Unit3.BuildingMaterials
Transcript of Unit3.BuildingMaterials
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Unit 2:Building Materials
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The illustrationshown on the right
represents theessential elements
of a modern
Building.
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1.Foundations :
This is a structure (made, mainly, of
cement, ironand gravel ) that
transfers loads tothe earth. Theprimary design
concerns aresettlement andbearing capacity
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1.Foundations :
A foundation is always wider than the element(e.g. wall or column) which it is supporting.This is so that the load is spread over agreater area .
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Strip foundation: the lower portion of the stripis stretched (tension) as the foundationbends under loading. Placing steelreinforcement in the foundation counteractsthis and ensures the foundation remainsstable.
1.Foundations :
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2.StructureIs comprised of pillars,beams and tie-beamsmade of reinforcedconcrete or iron.
The structural system of every house is required tosupport and transmit
various loads. TheseLoads can be classed asstatic or dynamic.
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Static Loads:Loads that are appliedslowly to a structure and do notchange quickly. Examples of static loads include: Loadsassociated with the buildingweight and any elementspermanently attached to it
Dynamic Loads.Loads that are appliedsuddenly to a structure, often
with rapid changes inmagnitude and point of application. Examples of dynamic loads include: windloads and earthquake loads
2.Structure
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3.Floors and ceilingThe primary functions of the floor are to supportthe imposed loads and toprovide a level surfacefor the activities that arecarried out in the home.
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3.Floors and ceiling . Hollow tile are placed between two tie-beams, later itis covered by a layer of concrete. Floors are finished
with floor tiles or floorboard.
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4.Exteriors wallsThe primary functions of the external walls of a houseare to support the loads generated ( only in case of ano-columns structure ) and to create a comfortableliving space.
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4.Exteriors wallsThe most common methodused for housing is the cavityconstruction. This involvesbuilding a wall that consists oftwo separate walls, an innerwall and an outer wall, with asmall gap ( called a cavity )between them and another
bigger gap for an insulator.
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5.Windows
These provide a visuallink between internalspace and the outsideworld. They are very
important to the mentalhealth of the people inthe house. A small tie-beam is placed abovethe window to bear theload of all brickssituated over thewindow frame.
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5.WindowsDouble-glazing isdesigned to reduce theamount of heat lostthrough the glass, whileweather stripping isdesigned to reduce theamount of heat lost due toair infiltration (draughts).Double-glazing can
significantly reduce theamount of heat lostthrough a typical window.
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6. RoofRoofs must be designedto have weatherresistance. Every roof inthe world is sloped tosome extent. Even so-called flat roofs areslightly sloped. Thereason we slope roofs isto dispel rainwater.
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7.Internal walls .The primary functionof internal wall is to
divide the overallspace within the
house into smaller spaces. They are
made of brick, woodor plaster .
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Construction Materials. Ceramics, Glassand reinforced concrete
Ceramics: All types of bricks used inconstruction are ceramicmaterials that are modelled and
dried by the action of heat.
In order to get a brick, clay is mixed with additives that give theceramic brick different properties. An essential element is feldspar.
Feldspar improves the toughness, strength, and durability of the
ceramic brick.
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Glass:
The optical and physicalproperties of glass make it
suitable for construction
applications such as flat glass for windows, thermal insulators (glasswool which fills up the spacebetween two walls ) internal
glazed partitions, etc
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Reinforced concrete:
It is concrete in which reinforcementbars (iron bars ) have been
incorporated to strengthen the
material. Remember that concrete isgood at compression efforts but badat tension efforts. Iron has a good
tension efforts value so adding ironto concrete will lead to a material
good at both compression andtension.
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Reinforced concrete:
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Consolidation: When stress is applied to a soil that causes thesoil particles to pack together more tightly, therefore reducingits volume. Process by which soils decrease in volume.Gravel: small stones and pebbles (very small, rounded stone), or a mixture of these with sand Bearing Capacity: is the capacity of soil to support the loads applied to the ground.
Hollow tile : A hollow building block of concrete or Terracotta used for making exterior walls, floors or roofs. Also knownas hollow block Concrete: is a construction material composed of cement, sand, water as well as other cement like materials.Settlement : is defined as downward movement of the soil, or anystructure on it, as a result of soil consolidation, usually caused bythe load applied by the structure.Clay: a natural earthy material that is plastic when wet, consistingessentially of hydrated silicates of aluminum: used for making
bricks, pottery, etc
Dictionary:
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Failure: an act or instance of failing or proving unsuccessful; lack of success.Moisture: wetness caused by water Masonry : work constructed by a mason, stonework or brickworkMason : a person whose trade is building with units of variousconstruction products, such as stones, bricks, or tiles, usually with theuse of mortar or cement as a bonding agent.Patterned: a model or form of metal, used for giving the bar an extraadhesion to the concrete.Rot : to deteriorate, disintegrate, fall, or become weak due to decaySlates: 1. A piece of this rock cut for use as roofing. 2. A writing tabletmade of a similar material. Slenderness : thin or slightTiles : a thin slab or bent piece of baked clay, sometimes painted or glazed, used for various purposes, such as to form one of the units of a roof covering or floor (other shape )
Dictionary:
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Activity A. In the picture above, identify each componentof structure in the next square. Also, commentsomething about that part, as their characteristics,properties, etc.
StructureFoundationsExterior WallsWindowsInternal Walls
Roof Floor and ceiling
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B . Complete the sentences with the following words :Loads, Roof, Iron, heat, Gravel, cold, good building, smaller, Structure, Wall,foundation, Clay, internal wall, Plaster
Activity
1. A _________________is the part of a structure that transfers the ______from thestructure to the ground.
2. _________ = Its functions are to protect a building from the weather and to retainthe heat generated inside.
3. The primary function of __________________is to divide the overall space withinthe house into ___________spaces.
4. ____________= small stones and pebbles.5. ______________ a composition, such as one made of lime or gypsum and sand
and water, applied in a pasty form to walls, ceilings, etc.6. ______________ a natural earthy material that is plastic when wet, consisting
essentially of hydrated silicates of aluminum: used for making bricks, pottery, etc7. The External_________ are usually made by two brick walls and an insulator layer.8. A _____________ is comprised of pillars, beams and tie-beams made of reinforced
concrete or iron.9. __________ is a material very useful in buildings.10. The buildings are built to provide _________in winter and ________in summer.
11. A ______________has a good structure and foundation to avoid static problems
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Activity
C. True or False. Correct the sentence.
The function of a foundation on a building can besummarized as follow:
To transmit all building load to the first floor.
To limit settlement and avoid subsidence.
To provide a level bed on which to build.
To fix nearly the structure to the ground.