STANDARD 2THE AMERICAN COLONIES TAKE

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United States History

LET’S PREVIEW THE CHAPTER….

Standard 2: The student will trace the ways that the economy and society of British North America developed.

Element #1: Explain the development of mercantilism and the trans-Atlantic trade.

Element #2: Describe the Middle Passage, growth of the African population, and African-American culture.

Element #3: Identify Benjamin Franklin as a symbol of social mobility and individualism.

Element #4: Explain the significance of the Great Awakening.

CHAPTER THREE

Section One: Immigration and Slavery

Section Two: The American Colonies and England

Section Three: Comparing Regional Cultures

Section Four: Wars and Empire

WITH WHICH STATEMENT DO YOU AGREE? A) The American colonies developed in

similar ways because they were all English colonies.

B) Slavery led to differences in the development of the American colonies.

C) The American colonies developed very differently depending on the level of religious tolerance in each.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN FROM THIS CHAPTER?

You will learn about the development of the English colonies in America during the first century and a half of colonization.

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: Why were the colonies viewed as an opportunity for social

mobility? Who were the key leaders of the Great Awakening and what

was their impact in the North American colonies? How is Benjamin Franklin an example of social mobility and

individualism? What factors led to African and European migration to

America? What role did the Middle Passage play in the trans-Atlantic

trade?

DEFINE INDENTURED SERVANT. WHAT WAS LIFE LIKE FOR AND INDENTURED SERVANT?

Indentured servants were poor immigrants who paid for passage to the colonies by agreeing to work for four to seven years.

These were mostly poor white men from Europe who were traded a life of prison or poverty in Europe for limited servitude.

They usually worked all day in the fields and struggled to survive because the work was difficult.

WHO WERE THE LARGEST NON-ENGLISH EUROPEAN GROUPS?

The Germans and Scots-Irish. Other immigrant groups and African

slaves came to the colonies. Religious groups that came were:

Anglicans, Roman Catholics, Quakers, Methodists, Jews, and other Protestant denominations.

WHY DID THE SCOTS AND GERMANS EMIGRATE FROM THEIR HOMELAND?

Many Scottish immigrants were poor and came to the colonies to make a better life for themselves.

Many Scotch Irish came looking for land.

Germans came to avoid war, high taxes and religious persectution.

DEFINE TRIANGULAR TRADE.

Enslaved Africans came to the Americas as part of a three part voyage.

The New England traders would bring rum to West Africa, exchange it for slaves, bring the slaves to the Caribbean, exchange them for molasses, and bring the molasses back to New England to be made into rum.

Triangular Trade connected various nations and colonies located on the Atlantic Ocean.

Three nations included Africa, North America and Europe.

TRANS-ATLANTIC TRADE

The trading of goods, products and slaves across the Atlantic Ocean.

Slaves traded for guns and finished goods (guns, rum, clothes, trinkets)

Slaves traded along the Middle Passage – called this because it was the middle leg of the Triangular Trade.

TRIANGULAR TRADE

EXPLAIN THE MIDDLE PASSAGE.

The “middle passage” the voyage refers to the part of the triangular trade system that carried slaves from the West Indies to North America. The shippers carried the enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the American colonies. After selling the slaves for colonial produce, the traders returned to the mother country.

CONDITIONS OF THE MIDDLE PASSAGE Journey could take months No sanitation Poor food Many died from disease and starvation.

Cruel Punishments

WHAT WERE THE MAIN REASONS THAT ENGLISH COLONISTS TURNED TO AFRICAN SLAVES TO FILL THEIR DEPLETED WORKFORCE?

The number of African slaves in the south during the late 1600s increased dramatically, in part because of…

Significant decline in the availability of indentured servants.

African slaves were thought to be economical in the long run.

African slaves were thought to be better able to endure the harsh physical demands of plantation labor in hot climates.

African slaves were to work all day in their owners’ homes or fields; there was a struggle to survive.

WHO WAS OLAUDAH EQUIANO? A young African slave who survived the

Transatlantic slave trade (middle passage) and recalled the inhumane conditions on his trip from West Africa to the West Indies in 1756 when he was 11 yrs. Old.

WHO IS PHILLIS WHEATLEY? She was the first African American to

publish a book of poems called: (Poems on Various Subjects,

Religious and Moral) with the help of her plantation owners.

She was an African American slave from West Africa who was sold to John Wheatley, who allowed her to read, write and study.

HOW DID SLAVERY DIFFER IN THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH?

