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United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Statistical Division Gender Pay Gap Data availability...
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Transcript of United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Statistical Division Gender Pay Gap Data availability...
United Nations Economic Commission for EuropeStatistical Division
Gender Pay Gap Data availability and measurement issues
Work Session on Gender Statistics
Geneva, 6-8 October 2008
Elisa Benes- UNECE Statistical Division Slide 2
Gender Pay Gap
No internationally agreed definition Various measurement approaches Various sources of data Various interpretations Wide variability in estimates
7 October 2008
Limited comparability across countries
Unclear interpretation
A fresh look
Elisa Benes- UNECE Statistical Division Slide 47 October 2008
Policy Concerns
1. Equal pay for work of equal value
3. Take-home pay
2. Position in job market
Elisa Benes- UNECE Statistical Division Slide 57 October 2008
Policy relevance:1. Equal pay for work of equal value•Basic human right
•Fundamental workers’ right
•Gender equality plan in many countries
Indicator to monitor potential sex-based discrimination in pay
Elisa Benes- UNECE Statistical Division Slide 67 October 2008
Policy relevance: 2. Overall position in job market
•Different employment patterns of women and men
•Women concentrate in low-paying occupations, industries; informal jobs; and contributing family workers
•Overall lower income for women
Indicator of overall position of women and men in job market
Elisa Benes- UNECE Statistical Division Slide 77 October 2008
Policy relevance: 3. Take-home pay
•Economic welfare and empowerment
•Bargaining power in house and society
•Economic independence and security
Indicator of gender equality in access to economic resources
Elisa Benes- UNECE Statistical Division Slide 87 October 2008
Measurement Considerations
Policy focus • Suggests different measurement approaches
Worker coverage Concept of income Type of income measure
Data availability • Defines approaches possible
Data source
Elisa Benes- UNECE Statistical Division Slide 97 October 2008
Measurement considerations
CoverageAll employment (paid- and self-employment)
All components of income from employment
Jobs “Equal value” jobs Main job All jobs
Income measure
Gross hourlyNet monthly or
annual
1 2 3
Elisa Benes- UNECE Statistical Division Slide 107 October 2008
Data availability
Sources of Income from Employment Data
Household surveys
Establishment surveys
Administrative records
•Differ in employment, job and income coverage
•Affect computation of estimates of GPG
•Affect interpretation of estimates of GPG
•Limit comparability and clarity of GPG measures
Elisa Benes- UNECE Statistical Division Slide 117 October 2008
UNECE Inquiry –Nov 2007
•Assess availability and comparability of data•Understand effects on GPG of sources/measures
•18 contacted•12 replied
Total Employment
Paid Employment Self-employment
Earnings … … …
-Annual-Monthly-Hourly
-Gross-Net
Income data requested
Goals
Countries
…per source+ metadata
Elisa Benes- UNECE Statistical Division Slide 127 October 2008
Availability
•Wide variability in sources•Most common: Earnings
Elisa Benes- UNECE Statistical Division Slide 137 October 2008
Comparability
•Different concepts, definitions and measures
Elisa Benes- UNECE Statistical Division Slide 147 October 2008
Data Source Effect
•Limited comparability of sources due to differences in coverage and concepts
Elisa Benes- UNECE Statistical Division Slide 157 October 2008
Employment Coverage Effect
•Limited change when self-employment is included•But cases have small share of self-employment
Elisa Benes- UNECE Statistical Division Slide 167 October 2008
Income Measure Effect
•Large impact on estimates of GPG•Due to gender differences in working-time
Elisa Benes- UNECE Statistical Division Slide 177 October 2008
UNECE Inquiry Implications -Not representative but telling
•Source, concepts, measures affect GPG estimates and interpretation
•Different policy needs require different measurement approaches
•Wide variability of data at national level limits comparability
Elisa Benes- UNECE Statistical Division Slide 187 October 2008
What can be done? More thorough assessment needed Further conceptual work to clearly define policy-
relevant indicators• Gender Gap in pay for work of equal value
• Gender Gap in position in job market
• Gender Gap in take-home pay
Improve consistency in concepts, definitions, measures across national data sources
Improve availability of comparable national income from employment data