to have whateveryou need so that you and your fam-ily: do not fall ill; do not go hungry;have clothes and a house; and arehelped if you are out of work, if youare ill, if you are old, if your wife orhusband is dead, or if you do notearn a living for any other reasonyou cannot help.Both a mother who is going to havea baby and her baby should get spe-cial help. All children have the samerights, whether or not the mother ismarried.

You have the right to go to school andeveryone should go to school. Primaryschooling should be free. You shouldbe able to learn a profession or con-tinue your studies as far as you wish.At school, you should be able to devel-op all your talents and you should betaught to get on with others, whatev-er their race, their religion or thecountry they come from. Your parentshave the right to choose how andwhat you will be taught at school.

tions of work and to protection against unem-ployment. 2. Everyone, without any discrimination, has theright to equal pay for equal work.3. Every one who works has the right to just andfavourable remuneration ensuring for himselfand his family an existence worthy of human dig-nity, and supplemented, if necessary, by othermeans of social protection.4. Everyone has the right to form and to jointrade unions for the protection of his interests.

Article 24

Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, includ-ing reasonable limitation of working hours andperiodic holidays with pay.

Article 25

1. Everyone has the right to a standard of livingadequate for the health and well-being of him-self and of his family, including foods, clothing,housing and medical care and necessary socialservices, and the right to security in the event ofunemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood,old age or other lack of livelihood in circum-stances beyond his control. 2. Motherhood and childhood are entitled tospecial care and assistance. All children, whetherborn in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the samesocial protection.

Article 26

1. Everyone has the right to education. Educationshall be free, at least in the elementary and fun-damental stages. Elementary education shall becompulsory. Technical and professional educa-tion shall be made generally available and high-er education shall be equally accessible to all onthe basis of merit.2. Education shall be directed to the full devel-opment of the human personality and to thestrengthening of respect for human rights andfundamental freedoms. It shall promote under-standing, tolerance and friendship among all

Annex 1108



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Annex 2111

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CCoonnvveennttiioonn oonn tthhee RRiigghhttssooff tthhee CChhiilldd

Adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 20 November 1989


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Annex 2113

Bearing in mind that the need to extend particu-lar care to the child has been stated in theGeneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child of1924 and in the Declaration of the Rights of theChild adopted by the United Nations on 20November 1959 and recognized in the UniversalDeclaration of Human Rights, in theInternational Covenant on Civil and PoliticalRights (in particular in articles 23 and 24), in theInternational Covenant on Economic, Social andCultural Rights (in particular in article 10) and inthe statutes and relevant instruments of special-ized agencies and international organizationsconcerned with the welfare of children,

Bearing in mind that, as indicated in theDeclaration of the Rights of the Child, “the child,by reason of his physical and mental immaturity,needs special safeguards and care, includingappropriate legal protection, before as well asafter birth”,

Recalling the provisions of the Declaration onSocial and Legal Principles relating to theProtection and Welfare of Children, with SpecialReference to Foster Placement and AdoptionNationally and Internationally; the UnitedNations Standard Minimum Rules for theAdministration of Juvenile Justice (“The BeijingRules”); and the Declaration on the Protection ofWomen and Children in Emergency and ArmedConflict,

Recognizing that, in all countries in the world,there are children living in exceptionally difficultconditions, and that such children need specialconsideration,

Taking due account of the importance of the tra-ditions and cultural values of each people for theprotection and harmonious development of thechild,

Recognizing the importance of internationalcooperation for improving the living conditionsof children in every country, in particular in thedeveloping countries,

Have agreed as follows:

UUnnooffffiicciiaall ssuummmmaarryyOOrriiggiinnaall tteexxtt

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The preamble recalls the basic prin-ciples of the United Nations andspecific provisions of certain rele-vant human rights treaties andproclamations. It reaffirms the factthat children, because of their vul-nerability, need special care andprotection, and it places specialemphasis on the primary caring andprotective responsibility of the fami-ly. It also reaffirms the need for legaland other protection of the childbefore and after birth, the impor-tance of respect for the cultural val-ues of the child’s community, andthe vital role of international coop-eration in securing children’s rights.

PREAMBLE

The States Parties to the present Convention,

Considering that, in accordance with the princi-ples proclaimed in the Charter of the UnitedNations, recognition of the inherent dignity andof the equal and inalienable rights of all mem-bers of the human family is the foundation offreedom, justice and peace in the world,

Bearing in mind that the peoples of the UnitedNations have, in the Charter, reaffirmed theirfaith in fundamental human rights and in thedignity and worth of the human person, andhave determined to promote social progress andbetter standards of life in larger freedom,

Recognizing that the United Nations has, in theUniversal Declaration of Human Rights and inthe International Covenants on Human Rights,proclaimed and agreed that everyone is entitledto all the rights and freedoms set forth therein,without distinction of any kind, such as race,colour, sex, language, religion, political or otheropinion, national or social origin, property, birthor other status,

Recalling that, in the Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights, the United Nations has pro-claimed that childhood is entitled to special careand assistance,

Convinced that the family, as the fundamentalgroup of society and the natural environment forthe growth and well-being of all its membersand particularly children, should be afforded thenecessary protection and assistance so that it canfully assume its responsibilities within the com-munity,

Recognizing that the child, for the full and har-monious development of his or her personality,should grow up in a family environment, in anatmosphere of happiness, love and understanding,

Considering that the child should be fully pre-pared to live an individual life in society, andbrought up in the spirit of the ideals proclaimedin the Charter of the United Nations, and in par-ticular in the spirit of peace, dignity, tolerance,freedom, equality and solidarity,

Annex 2112

UUnnooffffiicciiaall ssuummmmaarryy aaOOrriiggiinnaall tteexxtt

a Source: UNICEF.


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Annex 2115

Implementation of rights

The State must do all it can toimplement the rights contained inthe Convention.

Parental guidance andthe child’s evolvingcapacities

The State must respect the rights andresponsibilities of parents and theextended family to provide guidancefor the child which is appropriate toher or his evolving capacities.

Survival and development

Every child has the inherent right tolife, and the State has an obligationto ensure the child’s survival anddevelopment.

Name and nationality

The child has the right to a name atbirth. The child also has the right toacquire a nationality and, as far aspossible, to know his or her parentsand be cared for by them.

Preservation of identity

The State has an obligation to pro-tect, and if necessary, reestablishbasic aspects of the child’s identity.

Article 4

States Parties shall undertake all appropriate leg-islative, administrative, and other measures for theimplementation of the rights recognized in thepresent Convention. With regard to economic,social and cultural rights, States Parties shall under-take such measures to the maximum extent of theiravailable resources and, where needed, within theframework of international co-operation.

Article 5

States Parties shall respect the responsibilities,rights and duties of parents or, where applicable,the members of the extended family or communi-ty as provided for by local custom, legal guardiansor other persons legally responsible for the child,to provide, in a manner consistent with the evolv-ing capacities of the child, appropriate directionand guidance in the exercise by the child of therights recognized in the present Convention.

Article 6

1. States Parties recognize that every child hasthe inherent right to life.

2. States Parties shall ensure to the maximumextent possible the survival and development ofthe child.

Article 7

1. The child shall be registered immediately afterbirth and shall have the right from birth to aname, the right to acquire a nationality and, asfar as possible, the right to know and be caredfor by his or her parents.

2. States Parties shall ensure the implementationof these rights in accordance with their nationallaw and their obligations under the relevantinternational instruments in this field, in particu-lar where the child would otherwise be stateless.

Article 8

1. States Parties undertake to respect the right ofthe child to preserve his or her identity, includingnationality, name and family relations as recog-


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Definition of a child

A child is recognized as a personunder 18, unless national laws rec-ognize the age of majority earlier.

Non-discrimination

All rights apply to all children with-out exception. It is the State’s obli-gation to protect children from anyform of discrimination and to takepositive action to promote theirrights.

Best interests of the child

All actions concerning the childshall take full account of his or herbest interests. The State shall pro-vide the child with adequate carewhen parents, or others chargedwith that responsibility, fail to do so.

PART I

Article 1

For the purposes of the present Convention, achild means every human being below the age of18 years unless, under the law applicable to thechild, majority is attained earlier.

Article 2

1. States Parties shall respect and ensure therights set forth in the present Convention to eachchild within their jurisdiction without discrimina-tion of any kind, irrespective of the child’s or hisor her parent’s or legal guardian’s race, colour,sex, language, religion, political or other opin-ion, national, ethnic or social origin, property,disability, birth or other status.

2. States Parties shall take all appropriate mea-sures to ensure that the child is protected againstall forms of discrimination or punishment on thebasis of the status, activities, expressed opinions,or beliefs of the child’s parents, legal guardians,or family members.

Article 3

1. In all actions concerning children, whetherundertaken by public or private social welfareinstitutions, courts of law, administrative author-ities or legislative bodies, the best interests of thechild shall be a primary consideration.

2. States Parties undertake to ensure the childsuch protection and care as is necessary for his orher wellbeing, taking into account the rights andduties of his or her parents, legal guardians, orother individuals legally responsible for him orher, and, to this end, shall take all appropriatelegislative and administrative measures.

3. States Parties shall ensure that the institutions,services and facilities responsible for the care orprotection of children shall conform with thestandards established by competent authorities,particularly in the areas of safety, health, in thenumber and suitability of their staff, as well ascompetent supervision.

Annex 2114



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Annex 2117

Family reunification

Children and their parents have theright to leave any country and toenter their own for purposes ofreunion or the maintenance of thechild-parent relationship.

Illicit transfer and non-return

The State has an obligation to pre-vent and remedy the kidnapping orretention of children abroad by aparent or third party.

The child’s opinion

The child has the right to express hisor her opinion freely and to havethat opinion taken into account inany matter or procedure affectingthe child.

Article 10

1. In accordance with the obligation of StatesParties under article 9, paragraph 1, applicationsby a child or his or her parents to enter or leavea State Party for the purpose of family reunifica-tion shall be dealt with by States Parties in a pos-itive, humane and expeditious manner. StatesParties shall further ensure that the submissionof such a request shall entail no adverse conse-quences for the applicants and for the membersof their family.