In the North, there were fewer slaves and they tended to work at more skilled jobs, such as those of dockworkers, farmhands, sailors, or house servants.

Many more enslaved people lived in the South, where they worked as laborers on huge plantations.

DEFINE MAGNA CARTA English document from 1215 that limited

the power of the king and provided basic rights for citizens.

King John was forced (by the English nobles) to adopt this document in order to protect the nobles.

It limited the King’s ability to tax them and guaranteed due process, or the right to a trial before levying (passing) a tax.

DEFINE PARLIAMENT. A bicameral, or two-house,

legislature. It was made up of members in the House of Lords (nobles, those who inherited their positions, and church leaders) and House of Commons (elected commoners who owned property).

DEFINE ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS. A document signed in 1689 that

guaranteed the rights of English citizens. It was the result of the Glorious

Revolution. It restated many of the rights granted in the Magna Carta such as habeas corpus and one which stated the Monarch could not keep a standing army in times of peace without Parliament’s approval.

WILLIAM AND MARY

DEFINE HABEAS CORPUS. The idea (constitutional guarantee) that no one could be held in prison without being charged with a specific crime or charges being filed.

DEFINE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION. Occurred in 1688. Resulted in the change of the crown in

England. King James II was overthrown by his

daughter (Queen Mary) and her husband (King William) who were Protestant Monarchs who promised cooperation with the English parliament to support the Anglican church.

HOW DID THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION AFFECT THE COLONIES?

Reduced power of the king. The colonies were restored original

charters which required religious freedom in Massachusetts, and also disbanded the establishment of the Dominion of New England (put in place by King James II – merging together of the New England colonies, New York and New Jersey .

Returned the colonies to their previous status (day-to-day activities, smuggling, etc.).

What is Salutary Neglect?

In the years after the Glorious Revolution of 1688, England turned its attention away from the colonies, adopting an overall colonial policy that became known as salutary neglect which was defined by England not strictly enforcing laws in the colonies

A relaxing environment for the colonies while under English rule allowing for the development of the seed of self government.

How did Salutary Neglect help to promote self government in the colonies? The enforcement of the Navigation Acts

and other English colonial laws were relaxed, giving the colonists more economic and political breathing room, the seed of self-government was planted in the colonies.

The colonies increased their control of day-to-day activities and began to elect their own government officials.

The colonies were also making money from other European nations off the sale of their raw materials.

How did both the colonies and England benefit from the policy of salutary neglect? The colonies received more economic

and political breathing room; enjoyed greater freedoms, officials did not enforce restrictive trade measures, and taxes were decreased.

England relaxed ownership of the colony; decreased administrative costs, continued to receive raw materials, and retained a market for manufactured goods.

What is Mercantilism?

The policy that a nation or an empire could build wealth and power by developing its industries and exporting manufactured goods in exchange for gold and silver.

A nation can accumulate wealth by exporting more goods than it imports.

By selling more that it purchased, the empire could build wealth in the form of gold and silver.

How did Mercantilism work?

According to the system of mercantilism, a “favorable balance of trade” exists for a country when the value of exports is greater than that of imports. Under mercantilism a country obtains as much gold and silver as possible. This will help to benefit the “mother country” (England). England traded with the colonies and had all the colonies needed, it was a “favorable balance of trade”. The colonies had religious and political freedoms as long as they provided raw materials to England. The colonies were an important aspect of mercantilism because they served as a source of providing raw materials (lumber, furs, grain, and tobacco) as well as a built-in market for purchasing goods from England.

What were the Navigation Acts?

In 1651, the Parliament passed the Navigation Acts which were a series of laws restricting colonial trade in order to tighten England’s control over colonial trade, to protect the country from economic competition, and/or to increase England’s wealth and power. In other words, the acts increased English prosperity by encouraging the growth of English trade and shipping, by controlling the colonial trade, and by allowing the collection of certain import taxes.

The Navigation Acts

Navigation acts: 1. No country could trade with the colonies

unless the goods were shipped in either Colonial or English ships.

2. All vessels had to be operated by crews that were at least ¾ Colonial or English.

3. The colonies could export certain products only to England.

4. Almost all goods traded between the colonies and Europe first had to pass through an English port before going anywhere else.

What was the Enlightenment?

Eighteenth-century movement headed by thinkers who believed that all problems could be solved using human reason.

This movement allowed for European philosophers to believe that society’s problems could be solved by reason and science. (Logic reasoning.)

