UNITED STATES HISTORY C FINAL EXAM REVIEW. SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE (SCLC) Civil...
-
Upload
horace-arnold -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
0
Transcript of UNITED STATES HISTORY C FINAL EXAM REVIEW. SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE (SCLC) Civil...
UNITED STATES UNITED STATES HISTORY CHISTORY C
FINAL EXAM REVIEWFINAL EXAM REVIEW
SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP
CONFERENCE (SCLC)• Civil Rights organization founded
in 1952 by Southern African American ministers.
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
• Civil Rights organization founded in 1942 who advocated equal rights and change through peaceful protest
FREEDOM RIDES
• Civil Rights workers traveling on interstate buses to protest segregation at busing terminals and to see if companies were abiding by Supreme Court rulings.
SIT-INS
• Technique used by civil rights workers who occupied a segregated establishment and peacefully demanded service
LYNCHING
• Murder of an accused person by a mob without a trial
DEFACTO SEGREGATION
• Actual or factual segregation
DEJURE SEGREGATION
• Legal or by law segregation
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964
• National law that banned racial, ethnic, national or religious discrimination in public places
VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965
• Enables more African Americans to register to vote by banning literacy tests and other practices at polling places.
Roe v. Wade
• Legalized abortion based on the 9th Amendment privacy rights.
POLL TAX
• Fee or tax paid to vote
AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT (AIM)
• Group that fought for Native American treaty rights and self-government
BLACK POWER
• The idea that African Americans should unite and take pride in their heritage
NATION OF ISLAM
• Founded by Elijah Muhammad to teach self-help and separation to African Americans.
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Commission
(SNCC)
• Gave young people a voice in the Civil Rights Movement.
MIGRANT WORKER• Person who moves from farm to
farm planting and harvesting crops.
CESAR CHAVEZ• Co-founder of the United Farm
Workers
DENNIS BANKS• Chippewa activist and co-
founder/member of AIM
PHYLLIS SCHLAFLY• Conservative political activist who
opposed the feminist movement
GLORIA STEINEM• Founder of Ms. Magazine which
publishes feminist themes.
ROSA PARKS• Reused to give up her seat on a
public bus.• Her arrest sparks the Montgomery
bus boycott.
BETTY FRIEDAN• Author of the Feminine Mystique
Japanese-American Citizens League (JACL)
• Group that worked to compensate Japanese who were interned during WWII
EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT (ERA)
• Constitutional law that would have made discrimination based on one’s gender illegal.
Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA)• Federal agency that is concerned
with air and water pollution.
National Organization for Women (NOW)
• Organization that formed in the 1920’s to bring women into the mainstream
FEMINISM• Theory that men and women are
politically, socially, and economically equal.
Boland Amendment• Made it illegal for the CIA and the
Defense Department to aid the Contras in Nicaragua
Sandinistas• Marxist revolutionaries who took
control of the Nicaraguan government.
TOWER COMMISSION• Group that reported on the Iran-
Contra affair. They reported that President Reagan knew about the arms sales to Iran but not the diversion of funds.
WHITEWATER• Clinton real estate venture that
goes bankrupt
KEN STARR• Independent prosecutor
investigating the Whitewater scandal.
JANET RENO• Attorney General during the
Clinton Administration
Jim and Susan McDougal
• Friends of the Clinton’s• Own Madison Guaranty Savings
and Loan that failed.
PERJURY• False statements under oath
Robert MacFarlane• National Security Advisor under
Ronald Reagan who is later pardoned by George H.W. Bush.
MADISON GUARANTY SAVINGS AND LOANS
• Financial institution with questionable lending practices.
• Shutdown by the federal government
PARDON• Official forgiveness of person for a
crime
SATURDAY NIGHT MASSACRE
• Series of resignations and firings during the Watergate investigation
INDEPENDENT COUNCIL
• Appointed by a panel of federal judges for investigative purposes.
CONTRAS• Marxist revolutionaries who took
control of the Nicaraguan government
DIRTY TRICKS• Plan to discredit and to sabotage
or discredit Democrats or enemies of Nixon.
IMPEACHMENT• Formal charge of wrong doing by a
public official.
NEW RIGHT• Coalition of conservative groups in
the 1970’s/1980’s producing several electoral victories for the Republican Party.
STRATEGIC DEFENSE INTIATIVE
• “Star Wars”• Massive Satellite shield to protect
the U.S. from ICBM’s.