2. A child whose parents reside in different Statesshall have the right to maintain on a regularbasis, save in exceptional circumstances personalrelations and direct contacts with both parents.Towards that end and in accordance with theobligation of States Parties under article 9, para-graph 1, States Parties shall respect the right ofthe child and his or her parents to leave anycountry, including their own, and to enter theirown country. The right to leave any country shallbe subject only to such restrictions as are pre-scribed by law and which are necessary to protectthe national security, public order (ordre public),public health or morals or the rights and free-doms of others and are consistent with the otherrights recognized in the present Convention.

Article 11

1. States Parties shall take measures to combatthe illicit transfer and non-return of childrenabroad.

2. To this end, States Parties shall promote theconclusion of bilateral or multilateral agree-ments or accession to existing agreements.

Article 12

1. States Parties shall assure to the child who iscapable of forming his or her own views theright to express those views freely in all mattersaffecting the child, the views of the child beinggiven due weight in accordance with the age andmaturity of the child.

2. For this purpose, the child shall in particular beprovided the opportunity to be heard in any judi-


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This includes name, nationalityand family ties.

Separation from parents

The child has a right to live with hisor her parents unless this is deemedto be incompatible with the child’sbest interests. The child also has theright to maintain contact with bothparents if separated from one orboth.

nized by law without unlawful interference.

2. Where a child is illegally deprived of some orall of the elements of his or her identity, StatesParties shall provide appropriate assistance andprotection, with a view to speedily re-establish-ing his or her identity.

Article 9

1. States Parties shall ensure that a child shall notbe separated from his or her parents againsttheir will, except when competent authoritiessubject to judicial review determine, in accor-dance with applicable law and procedures, thatsuch separation is necessary for the best interestsof the child. Such determination may be neces-sary in a particular case such as one involvingabuse or neglect of the child by the parents, orone where the parents are living separately anda decision must be made as to the child’s place ofresidence.

2. In any proceedings pursuant to paragraph 1 ofthe present article, all interested parties shall begiven an opportunity to participate in the pro-ceedings and make their views known.

3. States Parties shall respect the right of thechild who is separated from one or both parentsto maintain personal relations and direct contactwith both parents on a regular basis, except if itis contrary to the child’s best interests.

4. Where such separation results from any actioninitiated by a State Party, such as the detention,imprisonment, exile, deportation or death(including death arising from any cause while theperson is in the custody of the State) of one orboth parents or of the child, that State Partyshall, upon request, provide the parents, thechild or, if appropriate, another member of thefamily with the essential information concerningthe whereabouts of the absent member(s) of thefamily unless the provision of the informationwould be detrimental to the well-being of thechild. States Parties shall further ensure thatthe submission of such a request shall of itselfentail no adverse consequences for the person(s)concerned.

Annex 2116



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Annex 2119

Protection of privacy

Children have the right to protec-tion from interference with privacy,family, home and correspondence,and from libel or slander.

Access to appropriateinformation

The State shall ensure the accessibil-ity to children of information andmaterial from a diversity of sources,and it shall encourage the massmedia to disseminate informationwhich is of social and cultural ben-efit to the child, and take steps toprotect him or her from harmfulmaterials.

Parental responsibilities

Parents have joint primary respon-sibility for raising the child, and theState shall support them in this. The

tection of public health or morals or the protectionof the rights and freedoms of others.

Article 16

1. No child shall be subjected to arbitrary orunlawful interference with his or her privacy,family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawfulattacks on his or her honour and reputation.

2. The child has the right to the protection of thelaw against such interference or attacks.

Article 17

States Parties recognize the important functionperformed by the mass media and shall ensurethat the child has access to information andmaterial from a diversity of national and inter-national sources, especially those aimed at thepromotion of his or her social, spiritual andmoral well-being and physical and mentalhealth. To this end, States Parties shall:

(a) Encourage the mass media to disseminateinformation and material of social and culturalbenefit to the child and in accordance with thespirit of article 29;

(b) Encourage international co-operation in theproduction, exchange and dissemination of suchinformation and material from a diversity of cul-tural, national and international sources;

(c) Encourage the production and disseminationof children’s books;

(d) Encourage the mass media to have particularregard to the linguistic needs of the child whobelongs to a minority group or who is indige-nous;

(e) Encourage the development of appropriateguidelines for the protection of the child frominformation and material injurious to his or herwell-being, bearing in mind the provisions ofarticles 13 and 18.

Article 18

1. States Parties shall use their best efforts toensure recognition of the principle that bothparents have common responsibilities for the


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Freedom of expression

The child has the right to express hisor her views, obtain information,make ideas or information known,regardless of frontiers.

Freedom of thought,conscience and religion

The State shall respect the child’sright to freedom of thought, con-science and religion, subject toappropriate parental guidance.

Freedom of association

Children have a right to meetwith others, and to join or formassociations.

cial and administrative proceedings affecting thechild, either directly, or through a representativeor an appropriate body, in a manner consistentwith the procedural rules of national law.

Article 13

1. The child shall have the right to freedom ofexpression; this right shall include freedom toseek, receive and impart information and ideasof all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally,in writing or in print, in the form of art, orthrough any other media of the child’s choice.

2. The exercise of this right may be subject to cer-tain restrictions, but these shall only be such asare provided by law and are necessary:

(a) For respect of the rights or reputations of oth-ers; or

(b) For the protection of national security or ofpublic order (ordre public), or of public health ormorals.

Article 14

1. States Parties shall respect the right of the childto freedom of thought, conscience and religion.

2. States Parties shall respect the rights andduties of the parents and, when applicable, legalguardians, to provide direction to the child in theexercise of his or her right in a manner consistentwith the evolving capacities of the child.

3. Freedom to manifest one’s religion or beliefsmay be subject only to such limitations as areprescribed by law and are necessary to protectpublic safety, order, health or morals, or the fun-damental rights and freedoms of others.

Article 15

1. States Parties recognize the rights of the childto freedom of association and to freedom ofpeaceful assembly.

2. No restrictions may be placed on the exercise ofthese rights other than those imposed in conformi-ty with the law and which are necessary in a demo-cratic society in the interests of national security orpublic safety, public order (ordre public), the pro-

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Annex 2121

Adoption

In countries where adoption is rec-ognized and/or allowed, it shall onlybe carried out in the best interests ofthe child, and then only with theauthorization of competent author-ities, and safeguards for the child.

3. Such care could include, inter alia, foster place-ment, kafala of Islamic law, adoption, or if nec-essary placement in suitable institutions for thecare of children. When considering solutions,due regard shall be paid to the desirability ofcontinuity in a child’s upbringing and to thechild’s ethnic, religious, cultural and linguisticbackground.

Article 21

States Parties that recognize and/or permit thesystem of adoption shall ensure that the bestinterests of the child shall be the paramount con-sideration and they shall:

(a) Ensure that the adoption of a child is autho-rized only by competent authorities who deter-mine, in accordance with applicable law and pro-cedures and on the basis of all pertinent and reli-able information, that the adoption is permissi-ble in view of the child’s status concerning par-ents, relatives and legal guardians and that, ifrequired, the persons concerned have given theirinformed consent to the adoption on the basis ofsuch counselling as may be necessary;

(b) Recognize that inter-country adoption may beconsidered as an alternative means of child’s care,if the child cannot be placed in a foster or anadoptive family or cannot in any suitable mannerbe cared for in the child’s country of origin;

(c) Ensure that the child concerned by intercoun-try adoption enjoys safeguards and standardsequivalent to those existing in the case of nation-al adoption;

(d) Take all appropriate measures to ensure that,in intercountry adoption, the placement doesnot result in improper financial gain for thoseinvolved in it;

(e) Promote, where appropriate, the objectivesof the present article by concluding bilateral ormultilateral arrangements or agreements, andendeavour, within this framework, to ensure thatthe placement of the child in another country iscarried out by competent authorities or organs.


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State shall provide appropriate assis-tance to parents in child-raising.

Protection from abuse and neglect

The State shall protect the childfrom all forms of maltreatment byparents or others responsible for thecare of the child and establishappropriate social programmes forthe prevention of abuse and thetreatment of victims.

Protection of a childwithout family

The State is obliged to provide specialprotection for a child deprived of thefamily environment and to ensurethat appropriate alternative familycare or institutional placement isavailable in such cases. Efforts to meetthis obligation shall pay due regard tothe child’s cultural background.

upbringing and development of the child.Parents or, as the case may be, legal guardians,have the primary responsibility for the upbring-ing and development of the child. The best inter-ests of the child will be their basic concern.

2. For the purpose of guaranteeing and promot-ing the rights set forth in the present Convention,States Parties shall render appropriate assistanceto parents and legal guardians in the perfor-mance of their childrearing responsibilities andshall ensure the development of institutions, facil-ities and services for the care of children.

3. States Parties shall take all appropriate mea-sures to ensure that children of working parentshave the right to benefit from child-care servicesand facilities for which they are eligible.

Article 19

1. States Parties shall take all appropriate legisla-tive, administrative, social and educational mea-sures to protect the child from all forms of phys-ical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglector negligent treatment, maltreatment orexploitation, including sexual abuse, while in thecare of parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any otherperson who has the care of the child.

2. Such protective measures should, as appropri-ate, include effective procedures for the establish-ment of social programmes to provide necessarysupport for the child and for those who have thecare of the child, as well as for other forms of pre-vention and for identification, reporting, referral,investigation, treatment and follow-up ofinstances of child maltreatment described hereto-fore, and, as appropriate, for judicial involvement.

Article 20

1. A child temporarily or permanently deprivedof his or her family environment, or in whoseown best interests cannot be allowed to remainin that environment, shall be entitled to specialprotection and assistance provided by the State.

2. States Parties shall in accordance with theirnational laws ensure alternative care for such achild.

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Annex 2123

Health and health services

The child has a right to the higheststandard of health and medical careattainable. States shall place specialemphasis on the provision of prima-ry and preventive health care, pub-lic health education and the reduc-tion of infant mortality. They shallencourage international co-opera-tion in this regard and strive to seethat no child is deprived of access toeffective health services.

paragraph 2 of the present article shall be pro-vided free of charge, whenever possible, takinginto account the financial resources of the par-ents or others caring for the child, and shall bedesigned to ensure that the disabled child haseffective access to and receives education, train-ing, health care services, rehabilitation services,preparation for employment and recreationopportunities in a manner conducive to thechild’s achieving the fullest possible social inte-gration and individual development, includinghis or her cultural and spiritual development.