What were the characteristics of the Enlightenment? Identify key figures.

Enlightenment: A movement of intellectual growth to encourage the use of experimentations with tools to make discoveries about the natural world. Use the values in reason and science, rational explanation of the world, and the importance of the individual. Ex: Benjamin Franklin a colonial politician, embraces the notion of obtaining truth through experimentation and reasoning—experiment on electricity.

Who is Benjamin Franklin?

One of the most well known Enlightenment thinkers. He was a successful author, inventor, printer, and royal governor of Pennsylvania.

Franklin helped the colonists focus on individualism toward social mobility.

He believed in intellectual thinking relying on science, math, logic and reasoning.

Why was the Enlightenment such a revolutionary movement? How did the Enlightenment influence politics?

Enlightenment principles led many colonists to question the authority of the British monarchy. It also allowed for a profound effect on political thought in the colonies.

The Enlightenment led people to conclude that individuals have natural rights and that government must respect those rights.

What is the Great Awakening?

A religious revival; the religious movement in the English colonies during the 1730’s and 1740’s which is heavily inspired by evangelical preachers.

What were the characteristics of the Great Awakening? Identify key figures.

Great Awakening: revival—religious movement. Puritans lose influence in Massachusetts, lose dedication to religion; the great awakening restore puritan dedication and intensity; Relied on god to answer all questions; it led to new, often more tolerant, churches. It also inspired the belief that if people could chose their religion then they might be able to make decisions about their major institutions, such as their system of government.

Key figures of the Great Awakening

Ex: Jonathan Edwards preaches people are sinful; must seek god’s mercy; there was the need for salvation, return to puritan values, people joined churches—colleges formed to train ministers for reading the bible.

George Whitefield—a celebrated preacher who moved audiences with his message—and his powerful voice—in both Great Britain and the American colonies.

WHO IS JONATHAN EDWARDS?

Jonathan Edwards - a preacher during the Great Awakening period, known for his fiery, emotional packed sermons that deeply touched listeners. Edward’s sermon “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” wanted readers to ask God’s forgiveness.

WHO IS GEORGE WHITFIELD?

George Whitfield - a celebrated preacher (throughout Great Britain and the American colonies) that moved audiences with his message and powerful voice. His message of salvation helped launch the Great Awakening period.

How did life differ in each of the three major regions in the British colonies?

The New England region was a region of small farms and compact towns that had greater economic equality and the fewest slaves.

How did life differ in each of the three major regions in the British colonies?

The Middle colonies had the most ethnic, cultural, and religious diversity. Family farms dominated, but farmers also raised some crops for export. This region had the largest cities.

How did life differ in each of the three major regions in the British colonies?

The Southern colonies had the most dispersed settlement pattern, the lowest literacy rate, and the most slaves. The economy was based on plantation where cash crops were raised.

What was life like for women in the north? Women had extensive work

responsibilities but few legal rights. Most were legal dependents of men, and men held all the power in the colonial household. Northern women faced unceasing labor and had to submit to their husbands (had no colonial rights). Could not vote, could not enter into contracts, buy or sell property, or keep their own wages if they worked outside the home. Only single women or widows could run their own businesses. Weaving cloth, sewing clothes, tending to gardens, and watching children were their activities.

How did education differ from one region to another?

Education was most common and accessible in the New England region. Many towns provided schools were child could learn to read and write, and some larges towns offered boys a more advanced grammar school education than smaller towns. The other regions schools for children were not as common. Some wealthy children had tutors, and higher education was largely the privilege of wealthy student who could attend the few private schools in the colonies or abroad. The majority of the children did not receive an education.

Colonial Schools

Where were the French settlements in North America?

Quebec and the northern parts of North America near the Ohio River Valley and the Great Lakes (down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers).

How was New France different from the English colonies?

The French differed from the British in that they focused on fur trading rather than on settlement. The French colonists also developed friendlier relations with Native Americans than the British. The French Catholic priests did not wish to build towns or raise families in North America. They were only interested in converting the Native Americans to Catholicism.

WHAT IS THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR? The war fought from 1754-1763 in which

Britain and its colonies defeated France and its Indian allies, gaining control of the eastern North America lands in the Ohio River Valley.

The war was named after the lands once owned by the French and Indians.

Also called the Seven Years’ War (1754 to 1763).

England came to help the colonists win against the French.

What prompted the start of the French and Indian War?