OLIVER NORTH• General responsible for making
arrangements from sale of arms to Iran and diversion of funds to the Contras in Nicaragua
ENEMIES LIST• People on a list who were
unsympathetic to the Nixon administration
TELEVANGELISM• Religious conservatives who used
television to raise funds
AIDS• Discovered in 1981• Threatening disease that attacks
the immune system
ENTITLEMENTS• Programs that residents of the U.S.
are “entitled” to.• Social Security, Medicare,
Medicaid
NEW FEDERALISM• Reagan’s plan for giving more
responsibility to the states to run social programs.
DOWNSIZING• Cost-cutting technique used to cut
costs in the 1980’s
STRATEGIC ARMS REDUCTION TREATY
(START)
• Reduction of long range nuclear weapons between the USSR and the U.S.
INF TREATY• A 1987 agreement calling for the
destruction of 25,000 Soviet and American missiles in Europe.
PERSIAN GULF WAR• UN forces liberated Kuwait from
Iraqi invasion
SUPPLY-SIDE ECONOMICS
• Reagan’s plan to cut taxes to make the economy grow by putting money in the hands of business.
OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM
• Operation that overthrows Saddam Hussein
Taliban• Ruling group in Afghanistan that
allowed al-Qaeda to train terrorist groups.
OSAMA BIN-LADEN• Leader of Al-Qaeda terrorist
network.
OPERATION JUST CAUSE
• To arrest Noriega in Panama for drug trafficking
ANWAR SADAT• Leader of Egypt who signed the
Camp David Accords
MANUEL NORIEGA• Ruler of Panama who is arrested
by the U.S. for drug trafficking
YASSIR ARAFAT• Former leader of the PLO and
leader of Palestinian Authority. • Dies in 2004
Dayton Agreement• Agreement to end the conflict in
Bosnia
Kuwait• Invaded by Iraq (1990) in attempt
to seize their oil.
DOME OF THE ROCK• Muhammad’s “Night Journey”• Built in 691• Believed that Muhammad
ascended to heaven here.
NAFTA• North American Free Trade
Agreement• Agreement to eliminate tariffs
between North American countries.
WTO• World Trade Organization• Replaces GATT to resolve trade
disputes
SADDAM HUSSEIN• 1979-2003 leader of Iraq
What is significant in the Supreme Court case of Plessy v.
Ferguson?
• “Separate but Equal”• Formally legalizes segregation
What did W.E. B. DuBois encourages students to seek in
school? Why?
• A liberal arts education• To reach economic equality in
professional careers.
Why was the NAACP founded?
• To fight discrimination in the courts
What are three civil rights issues of women
in the late 1800’s?
• Higher education• Suffrage• Active public role
What helped women take their first step toward
public life?
• Rise of organized national women’s groups.
Why does MLK target Birmingham, Alabama for demonstrations?
• The most segregated city in the country
Where does President Truman order the end of discrimination after
WWII?
• Armed forces
Why does President Eisenhower use the Arkansas National
Guard in 1957?
• End discrimination by allowing school integration through court orders
MLK, Jr. believed in what kind of protest?
Non-violent protest
What did Freedom Summer and the Selma
March call attention to?
Voting rights
What did the Warren Commission declare?
• A lone shooter (assassin) killed JFK
What did several of the decisions of the Warren Court focus
on?
• Individual rights• Protecting the constitutional rights
of citizens accused of crimes.
What effect did the Supreme Court
decisions on apportionment have
on society?
• Electoral districts had to be redrawn to reflect “one person-one vote”
Name three frustrations of women in the 1950’s/1960’s
• Post-WWII frustrations to return to traditional roles
• Gender job discrimination• Inability to pass a constitutional
amendment
Why did some women reject the women’s
movement?• Preferred traditional or
conservative family roles of the wife and mother.
What prevented the ERA from becoming
law?
• Failed to be ratified in enough state legislatures.
Review your Civil Rights Leadership Chart and be
ready to identify the leadership perspective
on African American rights and what
organization founded by Booker T. Washington, W.E. B. Dubois, Marcus Garvey, Malcolm X, and Martin Luther King Jr.
Who does President Nixon the wiretaps on
whose phone?
• His staff
Because of the leak of the Pentagon Papers,
Nixon orders the creation of what White
House group?
• “The Plumbers”
What were the Watergate burglars
doing when they were arrested?
• Wiretapping the phones of the Democratic National Headquarters in the Watergate Office Complex.
Why did President Nixon have the special
prosecutors fired?
• Demanded the release of the secret Oval Office tapes.
Why did President Nixon resign?
• Faced impeachment• Pressure to resign
What is considered the most controversial action of the Ford administration?
• Pardon of Richard Nixon
What is the Iran-Contra Affair?