4. States Parties shall promote, in the spirit ofinternational co-operation, the exchange ofappropriate information in the field of preventivehealth care and of medical, psychological andfunctional treatment of disabled children, includ-ing dissemination of and access to informationconcerning methods of rehabilitation, educationand vocational services, with the aim of enablingStates Parties to improve their capabilities andskills and to widen their experience in these areas.In this regard, particular account shall be taken ofthe needs of developing countries.

Article 24

1. States Parties recognize the right of the childto the enjoyment of the highest attainable stan-dard of health and to facilities for the treatmentof illness and rehabilitation of health. StatesParties shall strive to ensure that no child isdeprived of his or her right of access to suchhealth care services.

2. States Parties shall pursue full implementationof this right and, in particular, shall take appro-priate measures:

(a) To diminish infant and child mortality;

(b) To ensure the provision of necessary medicalassistance and health care to all children withemphasis on the development of primary healthcare;

(c) To combat disease and malnutrition includingwithin the framework of primary health care,through inter alia the application of readilyavailable technology and through the provision


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Refugee children

Special protection shall be grantedto a refugee child or to a child seek-ing refugee status. It is the State’sobligation to cooperate with compe-tent organizations which providesuch protection and assistance.

Disabled children

A disabled child has the right to spe-cial care, education and training tohelp him or her enjoy a full anddecent life in dignity and achievethe greatest degree of self-relianceand social integration possible.

Article 22

1. States Parties shall take appropriate measuresto ensure that a child who is seeking refugee sta-tus or who is considered a refugee in accordancewith applicable international or domestic lawand procedures shall, whether unaccompaniedor accompanied by his or her parents or by anyother person, receive appropriate protection andhumanitarian assistance in the enjoyment ofapplicable rights set forth in the presentConvention and in other international humanrights or humanitarian instruments to which thesaid States are Parties.

2. For this purpose, States Parties shall provide, asthey consider appropriate, co-operation in anyefforts by the United Nations and other compe-tent intergovernmental organizations or non-governmental organizations co-operating withthe United Nations to protect and assist such achild and to trace the parents or other membersof the family of any refugee child in order toobtain information necessary for reunificationwith his or her family. In cases where no parentsor other members of the family can be found,the child shall be accorded the same protectionas any other child permanently or temporarilydeprived of his or her family environment for anyreason, as set forth in the present Convention.

Article 23

1. States Parties recognize that a mentally orphysically disabled child should enjoy a full anddecent life, in conditions which ensure dignity,promote self-reliance, and facilitate the child’sactive participation in the community.

2. States Parties recognize the right of the dis-abled child to special care and shall encourageand ensure the extension, subject to availableresources, to the eligible child and those respon-sible for his or her care, of assistance for whichapplication is made and which is appropriate tothe child’s condition and to the circumstances ofthe parents or others caring for the child.

3. Recognizing the special needs of a disabledchild, assistance extended in accordance with

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Annex 2125

Standard of living

Every child has the right to a stan-dard of living adequate for his orher physical, mental, spiritual,moral and social development.Parents have the primary responsi-bility to ensure that the child has anadequate standard of living. TheState’s duty is to ensure that thisresponsibility can be fulfilled, andis. State responsibility can includematerial assistance to parents andtheir children.

Education

The child has a right to education,and the State’s duty is to ensure thatprimary education is free and com-pulsory, to encourage different formsof secondary education accessible toevery child and to make higher edu-cation available to all on the basisof capacity. School discipline shall beconsistent with the child’s rights anddignity. The State shall engage in

ing responsibility for the maintenance of thechild, as well as any other consideration relevantto an application for benefits made by or onbehalf of the child.

Article 27

1. States Parties recognize the right of every childto a standard of living adequate for the child’sphysical, mental, spiritual, moral and socialdevelopment.

2. The parent(s) or others responsible for thechild have the primary responsibility to secure,within their abilities and financial capacities, theconditions of living necessary for the child’sdevelopment.

3. States Parties, in accordance with nationalconditions and within their means, shall takeappropriate measures to assist parents and oth-ers responsible for the child to implement thisright and shall in case of need provide materialassistance and support programmes, particularlywith regard to nutrition, clothing and housing.

4. States Parties shall take all appropriate mea-sures to secure the recovery of maintenance forthe child from the parents or other persons hav-ing financial responsibility for the child, bothwithin the State Party and from abroad. In par-ticular, where the person having financialresponsibility for the child lives in a State differ-ent from that of the child, States Parties shallpromote the accession to international agree-ments or the conclusion of such agreements, aswell as the making of other appropriate arrange-ments.

Article 28

1. States Parties recognize the right of the childto education, and with a view to achieving thisright progressively and on the basis of equalopportunity, they shall, in particular:

(a) Make primary education compulsory andavailable free to all;

(b) Encourage the development of differentforms of secondary education, including generaland vocational education, make them available


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Periodic review ofplacement

A child who is placed by the Statefor reasons of care, protection ortreatment is entitled to have thatplacement evaluated regularly.

Social security

The child has the right to benefitfrom social security including socialinsurance.

of adequate nutritious foods and clean drinkingwater, taking into consideration the dangers andrisks of environmental pollution;

(d) To ensure appropriate pre-natal and post-natal health care for mothers;

(e) To ensure that all segments of society, in par-ticular parents and children, are informed, haveaccess to education and are supported in the useof basic knowledge of child health and nutrition,the advantages of breast-feeding, hygiene andenvironmental sanitation and the prevention ofaccidents;

(f) To develop preventive health care, guidancefor parents and family planning education andservices.

3. States Parties shall take all effective andappropriate measures with a view to abolishingtraditional practices prejudicial to the health ofchildren.

4. States Parties undertake to promote andencourage international co-operation with aview to achieving progressively the full realiza-tion of the right recognized in the present arti-cle. In this regard, particular account shall betaken of the needs of developing countries.

Article 25

States Parties recognize the right of a child whohas been placed by the competent authorities forthe purposes of care, protection or treatment ofhis or her physical or mental health, to a period-ic review of the treatment provided to the childand all other circumstances relevant to his or herplacement.

Article 26

1. States Parties shall recognize for every childthe right to benefit from social security, includ-ing social insurance, and shall take the necessarymeasures to achieve the full realization of thisright in accordance with their national law.

2. The benefits should, where appropriate, begranted, taking into account the resources andthe circumstances of the child and persons hav-

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Annex 2127

Children of minorities orindigenous populations

Children of minority communitiesand indigenous populations havethe right to enjoy their own cultureand to practise their own religionand language.

Leisure, recreation andcultural activities

The child has the right to leisure,play and participation in culturaland artistic activities.

Child labour

The child has the right to be pro-tected from work that threatens hisor her health, education or develop-ment. The State shall set minimum

(d) The preparation of the child for responsiblelife in a free society, in the spirit of understand-ing, peace, tolerance, equality of sexes, andfriendship among all peoples, ethnic, nationaland religious groups and persons of indigenousorigin;

(e) The development of respect for the naturalenvironment.

2. No part of the present article or article 28 shallbe construed so as to interfere with the liberty ofindividuals and bodies to establish and directeducational institutions, subject always to theobservance of the principles set forth in para-graph 1 of the present article and to the require-ments that the education given in such institu-tions shall conform to such minimum standardsas may be laid down by the State.

Article 30

In those States in which ethnic, religious or lin-guistic minorities or persons of indigenous originexist, a child belonging to such a minority or whois indigenous shall not be denied the right, incommunity with other members of his or hergroup, to enjoy his or her own culture, to professand practise his or her own religion, or to use hisor her own language.

Article 31

1. States Parties recognize the right of the childto rest and leisure, to engage in play and recre-ational activities appropriate to the age of thechild and to participate freely in cultural life andthe arts.

2. States Parties shall respect and promote theright of the child to participate fully in culturaland artistic life and shall encourage the provisionof appropriate and equal opportunities for cul-tural, artistic, recreational and leisure activity.

Article 32

1. States Parties recognize the right of the child tobe protected from economic exploitation andfrom performing any work that is likely to be haz-ardous or to interfere with the child’s education,


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international cooperation to imple-ment this right.

Aims of education

Education shall aim at developingthe child’s personality, talents andmental and physical abilities to thefullest extent. Education shall pre-pare the child for an active adult lifein a free society and foster respect forthe child’s parents, his or her owncultural identity, language and val-ues, and for the cultural back-ground and values of others.

and accessible to every child, and take appropri-ate measures such as the introduction of freeeducation and offering financial assistance incase of need;

(c) Make higher education accessible to all on thebasis of capacity by every appropriate means;

(d) Make educational and vocational informa-tion and guidance available and accessible to allchildren;

(e) Take measures to encourage regular atten-dance at schools and the reduction of drop-outrates.

2. States Parties shall take all appropriate mea-sures to ensure that school discipline is adminis-tered in a manner consistent with the child’shuman dignity and in conformity with the pre-sent Convention.

3. States Parties shall promote and encourageinternational co-operation in matters relating toeducation, in particular with a view to contribut-ing to the elimination of ignorance and illiteracythroughout the world and facilitating access toscientific and technical knowledge and modernteaching methods. In this regard, particularaccount shall be taken of the needs of develop-ing countries.

Article 29

1. States Parties agree that the education of thechild shall be directed to:

(a) The development of the child’s personality,talents and mental and physical abilities to theirfullest potential;

(b) The development of respect for human rightsand fundamental freedoms, and for the princi-ples enshrined in the Charter of the UnitedNations;

(c) The development of respect for the child’sparents, his or her own cultural identity, lan-guage and values, for the national values of thecountry in which the child is living, the countryfrom which he or she may originate, and for civ-ilizations different from his or her own;

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Annex 2129

Other forms of exploitation

The child has the right to protectionfrom all forms of exploitation preju-dicial to any aspects of the child’swelfare not covered in articles 32,33, 34 and 35.

Torture and deprivationof liberty

No child shall be subjected to tor-ture, cruel treatment or punish-ment, unlawful arrest or depriva-tion of liberty. Both capital punish-ment and life imprisonment with-out the possibility of release are pro-hibited for offences committed bypersons below 18 years. Any childdeprived of liberty shall be separat-ed from adults unless it is consideredin the child’s best interests not to doso. A child who is detained shallhave legal and other assistance aswell as contact with the family.