The British were especially angered when the French build Fort Duquesne in the Ohio Valley so then in May 1754—Washington’s militia attacked a small detachment of French soldiers and the French swiftly counter- attacked. By July 1754—the French forced Washington to surrender which resulted in a defeat for the British. This began the 4th war between Great Britain and France for control North America.

WHO IS GEORGE WASHINGTON?

A young (age 21) Virginian commanding officer of the British colonial troops who fought against the French military in the French and Indian War.

Washington was previously defeated by the French which later started the Seven Years’ War between the French and British.

Washington is best known as a first American president.

What events led to a British victory in this war? The British blocked French ships from

reaching North American when the British troops captured Quebec in a surprise attack in 1759. With few goods or supplies, many of their Indian allies deserted the French, leaving French forts more open to British attack. This triumph at Quebec allowed for Great Britain to claim Canada (including Montreal and Quebec) and victory of all of North America east of the Mississippi. General James Wolfe caught the French and their commander Marquis de Montcalm by surprise.

How did the outcome of the French and Indian War affect the French?

The French were eliminated as a power in North America, with Canada and other French territories falling to the British.

How did Britain’s victory change the balance of power in North America?

British gained and claimed land of Canada and everything East of the Mississippi River, including Florida.

How did victory in the French and Indian War have negative results for the relationship of the British and Native Americans?

The victorious British showed their anger toward the Native Americans by halting delivery of goods to them and by allowing settlers to take even more of their land. In short, the Native Americans and colonists clashed over further settlement of the west.

WHO IS PONTIAC? EXPLAIN PONTIAC’S REBELLION.

Pontiac was the Ottawa chief who lead a rebellion against the colonists in a surprise attack.

Most of the British forts were captured in the Ohio River valley along the Great Lakes.

The rebellion lasted through the summer and fall (1763) as the Native Americans raided settlements of western Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia.

These incidents were labeled the Pontiac Rebellion in the attack on Detroit.

WHO IS CHIEF PONTIAC?

WHAT DID THE NATIVE AMERICANS INVOLVED IN PONTIAC’S REBELLION HOPE TO ACCOMPLISH?

They hoped to weaken the British and lure the French back into North America.

PROCLAMATION OF 1763

A declaration by the British king ordering all colonists to remain east of the Appalachian Mountains.

This was due to making peace with the Native

Americans. It prevented the colonists from traveling west to gain lands in Native American territory.

WHAT WAS THE PROCLAMATION OF 1763? Proclamation of 1763 was a law

limiting the area of colonial settlements which established a line along the Appalachian Mountains that colonists could not cross (westward).

This angered the colonists! This was not effectively enforced and

colonists continued to move westward.

WHY WAS THE PROCLAMATION OF 1763 DOOMED TO FAIL?

Because keeping settlers east of the Appalachians was unpopular with people who wanted to move west, and there were too few British troops to enforce it.

WHY WERE THE COLONISTS SO AFRAID OF THE TROOPS STATIONED IN THE NEW BRITAIN TERRITORIES?

The colonists were afraid that the British troops might be used against them in the new territories because the stationing of troops in the newly conquered territories was interpreted by the colonists as a threat.

WHAT WAS THE EFFECT OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR AND PONTIAC’S REBELLION ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE COLONIES AND GREAT BRITAIN?

The British tried to exercise greater control over the colonies, impose new taxes and trade rules to help pay for the war, and protect Native American lands by holding back white settlement.

Colonists and the British government disagreed over the stationing of British troops in North America.

Colonists and the British government disagreed over taxes. These actions strained the relationship between the colonies and Britain.

EXPLAIN THE ALBANY PLAN OF UNION. WHY DID IT FAIL?

The Albany Plan of Union was drafted by Benjamin Franklin in 1754, the plan called on the 13 colonies to unite under British rule and to cooperate with one another in war.

It created an American continental assembly that would include delegates from each colony. But, none of the colonies would accept the plan for fear of losing some of their own autonomy.

The British also dropped the plan, fearing that 13 united colonies might be too difficult to manage.

STUDY THE POLITICAL CARTOON CREATED BY BENJAMIN FRANKLIN ON PAGE 89. GIVE AN EXPLANATION.

HOW IS THE IDEA OF UNITY EXPRESSED IN THE CARTOON?

The parts represent the 13 American colonies. The title means that the colonies must unite to survive. Franklin was probably reacting to infighting and disunity among the colonies over the Albany Plan of Union. The cartoon indicates that, like the snake, the colonies cannot survive as separate entities; they must unite.