• Secret operation to sell weapons to Iran and to arm rebels in Nicaragua
What was Reagan’ goal in Nicaragua?
• To stop the spread of Marxism (communism)
How did most Americans find out about the United
States aiding the Nicaraguans?
• Plane shot down caring supplies and the pilot told television cameras.
• By Oliver North at the Iran-Contra hearings
Why was it illegal to sell arms to Iran?
• U.S. had an embargo against Iran because of the 1979 hostage crisis.
Where did the money from the sales of arms
to Iran go to?
• Aid the contras in their revolution against the Sandinistas.
What did the Tower Commission determine?
• They reported that President Reagan knew about the arms sales to Iran but not the diversion of funds.
What effect did the Iran-Contra affair have
on Reagan’s presidency
• Very little• Ronald Reagan left the presidency
with one of the highest approval ratings of any president since FDR
Why was President Clinton impeached?
• Perjury• Obstruction of Justice
What is the outcome of President Clinton’s
impeachment?
• Impeached by the House of Representatives but not removed by the Senate
Why do Conservatives criticize the New Deal and the Great Society?
• Very costly• Expanded the size of the
government
What was the leading factor into President
Carter’s defeat to President Reagan in
1980?
• Iran-Hostages Crisis
What are the main goals of President
Reagan’s presidency?
• Cut taxes• Cut government regulation• Cut the size of the federal
government.
During the Reagan presidency, what part of the budget saw an increase in spending?
• Military
What do critics charge that Reagan’s
conservative policies lead to?
• Larger gap between rich and the poor.
How did the Soviet policies of perestroika
and glasnost help bring an end to the Cold War?
• Help cause the fall of communism in Eastern Europe.
Why does George H.W. Bush order the use of
force after Iraq invaded Kuwait in
1990?
• To protect the flow of oil to the West
Why did the Conservatives join the
American Liberty League in the 1930’s?
• Oppose FDR’s New Deal programs
What post-WWII presidents saw an
increase in the size of the federal
government?• Truman• Eisenhower• JFK• Johnson• Nixon• Carter• Reagan
What does Ronald Reagan do too many of
Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society
programs?
• Grew slightly, as cuts to programs nearly equalled increasing numbers of recipients.
What did Ronald Reagan’s foreign
policy call for?• To take an active role against
stopping the spread of communism
During the Reagan administration, what
happens to the federal deficit?
• Rose dramatically
How did the United States help Panama
gain its independence?
• Naval support
Why does the United States invade
Afghanistan before Iraq?
• Taliban was allowing al-Qaeda to operate in Afghanistan
What is another name for the Panama Canal
Treaty?• Torrijos-Carter Treaty
Who was the president when the Iranians took
Americans hostage?
• Jimmy Carter
Who helped negotiate the release of the
American hostages in Iran?
• President Carter
How many U.S. casualties did the Persian Gulf War
cause?
• Around 300 UN/US troops were killed
• Iraqis lost tens of thousands
Which two countries signed the Camp David
Accords in 1978?• Egypt and Israel
Why did OPEC put an oil embargo on the
United States in 1973?• Because the U.S. sided and
aided Israel in the Yom Kippur War.
What country in the Middle East do many
Arab countries believe shouldn’t legally exist and is a root cause of
terrorism in the 1970’s?
• Israel
Where is the Sinai Peninsula?
• Between Israel and Egypt
What are the major causes of the rise of radical Islamist
movements in the past 50 years?
• Defeat of Arab nations in 1967• Rise of secular dictators in the
1950’s-1970’s• Soviet invasion of Afghanistan• Persian Gulf War
Timeline A• 13th Amendment (1865)• 14th Amendment (1868)• 15th Amendment (1870)• Compromise of 1877 • Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)• W.E. B. DuBois organizes the Niagara
Movement (1905)• NAACP is formed (1909)• Formation of CORE (1942)• Brown v. Board of Education (1954)• Civil Rights Act is signed (1964)• Baake v. University of California (1978)• Gratz v. Bollinger (2003)
Timeline B• Rosa Parks is arrested (1955)• Montgomery Bus Boycotts (1955-6)• JFK urges affirmative action be taken in
hiring minorities (1962)• March on Washington (1963)• Great Society programs (1964) • MLK’s Poor People’s Campaign (1968)• AIM leads standoff at Wounded Knee
(1973)• Richard Nixon resigns (1974)• Ronald Reagan becomes President (1981)• Republicans introduce the Contract of
America (1994)
UNITED STATES UNITED STATES HISTORY CHISTORY C
FINAL EXAM REVIEWFINAL EXAM REVIEW