Armed conflicts

States Parties shall take all feasiblemeasures to ensure that childrenunder 15 years of age have no directpart in hostilities. No child below

Article 36

States Parties shall protect the child against allother forms of exploitation prejudicial to anyaspects of the child’s welfare.

Article 37

States Parties shall ensure that:(a) No child shall be subjected to torture or othercruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or pun-ishment. Neither capital punishment nor lifeimprisonment without possibility of release shallbe imposed for offences committed by personsbelow 18 years of age;

(b) No child shall be deprived of his or her liber-ty unlawfully or arbitrarily. The arrest, detentionor imprisonment of a child shall be in conformitywith the law and shall be used only as a measureof last resort and for the shortest appropriateperiod of time;

(c) Every child deprived of liberty shall be treatedwith humanity and respect for the inherent dig-nity of the human person, and in a mannerwhich takes into account the needs of persons ofhis or her age. In particular every child deprivedof liberty shall be separated from adults unless itis considered in the child’s best interest not to doso and shall have the right to maintain contactwith his or her family through correspondenceand visits, save in exceptional circumstances;

(d) Every child deprived of his or her liberty shallhave the right to prompt access to legal andother appropriate assistance, as well as the rightto challenge the legality of the deprivation of hisor her liberty before a court or other competent,independent and impartial authority, and to aprompt decision on any such action.

Article 38

1. States Parties undertake to respect and toensure respect for rules of international humani-tarian law applicable to them in armed conflictswhich are relevant to the child.


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ages for employment and regulateworking conditions.

Drug abuse

Children have the right to protec-tion from the use of narcotic andpsychotropic drugs, and from beinginvolved in their production or dis-tribution.

Sexual exploitation

The State shall protect childrenfrom sexual exploitation and abuse,including prostitution and involve-ment in pornography.

Sale, trafficking andabduction

It is the State’s obligation to makeevery effort to prevent the sale, traf-ficking and abduction of children.

or to be harmful to the child’s health or physical,mental, spiritual, moral or social development.

2. States Parties shall take legislative, administra-tive, social and educational measures to ensurethe implementation of the present article. To thisend, and having regard to the relevant provi-sions of other international instruments, StatesParties shall in particular:

(a) Provide for a minimum age or minimum agesfor admissions to employment;

(b) Provide for appropriate regulation of thehours and conditions of employment;

(c) Provide for appropriate penalties or othersanctions to ensure the effective enforcement ofthe present article.

Article 33

States Parties shall take all appropriate measures,including legislative, administrative, social andeducational measures, to protect children from theillicit use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic sub-stances as defined in the relevant internationaltreaties, and to prevent the use of children in theillicit production and trafficking of such substances.

Article 34

States Parties undertake to protect the childfrom all forms of sexual exploitation and sexualabuse. For these purposes, States Parties shall inparticular take all appropriate national, bilateraland multilateral measures to prevent:

(a) The inducement or coercion of a child toengage in any unlawful sexual activity;

(b) The exploitative use of children in prostitu-tion or other unlawful sexual practices;

(c) The exploitative use of children in porno-graphic performances and materials.

Article 35

States Parties shall take all appropriate national,bilateral and multilateral measures to preventthe abduction of, the sale of or traffic in childrenfor any purpose or in any form.

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Annex 2131

reason of acts or omissions that were not prohib-ited by national or international law at the timethey were committed;

(b) Every child alleged as or accused of havinginfringed the penal law has at least the followingguarantees:

(i) To be presumed innocent until proven guiltyaccording to law;

(ii) To be informed promptly and directly of thecharges against him or her, and, if appropriate,through his or her parents or legal guardians,and to have legal or other appropriate assistancein the preparation and presentation of his or herdefence;

(iii) To have the matter determined withoutdelay by a competent, independent and impar-tial authority or judicial body in a fair hearingaccording to law, in the presence of legal orother appropriate assistance and, unless it is con-sidered not to be in the best interest of the child,in particular, taking into account his or her ageor situation, his or her parents or legal guardians;

(iv) Not to be compelled to give testimony or toconfess guilt; to examine or have examinedadverse witnesses and to obtain the participationand examination of witnesses on his or herbehalf under conditions of equality;

(v) If considered to have infringed the penal law,to have this decision and any measures imposedin consequence thereof reviewed by a highercompetent, independent and impartial authorityor judicial body according to law;

(vi) To have the free assistance of an interpreterif the child cannot understand or speak the lan-guage used;

(vii) To have his or her privacy fully respected atall stages of the proceedings.

3. States Parties shall seek to promote the estab-lishment of laws, procedures, authorities andinstitutions specifically applicable to childrenalleged as, accused of, or recognized as havinginfringed the penal law, and, in particular:

(a) the establishment of a minimum age below


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15 shall be recruited into the armedforces. States shall also ensure theprotection and care of children whoare affected by armed conflict asdescribed in relevant internationallaw.

Rehabilitative care

The State has an obligation toensure that child victims of armedconflicts, torture, neglect, maltreat-ment or exploitation receive appro-priate treatment for their recoveryand social reintegration.

Administration ofjuvenile justice

A child in conflict with the law hasthe right to treatment which pro-motes the child’s sense of dignity andworth, takes the child’s age intoaccount and aims at his or her rein-tegration into society. The child isentitled to basic guarantees as wellas legal or other assistance for his orher defence. Judicial proceedingsand institutional placements shallbe avoided wherever possible.

2. States Parties shall take all feasible measuresto ensure that persons who have not attainedthe age of 15 years do not take a direct part inhostilities.

3. States Parties shall refrain from recruiting anyperson who has not attained the age of 15 yearsinto their armed forces. In recruiting amongthose persons who have attained the age of 15years but who have not attained the age of 18years, States Parties shall endeavour to give pri-ority to those who are oldest.

4. In accordance with their obligations underinternational humanitarian law to protect thecivilian population in armed conflicts, StatesParties shall take all feasible measures to ensureprotection and care of children who are affectedby an armed conflict.

Article 39

States Parties shall take all appropriate measuresto promote physical and psychological recoveryand social reintegration of a child victim of: anyform of neglect, exploitation, or abuse; tortureor any other form of cruel, inhuman or degrad-ing treatment or punishment; or armed conflicts.Such recovery and reintegration shall take placein an environment which fosters the health, self-respect and dignity of the child.

Article 40

1. States Parties recognize the right of every childalleged as, accused of, or recognized as havinginfringed the penal law to be treated in a man-ner consistent with the promotion of the child’ssense of dignity and worth, which reinforces thechild’s respect for the human rights and funda-mental freedoms of others and which takes intoaccount the child’s age and the desirability ofpromoting the child’s reintegration and thechild’s assuming a constructive role in society.

2. To this end, and having regard to the relevantprovisions of international instruments, StatesParties shall, in particular, ensure that:

(a) No child shall be alleged as, be accused of, orrecognized as having infringed the penal law by

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Annex 2133

(iv) The Committee may proposethat special studies be undertakenon specific issues relating to therights of the child, and may make itsevaluations known to each StateParty concerned as well as to theUN General Assembly.(v) In order to “foster the effectiveimplementation of the Conventionand to encourage international coop-eration”, the specialized agencies ofthe UN – such as the InternationalLabour Organization (ILO), WorldHealth Organization (WHO) andUnited Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organi-zation (UNESCO) – and UNICEFwould be able to attend the meetingsof the Committee. Together with anyother body recognized as ‘competent’,including non-governmental organi-zations (NGOs) in consultativestatus with the UN and UN organssuch as the Office of the UnitedNations High Commissioner forRefugees (UNHCR), they can sub-mit pertinent information to theCommittee and be asked to advise onthe optimal implementation of theConvention.

given to equitable geographical distribution, aswell as to the principal legal systems.

3. The members of the Committee shall be elect-ed by secret ballot from a list of persons nominat-ed by States Parties. Each State Party may nomi-nate one person from among its own nationals.

4. The initial election to the Committee shall beheld no later than six months after the date ofthe entry into force of the present Conventionand thereafter every second year. At least fourmonths before the date of each election, theSecretary-General of the United Nations shalladdress a letter to States Parties inviting them tosubmit their nominations within two months.The Secretary-General shall subsequently pre-pare a list in alphabetical order of all personsthus nominated, indicating States Parties whichhave nominated them, and shall submit it to theStates Parties to the present Convention.

5. The elections shall be held at meetings ofStates Parties convened by the Secretary-Generalat United Nations Headquarters. At those meet-ings, for which two thirds of States Parties shallconstitute a quorum, the persons elected to theCommittee shall be those who obtain the largestnumber of votes and an absolute majority of thevotes of the representatives of States Parties pre-sent and voting.

6. The members of the Committee shall be elect-ed for a term of four years. They shall be eligiblefor reelection if renominated. The term of five ofthe members elected at the first election shallexpire at the end of two years; immediately afterthe first election, the names of these five mem-bers shall be chosen by lot by the Chairman ofthe meeting.

7. If a member of the Committee dies or resignsor declares that for any other cause he or she canno longer perform the duties of the Committee,the State Party which nominated the membershall appoint another expert from among itsnationals to serve for the remainder of the term,subject to the approval of the Committee.

8. The Committee shall establish its own rules ofprocedure.


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Respect for higherstandards

Wherever standards set in applica-ble national and international lawrelevant to the rights of the childare higher than those in thisConvention, the higher standardshall always apply.

Implementation andentry into force

The provisions of articles 42-54notably foresee:(i) the State’s obligation to make therights contained in this Conventionwidely known to both adults andchildren.(ii) the setting up of a Committee onthe Rights of the Child composed often experts, which will considerreports that States Parties to theConvention are to submit two yearsafter ratification and every five yearsthereafter. The Convention entersinto force – and the Committeewould therefore be set up – once20 countries have ratified it.(iii) States Parties are to make theirreports widely available to the gen-eral public.

which children shall be presumed not to have thecapacity to infringe the penal law;

(b) whenever appropriate and desirable, mea-sures for dealing with such children withoutresorting to judicial proceedings, providing thathuman rights and legal safeguards are fullyrespected.

4. A variety of dispositions, such as care, guid-ance and supervision orders; counselling; proba-tion; foster care; education and vocational train-ing programmes and other alternatives to insti-tutional care shall be available to ensure thatchildren are dealt with in a manner appropriateto their well-being and proportionate both totheir circumstances and the offence.

Article 41

Nothing in the present Convention shall affectany provisions which are more conducive to therealization of the rights of the child and whichmay be contained in:

(a) The law of a State Party; or

(b) International law in force for that State.

PART II

Article 42

States Parties undertake to make the principlesand provisions of the Convention widely known,by appropriate and active means, to adults andchildren alike.

Article 43

1. For the purpose of examining the progressmade by States Parties in achieving the realizationof the obligations undertaken in the presentConvention, there shall be established aCommittee on the Rights of the Child, which shallcarry out the functions hereinafter provided.

2. The Committee shall consist of ten experts ofhigh moral standing and recognized competencein the field covered by this Convention. The mem-bers of the Committee shall be elected by StatesParties from among their nationals and shall servein their personal capacity, consideration being

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4. The Committee may request from StatesParties further information relevant to theimplementation of the Convention.

5. The Committee shall submit to the GeneralAssembly, through the Economic and SocialCouncil, every two years, reports on its activities.

6. States Parties shall make their reports widelyavailable to the public in their own countries.

Article 45

In order to foster the effective implementationof the Convention and to encourage internation-al co-operation in the field covered by theConvention:

(a) The specialized agencies, the United NationsChildren’s Fund and other United Nations organsshall be entitled to be represented at the consid-eration of the implementation of such provisionsof the present Convention as fall within thescope of their mandate. The Committee mayinvite the specialized agencies, the UnitedNations Children’s Fund and other competentbodies as it may consider appropriate to provideexpert advice on the implementation of theConvention in areas falling within the scope oftheir respective mandates. The Committee mayinvite the specialized agencies, the UnitedNations Children’s Fund and other UnitedNations organs to submit reports on the imple-mentation of the Convention in areas fallingwithin the scope of their activities;

(b) The Committee shall transmit, as it may con-sider appropriate, to the specialized agencies,the United Nations Children’s Fund and othercompetent bodies, any reports from StatesParties that contain a request, or indicate a need,for technical advice or assistance, along with theCommittee’s observations and suggestions, ifany, on these requests or indications;

(c) The Committee may recommend to theGeneral Assembly to request the Secretary-General to undertake on its behalf studies onspecific issues relating to the rights of the child;(d) The Committee may make suggestions andgeneral recommendations based on information


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9. The Committee shall elect its officers for a peri-od of two years.

10. The meetings of the Committee shall normal-ly be held at United Nations Headquarters or atany other convenient place as determined by theCommittee. The Committee shall normally meetannually. The duration of the meetings of theCommittee shall be determined, and reviewed, ifnecessary, by a meeting of the States Parties tothe present Convention, subject to the approvalof the General Assembly.

11. The Secretary-General of the United Nationsshall provide the necessary staff and facilities forthe effective performance of the functions of theCommittee under the present Convention.

12. With the approval of the General Assembly,the members of the Committee established underthe present Convention shall receive emolumentsfrom the United Nations resources on such termsand conditions as the Assembly may decide.

Article 44

1. States Parties undertake to submit to theCommittee, through the Secretary-General ofthe United Nations, reports on the measures theyhave adopted which give effect to the rights rec-ognized herein and on the progress made on theenjoyment of those rights:

(a) Within two years of the entry into force ofthe Convention for the State Party concerned,

(b) Thereafter every five years.

2. Reports made under the present article shallindicate factors and difficulties, if any, affectingthe degree of fulfilment of the obligations underthe present Convention. Reports shall also con-tain sufficient information to provide theCommittee with a comprehensive understandingof the implementation of the Convention in thecountry concerned.

3. A State Party which has submitted a compre-hensive initial report to the Committee need notin its subsequent reports submitted in accor-dance with paragraph 1(b) of the present articlerepeat basic information previously provided.

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indicate whether they favour a conference ofStates Parties for the purpose of considering andvoting upon the proposals. In the event that,within four months from the date of such com-munication, at least one third of the StatesParties favour such a conference, the Secretary-General shall convene the conference under theauspices of the United Nations. Any amendmentadopted by a majority of States Parties presentand voting at the conference shall be submittedto the General Assembly for approval.

2. An amendment adopted in accordance withparagraph 1 of the present article shall enter intoforce when it has been approved by the GeneralAssembly of the United Nations and accepted bya two-thirds majority of States Parties.

3. When an amendment enters into force, it shallbe binding on those States Parties which haveaccepted it, other States Parties still being boundby the provisions of the present Convention andany earlier amendments which they have accepted.

Article 51

1. The Secretary-General of the United Nationsshall receive and circulate to all States the text ofreservations made by States at the time of ratifi-cation or accession.

2. A reservation incompatible with the objectand purpose of the present Convention shall notbe permitted.

3. Reservations may be withdrawn at any time bynotification to that effect addressed to theSecretary-General of the United Nations, whoshall then inform all States. Such notificationshall take effect on the date on which it isreceived by the Secretary-General.

Article 52

A State Party may denounce the presentConvention by written notification to theSecretary-General of the United Nations.Denunciation becomes effective one year afterthe date of receipt of the notification by theSecretary-General.


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received pursuant to articles 44 and 45 of thepresent Convention. Such suggestions and gen-eral recommendations shall be transmitted toany State Party concerned and reported to theGeneral Assembly, together with comments, ifany, from States Parties.

PART III

Article 46

The present Convention shall be open for signa-ture by all States.

Article 47

The present Convention is subject to ratification.Instruments of ratification shall be depositedwith the Secretary-General of the UnitedNations.

Article 48

The present Convention shall remain open foraccession by any State. The instruments of acces-sion shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

Article 49

1. The present Convention shall enter into forceon the thirtieth day following the date ofdeposit with the Secretary-General of the UnitedNations of the twentieth instrument of ratifica-tion or accession.

2. For each State ratifying or acceding to theConvention after the deposit of the twentiethinstrument of ratification or accession, theConvention shall enter into force on the thirtiethday after the deposit by such State of its instru-ment of ratification or accession.

Article 50

1. Any State Party may propose an amendmentand file it with the Secretary-General of theUnited Nations. The Secretary-General shallthereupon communicate the proposed amend-ment to States Parties, with a request that they

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Article 53

The Secretary-General of the United Nations isdesignated as the depositary of the presentConvention.

Article 54

The original of the present Convention, of whichthe Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian andSpanish texts are equally authentic, shall bedeposited with the SecretaryGeneral of the UnitUnited Nations.

In witness thereof the undersigned plenipoten-tiaries, being duly authorized thereto by theirrespective Governments, have signed the presentConvention.

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AAnnnneexx 33

AA bbrriieeff iinnttrroodduuccttiioonn ttooiinntteerrnnaattiioonnaall hhuummaann rriigghhttssllaaww tteerrmmiinnoollooggyy

Excerpt from: Human Rights: A Basic Handbook for UN Staff, pp. 2-5


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International human rights law The formal expression of inherent human rights is throughinternational human rights law. A series of internationalhuman rights treaties and other instruments have emergedsince 1945 conferring legal form on inherent human rights.The creation of the United Nations provided an ideal forumfor the development and adoption of international humanrights instruments. Other instruments have been adopted ata regional level reflecting the particular human rights con-cerns of the region. Most States have also adopted constitu-tions and other laws which formally protect basic humanrights. Often the language used by States is drawn directlyfrom the international human rights instruments.

International human rights law consists mainly of treatiesand custom as well as, inter alia, declarations, guidelines andprinciples.

Treaties A treaty is an agreement by States to be bound by particularrules. International treaties have different designations suchas covenants, charters, protocols, conventions, accords andagreements. A treaty is legally binding on those States whichhave consented to be bound by the provisions of the treaty– in other words are party to the treaty.

A State can become a party to a treaty by ratification, acces-sion or succession. Ratification is a State’s formal expressionof consent to be bound by a treaty. Only a State that has pre-viously signed the treaty (during the period when the treatywas open for signature) can ratify it. Ratification consists oftwo procedural acts: on the domestic level, it requiresapproval by the appropriate constitutional organ (usuallythe head of State or parliament). On the international level,pursuant to the relevant provision of the treaty in question,the instrument of ratification shall be formally transmittedto the depositary which may be a State or an internationalorganization such as the United Nations.

Accession entails consent to be bound by a State that has notpreviously signed the instrument. States ratify treaties both

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What are human rights? Human rights are commonly understood as being thoserights which are inherent to the human being. The conceptof human rights acknowledges that every single humanbeing is entitled to enjoy his or her human rights withoutdistinction as to race, colour, sex, language, religion, politi-cal or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birthor other status.

Human rights are legally guaranteed by human rights law,protecting individuals and groups against actions that inter-fere with fundamental freedoms and human dignity. Theyare expressed in treaties, customary international law, bod-ies of principles and other sources of law. Human rights lawplaces an obligation on States to act in a particular way andprohibits States from engaging in specified activities.However, the law does not establish human rights. Humanrights are inherent entitlements which come to every personas a consequence of being human. Treaties and othersources of law generally serve to protect formally the rightsof individuals and groups against actions or abandonmentof actions by Governments which interfere with the enjoy-ment of their human rights.

The following are some of the most important characteristicsof human rights:

• Human rights are founded on respect for the dignity andworth of each person;

• Human rights are universal, meaning that they are appliedequally and without discrimination to all people;

• Human rights are inalienable, in that no one can have hisor her human rights taken away; they can be limited inspecific situations (for example, the right to liberty can berestricted if a person is found guilty of a crime by a courtof law);

• Human rights are indivisible, interrelated and interdepen-dent, for the reason that it is insufficient to respect somehuman rights and not others. In practice, the violation ofone right will often affect respect for several other rights.All human rights should therefore be seen as having equalimportance and of being equally essential to respect forthe dignity and worth of every person.

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States in their conduct of international relations. The value ofsuch instruments rests on their recognition and acceptance bya large number of States, and, even without binding legaleffect, they may be seen as declaratory of broadly acceptedprinciples within the international community.

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before and after the treaty has entered into force. The sameapplies to accession.

A State may also become party to a treaty by succession,which takes place by virtue of a specific treaty provision orby declaration.

Most treaties are not self-executing. In some States treatiesare superior to domestic law, whereas in other States treatiesare given constitutional status, and in yet others only certainprovisions of a treaty are incorporated in domestic law.

A State may, in ratifying a treaty, enter reservations to thattreaty, indicating that, while it consents to be bound by mostof the provisions, it does not agree to be bound by certainspecific provisions. However, a reservation may not defeatthe object and purpose of the treaty. Further, even if a Stateis not a party to a treaty or if it has entered reservationsthereto, that State may still be bound by those treaty provi-sions which have become part of customary internationallaw or constitute peremptory rules of international law, suchas the prohibition against torture.

Custom Customary international law (or simply “custom”) is the termused to describe a general and consistent practice followedby States deriving from a sense of legal obligation. Thus, forexample, while the Universal Declaration of Human Rights isnot in itself a binding treaty, some of its provisions have thecharacter of customary international law.

Declarations, resolutions etc. adopted by

United Nations organs General norms of international law – principles and practicesthat most States would agree on – are often stated in decla-rations, proclamations, standard rules, guidelines, recommen-dations and principles. While no binding legal effect on Statesensues, they nevertheless represent a broad consensus on thepart of the international community and, therefore, have astrong and undeniable moral force in terms of the practice of

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International Labour Organization(ILO)

4, route des Morillons1211 Geneva 22SWITZERLANDTel: +41 22 799 61 11Fax: +41 22 798 86 85E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.ilo.org

United Nations EnvironmentProgramme (UNEP)

United Nations Avenue, GigiriP.O. Box 30552 Nairobi KENYA Tel: +254 2 621234 Fax: +254 2 624489/90E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.unep.org

Office of the United Nations HighCommissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

P.O. Box 25001211 Genève 2 DépôtSWITZERLANDTel.: +41 22 739 81 11Fax +41 22 739 73 77E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.unhcr.ch

World Health Organization (WHO)20, Avenue Appia1211 Geneva 27SWITZERLANDTel: +41 22 791 21 11Fax +41 22 791 31 11E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.who.int

Other organizations

The following organizations provideprimary, middle and secondaryschool educators with information,conference facilities, training andmaterials about human rightseducation. For complete and currentinformation on their activities andresources, contact theseorganizations or visit their web siteson the Internet.a

International level

Most of these organizations havenational chapters or counterparts,which carry out human rightseducation programmes and developrelated materials. Information onnational contacts can be obtained atthe following addresses.

Amnesty InternationalHuman Rights Education Team International Secretariat

1 Easton StreetLondon WC1X 0DWUNITED KINGDOMTel: +44 207 4135513 Fax: +44 207 9561157E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.amnesty.org

> Has extensive programmes andresources for human rightseducation, including a regularlyupdated annotated bibliography ofresources in many languages that isavailable online at:<http://www.amnesty.org> [searchunder “Library” ? “View by theme”? “Human rights education”]. Annex 4

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United Nations organizations

Organizations within the UnitedNations system can providematerials and other forms ofsupport for human rights educationprogrammes. The addresses of theheadquarters of a selected list ofUnited Nations organizationsfollow; they will be able to providedetails regarding their nationalpresences/counterparts.

Office of the United Nations HighCommissioner for Human Rights(OHCHR)

United Nations Decade for HumanRights Education (1995-2004)Palais des Nations1211 Geneva 10SWITZERLANDTel: +41 22 917 92 69Fax: +41 22 917 90 03E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.ohchr.org

United Nations Educational,Scientific, and Cultural Organization(UNESCO)

Education Sector7, place de Fontenoy75352 Paris 07 SPFRANCETel: +33 1 45 68 10 00Fax: +33 1 45 67 16 90E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.unesco.org

UNESCO International Bureau ofEducation

15, route des Morillons1218 Grand-SaconnexGenevaSWITZERLANDTel: +41 22 917 78 00Fax: +41 22 917 78 01E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.ibe.unesco.org

United Nations Children’s Fund(UNICEF)

UNICEF House3, United Nations PlazaNew York, N.Y. 10017, USATel: +1 212 326 7000Fax: +1 212 887 7465 / 887 7454E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.unicef.org

UNICEF Innocenti Research CentrePiazza SS. Annunziata 1250122 Florence, ITALYTel: +39 055 20 33 0Fax: +39 055 24 48 17E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.unicef-icdc.org

United Nations Department ofPublic Information (DPI)

United Nations Cyberschoolbusc/o Global Teaching and LearningProjectUnited Nations HeadquartersNew York, NY 10017USATel: +1 212 963 8589Fax: +1 212 963 0071 E-mail: [email protected] Web site:http://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus

United Nations DevelopmentProgramme (UNDP)

1, United Nations PlazaNew York, N.Y. 10017USATel: +1 212 906 5558Fax: +1 212 906 5364E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.undp.org

Food and Agriculture Organizationof the United Nations (FAO)

Viale delle Terme di Caracalla00100 RomeITALYTel: +39 06 5705 1Fax +39 06 5705 3152E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.fao.org

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a For a broad listing of related organizations,see also: “The Human Rights EducationResourcebook”, second edition, Human RightsEducation Associates (HREA), 2000. Availableon-line at <http://www.hrea.org>.


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International Helsinki Federation forHuman Rights (IFHR)

Wickenburgg. 14/71080 Vienna, AUSTRIA Tel: +43 1 408 8822Fax: +43 1 408 882250E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.ihf-hr.org

> Although principally concerned withmonitoring and reporting, manynational Helsinki Committees alsoprovide human rights educationmaterials and training.

International Save the ChildrenAlliance

275-281 King StreetLondon W6 9LZUNITED KINGDOMTel: +44 20 8748 2554Fax: +44 20 8237 8000E-mail: [email protected] site:http://www.savethechildren.net

> Educates and advocates on therights of the child.

OXFAM InternationalInternational SecretariatSuite 20, 266 Banbury RoadOxford, OX2 7DLUNITED KINGDOMTel: +44 1865 31 3939Fax: +44 1865 31 3770E-mail:[email protected] site:http://www.oxfaminternational.org

> Educational focus is on the right todevelopment, gender issues andsocial and economic rights.

Peace Child InternationalThe White HouseBuntingford, Herts. SG9 9AHUNITED KINGDOM Tel: +44 176 327 4459Fax: +44 176 327 4460E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.peacechild.org

> A network of high-school studentgroups in more than 100 countries,run by young people in partnershipwith adult professionals.

People’s Movement for HumanRights Education (PDHRE)

526 W. 111th StreetNew York, NY 10025USATel: +1 212 749 3156Fax: +1 212 666 6325E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.pdhre.org

> A resource centre for research anddevelopment of educationalmaterials with online resources.

World Federation of United NationsAssociations (WFUNA/FMANU)

c/o Palais des Nations1211 Geneva 10SWITZERLANDTel: +44 22 917 3213/3239Fax: +44 22 917 0185E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.wfuna.org

> Many United Nations Associationsdevelop training programmes andmaterials about human rights foruse in formal education, includingmodel United Nations programmes.

World Organization of the ScoutMovement (World Scout Bureau)

P.O. Box 2411211 Geneva 4SWITZERLANDTel: +41 22 705 1010Fax: +41 22 705 1020E-mail:[email protected] Web site: http://www.scout.org

> Includes educational programmesand materials on development andchildren rights.

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Anti-Slavery International Thomas Clarkson House,The Stableyard, Broomgrove RoadLondon SW9 9TL, UNITED KINGDOMTel: +44 20 7501 8920Fax: +44 20 7738 4110E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.antislavery.org

> Publishes resources for use in schoolsand offers education programmeson human rights in schools andyouth centres. Breaking the Silenceis an educational resources web siteon the transatlantic slave trade.

Association mondiale pour l’écoleinstrument de paix/WorldAssociation for the School as anInstrument of Peace (EIP)

5, rue de Simplon1207 Geneva, SWITZERLANDTel: +41 22 735 2422Fax: +41 22 735 0653E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.eip-cifedhop.org

> Publishes materials for use in schoolsand provides training, including asummer course for teachers withFrench, English, and Spanish sections.

Canadian Human Rights Foundation1425 René-Lévesque Blvd. West,Suite 407Montréal, Québec, Canada H3G 1T7CANADATel: +1 514 9540382Fax: +1 514 9540659E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.chrf.ca

> Provides curriculum materials andoffers regional training programmesin Africa, Asia and Central andEastern Europe. It offers a summerInternational Human Rights TrainingProgramme (IHRTP) for educatorsand activists.

Cultural Survival215 Prospect StreetCambridge, MA 02139, USA

Tel: +1 617 441 5400Fax: +1 617 441 5417E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.cs.org

> Provides materials and training onindigenous rights worldwide.

Education International5 bd du Roi Albert II1210 BrusselsBELGIUMTel: +32 2 224 0611Fax: +32 2 224 0606E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.ei-ie.org

> A worldwide trade unionorganization of education personnelworking in all sectors of educationfrom pre-school to university.

Human Rights Education Associates(HREA)

HREA - USA OfficeP.O. Box 382396Cambridge, MA 02238, USATel: +1 617 6250278Fax: +1 617 2490278E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.hrea.org

> Provides extensive resources toeducators, including consultation incurriculum and materialsdevelopment, programmeevaluation, an online ResourceCentre for Human Rights Educationand an international list-serv forhuman rights educators.

International Committee of the RedCross (ICRC)

19, avenue de la Paix1202 Geneva, SWITZERLANDTel: +41 22 734 6001Fax: +41-22 733 2057E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.icrc.org

> Its mandate includes thedissemination of international law ofarmed conflict and human rights lawthrough education, training andpublic awareness.

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> A comprehensive centre providingmaterials and training for bothformal and non-formal human rightseducation throughout Asia.

Asia-Pacific Human RightsInformation Center (HURIGHTSOSAKA)

1-2-1-1500, Benten, Minato-kuOsaka-shi, Osaka 552-0007JAPANTel: +81 6 6577 3578Fax: +81 6 6577 3583E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.hurights.or.jp

> A resource and documentationcentre with programmes in bothformal and non-formal education.

Human Rights CorrespondenceSchool

c/o Asian Human Rights CommissionUnit D, 7/F., Mongkok CommercialCenter,16-16B Argyle Street, KowloonHong KongCHINATel: +852 2698 6339Fax: +852 2698 6367E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] site: http://www.hrschool.orgsupahrchk.net

> A web site with documents,information and materials tofacilitate the development of humanrights education modules in Asiancountries.

Philippines Normal University -Gender, Peace and Human RightsEducation

Taft Avenue1001 ManilaPHILIPPINESTel: +63 2 5244032Fax: +63 2 5270372E-mail: [email protected]

> Trains teachers in pedagogy andcurriculum development for humanrights education.

South Asian Human RightsDocumentation Center

B-6/6, Safdarjang Enclave ExtensionNew Delhi 110029, INDIATel: +91 11 619 1120/ 619 2717Fax : +91 11 619 1120E-mail: [email protected] site:http://hri.ca/partners/sahrdc

> Develops curricula for the teachingof human rights in schools.

America

Human Rights CenterUniversity of MinnesotaMondale Hall, N-120229-19th Avenue SouthMinneapolis, MN 55455, USATel: +1 612 626 0041Fax: +1 612 625 2011E-mail: [email protected] sites: http://www.hrusa.org

> Provides comprehensive services toeducators, including training,publications and both direct andonline information; publishes theHuman Rights Education Series; offersa summer training-of-trainers course.

Instituto Interamericano deDerechos Humanos (IIDH)

Apartado 10081-1000San José, COSTA RICATel: +506 234 0404Fax: +506 234 0955E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.iidh.ed.cr

> A comprehensive centre whose workincludes developing materials andconducting training for secondaryschool teachers.

Instituto Peruano de Educación enDerechos Humanos y la Paz(IPEDEHP)

Los Gavilanes 195 San IsidroLima 11, PERUTel: +51 1 2215713/ 2215668/4414602Fax: +51 1 4606759

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Some contacts at the regional level

Africa and the Middle East

African Centre for Democracy andHuman Rights Studies (ACDHRS)

Zoe Tembo Building, Kerr Sereign K. S. M. D.P. O. Box: 2728Serrekunda, GAMBIATel: +220 462340 / 462341/ 462342Fax: +220 462338 / 462339E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] site: http://www.acdhrs.org

> Main activities include training,information and documentation inthe field of human rights. Producesmaterial for human rights educationin schools.

Cairo Institute for Human RightsStudies (CIHRS)

P.O. Box 117 Maglis el-Shaab11516 Cairo, EGYPTTel: +202 7946065Fax: +202 7921913E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.cihrs.org

> Provides human rights training andpublications for students andeducators.

Centre for Socio-Legal Studies (CSLS)University of NatalDurban 4014 SOUTH AFRICATel: +27 31 260 1291Fax: +27 31 260 1540E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.csls.org.zaCoordinates the Street Law andDemocracy for All programmes.Offers teacher training andcurriculum materials.

Institut Arabe des Droits del’Homme (IADH) / Arab Institute forHuman Rights (AIHR)

14 Rue Al-Jahidh, Menzahl1004 Tunis, TUNISIA

Tel: +216 1 767 003/ 767 889Fax: +216 1 750 911E-mail : [email protected] site: http://www.aihr.org.tn

> Develops training programmes andmaterials for teachers, students andchildren.

Institute for Democracy in SouthAfrica (IDASA)

357 Visagie Street (corner Prinsloo)PO Box 56950, Arcadia Pretoria 0007 SOUTH AFRICATel: +27 12 392 0500Fax: +27 12 320 2414/5E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.idasa.org.za

> Develops materials and providesteacher training at the secondaryschool level.

Union Interafricaine des Droits del’Homme (UIDH)

01 BP 1346 - Ouagadougou BURKINA FASOTel: +226 31 61 45 Fax: +226 31 61 44 E-mail: [email protected] site:http://www.hri.ca/partners/uidh

> Conducts human rights educationprogrammes at the regional level.

Asia and the Pacificb

Asian Regional Resource Center forHuman Rights Education (ARRC)

2738 Ladprao 128/3Klongchan, BangkapiBangkok 10240, THAILANDTel: +662 731 0829/ 377 5641Fax: +662 731 0829 E-mail: [email protected] site: www.arrc-hre.com

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b For a more complete listing, see A Directoryof Asian and the Pacific Organizations Relatedto Human Rights Education Work, third edition,Asian Regional Resource Center for HumanRights Education (ARRC), January 2003. Avail-able on-line at: < www.arrc-hre.com >.


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Web site:http://www.le.ac.uk/education/centres/citizenship

> Works in partnership with schools topromote research and education forcitizenship, human rights and theteaching of democracy in schools;has a distance learning programmein human rights education.

Centre for Global EducationYork St. John CollegeLord Mayor’s WalkYork Y031 7EXUNITED KINGDOMTel: +44 1904 716839/716825Fax: +44 1904 612512E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.yorksj.ac.uk(search under “About us” ?“Centres”)

> Offers materials and training,including an annual summer school;publishes the Human RightsEducation Newsletter.

Citizenship FoundationFerroners HouseShaftesbury Place, Aldersgate StreetLondon EC2Y 8AAUNITED KINGDOMTel: +44 020 7367 0500Fax: +44 020 7367 0501E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.citfou.org.uk/

> Provides materials, curriculumdevelopment and teacher training inthe UK and Central and EasternEurope.

Council of Europe67075 Strasbourg Cedex, FRANCETel: +33 388 412 033Fax: +33 388 412 745E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.coe.int

> Publishes extensive resources forhuman rights education in Frenchand English, especially relating totolerance and the EuropeanConvention on Human Rights.

North-South Centre - EuropeanCentre for Global Interdependenceand Solidarity

Avenida da Libertade 229/4o1250-142 LisbonPORTUGALTel: +351 21 358 40 58 Fax: +351 21 352 49 66/ 21 358 40 37E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.nscentre.org

> Develops materials and publishes amonthly newsletter.

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E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.human-rights.net/IPEDEHP

> Publishes a wide range ofmaterials for schools andprovides training courses forteachers.

Network of Educators onthe Americas (NECA)

P.O. Box 73038Washington, DC 20056USATel: +1 202 588 7204 (toll free: +1800 763 9131)Fax: +1 202 238 0109E-mail: [email protected] site:http://www.teachingforchange.org

> Provides teacher training and anextensive catalogue of materialson social justice issues in Englishand Spanish.

Red Latinoamericana de Educaciónpara la Paz y los Derechos Humanos

c/o Red de Apoyo por la Justicia y la PazParque Central, Edificio CaroataNivel Oficina 2, Oficina n. 220Caracas 1015-AVENEZUELATel/Fax: +58 212 5741949/ 5748005E-mail: [email protected]

> A coalition of more than30 organizations in LatinAmerica and the Caribbeandealing with human rightseducation.Servicio Paz y Justicia (SERPAJ)

Joaquín Requena 1642CP 11 200MontevideoURUGUAYTel: +598 2 408 5301Fax: +598 2 408 5701E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.serpaj.org.uy

> Provides teacher training andmaterials for formal education.

Southern Poverty Law Centre 400 Washington AvenueMontgomery, Alabama 36104USATel: +1 334 956 8200Fax: +1 334-956 8488Web site: http://www.splcenter.org

> Provides educational materialsonline for teachers, parents andstudents to combat hate,discrimination and intolerance.

Street Law, Inc. 1600 K Street NW., Suite 602Washington, DC 20006USATel: +1 202 293 0088Fax: +1 202 293 0089E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.streetlaw.org

> Provides curriculum materials andtraining for teachers and secondarystudents for use in educating thecommunity about law, human rights,democracy and conflict resolution.

Europe

Center for CitizenshipEducation/Centrum EdukacjiObywatelskiej

Ul. Willowa 9/300-790 Warszawa, POLANDTel/Fax: +48 22 646 2025E-mail: [email protected] site: http://www.ceo.org.pl

> Provides teaching materials andtraining for secondary schoolstudents, teachers andadministrators.

Centre for Citizenship Studies inEducation

School of EducationUniversity of Leicester21 University RoadLeicester, LE1 7RFUNITED KINGDOMTel: +44 116 252 3681Fax: +44 116 252 3653E-mail: [email protected]

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a The materials referred to in this section may also be available in languages other than those indi-cated. Also, the Internet addresses of the online versions and reference pages relate to February2003 and may have changed subsequently.


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sOnline version (English):http://www0.un.org/cyberschoolbus/bookstor/kits/english

Online version (French):http://www0.un.org/cyberschoolbus/bookstor/kits/french

Online version (Spanish):http://www0.un.org/cyberschoolbus/bookstor/kits/spanish

> Published on the fiftieth anniversaryof the United Nations, these kits offerteachers and students of everysubject a way to explore global issuesby linking their lives to the vast butconnected world around them.Valuable curriculum enrichmentpackages cover topics ranging frompollution to peacekeeping, fromdecolonization to development.Science and mathematics teachers aswell as history and social scienceteachers will find units that fit easilyinto their curricula. Each unit includesa main text that reviews the topics, aUN factfile that presents specificexamples of United Nationsinvolvement, and activities thatencourage critical and creativethinking, participation and reflectionon one’s own attitude and behaviour.In addition to being sources ofinformation, the units alsodemonstrate how an internationalorganization can improve life forcitizens of all countries.

Tolerance: the threshold of peace byBetty A. Reardon (UNESCO,Education Sector, 1997)

Languages: Albanian, English,French, Spanish.

Online version (English):http://www.unesco.org/education/pdf/34_57.pdf

Online version (French):http://www.unesco.org/education/pdf/34_57_f.pdf

Online version (Spanish):http://www.unesco.org/education/pdf/34_57_s.pdf

This publication is composed of 3units: - Teacher-training resource unit- Primary-school resource unit- Secondary-school resource unit

> How can tolerance be a key word inthe educational process? How caneducators be helped to identifyproblems related to intolerance assoon as they are witnessed andformulate objectives adapted totheir community and to theirstudents? How can students betaught to accept human diversity, tomanage conflicts and to actresponsibly? The three units of thisbook, respectively aimed atteachers/educators, elementaryschools and secondary schools,attempt to answer these questionswith selected study materials.Tolerance is placed in the frameworkof education for peace, humanrights and democracy through manysample activities and themes forstudy and reflection. These booksare addressed to teachers, as well asteacher trainers, community actors,parents and social workers – in sum,to all those whose educationalmission can contribute to opening adoor onto peace.

UN Cyberschoolbus (web site)Address:http://www.un.org/cyberschoolbusLanguages: Arabic, Chinese, English,French, Russian, Spanish.

> The United Nations Cyberschoolbuswas created in 1996 as the onlineeducation component of the GlobalTeaching and Learning Project,whose mission is to promoteeducation about international issuesand the United Nations. The GlobalTeaching and Learning Projectproduces teaching materials andactivities designed for students andteachers at primary, intermediateand secondary school level. Thisproject aims at providing both

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United Nations resources

All human beings … Manual forhuman rights education (UNESCO,Education Sector, 1998)

Languages: Albanian, Arabic, English,French.Online version (Arabic, English,French): available on payment of afee at http://upo.unesco.org/booksonline.asp

> An illustrated practical guide to helpprimary and secondary schoolstudents and teachers understand theuniversal elements of human rights. Itaims to promote the commonaspiration to social progress andbetter living conditions in a contextof greater freedom, as laid down inthe Universal Declaration of HumanRights. It does not seek to beexhaustive, but rather to proposematerial that educators and learnerscan develop and adapt to their owncultural contexts.

Education for Development: ATeacher’s Resource for GlobalLearning by Susan Fountain (UNICEF,Education for Development Section,1995)

Languages: English, French.Online reference page:http://www.unicef.org/pubsgen/edu-develop/index.html

> Aims at helping young people makethe link between global issues andlocal concerns and showing how theycan apply what they learn to theirown lives and communities. Alsoprovides teachers of all subjects andat all levels with practical classroomsactivities that can be integrated intoexisting curricula.

Human Rights: Questions andAnswers by Leah Levin (UNESCO,Education Sector, 1996)

Languages: Albanian, Arabic,Armenian, Belarusian, Danish, English,Finnish, French, German, Greek,

Indonesian, Japanese, Portuguese,Swedish, Slovak, Spanish, Russian.Online version (English, French,Spanish): available on payment of afee at http://upo.unesco.org/booksonline.asp

> Provides basic information on majorhuman rights instruments, proceduresfor their implementation andactivities of internationalorganizations to promote and protecthuman rights. The first part describesthe scope and meaning ofinternational human rights law,especially the development ofprotection procedures and theimportance of human rightseducation. The second part explainsthe meaning of each of the thirtyarticles of the Universal Declarationof Human Rights.

It’s Only Right! – A Practical Guide toLearning About the Convention onthe Rights of the Child by SusanFountain (UNICEF, Education forDevelopment Section, 1993)

Languages: English, French.Online version (English):http://www.unicef.org/teachers/protection/only_right.htm

> For the sake of both individual andglobal development, children aroundthe world need to understand theconcept of rights, to know the rightsto which they are entitled, toempathize with those whose rightshave been denied, and to beempowered to take action on behalfon their own rights and those ofothers. Learning about the Conventionon the Rights of the Child through thisGuide is one way to begin.

Primary School Kit on the UnitedNations / Intermediate School Kit onthe United Nations / SecondarySchool Kit on the United Nations(United Nations, 1995)

Languages: English, French, Spanish, Thai.

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sFirst Steps – A Manual for StartingHuman Rights Education (AmnestyInternational, 1996)

Languages: Albanian, Arabic, Dutch,English, Hungarian, Polish,Portuguese, Russian, Slovak,Slovenian, Ukrainian.Online version (English and otherlanguages):http://web.amnesty.org/web/web.nsf/pages/hre_first

> This manual is for teachers andothers who work with young peopleand who want to introduce humanrights into their educationalpractices. It is designed to be a basicintroduction, with age-specificactivities for younger and olderchildren. There is also advice onmethodology and help for thosewho want to go further into thissubject. The approach stresses thepractical rather than the theoretical.The intention is that educators cantake this material and adapt it tosuit their own circumstances andcontext. An adaptation of this manual forAfrica is entitled Siniko: Towards aHuman Rights Culture in Africa(Amnesty International, 1998),available in English, French andSwahili. Online version:http://web.amnesty.org/web/web.nsf/pages/hre_res

Human Rights for All by Edward L. O’Brien, Eleanor Greeneand David McQuoidMason (NationalInstitute for Citizen Education in theLaw, 1996)

Languages: English, Hungarian,Romanian, Russian, Spanish.Online reference page:http://www.streetlaw.org/pubs.html

> This book is meant for use in middleand secondary schools. Adultsinterested in learning the basics ofhuman rights as part of a course orjust through informal education or

reading can also use it. The text ofthe book does not make referenceto any specific country by name, asthe authors believe that humanrights are universal and apply to thelives of everyone in every country.However, those familiar with humanrights will recognize that many ofthe scenarios were taken fromevents which occurred in variousparts of the world.

Human Rights Here and Now:Celebrating the UniversalDeclaration of Human Rights editedby Nancy Flowers (Human RightsResource Center, University ofMinnesota, 1998)

Languages: English, Spanish.Online version (English):http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/edumat/hreduseries/hereandnow/Default.htm

> This book is intended for use byboth community groups andteachers in elementary andsecondary schools, and constitutes a“starter kit” for human rightseducation, with backgroundinformation on human rights history,principles and issues; activities for awide variety of age groups, fromkindergarten through adult groups;and essential human rightsdocuments.

Our World, Our Rights – Teachingabout Rights and Responsibilities inPrimary School edited by MargotBrown (Amnesty InternationalUnited Kingdom, 1996)

Languages: English, Mongolian.Online reference page:http://www.amnesty.org.uk/action/tan/resources.shtml#our

> This book is designed to introduceprimary-age children to theUniversal Declaration of HumanRights. It offers children a simpleway of understanding the rightsembodied in the Declaration andwhat they look like in their lives;

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online and print educationalresources for an increasinglyglobalized world.

UNICEF Teachers Talking aboutLearning (web site)

Address:http://www.unicef.org/teachersLanguage: English.

> “Teachers Talking about Learning”has been designed to support theprofessional development ofteachers and educators, and to assistthem with practical advice related toresources, classroom activities andother information to develop child-friendly learning environments. Thesite is structured around three mainsections: • Explore ideas by reading and

reflection; • Discuss issues by talking with peers;

and• Take action by doing activities.

UNICEF Voices of Youth (web site)Address: http://www.unicef.org/voyLanguages: English, French, Spanish.

> This site invites young visitors todiscuss ways in which the world canbecome a place where the rights ofevery child are protected, that is, theright to live in peace, to have decentshelter, to be healthy and well-nourished, to have clean water, toplay, to go to school, and to beprotected from violence, abuse andexploitation. Provides anopportunity to think about and giveviews on current global issues, aseries of interactive global learningprojects and a forum for teachers,trainers and educational planners.

Other resources

Carpeta Latinoamericana deMateriales Didácticos paraEducación en Derechos Humanos(Instituto Interamericano deDerechos Humanos/ Centro deRecursos Educativos – AmnistíaInternacional, 1995)

Language: Spanish. Online reference page:http://www.iidh.ed.cr/publicaciones/listadoPubs.asp

> The general objective of the threepedagogical units (freedom,equality, solidarity and participation)is to provide support for educatorsand propose a methodology forhuman rights education in order toreinforce the learning processthrough practical activities foreducators as well as students.

Educating for Human Dignity –Learning about Rights andResponsibilities by Betty A. Reardon(University of Pennsylvania Press,1995)

Language: English.Online reference page:http://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/1559.html

> This book is written for bothteachers and teacher educators. It isa resource offering both guidanceand support materials for humanrights education programmes fromkindergarten through high school. Itopens possibilities for a holisticapproach to human rights educationthat directly confronts the valuesissues raised by human rightsproblems in a context of globalinterrelationships. The conceptualdevelopment approach usedthroughout the book makes itsuitable for a full human rightscurriculum; the grade-leveldiscussions and sample lesson planscan be used in individual classes orto enrich ongoing programmes.

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sbring each article of the Declarationto life. There are also details onorganizations to join and things todo to help make the world a betterplace. A teacher’s guide is alsoavailable.

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and also helps them to identify whata right is – and the responsibilitiesthat accompany it, as well as whataction they might take to defendtheir rights and those of others.

Popular Education for Human Rightsby Richard Pierre Claude (HumanRights Education Associates, 2000)

Languages: English, Chinese,Indonesian, Spanish.Online version (English):http://www.hrea.org/pubs/Popular_EducationEarlier version: The Bells of Freedom,in Amharic, English, French.Online version (English):http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/education/belfry.pdf Online version (French):http://www.hrea.org/erc/Library/Bells_of_Freedom/index_fr.html

> This book is a trainer’s guide forhuman rights activists. It isdeliberately not copyrighted insolidarity with those involved inpopular education and communityorganizing; any non-governmentalorganization or educator may copyand adapt it to local settings andculture simply by acknowledgingthe author and source. Designed fornon-formal education, the manualgives teachers options that areappropriate for participants withminimal literacy skills. The emphasisis on the concerns of marginalizedgroups including the rural poor,women and children. Theparticipatory exercises can also beused in formal education.

Stand up NOW for Human Rights!(video and support pack), (Councilof Europe, 1997)

Languages: English and variousother European languages.

> This video aims at raising humanrights awareness among youngpeople, primarily in the age group13 to 18, by explaining the historicaldevelopment of human rights and

showing how young people can beinvolved in activities to protect andpromote human rights throughEurope. The video is accompanied bya support pack, explaining how thevideo can be used for educationalpurposes.

The European Convention on HumanRights: Starting Points for Teachers(Council of Europe, 2000)

Languages: English, French, German.Online version (English):http://www.coe.int/portalT.aspOnline version (French):http://www.coe.int/portailT.asp(go to General Information ->Information Material -> HumanRights Fact Sheet)

> This teaching kit is composed of twoseries of teaching materials: one onthe elaboration of the EuropeanConvention for the Protection ofHuman Rights and FundamentalFreedoms, the other one on thecontent of the Convention. This lastpart consists of sheets presentingactivities which can be organized inthe classroom and which addressvarious subjects such as the contentand meaning of human rights,national human rights protectionsystems, human rights at school, etc.Teachers will find a list of activitiesand studies to be conducted withstudents: research on the Internet,interviews, viewing of filmsaddressing human rights issues, etc.

Stand up for your rights – A bookabout human rights written, illus-trated and edited by young peopleof the world (Peace ChildInternational, 1998)

Language: English.Online reference page:http://www.peacechild.org/acatalog

> This book is a commentary writtenby children and young people on theUniversal Declaration on HumanRights. Stories, poems, personalrecollections and illustrations help to

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